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Open Access
First mesonychid from the Clarno Formation (Eocene) of Oregon, USA
(Palaeontologia Electronica, 2019-06) Robson, Selina V.; Famoso, Nicholas; Davis, Edward Byrd; Hopkins, Samantha S.B.
A recently identified left dentary of Harpagolestes cf. uintensis represents the first mesonychid material known from the Pacific Northwest. The specimen is from the Hancock Quarry (Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument), which is in the uppermost subunit of the Clarno Formation (middle Eocene, ~40 Ma). The sediments of the Hancock Quarry were deposited by a meandering river system during the middle Eocene when north-central Oregon had a subtropical climate. As with many other mammals from the Hancock Quarry, Harpagolestes participated in an Asian-North American faunal interchange; species of Harpagolestes are known from the Eocene of both continents. Harpagolestes was carnivorous, and members of the genus were likely bone-crushers. Characteristic bone-crushing wear is visible on the occlusal surfaces of the Hancock Quarry specimen’s premolars and molars. With the aid of CT scans, it has been determined that the Hancock Quarry Harpagolestes contains the alveoli for c1, p1-2, and m3, and preserves the crowns of p3-4 and m1-2. The molariform teeth have a large, conical trigonid with a bulbous talonid. The protoconid of p3 and p4 is tilted posteriorly. This specimen of Harpagolestes cf. uintensis represents a new large carnivore in the Hancock Quarry ecosystem, adds to the known diversity of the Oregon middle Eocene, and is the only known occurrence of a mesonychid in the Pacific Northwest.
Open Access
Mammalian community response to historic volcanic eruptions
(Mammalian Biology, 2020-03-09) Famoso, Nicholas
It is clear that ecosystems are devastated after a volcanic eruption coats the landscape with a layer of ash; however, the ecological recovery of mammalian communities after eruptions is poorly understood. Volcanic eruptions vary with magnitude and type and only a fraction of them have been analysed for effects on mammalian communities. To better understand mammalian community recovery, I investigated how species richness, evenness, and similarity change across volcanic boundaries in the 1980 Mount Saint Helens (MSH), Washington, and 1914–1917 Mount Lassen, California, eruptions. I compared these eruptions to Mount Rainier, Washington and Mount Shasta, California as controls for regional changes in the fauna. Richness and evenness remain relatively unchanged in Lassen. MSH saw an immediate drop in richness, followed by an increase over 5 years to pre-eruptive levels. Chord distance analysis suggests no long-term change in the Lassen fauna. The pre- and post-MSH fauna are different from one another. The post-eruptive fauna was more similar to neighbouring regions. It is clear from my results that larger eruptions tend to have a greater impact on mammalian community recovery than smaller eruptions, but ultimately, mammalian populations are robust and the presence of neighbouring communities is important for recolonizing devastated areas.
Open Access
Paleobiology of a large mammal community from the late Pleistocene of Sonora, Mexico
(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Short, Rachel A.; Emmert, Laura G.; Famoso, Nicholas; Martin, Jeff M.; Mead, Jim I.; Swift, Sandy L.; Baez, Arturo
A paleontological deposit near San Clemente de Térapa represents one of the very few Rancholabrean North American Land Mammal Age sites within Sonora, Mexico. During that time, grasslands were common, and the climate included cooler and drier summers and wetter winters than currently experienced in northern Mexico. Here, we demonstrate restructuring in the mammalian community associated with environmental change over the past 40,000 years at Térapa. The fossil community has a similar number of carnivores and herbivores whereas the modern community consists mostly of carnivores. There was also a 97% decrease in mean body size (from 289 kg to 9 kg) because of the loss of megafauna. We further provide an updated review of ungulates and carnivores, recognizing two distinct morphotypes of Equus, including E. scotti and a slighter species; as well as Platygonus compressus; Camelops hesternus; Canis dirus; and Lynx rufus; and the first regional records of Palaeolama mirifica, Procyon lotor, and Smilodon cf. S. fatalis. The Térapa mammals presented here provide a more comprehensive understanding of the faunal community restructuring that occurred in northern Mexico from the late Pleistocene to present day, indicating further potential biodiversity loss with continued warming and drying of the region.
