Basic Information 
Data File Name: namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.xlsx (Excel version of same data)

Dataset name: NAmericanPaleosolChemTogo

Other Files Related to These Data:
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon.xlsx (Excel version of same data)
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska.xlsx (Excel version of same data)

Author(s) Names (or person responsible for collecting the data): Gregory J. Retallack, Ph.D. 
Author(s) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4356-9240 

Contact Information: University of Oregon Geological Sciences 1272 University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 gregr@uoregon.edu 
Date(s) of Data Collection: 20010930 – 20020918

Basic Information- Data Use
Citations of Publications Using these Data: Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194.
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of Publications Using these Data: 10.1086/512753

Basic Information- Data Description
Geographic Information: Data were collected in regions of Montana and Idaho. 

Methodological Information
Methods: See Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-294.

Any specific information needed to understand or interpret the data: 

The following column headings contain values that were derived from specific calculations: 
Age Ma is the geological age in millions of years ago computed from an age model specific for that local section; Cover km is the amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers, calculated from the amount of rock overburden at that locality adjusted to the local level at that locality; Decompacted Bk depth is the depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction due to the weight of overlying rock using a standard algorithm for Aridisols of Sheldon and Retallack (2001) to obtain original thickness of soil (Bs in cm) from thickness of paleosol (Bp in cm) for a known burial depth (K in km) of 4.6-6.6 km, as follows. Bs = Bp/[-0.62/(-1)]; MAP is mean annual precipitation in (R in mm) calculated from the decompacted depth within the paleosol to carbonate nodules (Do in cm) increases with mean annual precipitation following equation 3 with R2 = 0.52, and standard error ± 147 mm from Retallack (2005a). R  =  137.24 + 6.45Do - 0.013Do2; error+ is the high end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by adding 147 mm; error- is the low end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by subtracting 147 mm; MAP 5moving average is a 5-point moving average of the mean annual precipitation estimates sequentially in the column; Internal surface is an estimate of the internal surface area (I in mm2/mm2) calculated from the average size of the units of soil structure in the A horizon (Ao in cm) and B horizon (Bo in cm) given thickness of the A horizon (At in cm) and thickness of the B horizon (Bt in cm) according to the equation I=(?A_0?^3/?A_t?^3 ×6?A_o?^2)+(?B_0?^3/?B_t?^3 ×6?B_o?^2); MAP-CIA-K is mean annual precipitation in mm calculated from the chemical index of alteration minus potash (C = 100·mAl2O3/(mAl2O3 + mCaO + mNa2O), in moles), which increases with mean annual precipitation (P in mm) in modern soils   P  =  221e0.0197C ; MAT-alk/Al is mean annual temperature in degrees centigrade calculated from the molar ratios of alkali elements over alumina (N= (K20+Na2O)/Al2O3 as a molar ratio), which is related to mean annual temperature (T in oC) in modern soils by equation T  =  -18.5N + 17.3; CIA-K is the chemical index of alteration minus potassium; alk/Al is a molar ratio of alkalies over alumina; MAP+ is the upper error envelope to precipitation adding 182 mm; MAP- is the lower error envelope to precipitation subtracting 182 mm; MAT+ is the upper error envelope to temperature adding 4.4oC; MAT- is the lower error envelope to temperature subtracting 4.4oC. 

Data-specific Information

Full names and definitions of column headings for tabular data:

