Basic Information
Data File Name: namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska.xlsx (Excel version of same data)
Dataset name: NAmericanPaleosolChemTogo

Other Files Related to These Data:
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.xlsx (Excel version of same data)
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon.xlsx (Excel version of same data)


Author(s) Names (or person responsible for collecting the data): Gregory J. Retallack, Ph.D. 
Author(s) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4356-9240 

Contact Information:University of Oregon Geological Sciences 1272 University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 gregr@uoregon.edu 
Date(s) of Data Collection: 19790720 – 20021025

Basic Information Data Use
Citations of Publications Using these Data: Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194.
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of Publications Using these Data: 10.1086/512753

Basic Information Data Description
Geographic Information: Data were collected in regions of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.  

Methodological Information
Methods: See Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-294.

Any specific information needed to understand or interpret the data: 

The following column headings contain values that were derived from specific calculations: 
Cover km is the amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers, calculated from the amount of rock overburden at that locality adjusted to the local level at that locality; Decompacted Bk depth is the depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction due to the weight of overlying rock using a standard algorithm for Aridisols of Sheldon and Retallack (2001) to obtain original thickness of soil (Bs in cm) from thickness of paleosol (Bp in cm) for a known burial depth (K in km) of 4.6-6.6 km, as follows. Bs = Bp/[-0.62/(-1)]; MAP is mean annual precipitation in (R in mm) calculated from the decompacted depth within the paleosol to carbonate nodules (Do in cm) increases with mean annual precipitation following equation 3 with R2 = 0.52, and standard error ± 147 mm from Retallack (2005a). R  =  137.24 + 6.45Do - 0.013Do2; error+ is the high end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by adding 147 mm; error- is the low end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by subtracting 147 mm; MAP 5moving average is a 5-point moving average of the mean annual precipitation estimates sequentially in the column; Internal surface is an estimate of the internal surface area (I in mm2/mm2) calculated from the average size of the units of soil structure in the A horizon (Ao in cm) and B horizon (Bo in cm) given thickness of the A horizon (At in cm) and thickness of the B horizon (Bt in cm) according to the equation I=(?A_0?^3/?A_t?^3 ×6?A_o?^2)+(?B_0?^3/?B_t?^3 ×6?B_o?^2); MAP-CIA-K is mean annual precipitation in mm calculated from the chemical index of alteration minus potash (C = 100·mAl2O3/(mAl2O3 + mCaO + mNa2O), in moles), which increases with mean annual precipitation (P in mm) in modern soils   P  =  221e0.0197C ; MAT-alk/Al is mean annual temperature in degrees centigrade calculated from the molar ratios of alkali elements over alumina (N= (K20+Na2O)/Al2O3 as a molar ratio), which is related to mean annual temperature (T in oC) in modern soils by equation T  =  -18.5N + 17.3; CIA-K is the chemical index of alteration minus potassium; alk/Al is a molar ratio of alkalies over alumina; MAP+ is the upper error envelope to precipitation adding 182 mm; MAP- is the lower error envelope to precipitation subtracting 182 mm; MAT+ is the upper error envelope to temperature adding 4.4oC; MAT- is the lower error envelope to temperature subtracting 4.4oC. 

Data-specific Information

Full names and definitions of column headings for tabular data:
 
Column Headings: 
Locality 1 = Name of city or location of sample collection. See: Time Scale Tie Points
Locality 2 = State in which sample collection occurred (abbreviated) 
County = County of sample collection
Coordinates = Legal description of sample collection location
Formation = Name of formation sampled
Pedotype = See: Pedeotype Diagnosis 
Date examined = Date of collection (YYYY-MM-DD)
A horizon = A horizon of paleosols
A thickness cm = A horizon thickness
A ped size mm = A horizon pedotype size 
Bt/w thickness cm = argillic horizon thickness
Bt/w ped size mm = argillic horizon pedotype size
Bk nodule size cm = calcic horizon nodule size
Bk thickness cm = calcic horizon thickness
Depth Bk cm = calcic horizon depth
Age Ma = Age in millions of years ago
Cover km = The amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers
Decompacted Bk depth cm = the depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction
MAP = Mean annual precipitation 
Error+ = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by adding 147mm 
Error- = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by subtracting 147 mm
MAP 5moving average = mean annual precipitation (mm) 5 point moving average of sequential data
Internal surface area mm˛ = An estimate of the internal surface area of sample
specimen analyzed = Values represent field numbers or catalogued specimens in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument of the Condon Collection of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History of the University of Oregon. 
Total = total of chemical analytical values
MAP-CIA-K = mean annual precipitation (mm) from chemical index of alteration without potash
MAT-alk/Al =	 mean annual temperature (oC) from alkali index
CIA-K = chemical index of alteration without potash
alk/Al = alkali index
MAP + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAP - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAT + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual temperature
MAT - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual temperature

