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Open Access
On the Analytic Decomposition of Rod-And-Frame Test Performance: An Empirical Comparison Between Global and Component Scores, No. 14
(Oregon Research Institute, 1972) Goldberg, Lewis R.
An analytic schema is presented for decomposing the traditional global accuracy score from the Rod-and-Frame Test into a set of component scores. As a preliminary comparison of the usefulness of these component scores with the traditional composite measure, the data from a study by Hettema (1968) were re-analyzed. A sample of 70 male subjects was used to investigate the linear and nonlinear relationships between 22 RFT scores and scores from the Street Gestalt, Gottschaldt Hidden Figures, PMA Spatial, Hidden Pictures, PMA Reasoning, Muller-Lyer Illusions, Poggendorff Illusions, Peripheral Span, Squares , and Verbal Analogies tests . The RFT global accuracy score was not significantly related to any of these measures. In contrast, an intriguing pattern of significant relationships emerged between various RFT component scores and most of the cognitive and perceptual tests.
Open Access
Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, No. 1
(Oregon Research Institute, 1973-07) Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel
Most important decisions are based on beliefs concerning the likelihood of uncertain events such as the outcome of an election, the guilt of a defendant, or the future value of the dollar. These beliefs are usually expressed in statements such as "I think that ... ", "chances are ... ", "It is unlikely that .. . ", etc. Occasionally, beliefs concerning uncertain events are expressed in a numerical form as odds or subjective probabilities. What determines such beliefs? How do people assess the likelihood of an W1certain event or the value of an uncertain quantity? The theme of the present paper is that people rely on a limited number of heuristic principles by which they reduce the complex tasks of assessing likelihoods and predicting values to simpler judgmental operations. In general, these heuristics are quite useful, but sometimes they leads to severe and systematic errors.
Open Access
The Commons Dilemma Game: An N-Person Mixed-Motive Game With a Dominating Strategy for Defection, No. 2
(Oregon Research Institute, 1973-09) Dawes, Robyn M.
If individuals were to decide for themselves whether to buy anti-pollution devices for their cars, a commons dilemma would result (Lloyd, 1833; Hardin, 1968). The money saved by not buying the device accrues directly to the individual while the harm done by the resulting pollution is shared equally by all. Moreover, the argument for not buying is independent of others' decisions --because if they do buy, the individual who does not makes no appreciable contribution to pollution, and if they don't the individual who does makes no appreciable contribution to reducing pollution . Yet everyone would prefer to have everyone buy . This paper presents an experimental commons dilemma game that has all the properties of the commons dilemma and that reduces to a prisoner's dilemma game when there are only two players.
Open Access
Training Mothers of Disruptive Nonreaders In Remedial Skills: A Home Tutoring Program, No. 3
(Oregon Research Institute, 1973-10) Skindrud, Karl
A tutoring program was developed which applies reinforcement principles to the teaching of reading, utilizes linguistically controlled programmed reading material, and is easily administered by parents . Three mothers of disruptive children with reading deficits were trained to use the tutoring program in three to 20 hours of direct supervision. The data from this initial evaluation suggest that (1) parents can be trained to effectively tutor their own disruptive child at home, (2) significant increases in reading skills can interact with contingency management programs in the classroom to reduce otherwise intractable disruptive behavior in a nonreader, and (3) parents of children who perceive their child's reading deficit as severe and bearing on school placement are most likely to maintain the daily home tutoring . A cost-effectiveness comparison is made between the home tutoring program and traditional and innovative remedial tutoring programs. The literature relating reading deficits, classroom behavior and delinquency is briefly reviewed. Further study of the trends noted in this investigation and improvements in the tutoring procedures are recommended.
Open Access
The Decision to Pollute, No. 4
(Oregon Research Institute, 1973-12) Dawes, Robyn M.; Delay, Jack; Chaplin, William
One way of studying the pollution problem is to examine the decision making process in situations in which gain accrues directly to an individual while loss is spread out across the group of which the individual is a member. Such a situation has been termed a commons dilemma by Lloyd in 1833; it is a variant of the well known prisoner's dilemma. The mathematical model of rational decision making when facing the commons dilemma implies the dismal conclusion that individuals acting rationally will end up destroying, or nearly destroying, the common wealth. Suggestions are made concerning ways in which people may be persuaded not to pollute our environment.