Open Access
Microtomography of an enigmatic fossil egg clutch from the Oligocene John Day Formation, Oregon, USA, reveals an exquisitely preserved 29-million-year-old fossil grasshopper ootheca
(Parks Stewardship Forum, 2024) Lee, Jaemin; Famoso, Nicholas; Lin, Angela
Eggs are one of the least understood life stages of insects, and are poorly represented in the fossil record. Using microtomography, we studied an enigmatic fossil egg clutch of a presumed entomological affinity from the Oligocene Turtle Cove Member, John Day Formation, from the National Park Service-administered lands of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon. A highly organized egg mass comprising a large clutch size of approximately 50 slightly curved ellipsoidal eggs arranged radially in several planes is preserved, enclosed in a disc-shaped layer of cemented and compacted soil particles. Based on the morphology of the overall structure and the eggs, we conclude that the specimen represents a fossilized underground ootheca of the grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Caelifera), also known as an egg pod. This likely represents the oldest and the first unambiguous fossil evidence of a grasshopper egg pod. We describe Subterroothecichnus radialis igen. et isp. nov. and Curvellipsoentomoolithus laddi oogen. et oosp. nov., representing the egg pod and the eggs, respectively. We advocate for adopting ootaxonomy in studying fossil eggs of entomological affinities, as widely practiced with fossil amniotic eggs. An additional 26 individual and clustered C. laddi collected throughout the A–H subunits of the Turtle Cove Member suggest the stable presence of grasshoppers in the Turtle Cove fauna, and we discuss the paleoecological implications. Oothecae have convergently evolved several times in several insect groups; this ovipositional strategy likely contributed to the fossilization of this lesser-known ontogenetic stage, enriching our understanding of past insect life.
Open Access
New occurrences of mammals from McKay Reservoir (Hemphillian, Oregon)
(Journal of Paleontology, 2024-05-07) Orcutt, John D.; Schmer, Christiana J.; Lubisich, Jeffrey P.; Abrams, Lacy T.; Famoso, Nicholas
Encompassing global cooling, the spread of grasslands, and biogeographic interchanges, the Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age is an important interval for understanding the factors driving ecological and evolutionary change through time. McKay Reservoir near Pendleton, Oregon is a natural laboratory for analyses of these factors. It is remarkable for its small vertebrate fauna including rodents, bats, turtles, and lagomorphs, but also for its larger mammal fossils like camelids, rhinocerotids, canids, and felids. Despite the importance of the site, few revisions to its faunal list have been published since its original description. We expand on this description by identifying taxa not previously known from McKay Reservoir based on specimens collected during fieldwork and through reidentification of previously collected fossils. Newly identified taxa include the borophagine canid Borophagus secundus (Matthew and Cook, 1909), the camelids Megatylopus Matthew and Cook, 1909 and Pleiolama Webb and Meachen, 2004, a dromomerycid, and the equids Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden, 1977 and Pseudhipparion Ameghino, 1904. Specimens previously assigned to Neohipparion Gidley, 1903 and Hipparion de Christol, 1832 lack the features necessary to diagnose these genera, which are therefore removed from the site's faunal list. The presence of Borophagus secundus, Cormohipparion, and Pseudhipparion is especially important, because each occurrence represents a major geographic range extension. This refined understanding of the fauna lays the foundation for future studies of taphonomy, taxonomy, functional morphology, and paleoecology—potentially at the population, community, or ecosystem levels—at this paleobiologically significant Miocene locality.
Open Access
Molecular basis of product recognition during PIP5K-mediated production of PI(4,5)P2 with positive feedback
(Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2024-08-03) Duewell, Benjamin R.; Faris, Katherine A.; Hansen, Scott D.
The ability for cells to localize and activate peripheral membrane-binding proteins is critical for signal transduction. Ubiquitously important in these signaling processes are phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids, which are dynamically phosphorylated by PIP lipid kinases on intracellular membranes. Functioning primarily at the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5K) catalyzes the phosphorylation of PI(4)P to generate most of the PI(4,5)P2 lipids found in eukaryotic plasma membranes. Recently, we determined that PIP5K displays a positive feedback loop based on membrane-mediated dimerization and cooperative binding to its product, PI(4,5)P2. Here, we examine how two motifs contribute to PI(4,5)P2 recognition to control membrane association and catalysis of PIP5K. Using a combination of single molecule TIRF microscopy and kinetic analysis of PI(4)P lipid phosphorylation, we map the sequence of steps that allow PIP5K to cooperatively engage PI(4,5)P2. We find that the specificity loop regulates the rate of PIP5K membrane association and helps orient the kinase to more effectively bind PI(4,5)P2 lipids. After correctly orienting on the membrane, PIP5K transitions to binding PI(4,5)P2 lipids near the active site through a motif previously referred to as the substrate or PIP-binding motif (PIPBM). The PIPBM has broad specificity for anionic lipids and serves a role in regulating membrane association in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our data supports a two-step membrane-binding model where the specificity loop and PIPBM act in concert to help PIP5K orient and productively engage anionic lipids to drive the positive feedback during PI(4,5)P2 production.