Time Scale Tie Points 
Eustis, NE: 22.29 ka date at 16.4 m, 25.09 ka date at 18.3 m, 980 ka date at 40 m (Feng et al., 1994a, 1994b; Feng, 1997)
Borchers Badlands south, KS: 1.2 Ma ash at 14.7 m, 1.96 Ma ash at 8.7 m (Bayne, 1976; Zakrewski, 1988; Martin et al., 2003)
Scott Lake, KS: 7.7 Ma ash at 0.5 m, 5.66 Ma caprock at 13.7 m (Frye et al. 1956; Gutentag, 1988)
Kimball, NE: 5.2 Ma caprock at 1525 m, 5.66 Ma caprock at 1521.5 (Frye et al., 1956; Skinner and Johnson, 1984; Gardner et al., 1992)
Crooked Creek south, KS: 7.7 Ma ash at -38 m, 5.66 Ma caprock at 0 m (Frye et al. 1956; Bayne, 1976; Skinner & Johnson, 1984; Zakrewsie, 1988)
Lisco, NE: 5.2 Ma caprock at 1128.5 m, 5.66 Ma caprock at 1123.9 m (Frye et al., 1956; Skinner and Johnson, 1984; Gardner et al., 1992)
Clayton, KS: 7.7 Ma ash at -38 m, 5.6 Ma caprock at 1 m (Frye et al. 1956; Skinner & Johnson, 1984)
Ellis KS; 5.66 Ma caprock at 30 m, 7.7 Ma ash at 24 m (Frye et al., 1956; Thomasson, 1979,; Skinner & Johnson, 1984)
Olcott Hill, NE: 11.5 Ma top Barstovian at 1.65 m, 10 Ma E-L Clarendonian at 9.7 m (Skinner et al., 1977).
Valentine, NE: 10.2 Ma ash at 811 m, 10.6 ash at 802 m, 11.6 Ma ash at 741 m (Skinner & Johnson, 1984).
South Bijou Hill, SD: ca 5 Ma fauna at 14.36 m, ca. 14.5 Ma fauna at 47.95 m (Skinner & Taylor, 1967)
Martin, SD: correlation with 16.7Ma Thomson quarry fauna (Harksen & MacDonald, 1967; Skinner et al., 1975)
Mitchell, NE: 16.59 Ma Sheep Creek ash # 1(=ash at Buck Quarry) at 1471.6 m, 16.1 Ma Sheep Creek ash #3 at 1503.3 m (Galusha, 1975; Skinner et al., 1977).
Chadron, NE: 18.07 Ma platy bench and 18.38 Ma datum sandstone at 1396.9 m and 1391.41 m in Skavdahl Dam, where 18.3 Ma chron at 1393.55, 18.75 Ma chron at 1384.4 m (Galusha, 1975, MacFadden & Hunt, 1998).
Eagle Crags, NE: 19.2 Ma ash at 49.5 m, 19.1 Ma chron at 53.9 m (MacFadden & Hunt, 1998)
Mission, SD: base Harrisonian fauna ca.23 Ma at 0 m, top Harrisonian fauna ca. 19 Ma at 95.4 m (MacDonald & Harksen, 1967).
Smiley Canyon, NE: 23.2 Ma terminal Monroecreekian caprock at 19.31 m (Martin, 1985).
Scottsbluff, NE: 31.85 Ma ash at 10.7 m, 30.94 Ma chron at 21.1m, 30.58 Ma ash at 32.7 m, 30.48 Ma chron at 35.3 m, 27.97 Ma chron at 59.4 m, 26.56 Ma chron at 74.5 m (Tedford et al., 1996)
Pants Butte, NE: 28.0 Ma chron at 21.3 m, 27.0 Ma chron at 55.0 m, 26.6 Ma chron at 64.0 m, 26.0 Ma crhon at 73.1 Ma (MacFadden & Hunt, 1998).
Sharps, SD: 29.4 Ma chron at 28 m, 28.75 Ma chron at 60 m, 28.28 Ma chron at 72 m (Harksen et al., 1961, MacDonald, 1963, 1970, Tedford et al., 1996).
Badlands National Park, SD: 33.2 Ma chron at 29 m, 30.9 Ma chron at 80 m, 30.4 Ma chron at 92 m, 30.0 chron at 114 m, 30.05 Ma ash at 118m, 29.2 Ma chron at 136 m (Retallack, 1983; Prothero & Swisher, 1992)
Douglas, WY: 33.1 Ma chron at 112 m, 33.5 Ma chron at 92 m, 34.7 Ma chron at 30 m, 34.9 Ma chron at 12 m (Lander, 1990; Evanoff et al., 1992; Lander & Hay, 1993)