Column Headings: 
Locality 1 = Name of city or location of sample collection. See: Time Scale Tie Points
Locality 2 = State in which sample collection occurred (abbreviated) 
County = County of sample collection
Coordinates = Legal description of sample collection location
Formation = Name of formation sampled
Pedotype = See: Pedeotype Diagnosis 
Date examined = Date of collection (YYYY-MM-DD)
A horizon = A horizon of paleosols
A thickness cm = A horizon thickness
A ped size mm = A horizon pedotype size 
Bt/w thickness cm = argillic horizon thickness
Bt/w ped size mm = argillic horizon pedotype size
Bk nodule size cm = calcic horizon nodule size
Bk thickness cm = calcic horizon thickness
Depth Bk cm = calcic horizon depth
Age Ma = Age in millions of years ago
Cover km = The amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers
Decompacted Bk depth cm = The depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction
MAP = Mean annual precipitation 
Error+ = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by adding 147mm 
Error- = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by subtracting 147 mm
MAP 5moving average = mean annual precipitation (mm) 5 point moving average of sequential data
Internal surface area mm˛ = An estimate of the internal surface area of sample
specimen analyzed = Values represent field numbers or catalogued specimens in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument of the Condon Collection of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History of the University of Oregon. 
Total = total of chemical analytical values
MAP-CIA-K = mean annual precipitation (mm) from chemical index of alteration without potash
MAT-alk/Al =	 mean annual temperature (oC) from alkali index
CIA-K = chemical index of alteration without potash
alk/Al = alkali index
MAP + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAP - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAT + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual temperature
MAT - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual temperature

Time Scale Tie Points:
Robb Creek, MT: 5.9 Ma basalt at -22 m, 2.03 Ma ash at 54.0 m (Garson, 1992, Gansecki et al., 1 
Beaverhead, MT: Hemphillian fauna, 5.66 Ma caprock at 4.8 m, 5.2 Ma caprock at 6.5 m (Kuenzi and Fields, 1971; Hoffman, 1971)998).
Timber Hill, MT: 10.2 Ma ash at -18 m, 5.9 Ma basalt at 94.0 m (Garson, 1992)
Sweetwater Canyon, MT: 12.5 Ma Sixmile Creek ash at 22.7 m, 10.2 Ma ash at 61.5 Ma (Fritz et al., 1989, 1992; Garson, 1992)
Madison Buffalo Jump, MT: 10.42 Ma ash at 71 m, 9.58 Ma ash at 212 m (Nichols et al., 2001; D. Hanneman pers comm, 2001)
Railroad Canyon, ID: 16.73 Ma chron at 69 m, 16.51 Ma chron at 76 m, 16.48 Ma chron at 91 m, 16.33 Ma chron at 104 m, 16.29 Ma chron at 106 m, 16.01 Ma chron at 120 m, 15.16 Ma chron at 142 m, 15.03 Ma chron at 162 m, 14.89 Ma chron at 196 m, 14.80 Ma chron at 203 m, 14.61 Ma chron at 216 m, 14.18 Ma chron at 227 m, 14.08 Ma chron at 246 m, 13.70 Ma chron at 253 Ma, 13.51 Ma chron at 260 m, 13.30 Ma chron at 278 m, 13.14 Ma chron at 280 m, 12.99 Ma chron at 289 m, 12.82 Ma chron at 318 m, 12.78 Ma chron at 327 m  (least 2 fit of Zheng, 1996; Nichols et al., 2001)
Maiden Creek, MT: Hemingfordian with 19.5 Ma caprock at 13.2 m, 18.2 Ma caprock at 27.2 m (MV7317 of Hanneman and Nichols, 2000; Retallack, 2003a)
Virginia Springs, MT: 2x41 ka cycles to 19.28 Ma at 6.3 m, 19.2 Ma ash at 12.1 m (Fritz et al., 1989, 1992; Garson. 1992)
Deer Lodge, MT: late Arikareean-terminal Oligocene subsurface caprock markers 23.1 Ma at 6.1 m, and 23.0 Ma at 8.7 m (Hanneman et al., 1994; Retallack, 2003a)
Everson Creek, MT: Monroecreekian entoptychine rodents at -10 m; tuffaceous cliffs at 0 m and loessite base at 21 m, correlated with 25.3 Ma at 177.5 m and 24.5 Ma at Ma 229 m near Kimberly, Oregon (Nichols and Hanneman, 2000; Retallack 2003a).   
Mill Point, MT: 30.27 Ma ash at 32 m, 27.57 Ma ash at 325 m (Vandenburg et al., 1998; Nichols et al., 2001; S. Janecke pers. comm, 2002)
Matador Ranch, MT: 30.939 Ma chron at 76.3 m, latest Chadronian ca 33.5 Ma fauna at -7 m (Tabrum et al., 1996; Nichols & Hanneman, 2000).
Hough Draw, MT: 30.939 Ma chron at 82.6m, latest Chadronian 33.5 Ma fauna at 0 m (Tabrum et al., 1996; Nichols & Hanneman, 2000)
Little Pipestone, MT: 34.940 Ma chron at -23 m, and 34.655 Ma chron at 2 m (Prothero, 1984; Tabrum et al., 1996)
McCartys Mountain, MT: 35.53 Ma chron at 12 m, 35.34 Ma chron at 37 m, 34.94 Ma chron at 170 m, 34.655 Ma chron at 220 m (Tabrum et al., 1996)
Anderson Ranch, MT: 3.5x41 ka to 40.34 Ma at 4.5 m, 39.2 Ma ash at 13.4 m (Fritz et al., 1989, 1992; Garson, 1992)