Open Access
Factors Influencing School‐Based Mental Health Program Selection: Insights From Educational Stakeholders
(Psychology in the Schools, 2024-11-11) Day, Elizabeth; Steinka-Fry, Katarzyna; Shimmel, Lisa; Grant, Sean; Tanner-Smith, Emily E.
School mental health programs are an important component of the national response to the current student mental health crisis. However, evidence‐based programs often face numerous barriers to their selection, scale‐up, and sustainability in real‐world settings. In this study, we interviewed 15 educational stakeholders to examine what influences their selection of school‐based mental health programs. Interviews focused on factors influencing the selection and sustainability of mental health programs in schools. We coded transcribed interview data using a hybrid, iterative process, and generated themes from these codes. We identified five categories of themes related to key decision‐making criteria: program fit with student and school needs, evidence of program effectiveness, stakeholder buy‐in, logistical considerations for staff delivering programs, and cost and resource requirements. Findings have implications for researchers who wish to improve dissemination strategies for school‐based mental health prevention programs and for policymakers who wish to shape funding priorities to support greater diversity in program availability. Findings are also useful to practitioners who may use these insights to reflect on their own program selection practices or may see their own experiences reflected and normalized through the lens of the key themes presented here.
Open Access
Effectiveness of School-Based Depression Prevention Interventions: An Overview of Systematic Reviews With Meta-Analyses on Depression Outcomes
(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2024-12-30) Grant, Sean; Schweer-Collins, Maria; Day, Elizabeth; Trevino, Shaina D.; Steinka-Fry, Katarzyna; Tanner-Smith, Emily E.
Objective: This overview aims to summarize systematic reviews with meta-analyses estimating the effects of school-based depression prevention interventions on depression outcomes. Method: We conducted electronic searches (Australian Education Index, Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I, Pubmed, Social Science Premium Collection), hand-searched key journals, and conducted backward and forward citation chasing to identify eligible reviews. Two reviewers independently screened records, assessed full texts for eligibility, and collected data. We narratively summarized review findings and quantified the overlap of primary studies across systematic reviews using Corrected Covered Area. Results: We identified 29 eligible systematic reviews with 472 included primary studies overall (Mdn = 35, range = 4–137). Only 177 primary studies (37%) were included in more than one review (Corrected Covered Area = 6%). We rated all reviews as low (10%) or critically low (90%) quality on A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews–2, and most reviews (86%) at high risk of bias on Risk Of Bias In Systematic reviews. Reviews mostly suggest school-based depression prevention interventions may have modest average positive impacts on depression-related outcomes—both overall and for specific stages of prevention, school levels and student ages, and specific program manuals and intervention types. However, some reviews did not detect effects, and most reviews noted concerns about primary study quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias in this body of evidence. Conclusions: School-based depression prevention interventions may be beneficial on average, though existing reviews have important methodological limitations. A living systematic review conducted according to methodological best practice could provide timely, relevant, and rigorous evidence for educational decision making.
Open Access
The Sunflower Sea Star Reduces Grazing Rates of Purple Sea Urchins Dependent Upon Urchin Starvation State
(Ecosphere, 2024-05-10) Whippo, Ross; Gravem, Sarah; Porter-Hughes, Ethan; Galloway, Aaron W. E.
Ecosystem function is maintained in part by direct species interactions, but indirect interactions and non-consumptive effects may be of equal ecological importance. Along the west coast of North America, the recent population collapse of the predatory sunflower sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides has been implicated in the proliferation of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and a concurrent decline in kelp canopy cover in several locales. Recent work began to quantify the predation rates effects (i.e., direct consumptive effects) of Pycnopodia on sea urchins that may lead to density-mediated indirect effects on kelp. However, the importance of non-consumptive effects on urchin behavior and the possible trait-mediated indirect effects of Pycnopodia on kelp are not well understood. This leaves a critical gap in our knowledge about how these predators may be controlling grazer populations and, indirectly, primary production by macroalgae in nearshore habitats. We measured the non-consumptive behavioral effects of Pycnopodia on S. purpuratus in the laboratory including grazing rates, feeding behavior, and movement of starved versus fed urchins, the latter simulating urchin metabolic conditions within urchin barrens. We found that the presence of a waterborne Pycnopodia cue reduced the grazing rate of fed urchins by 50% over short (~24 h) time scales. In contrast, starved urchins consumed kelp and did not exhibit an escape response in the presence of a Pycnopodia cue. This study highlights a trait-mediated indirect interaction between Pycnopodia, S. purpuratus, and kelp, showing how the urchin response to a predator cue may differ based on urchin metabolic conditions or ecosystem state, and helps clarify the positive role of Pycnopodia on kelp forest health.