Pedotype diagnoses:
Voxe (Cheyenne "hole") - Crumb-structured (mollic), dark brown (10YR) silt (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Eustis, NE)
Epopeo (Cheyenne "bumpy") - Crumb-textured, light brown (10YR-2.5Y) silt over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Eustis, NE)
Emomeo (Cheyenne "lumpy") - Crumb-textured, light brown (10YR-2.5Y) silt over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Eustis, NE)
Okranla (Dakota "crumbled") - Crumb-structured (mollic), gray (5Y) clayey siltstone over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Clayton, KS)
Hatcher (after John Bell Hatcher) - Gray-green silty claystone (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section near Toadstool Park, NE: Terry, 2001).
Psito (Dakota "beads") - Crumb-structured (mollic), brown (7.5YR-10YR) silty claystone (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed north of Ellis, KS)
Weota (Dakota "blood clot") - Brown (10YR) and red (5YR) mottled silty claystone (A,Bw) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed in Borchers badlands, near Meade, KS)
Saka (Dakota "hard") - Near-white (2.5Y-5Y) siltstone (A) with shallow (<45 cm) and large calcaerous nodules or bench (Bk, K)(best exposed in Smiley Canyon, NE)
Itka (Dakota "seeds") - Crumb-structured (mollic), brown (7.5YR-10YR) silty claystone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed north of Ellis, KS)
Maya (Dakota "earthen bank") - Brown (7.5YR-10YR), silty claystone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Mission, SD).
Okranla (Dakota "crumbled") - Crumb-structured (mollic), gray (5Y) clayey siltstone over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed near Clayton, KS)
Otutka (Dakota "crumbs") - Crumb-structured (mollic), white-gray (2.5Y-5Y), clayey siltstone over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Agate Springs National Monument, NE)
Pinnacles (after Badlands National Park overlook) - Very light brown (10YR), siltstone (A) over deep (>45 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section Pinnacles area, Badlands National Park, SD: Retallack, 1983).
Wiyucan (Dakota "seive") - Granular-structured (near mollic), green-gray (5Y) silty claystone (A) over very deep (>75 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed in Borchers badlands, near Meade, KS)
Winaze (Dakota "strainer") - Granular-structured (near-mollic), light brown (10YR-2.5Y), silty claystone (A) over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(best exposed at Scotts Bluff National Monument, NE).
Samna (Dakota "dark brown) - Platy-blocky-structured, brown (7.5YR-10YR), silty claystone (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)( type section Pinnacles area Badlands National Park, SD: Retallack, 1983).
Wisangie (Dakota "whitewash") - Granular-structured (near mollic), light brown (10YR-2.5Y), silty claystone (A) over clay-enriched light brown (Bt) and deep (>50 cm ) calcareous nodules (Bk)( type section Pinnalces area, Badlands National Park; Retallack, 1983).
Cahota (Dakota "ashes") - Very pale brown (10YR-7.5YR), friable siltstone (A) over shallow (<45 cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions and elongate nodules (best exposed at Scotts Bluff National Monument, NE)
Makablu (Dakota "dust") - Weakly structured, very pale brown (10YR-7.5YR), friable siltstone over deep (>45 cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions or elongate nodules (best exposed at Scotts Bluff National Monument, NE)
Gleska (Dakota "spotted") - Gray-green claystone (A) over pink-brown (5YR-10YR) clay-enriched (Bt) and sometimes deep calcareous nodules (Bk)(typoe section Pinnacles area, Badlands National Park, SD: Retallack, 1983)