Pedeotype Diagnoses:
Otssa (Shoshoni "small water basket") - Crumb-structured (mollic), brown (7.5YR-2.5Y), clayey siltstone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Timber Hill, MT)
Woota (Shoshoni "large water basket") - Crumb-structured (mollic), brown (7.5YR-2.5Y), clayey siltstone (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Beaverhead, MT)
Antsi (Shoshoni "gray") - Gray siltstone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Madison Buffalo Jump, MT)
Onten (Shoshoni "brown") - Brown (10YR-7.5YR) clayey siltstone over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Mill Point, MT)
Aisen (Shoshoni "gray") - Granular-structured (near-mollic), gray (5Y) siltstone over deep (50-75 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed in Railroad Canyon, ID)
Tukupin (Shoshoni "fine sand") - Light brown (2.5Y-10YR) friable siltstone or sandstone (A) over shallow (<45 cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions and elongate nodules (Bk)(best exposed in Railroad Canyon, ID)
Hukkun (Shoshoni "dusty") - Light brown (2.5Y-10YR) friable siltstone (A) over deep (>45 cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions and elongate nodules (Bk)(best exposed in Railroad Canyon, ID)
Tenkwi (Shoshoni "thick") - Green-gray clayey siltstone (A) over brown (7.5YR-2.5Y), clay-enriched (Bt) and deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Mill Point, MT)
Pohonta (Shoshoni "thick") - Light brown (2.5Y-10YR) clayey siltstone (A), oveclaye-enriched (Bt) and deep (>75 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at McCartys Mountain, MT)
Yantun (Shoshoni "large winnowing basket") - Granular-structured (near-mollic), brown (7.5YR-2.5Y) clayey siltstone (A, Bw) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Little Pipestone Creek, MT)
Satawen (Shoshoni "spotted") - Green-gray (5Y) claystone (A) over light brown (2.5Y-10YR) clay-enriched (Bt) and deep red (10R) pisolites (Bg)(best exposed on Anderson Ranch, MT)
Yantun (Shoshoni "large winnowing basket") - Granular-structured (near-mollic), brown (7.5YR-2.5Y) clayey siltstone (A, Bw) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Little Pipestone Creek, MT)
Tatsah (Shoshoni "to stick out") - Near-white (5Y-10YR) siltstone (A) over shallow (<45 cm) calcareous nodules or bench (Bk, K)(best exposed at Madison Buffalo Jump State Park, MT).
Teman (Shoshoni "small winnowing basket") - Granular-structured (near-mollic), brown (7.5YR-2.5Y), clayey siltstone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Madison Buffalo Jump State Park, MT)
Heki (Shoshoni "shade") - Gray-green clayey siltstone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Mill Point, MT)
Peepin (Shoshoni "blood") - Green-gray claystone (A) over red (2.5YR-5R) clay-enriched (Bt) and deep (>50 cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions (Bk)(best exposed near Mill Point, MT)
Sokkopeh (Shoshoni "dirt') - non-calcareous olive-gray calystone (A) over gray claye-enriched horizon (Bt)(best exposed at Little Pipestone Creek, MT)