Open Access
Prenatal care in urban China: Qualitative study on challenges and coping mechanisms
(SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 2024) Nagao, Haruka
This study aims to identify challenges that women face in accessing prenatal care services in urban China and their coping mechanisms to deal with the challenges. We conducted semi-structured interviews in June and July in 2019 with 38 women who had experience of childbirth within the last five years. Through interviews, this study pays particular attention to a quality of prenatal care services by focusing on women’s experiences in seeking for such services. The findings suggest that most participants had access to standardized prenatal care services but faced two challenges: long wait time and short doctor-patient interaction time. These challenges stem from overcrowded hospitals. The findings also illuminate power and information asymmetry between doctors and patients. Women leverage social networks with friends, colleagues, and former classmates to fill in the gap of short doctor-patient interaction by obtaining relevant information about pregnancy and prenatal care services. The analyses of interviews and a social networking site also suggest that online social networks play a similar role to fill in the informational gap. Still, social networks remain a coping mechanism rather than a fundamental solution to the systemic issues within the public health system.
Open Access
The Asian NII Experience
(INET, 1997) Lovelock, Peter; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
In this paper I look at what these new polices have meant for the provision of Internet access in the region and, specifically, what the relation is between the NII programs and Internet policies of a number of selected Asian countries: China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. The first section of the paper sets out the NII policy focus and the distinctive nature of the Asian development agenda. The second section looks briefly at the role of the Internet as a part of the overall NII program. The third section of the paper contrasts the NII and Internet programs of selected Asian countries.
Open Access
Sustainable Collaborative Efforts in Internet Development in Asia: A13 Phase II
(INET, 1997) Yamaguchi, Suguru; Izumiyama, Hidetaka; Murai, Jun; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The AI3 (Asian Internet Interconnection Initiatives) Project started in 1995 as an R&D project for the Internet research community in Asia. The project installed its testbed network in Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Thailand in 1996. On this network, several research activities and experiments, such as the WWW cache mechanism using a new management scheme, the distant learning system called "Virtual University" over the Internet, and video multicasting over this infrastructure using IP multicasting, were undertaken with AI3 research partners. In 1997, we are going to expand this effort to four or five more countries using a new datalink technology: TDM multichannel access with C band satellite links. In this system, we assign a single transponder (30 megabytes per second [Mbps] total) for traffic between a hub station in Japan and AI3 regional stations in partner's countries. We are developing a new interface hardware to manage this "fat pipe" in a TDM manner. Using this mechanism, we can handle unbalanced traffic over international Internet links more effectively. In this paper, we report several results from the ongoing research project on the AI3 testbed and introduce a new approach, called "AI3 phase II," to expand its efforts to more countries.
Open Access
Regional Integration of Central American Countries and Opportunities for Internetworking
(INET, 1997) Calvo-Drago, Jorge D.; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize) have recently decided to go into a process of political, economic, social, cultural, and ecological integration through a Central American Integration System. Some of the challenges that the integration faces include the strengthening of the decision making process, and this paper particularly discusses decision follow-up and coordination, national implementation of regional agreements, social communication and participation of civil society, and external and cooperation relations and their respective opportunities for Internetworking.
