Browsing by Author "Braun, Bennett G."
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Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 004-023 : The BASK Model of Dissociation(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality & Dissociation, 1988-03) Braun, Bennett G.The BASK model conceptualizes the complex phenomenology of dissociation along with dimensions of Behavior, Affect, Sensation, and Knowledge. The process of dissociation itself, hypnosis, and the clinical mental disorders that constitute the dissociative disorders are described in terms of this model, and iIIustrated.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 016-023 : The Bask Model Of Dissociation: Part II- Treatment(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality & Dissociation, 1988-06) Braun, Bennett G.This article is a continuation of the BASK Model of Dissociation: Part I, which discussed the phenomena and theory of dissociation. It uses the previously described BASK Model (Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Knowledge levels within a time continuum) and applies it to treatment. Since treatment is a dynamic concept and knowledge is a static term, BASK is changed to BATS, wherein the active term "thought" is substituted for "knowledge." The interrelationship of the various dimensions of the BATS model is demonstrated and described. The BASK format is used to describe how a behavior, affect, thought and/or sensation clue is used to track down and synthesize the BASK/BATS components in psychotherapy through work with different personalities and/or fragments. A main thesis is that congruence of the BASK/BATS levels across the space/time continuum is required for healthy functioning. It is hoped from this discussion that the reader will get a sufficient understanding of the practical use of the BASK model and that he/she might apply it to her/his school and practice of psychotherapy.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 045-051: Multiple personality disorder: phenomenology of selected variables in comparison to major depression(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1989-03) Schultz, Rosalyn; Braun, Bennett G.; Kluft, Richard P., 1943-Various findings from a retrospective survey of 355 multiple personality disorder (MPD) patients and 235 major depression patients, who served as a comparison group, are discussed. The survey was completed by 448 independent clinicians, 142 of whom contributed information on both an MPD and a major depression patient. The study confirms recent findings in the literature that MPD is not a rare disorder, its sufferers include a preponderance of females, and it is highly correlated with childhood trauma, especially sexual and physical abuse. In addition, the study indicates that clinicians who diagnose MPD perceive clinical phenomena in a manner similar to those clinicians who have not yet made this diagnosis.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 066-069 : Iatrophilia and Iatrophobia in the diagnosis and treatment of MPD(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1989-06) Braun, Bennett G.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 060-061 : Comment on "Is MPD really rare in Japan?"(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1990-06) Frischholz, Edward J.; Braun, Bennett G.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 144-150 : Unusual medication regimens in the treatment of dissociative disorder patients: part I: noradrenergic agents(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1990-09) Braun, Bennett G.The noradrenergic agents propranolol and to a lesser extent, clonidine, are used in an experimental setting to reduce switching and anxiety in dissociative disorder patients, making them better candidates for psychotherapy. The rationale for this non-FDA-approved use of the drugs is founded in the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion. It is hypothesized further that the mechanisms proposed by the two theories are reinforcing of one another via classical conditioning in the production and reinforcement of chronic, severe anxiety responses. The effect of propranolol and clonidine can complement the effect of benzodiazepines in these patients. In the experimental protocol described, propranolol or clonidine is sometimes used at ultrahigh doses, with patients always under close medical supervision.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 151-153 : The dissociative experiences scale: further replication and validation(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1990-09) Frischholz, Edward J.; Braun, Bennett G.; Sachs, Roberta G.; Hopkins, Laura; Shaeffer, Denise; Lewis, Jennifer; Leavitt, Frank; Pasquotto, James N.; Schwartz, David R.The purpose of the present study was to provide further evidence in support of the validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) as a reliable measure of dissociative psychopathology. The DES was administered to 259 college students, 33 patients with multiple personality disorder (MPD), and 29 patients with a dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS). The inter-rater reliability for the DES scoring procedure was excellent (coefficient of absolute agreement=.96; coefficient of relative agreement =.99). The test retest reliability of DES scores (within