Basic Information- Introduction Data File Name: PaleosolDepthToCalcicHorizon.csv; NonCalcareousPaleosolGeneralConstraints.csv; NonCalcareousPaleosolBtHorizonChemistry.csv; FossilLeafSites.csv Author(s) Names: Gregory J. Retallack Author(s) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4356-9240 Contact Information: University of Oregon Geological Sciences 1272, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. Email: gregr@uoregon.edu Date(s) of Data Collection: 1984 – 2002 Date File was Created: 2007 Date(s) and Nature of Updates; Last edition was in 2007 for a review article in the Encyclopedia of Paleoanthropology. Basic Information- Data Use Citations of Publications Using these Data: Retallack, G.J., 2007, Supplementary Information for “Paleosols”. In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Principles, methods and approaches, edited by W. Henke and I. Tattersall, Springer, Berlin, p. 383-408. Purpose of Collection: These data were collected to evaluate the changing vegetation and paleoclimate of Kenya over the past 20 million years, and its relevance for human evolution. Basic Information- Data Description Keywords and Definitions: Kenya, Cenozoic, paleosol, paleoclimate, paleobotany. Example of Data in Set: Each row is a single paleosol of a particular geological age and locality with paleoclimatic and former vegetation information that can be inferred for it. Lineage of Dataset: These data are the work of G.J. Retallack on a series of expeditions to Kenya. Geographic Information: Data was collected in several areas of Kenya with Cenozoic deposits well known for fossil mammals, including islands and shores of Lake Victoria, the central and southern Gregory Rift, and the basin of Lake Turkana Methodological Information: These data are largely measurements of key characteristics of fossil soils (paleosols) in the field: depth to the carbonate (Bk) horizon, thickness of the carbonate (Bk) horizon and size of the carbonate nodules. These were measured with a cloth tape in the field. Raw measured data need to be decompacted with information about overburden to use the climofunctions giving paleoclimatic information. These are simple measurements in cm. Sequences of fossil soils (paleosols) were measured, and showed good consistency of levels measured. This is the work of G.J. Retallack Data-specific Information Full names and definitions of column headings for tabular data Locality = Location of sample collection (See: Radiometric Age Models) Latitude = Latitude of sample location Longitude = Longitude of sample location Date examined = Date of sample collection Level m = meter level in local measured section Bk depth cm = calcic horizon depth within paleosol in centimeters Bk thickness cm = calcic horizon thickness within paleosol in centimeters A nature (or nature of A horizon): Defined by mollic (1), near-mollic (2), non-mollic (3), and based on crumb (5 mm) ped structure and dark tone for mollic, granule (1-2 cm) ped structure and intermediate tone for near-miollic, and block ped structure and light tone for non-mollic. Bk size cm = calcic horizon nodule size within paleosol in centimeters Age Ma = Age in millions of years ago burial km = depth of overlying rock computed from known stratigraphic thicknesses in kilometers Bk depth decompacted cm = adjustment of paleosol depth to Bk horizon to depth of Bk in original soil, using compaction algorithm of Sheldon & Retallack (2001) in centimeters Bk thickness decompacted cm = The thickness to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction using calculations provided by Sheldon and Retallack (2001) in centimeters MAP mm = Mean annual precipitation using calculations provided by Retallack (2004) in millimeters MAP+/- mm = upper bound of error envelope (MAP + 147 mm)/lower bound of error envelope (MAP-147 mm) MARP mm = mean annual range of precipitation using calculations provided by Retallack (2005) Duration kyr = thousands of years Source = Citation for sample (See: References) Pedotype = Pedotype classification of sample Specimen = Values represent field numbers or catalogued specimens in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument of the Condon Collection of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History