Open Access
Networking Latin America and the Caribbean: Creating Alternatives
(INET, 1993) Rodriguez, Luis German; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
There is an ongoing process of integration of academic networks in Latin American and Caribbean countries. This papers analyzes how different factors have shaped this process and explains the main conclusions of a recent meeting in Guadalajara, Mexico (November 1992). This process has gone through several stages of maturity for over four years and it can be said that it has not followed patterns of development observed in other regions of the world. The evolution of the effort for connecting and organizing the networks of the region is seen through the results of the different meetings where their actors and promoters have confronted their goals against the facts that condition them. There have been five regional meetings devoted to this goal (from San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1989 to Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1992). The stages can be associated with several factors, one of them is the development of the national initiatives; some countries have more than one network pretending to cover the academic community and in many cases these initiatives have conflicts among them. Another factor is the support of that these initiatives have from their national councils for science and technology; some are officially backed by their governments while others are still fighting to be recognized or at least to be considered as a helpful tool for the academic sector. The participation of organizations external to the region and interested on promoting the integration process (Organization of American States, FUNDESCO, National Science Foundation, UNESCO, UNDP, etc.) has also played a decisive role in it. The initiatives of the region led to the decision, at the last meeting of academic networks for Latin America and the Caribbean, to create an open forum devoted to monitoring the process. The evaluation will be done during the annual gathering. The achievement of the defined goals will be checked against the development of specific tasks associated with the established strategies.
Open Access
ITU Telecommunication Indicators Update: International Internet Bandwith in Asia-Pacific
(International Telecommunication Union, 2002) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing an explosion of international Internet bandwidth. Capacity on Internet links connecting Asia-Pacific to the world have skyrocketed more than eightfold over the last two years from 8 to 65 gigabits (Gbit/s) by the end of 2001.1 International Internet capacity in the region now far exceeds conventional telephone capacity (see Figure 1).
Open Access
Information Technology in Africa: A Proactive Approach and the Prospects of Leapfrogging Decades in the Development Process
(INET, 1997) Kwankam, S. Yunkap; Ningo, N. Ntomambang; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This paper examines perspectives for the growth of information technology (IT) in Africa. The central thesis is that, as in other development sectors, technological solutions are more readily available than the political will to implement them. Policy aspects of IT therefore need to be addressed, in terms of formulation, dissemination, and implementation. In the absence of clear and enforceable policy, the African information industry is likely to evolve in a haphazard manner in reaction to uncoordinated external motives, thus allowing improper practices that would impair the growth of enthusiasm for IT. One strategy proposed is to concentrate IT development in priority sectors identified by governments themselves, such as education, health, and the environment, thereby opening new vistas of application. Examples are given of how this can be done. Another strategy is to pursue IT at the regional level with strong interagency collaboration, given the interdisciplinary nature of the technology. This would have two positive outcomes. It would contribute to bringing down the barriers that currently circumscribe countries into fairly closed information entities. Second, it would exploit the bandwagon effect, which has worked successfully in the health sector, to commit African governments to IT development programs. Such development should take a long-term view and reach for the cutting edge of technology, for which some institutional capacity already exists. The continent could thus leapfrog decades in the development of IT and provide an empowering environment for development in other sectors.
Open Access
Comparative Study: School Networks in Latin America
(INET, 1999) Dunayevich, Julian; Mayer, Jorge; D'Eramo, Romina; Vidal, Arnoldo; Guerra, Victor; Pisanty, Alejandro; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Several Latin American and Caribbean countries have made progress in designing and implementing school network projects at a national level. These projects have been undertaken as part of an educational system modernization process. These ongoing projects are related to new trends in communications and information technology in the field of education. This paper will analyze the various national experiences. Its main points are the following: - Different types and approaches of the several national projects; definition and scope of universe and of basic strategies; goals; adaptation modes between the project and the type of educational system; network extension programs; and interpreting these policies in terms of making up for inequality. - Network engineering models; existence or lack of a central backbone; types of telecommunication technologies; supplying equipment; scope of service; and accessibility to rural zones and those difficult to access. - Program administration policies; financing; participation of private sector; agencies for project management; management, technical, professional, and educational teams; budget makeup and administration; and studies on the regulatory framework of each country. - Pedagogic models; teacher training; developing educational programs; educational TV experiences and multimedia resources; and adapting such resources to classroom and school. - Development of national experiences; degree of implementation; evaluation systems used in carrying out and achieving goals; and indicators of the impact of the policies on the educational process and on the region. Project reports as well as statistical and technical reports will be used for this paper.