References
Bayne, C.K., 1976, Guidebook to the 24th Annual meeting of the midwestern Friends of the Pleistocene. Guidebook Series Kansas Geological Survey, v. 1, 85 pp. Feng, Z.-D., 1997, Geochemical characterization of a loess-soil sequence in central Kansas. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 534-541
Evanoff, E, Prothero, D.R., and Lander, R.H., 1992, Eocene-Oligocene climatic change in North America: the White River Formation near Douglas, east-central Wyoming. In D.R. Prothero and W.A. Berggren, eds., Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton,  p. 116-130.
Feng, Z.-D., Johnson, W.C., Lu, Y.C., and Ward, P.A., 1994b, Climatic signals from loess-soil sequences in the central Great Plains, USA. Palaeogeorgaphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 110, 345-358.
Feng, Z.-D., Johnson, W.C., Sprowl, D.R., and Lu, Y.-C., 1994a, Loess accumulation and soil formation in central Kansas, United States, during the past 400,000 years. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19, 55-61.Lander, R.H., 1990, White River Group diagensis. Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Illinois, Urbana, 143 p.
Frye, J.C., Leonard, A., and Swineford, A., 1956, Stratigraphy of the Ogalalla Formation (Neogene) of northern Kansas. Bulletin Geological Survey of Kansas, v. 118, 92 pp
Galusha, T., 1975, Stratigraphy of the Bix Butte Formation, Nebraska. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 156, 68 p.
Gardner, L.R., Diffendal, R.F., & Williams, D.F., 1992, Stable isotope composition of calcareous paleosols and ground-water cements from the Ogallala Group (Neogene), western Nebraska. Contributions to geology, University of Wyoming 29, 97-109.
Gutentag, E.D., 1988, Ogallala Formation (MIocene), Western Kansas. In Hayward, O.T. (ed.) Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, no. 4, South Central Section. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 63-66.
Harksen, J.C., MacDonald, J.R., and Sevon, W.D., 1961, A new Miocene formation in South Dakota. Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 45, pp. 674-678.
Harksen, J.C. and MacDonald, J.R., 1967, Miocene Batesland Formation named in southwestern South Dakota. Report of Investigations South Dakota Geological Survey, v. 96, 10 pp.
Lander, R.H. & Hay, R.L., 1993, Hydrological control on diagenesis of the White River sequence. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, 361-376.
MacFadden, B.J., and Hunt, R.M., 1998, Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and correlation of the Arikaree Group, Arikareean (late Oligocene-early Miocene), of northwestern Nebraska. In Terry, D.O., La Garry, H.E., and Hunt, R.M., eds., Depositional environments, lithostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy of the White River and Arikaree Groups (late Eocene to early Miocene), North America. Special Paper Geological Society of America, v. 325, p. 143-165.
MacDonald, J.R., 1963, The Miocene faunas from the Wounder Knee area of western South Dakota. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, v. 125, pp. 139-238.
MacDonald, J.R., and Harksen, J.C., 1967, Rosebud Formation in South Dakota. Report of Investigations South Dakota Geological Survey, v. 97, 13 pp.
MacDonald, J.R., 1970, Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota. Bulletin Los Angeles Museum of Natural History and Science, v. 8, 82 pp.
Martin, J.E., 1985, Geological and paleontological road log from Rapid City through the Oligocene White River Badlands, and Miocene deposits to Pine Ridge, South Dakota. In Martin. J.E., ed., Fossiliferous Cenozoic deposits of western South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska. Dakoterra, v. 2, pt. 2, pp. 13-59.
Martin, R.A., Hurt, R.T., Honey, J.G., and Pelaez-Campomanes, P., 2003, Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene rodents from the northern Borchers Badlands, (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77, 985-1001.
Prothero, D.R., and Swisher, C.C., 1992, Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. In Prothero, D.R. and Berggren, W.A., eds., Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p.46-73.
Retallack, G.J. 1983, Late Eocene and Oligocene paleosols from Badlands National Park, South Dakota. Special Paper geological Society of America 193:82 p. Skinner, M.F., and Taylor, B.E., 1967, A revision of the geology and paleontology of the Bijou Hills, South Dakota. American Museum Novitates, v. 2300, 53 pp.
Skinner, M.F., Skinner, S.M., and Gooris, R.J., 1977, Stratigraphy can biostratigraphy of late cenozoic deposits in central Sioux County, western Nebraska. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, v. 158, p.263-374.
Skinner, M.F., and Johnson, F.W., 1984, Tertiary stratigraphy and the Frick collections of fossil vertebrates from north-central Nebraska. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, v. 178, pp. 215-268.
Tedford, R.H., Swinehart, J.B., Swisher. C.C., Prothero, D.R., King, S.A., and Tierney, T.E., 1996, The Whitneyan_Arikareean transition in the High Plains. In Prothero, D.R. and Emry, R.J., eds., The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 312-334
Thomasson, J.R., 1979, Late Cenozoic grasses and other angiosperms from Kansas,Nebraska and Colorado: biostratigraphy and realationships to living taxa. Bulletin Kansas Geological Survey 218, 68 p.
Zakrewski, R.J., 1988, Plio-Pleistocene rocks, Borchers Badlands, Meade County, southwestern Kansas. In Hayward, O.T. (ed.) Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, no. 4, South central Section. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 69-74.
 
Units of measurement: Length/width are measured in SI units. Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius. 

Definitions for codes or symbols used to record missing data: Missing or not analyzed data are indicated with blank cells. 

Sharing/Access information
Licensing or Restrictions: There are no licenses or restrictions placed on the use of these data
Links to publications that cite or use the data: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/512753
Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: http://blogs.uoregon.edu/gregr/detailed-webpage/downloadable-data/
Recommended citation for these data: Retallack, G.J., 2007, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194. Supplementary data 
Funding: This research was funded by U.S. National Park Service contract P9325010503 and U.S. National Science Foundation grant EAR-0000953.