Open Access
AN INTERNAL ANALYSIS ON ADVOCATING FOR LATINO/A ACHIEVEMENT IN SCHOOL (ALAS)
(University of Oregon, 2024-05) Miki, Isabella; Doty, Jen; Mauro, Robert
Advocating for Latino Achievement in Schools (ALAS) is an afterschool program designed for Latino/a immigrant English Language Learners at Springfield High School. This program aims to prevent dropout, promote academic success, and promote college/career readiness through providing academic support and enhancing critical consciousness. After analyzing ALAS student survey responses and interviews with ALAS team members, I explore themes that are important to consider in the continuation of the ALAS program: language barriers, transportation barriers, community building, and commitments of higher priority. I suggest future goals for the ALAS program: continuing teacher coordination, and implementing formal critical consciousness lessons.
Embargo
SYSTEMIC IMMUNOMODULATION OF MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS IN A MODEL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA USING ALL-TRANS RETINOIC ACID
(University of Oregon, 2024-05) Gill, Dylan; Guldberg, Bob; Guyer, Tyler; Munger, Lisa
Musculoskeletal trauma remains a significant challenge clinically, often leading to complications such as bone nonunion, infection, prolonged hospitalization, high treatment costs, and potential disabilities. The current standard treatment, autologous bone grafting, has limitations including donor site morbidity and limited bone availability, necessitating exploration of alternative approaches. Immune responses play a critical role in musculoskeletal healing, with distinct phases of inflammation and regenerative/anti-inflammatory processes. The transition from M1 to M2 macrophages is crucial for soft and hard callus formation during bone healing. However, dysregulated immune responses, characterized by prolonged elevation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, can hinder healing and tissue repair. Recent research has focused on systemic immune responses following trauma, highlighting the balance between circulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers to prevent tissue damage and promote healing. Immune suppressor cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in immune dysregulation post-trauma and may be a factor in poor healing. Targeting MDSCs presents a complex challenge due partly to their heterogeneity, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, we tested several treatment methods for MDSC depletion previously developed for use in cancer models to examine their effects on MDSCs in vitro in blood sourced from a trauma model. All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) in particular showed promise in modulating MDSCs initially in vitro and in subsequent in vivo experiments. ATRA is also known to have effects on bone growth and may alter osteoclastogenesis, giving it further potential as a novel therapeutic intervention in musculoskeletal trauma. Further research into the intricate interplay of immune responses following trauma and particularly therapeutic modulation of aberrant cells such as MDSCs is essential for advancing treatment strategies and improving outcomes in musculoskeletal trauma patients.
Open Access
EARLY TRADE-OFFS OF ROOT TRAITS ON A MYCORRHIZAL COLLABORATION GRADIENT
(University of Oregon, 2023-06) Villano, Lindsay; Diez, Jeff
Aboveground plant traits exist on a spectrum defined by trade-offs between conservative and acquisitive resource uptake. However, belowground traits do not fit this axis because the uptake of soil nutrients can be outsourced to mycorrhizal mutualists. Thus, adding another axis in the root economic space that represents collaboration with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi increases our understanding of fundamental variation in root traits. Mature roots exhibit trade-offs between investing in longer root structures that travel farther, or thicker roots that can better support mycorrhizae. Here, I explore whether young roots display trade-offs in collaboration intensity and if so, how long after germination species will begin to reflect niches on this axis. I hypothesize a negative correlation between root growth rate and colonization rate of AM fungi and that the relationship between these variables increases over time as plants refine their resource uptake strategy. I grew five native forb species for twenty-five days and sampled plants at eight time points after germination. Upon sampling, I recorded root length by analyzing the root's structure and then quantified percent colonization by AM fungi. I found that despite variation in species ' root length and colonization rates, they did not fo1m a negative relationship. The con elation of length and percent colonization did increase over time with intraspecific variation in the degree and direction of this correlation. The results of this study provide further insight on young root trait variation and benefit our understanding of species interactions in the rhizosphere that contribute to community dynamics.