Open Access
Case Studies on Development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean
(Organization of American States, 2000) Hahn, Saul; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Through the Hemisphere Wide Inter-University Scientific and Technological Information Network (RedHUCyT) project, the Organization of American States (OAS) helped local initiatives in the member states in either the creation or expansion of networks in their countries. Through the years, RedHUCyT (http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/) became a major contributing force for the development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It collaborated and coordinated with academic institutions, governments, phone companies (PTT) and the private sector to create many of the first Internet points of presence (POPs) in this region. Essential to these developments were the local network managers and officers at participant institutions, and their dedicated teams of experts, who made these projects possible.
Open Access
Brief History of the Internet
(Internet Society, 1997) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon; Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G.; Wolff, Stephen
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities.
Open Access
Report identifying issues related to the geographic coverage of European research and education networking
(Information Society Technologies, 2003-11-28) Bonac, Marko; Martin, John; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The topic of this report is the current state of research and education networking in wider Europe. It focuses on geographic variations and in particular on the digital divide between the most developed and least developed National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). A major part of this report is based on a comprehensive survey of NRENs in "Neighboring Countries" carried out in spring 2003. The geographic coverage of this report is the "Neighboring Countries" of the European Economic Area, which for the purposes of this report are defined as the ten countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) that plan to join the European Union on 1 May 2004 and eight other European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Turkey). The concepts of equal opportunities for researchers and of the digital divide are central to this study. Equal opportunity is the goal, but we have found that in Europe today there is a significant digital divide and that there is a real risk of "research exclusion". Research network provision - The survey reviewed the current standard of research network provision in the Neighboring Countries. There is a great variation between countries. Several accession states have research networks of a high standard. Elsewhere there are some countries with no effective research network at all. Most lie somewhere in between. It should be emphasized that no country is entirely free of problems and, equally, there are none without some positive aspects. Overall, fourteen of the eighteen countries reported major problems either at the international, national or LAN level. From the detailed responses it is clear that the lack of low-cost high-speed lines is seen as the major obstacle to improving research network provision. This is due to a lack of competition and the continuing dominance of the (ex-)monopoly telecommunications operators. The situation is similar to that in EU countries ten years ago. However, some of the fourteen countries have succeeded in taking the opportunity to acquire dark fibre and this has enabled them to leapfrog and rapidly develop quite an advanced network. Those who have not succeeded yet in doing this lag behind, especially in the development of their backbone capacity. Some conclusions derived from this study - Firstly, the digital divide exists in research networking in Europe and to such a level that, if uncorrected, will prevent the goal of equal opportunities for researchers being attained. Secondly, in the countries most affected by the digital divide the case for effective government support for research networking still needs to be made. This is an area where the European Commission, national governments, TERENA and the NREN community all need to play their part. Thirdly, looking to the future, we conclude that research exclusion is a real risk in most of the Neighboring Countries and that this will obstruct attempts to build the European Research Area. Many national governments are aware of the risks of information exclusion and recognize the need to follow the lead of eEurope in building an Information Society. Far fewer perceive the dangers posed by the digital divide in research networking and the need to close this gap. Proposed steps to achieve equal opportunities for research and education - First, we do see an opportunity to make major strides towards diminishing the digital divide. If an NREN can get access to dark fibre, then it can, within the same budget, immediately upgrade the network capacity by as much as a factor of 100. In a monopoly situation it is not easy to get access to dark fibre; however, we have found examples where this has been done successfully. Secondly, there is wealth of testimony to the fact that participation in joint projects has been helpful to the NRENs in Neighboring Countries. These are joint projects with other NRENs from all parts of Europe that often, but not always, have been supported by EU funding. This should be continued and extended to cover the new countries. For these countries, a small amount of funding could make a large difference. Finally, the survey shows that the European Union has already proved to be very influential in persuading governments in Neighboring Countries that are accession states or aspire to EU membership to commit to the Information Society. Therefore the EU could be equally persuasive in showing the importance of research networking. Specifically, the EU should help drive the further liberalization of telecommunications and in particular help to persuade national governments that NRENs should get access to dark fibre. The EU could also support the investments in research and education infrastructure inside accession countries through other measures (e.g. Structural Funds).
Open Access
Review of Developments in Latin America: CAESAR
(Information Society Technologies, 2002-06-30) Stover, Cathrin; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This document reviews the situation of the national research networks or related organizations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.