of the University of Oregon. RADIOMETRIC AGE MODELS Fort Ternan: 15 Ma Baraget Phonolite at 8 m, 15.1 Ma tuff at 11 m, 14.4 Ma at at 16.5 m, 13.9 Ma at 20.5 Ma, 12.6 Ma Kericho Phonolite at 38 m, 12.5 Ma Kericho Phonolite at 38 m, 12.9 Ma Kericho Phonolite at 38 m (Retallack 1991) Kabarsero: 12.56 Ma tuff at 12, 12.49 Ma tuff at 18 m, 12.26 Ma tuff at 41 m (Hill et al. 2002) Kaimagool-Koimoroon: 13.4 Ma tuff at -15 m, 12.9 Ma Kericho Phonolite at 21 m (Wynn & Retallack 2002; Hill et al. 2002) Kalimale: 13.15 Ma Tiim Phonolite at 0 m, 7.6 Ma Ewalel Phonolite at 215.5, 7.2 Ma Ewalel Phonolite at 215.5 (Bishop & Pickford 1975; Hill et al. 2002) Kanapoi: 4.17 Ma lower pumiceous tuff at18 m, 4.12 Ma upper pumiceous tuff at 24 m, 4.07 Ma Kanapoi tuff at 33 m, 3.4 Ma Kalokwana Basalt at 78 m (Wynn 2000) Kapturo: 7.207 Ma trachyte at 2 m, 7.193 Ma trachyte at 14 m, 6.715 Ma tuff at 36 m (Jacobs & Deino 1996). Kipsaramon: 15.98 Ma Sidekh Phonolite at 0 m, 15.84 Ma Sidekh Phonolite at 0 m, 15.8 Ma Sidekh Phonolite at 0 m, 15.96 Ma tuff at 8 m, 15.63 Ma, Biryokwonin tuff at 15 m, 15.58 Ma Biryokwonin tuff at 15 m, 15.55 Ma Biryokwonin tuff at 15 m, 15.62 Ma Biryokwonin tuff at 15 m, 15.41 Ma tuff at 32 m, 15.45 Ma tuff at 34 m 15.35 Ma tuff at 39 m, 15.45 Ma tuff at 44 m (Behrensmeyer et al. 2002) Koobi Fora: 3.94 Moiti tuff at 40 m, 3.57 Ma Lokochot tuff at 92 m, 3.38 Ma Tulu Bor tuff at 130 m, 3.32 Ma Toroto tuff at 135 m, 3.22 Ma Allia tuff at 138 m, 3.06 Ma Ninikaa tuff at 142 m, 2.95 Ma Hasoma tuff at 178 m, 2.68 Ma Burgi tuff at 209 m, 2.52 Lokalalei tuff at 250 m, 1.9 Ma Lorenyang tuff at 306 m, 1.88 Ma KBS tuff at 348 m, 1.78 Ma A2 tuff at 420 m, 1.68 Ma A6 tuff at 450 m, 1.64 Ma Okote tuff at 490 m, 1.39 Ma Chari tuff at 550 m (Brown, 1994; Leakey et al., 2001; Wynn 1998) Lothagam: 14.2 Ma tuff at 50 m, 14 Ma tuff at 60 m, 13.8 Ma tuff at 70 m, 12.2 Ma tuff at 100 m, 9.1 Ma tuff at 280 m, 7.44 Ma lower marker tuff at 320 m, 6.72 Ma middle marker tuff at 380 m, 6.57 Ma tuff at 400 m, 6.52 Ma tuff at 410 m, 6.54 Ma marker tuff at 420 m, 4.22 Ma tuff at 610 Ma, 4.2 Ma Lothagam Basalt at 660 m (McDougall & Feibel 2004) Maboko: 14.71 Ma carbonatite tuff at 16 m, 13.8 Ma Ombo Phonolite at 50 m (Retallack et al. 2002) Rusinga Island: 18 Ma tuff at 22 m, 17.9 Ma Rusinga Agglomerate at 55m, 17.8 Ma tuff at 84 Ma (Drake et al.1988 boldface dates only; Bestland et al. 1995) Songhor-Koru: 20.2 Ma tuff at 2 m, 20.4 Ma tuff at 2 m, 20.1 Ma tuff at 12m, 20 Ma tuff at 12 m, 18 Ma Kapurtay Agglomerate at 42 m (Retallack 1991) Waril: 13.15 Ma Tiim Phonolite at 0 m, 12.31 Ma tuff at 105, 11.94 Ma tuff at 125 m, 9.82 Ma tuff at 232 m, 9.68 Ma tuff at 254 m, 7.6 Ma Ewalel Phonolite at 399.7, 7.2 Ma Ewalel Phonolite at 399.7 (Bishop & Pickford 1975; Hill et al. 2002) REFERENCES Behrensmeyer, A.K., Deino, A.L., Hill, A., Kingston, J.D., and Saunders, J.J., 2002, Geology and geochronology of the middle Miocene Kipsaromon site complex, Muruyur Beds, Tugan Hills, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42: 11-38. Bestland, E.A., 1990, Miocene volcaniclasitic deposits and paleosols of Rusinga Island, Kenya. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 119 p. Bestland E.A., & Retallack, G.J., 1993, Volcanically influenced calcareous paleosols from the Kiahera Formation, Rusinga Island, Kenya. Journal of Geology 150:293-310. Bestland, E.A., Thackray, G.D., & Retallack, G.J., 1995, Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, southwest Kenya. Journal of Geology 103:598-607. Bishop, W.W. & Pickford, M.H.L., 1975, Geology, fauna and paleoenvironments of the Ngorora Formation, Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 254:185-192 Brown, F.H., 1994, Development of Pliocene and Pleistocene chronology of the Turkana Basin, East Africa, and its relation to other sites. In: Integrative pathes to the past, edited by R.S. Corruccini & R.L. Ciochon: Prentice-Halle, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 285-312. Drake, R.E., Van Couvering, J.A., Pickford, M.H., Curtis, G.H. & Harris, J.A., 1988, New chronology for the early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society of London 145:479-491. Hill, A., Leakey, M., Kingston, J.D., and Ward, S., 2002, New cercopithecoids and a hominoid from 12.5 Ma in the Tugen Hills succession, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42:75-93. Jacobs, B.F. 2002 Estimation of low-latitude paleoclimates using fossil angiosperm leaves: examples from the Miocene Tugen Hills, Kenya. Paleobiology 28:399-421. Jacobs, B.F., and Deino, A.L., 1996, Test of climate-leaf physiognomy regression models, their application to two Miocene floras from Kenya, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the late Miocene Kapturo site. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 123:259-271. Leakey, M.G., Spoor, F., Brown, F.H., Gathogo, P.H., Kiarle, C., Leakey, L.N., & McDougall, I., 2001, New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages: Nature 410: 433-440. McDougall, I. & Feibel, C.S., 2004, Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift. In: Leakey, M.G., & Harris, J.M., eds., Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 43-60. Retallack, G.J., 1991, Miocene paleosols and ape habitats of Pakistan and Kenya. Oxford University Press, New York, 346 p. Retallack, G.J., Bestland, E.A., & Dugas, D.P., 1995, Miocene paleosols and habitata of Proconsul on Rusinga Island, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 29:53-91. Retallack, G.J., Wynn, J.G., Benefit, B.R, & McCrossin, M.L., 2002, Paleosols and paleoenvironments of the middle Miocene, Maboko Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42:659-703. Thackray, G.D., 1989, Paleonvironmental analysis of paleosols and associated fossils in Miocene volcaniclastic deposits, Rusinga Island, western Kenya. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 129 p. Wynn, J.G., 1998, Paleopedological characteristics associated with intervals of environmental change in the Neogene Turkana Basin, northern Kenya. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 103 p. Wynn, J.G., 2001, Paleosols, stable carbon isotopes, and paleoenvironments of himinid evolution in the Neogene, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 170 p. Wynn, J.G., 2004, Miocene and Pliocene paleosols of Lothagam. In: Leakey, M.G., & Harris, J.M., eds., Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 31-42. Wynn, J.G., & Feibel, C.S., 1995, Paleoclimatic implications of Vertisols within the Koobi For a Formation, Turkana Basin, Utah. Journal of Undergraduate Research 6:33-47 Wynn, J.G., & Retallack, G.J., 2001, Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of middle Miocene paleosols bearing Kenyapithecus and Victoriapithecus, Nyakach Formation, southwestern Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 40:263-288. Units of measurement: Length/width are measured in SI units. Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius. Definitions for codes or symbols used to record missing data: Missing or not analyzed data are indicated through blank cells. Sharing/Access information No licenses or restrictions are placed on these data. Links to publications that cite or use the data: First created for an encyclopedia article (later in second edition), these data were also used in a review article. Retallack, G.J., 2007, Paleosols. In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Principles, methods and approaches, edited by W. Henke and I. Tattersall, Springer, Berlin, p. 383-408. Retallack, G.J., 2013, Global cooling by grasslands in the geological past and near future. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science 41, 5.1-18. Retallack, G.J., 2014, Paleosols. In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Principles, methods and approaches, edited by W. Henke and I. Tattersall, Springer, Berlin, p. 383-408. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: http://blogs.uoregon.edu/gregr/detailed-webpage/downloadable-data/ Recommended citation for the data: Retallack, G.J., 2007, Supplementary Information for “Paleosols”. In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Principles, methods and approaches, edited by W. Henke and I. Tattersall, Springer, Berlin, p. 383-408. These data are based on research funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and the Paleoanthropology Division of the U.S. National Science Foundation; NSF grants EAR8206183, EAR85023232, SBR9513175