Open Access
Impact of Rhizobia Presence and Nitrogen Abundance on Competition Between Legumes and Non-Legumes
(University of Oregon, 2023-06) Patel, Macy; Diez, Jeff
The mutualism between legume species and rhizobia has long been acknowledged as a vital part of plant community dynamics in both natural and agricultural systems. Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen inputs can alter this mutualism and in tum plant commm1ity dynamics. Still, few studies have explored the dependencies of these resource-based mutualistic microbes, rhizobia, on ambient nitrogen levels, and how this may affect competition between hosts and neighboring plants. To test the potential nitrogen-dependent role of rhizobia in mediating coexistence between legumes and non-legumes, we conducted a competition experiment in the greenhouse replicated across rhizobial inoculation and nitrogen fe1tilization treatments. Here, we employ contempora1y ecological theo1y to assess how rhizobia and nitrogen fertilization influence niche differences and fitness inequalities determining competitive outcomes. We measured the fecundity of plants across a competition gradient to parameterize annual plant population models and to use these parameter estimates to predict the outcomes of competition between our plant species. We found that both nitrogen and rhizobia shift the probability of coexistence, and further that the effect of rhizobia was dependent on nitrogen concentration. We also found that these results differed when legumes were competing with either other legumes or non-legumes. These results suggest that these context-dependent mutualisms are impo1tant in dete1mining competitive outcomes. Further, this study sheds light on the ways anthropogenic nitrogen inputs are likely to shift community composition and diversity of native plants and microbial communities alike.
Open Access
OUT ON A LIMB: DO HAZELNUT ORCHARDS PROVIDE HABITAT FOR CAVITY NESTING BIRDS?
(University of Oregon, 2023-06) Clayton, Adam; Hallet, Lauren
Cavity nesting birds are a group of high conseivation concern in the U.S. They depend on areas with mature decaying trees in which cavities can be excavated, but few studies have examined the role of managed landscapes such as orchards in providing nesting habitat. This study assesses the suitability of hazelnut orchards for cavity nesting bird species in the Willamette Valley, where hazelnut farming is a major industry. Using field sUIVeys, I measured the density of suitable tree cavities and size of tree limbs in four commercial hazelnut orchards, three experiencing heavy fungal decay, and one with limited decay. I used observations of birds in the same orchards to determine the abundance of all cavity nesting species. When comparing between orchards, cavity density increased with average tree diameter, but was much lower in the orchard with low levels of fungal decay. Black-capped chickadees were the most abundant cavity nesting birds observed, a smaller species dependent on nest sites with soft wood. These results suggest that orchards with mature trees experiencing fungal decay may be the most valuable for cavity nesting birds, but these qualities also make orchards vulnerable to diseases that reduce crop yield. To control key diseases, many older orchards are being replaced with new blight resistant trees, altering habitat connectivity for Willamette Valley birds. A regional management strategy where some mature, decaying orchard are instead retained could benefit declining bird populations.
Open Access
Expanding the Synthetic Accessibility of Thiocarbamate (TCM) and Dithiocarbamate (DTCM) Donors for Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Carbon Disulfide (CS2) Delivery
(University of Oregon, 2024) Lutz, Rachel E.; Pluth, Michael D.
The goal of this thesis is to bridge the gap in the literature by developing a suite of thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamate donor synthesis with azide and tert-butyl ester triggers. Based on previous work with esterase-triggered TCM H2S donors, we have developed a library H2S donors both with and without the nitrogen of the payload methylated, and have installed various EWGs and EDGs on the payload. Furthermore, we have developed a new method for modular TCM synthesis that supports diversification of the alkyl group of the aniline. This method allows us to block an unproductive deprotonation-based side pathway to more clearly study the effect of changing the payload electron density on the self-immolation of this donor motif. Blocking deprotonation of the payload expands the synthetic utility of these donors, which make them less reactive under basic conditions and allowing for more harsh synthetic conditions. Due to the ease of synthetic variation of the TCM donors, it is natural to consider broadening their application beyond H2S release to another biologically relevant molecule, CS2. Our TCM donor motif can yield this small molecule by designing the compound to contain a dithiocarbamate. Rather than releasing COS upon self-immolation, the donor should release CS2. Thus, I synthesized N-methylated CS2 DTCM donors using the same synthetic scheme as with methylated S-alkyl TCM donors.