References
Fritz, W.J., Matthews, J.M., & Satterfield, D.A., 1989, Age, chemistry, and sedimentology of Late Cretacous and Tertiary volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in the beaverhead and upper Ruby River Basins, southwestern Montana: a preliminary report. Northwest Geology 18, 67-84.
Fritz, W.J., Sears, J.W., & Wampler, J.M., 1992, New age control on the Miocene-Pliocene Sixmile Creek Formation, SW Montana: a record of volcanism and tectonics related to the yellowstone hot spot track. Geological Society of America Abstracts 24(4), 13.
Ganseki, C.A., Mahood, G.A., & McWilliams, M., 1998, New ages for the climatic erputions at Yellowstone: single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar dating identified contamination. Geology 26, 343-346.
Garson, Y.N., 1992, Cenozoic volcanism and extensional tectonics of the Timber Hill Map area, southeastern Montana: disruption of a Neogene paleovalley. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, 51 p.
Hanneman, D.J., Wideman, C.J., and Halvorsen, J.W., 1994, Calcic paleosols: their use in subsurface stratigraphy. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 78, 1360-1371.
Hoffman, D.S., 1971, Tertiary vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology of a portion of the lower Beaverhead River basin, Madison and Beaverhead Counties, Montana. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, 174 p.
Kuenzi, W.D., and Fields, R.W., 1971, Tertiary stratigraphy, structure and geologic history, Jefferson Basin. Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82, 3373-3394.
Nichols, R., Tabrum, A.R., Barnosky, A.D., and Hill C.L., 2001, Cenozoic vertebrate paleontology and geology of southwestern Montana and adjacent states. In C.L. Hill, ed., Guidebook for the field trips, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 61 st Annual meeting. Museum of the Rockies Occasional paper, Bozeman, 3, 77-144.
Nichols, R. and Hanneman, D., 2000, Overview of paleontological resources in Public Lands in Madison and Beaverhead Counties. Unpublished CD compilaton, Bureau of land management, Dillon, Montana.
Nichols, R., Tabrum, A.R., Barnosky, A.D., and Hill C.L., 2001, Cenozoic vertebrate paleontology and geology of southwestern Montana and adjacent states. In C.L. Hill, ed., Guidebook for the field trips, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 61 st Annual meeting. Museum of the Rockies Occasional paper, Bozeman, 3, 77-144.
Retallack, G.J., 1984, Trace fossils of burrowing beetles and bees in an Oligocene paleosol. Badlands National Park, South Dakota. Journal of paleontology 58, 571-592.
Retallack, G.J., 2003a, Late Oligocene bunch grassland and early Miocene sod grassland paleosols from central Oregon, U.S.A.. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology (in press). 
Tabrum, A.R., Prothero, D.R., and Garcia, D., 1996, Magnetostratigaphy and biostratigraphy of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, southwestern Montana. In Prothero, D.R. and Embry, R.J., Eds, The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 278-311.
Vandenburg, C.J., Janecke, S.U., & McIntosh, W.C., 1998, Three-dimensional strain produced by >50 My of episodic extension, Horse Prairie basin area, SW Montana, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1747-1767.
Zheng, J-Y 1996 Magnetostratigraphy of a Miocene sedimentary sequence in Railroad Canyon, Idaho. PhD thesis, University of Pittsburg.

Units of measurement: Length/width are measured in SI units. Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius. 

Definitions for codes or symbols used to record missing data: Missing or not analyzed data are indicated through blank cells. 

Sharing/Access information
Licensing or Restrictions: There are no licenses or restrictions placed on the use of these data
Links to publications that cite or use the data: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/512753
Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: http://blogs.uoregon.edu/gregr/detailed-webpage/downloadable-data/
Recommended citation for these data: Retallack, G.J., 2007, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194. Supplementary data 
Funding: This research was funded by U.S. National Park Service contract P9325010503 and U.S. National Science Foundation grant EAR-0000953.