approximately one month) was also excellent (coefficient of absolute agreement =.93; coefficient of relative agreement=.96) and suggests that DES total scores are temporally stable and similar in absolute value across testings. Finally, the internal consistency of DES scores was also very high (alpha for students=.93; alpha for MPD patients =.94; alpha for DDNOS patients=.94; alpha for the combined total sample=.95). Both MPD (mean DES score =55.0) and DDNOS patients (mean DES score =40.8) earned significantly higher DES scores than students (mean DES score=23.8). In addition, MPD patients earned significantly higher DES scores than DDNOS patients. The results of the present study also suggest that a DES cutoff score of 45 to 55 maximizes the probability of correctly classifying students from dissociative disorder patients (87%) while minimizing the rates of false positive (2 to 6 %) and false negative errors (7 to 11%). Suggestions for further validation research are also made.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 4, p. 185-188 : Construct validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES): I. The relationship between the DES and other self-report measures of DES(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-12) Frischholz, Edward J.; Braun, Bennett G.; Sachs, Roberta G.; Schwartz, David R.; Lewis, Jennifer; Shaeffer, Denise; Westergaard, Cindy; Pasquotto, James N.The present study attempted to expand the construct validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) by comparing it to: (a) other self-report measures of dissociation (e.g., the Tellegen Absorption Scale [TAS] and the Perceptual Alteration Scale [PAS]); (b) the construct of "ambiguity intolerance" (assessed by the Yellen Ambiguity Intolerance Scale [YAIS]); and (c) the Jenkins Activity Schedule (JAS: which measures the degree of Type A behavior). Three hundred and eleven undergraduates participated in an experiment on "Hypnotizability and Personality, " and filled out the DES TAS, PAS, YAIS, and JAS. The DES total score (and three DES factor scores) correlated with the TAS and PAS in the range of .24 - .52 (all correlations were significant at the .001 level, two-tailed). Furthermore, the DES total score (and the three DES factor scores) correlated significantly with the YAIS overall score (r's ranged from .22 - .24, all p's < .001), but did not correlate significantly with the JAS (r's ranged from -.03 - .04, ns). The findings suggest that DES scores (i.e., total scores and each of the three DES factor scores) show good levels of convergent validity as they correlate significantly with other self-report measures of dissociation. However, the intercorrelations were not high enough to consider the different dissociation measures as interchangeable. Furthermore, subjects reporting high levels of dissociative experiences also reported higher levels of ambiguity intolerance. However, no significant association was observed between DES scores and the Type A behavior pattern.Item Open Access Dissociation : Volume 10, No. 1, p. 054-057 : Factor analytic investigation of the WAIS-R among patients with dissociative psychopathology(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1997-03) Schwartz, David R.; Rossini, Edward D.; Braun, Bennett G.; Stein, Gerald M.The factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) was examined among 133 participants diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. The results of two and three factor orthogonal solutions with varimax rotation were obtained. The two and three factor solutions were consistent with traditional factor analytic studies with Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization in the two factor solution, and Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility in the three factor solution. This is the only factor analytic investigation using the WAIS-R to study a dissociative population.Item Open Access Dissociation : Volume 10, No. 2, p. 120-124 : Frequency of EEG abnormalities in a large dissociative population(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1997-06) Braun, Bennett G.; Schwartz, David R.; Kravitz, Howard M.; Waxman, JordanA retrospective chart review was conducted to determine the frequency of electroencephalographic abnormalities, particularly those suggesting temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), among patients with dissociative disorders. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) from 160 inpatients with dissociative disorders who were treated at either of two sites specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of dissociative disorders were reviewed. EEGs were categorized as normal, possible drug effect, or abnormal. Overall, 7.5 % of patients had EEGs that were interpreted as abnormal but only two (1 .25%) of the entire sample had findings that suggested TLE. The two sites differed significantly in the percentage read as abnormal (30.9% versus 10.5%; X2=19.4, df=2, p< .0001). According to these results, a small minority of patients with dissociative disorders have non-specific EEG abnormalities as well as more specific temporal lobe dysrhythmias. However, the population and context in which the dissociation-epilepsy association is explored will influence the outcome of any attempt to resolve the question regarding the relationship.