Embargo
IMPACT OF INCREASED WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SKELETOGENESIS OF THE ANTARCTIC BULLHEAD NOTOTHEN NOTOTHENIA CORIICEPS
(University of Oregon, 2024-03-05) Dixon, Griffin May; Desvignes, Thomas; Casimir, Ulrick; Postlethwait, John
The ocean surrounding Antarctica started to cool about 35 million years ago to reach freezing temperatures about 10-15 million years ago, which immensely impacted its fauna. Antarctic notothenioids adapted to these freezing temperatures but today face unprecedented challenges with projected climate-driven temperature increases. Temperature significantly influences the developmental rates of fish embryos, with higher temperatures accelerating development until a critical point is reached, causing deformities or mortality. The impact of temperature increases on Antarctic fish embryos, including the abundant bullhead notothen Notothenia coriiceps, remains unknown. Loss of adaptive traits, such as the inducible heat shock response, raises concerns for Antarctic fish in the context of global climate change. The hatching time of N. coriiceps and other Antarctic fishes, crucially linked to solar exposure and planktonic blooms, may shift earlier with rising temperatures, thus affecting the availability of essential food resources and potentially larval survival. Understanding the impact of temperature on N. coriiceps embryonic development is important for assessing their survival capacity in changing climates and contributes to broader insights into climate change effects on freezing ecosystems. This research addresses this knowledge gap, offering implications for ecosystem management policies, conservation, and broader scientific understanding of how organisms cope with environmental stressors in the Antarctic ecosystem. N. coriiceps embryos raised in heated conditions showed an increased developmental rate of about 44% compared to siblings raised at ambient temperature and hatched earlier. The temperature increase appeared to accelerate development uniformly at all stages and did not dramatically change the relative order of skeletal structure emergence in embryos. There was, however, a notable increase in the frequency of anatomical and skeletal malformations in heated embryos compared to ambient embryos, especially in the jaw and axial/caudal region. In addition, the measurement taken of the length from the snout to the anus (LS2N) was found to be a reliable parameter for comparison of the developmental stages across samples independent of age. If Antarctic water temperatures continue to rise at their current rate, N. coriiceps, among other Antarctic fish, will likely suffer immensely in their ability to survive and reproduce successfully.
Open Access
Red Blood Cell Abnormalities in White-Blooded Icefishes and Related Antarctic Species
(University of Oregon, 2023-11) Nunez, Zoe; Postlethwait, John; Raisanen, Elizabeth; Desvignes, Thomas
The process of cell differentiation is crucial for organism viability, especially the formation of red blood cells (RBCs) that contain hemoglobin and provide essential oxygen transportation to the tissues. Antarctic white-blooded icefishes are, however, evolutionary oddities that lack mature RBCs and hemoglobin. An outstanding question is if the loss of hemoglobin genes in the icefish ancestor could have led to the arrest of RBC maturation in icefishes, or inversely if the arrest of RBC maturation could have triggered the loss of hemoglobin genes. Here, we aimed to test these two conflicting hypotheses. The ‘genes-first hypothesis’ predicts that the icefish ancestors would start to lose hemoglobin genes while having normal blood cells, but the ‘cells-first’ hypothesis predicts that icefish ancestors would have damaged RBCs but normal hemoglobin genes. To test these predictions, we analyzed the blood cell composition and RBC morphology in 13 red-blooded Antarctic fish species and in seven icefishes by microscopy, semi-automated digital image analyses, and phylogenetic comparative analyses. My investigation revealed that some species closely related to icefishes display abnormal RBCs that are larger and rounder than in other red-blooded species and have off-centered nuclei. My results suggest that RBC maturation was likely already altered before the loss of hemoglobin genes in icefishes. Close analysis of cellular abnormalities arising in these Antarctic fish species may inform us on hereditary human diseases such as anemias arising from improper RBC formation.
Embargo
Work With, Not In: Six Bioethics Recommendations to Promote Anti-Colonial Community Engagement in Population-Based Global Health Research
(University of Oregon, 2023-11-20) Getz, Madeleine; Snodgrass, Josh; Gallagher, Daphne
Global health survey research regularly confers benefits to NGOs, scholars, governments, and aid organizations and while it is intended to improve population health, the direct benefits to individuals and communities are often excluded from published works and/or not considered in study designs and approaches. This exclusion, which is particularly pernicious for Indigenous peoples and marginalized groups, is increasingly being recognized as the ongoing legacy of global health’s historically colonial practices, and actively hinders the pursuit of global health equity. Collaboration and community engagement are potential avenues for addressing this injustice, yet these approaches require planning and strategic intention. We draw on our collective research experience and the ongoing dialogue in the field of human biology to propose the following six recommendations to increase future studies’ community engagement and investment: 1) include local specialists and community members at every level of project leadership; 2) apply culturally informed bioethics frameworks; 3) recognize the study’s responsibility to return health information to participants, and to do so in a way that builds individual and community strengths and affirms and strengthens existing care and support, including Indigenous and traditional healing systems; 4) invest in local healthcare, research, and community infrastructure; 5) make study results and deidentified data available to both participants and community researchers; and, 6) work within data frameworks that respect community sovereignty. We then undertook a review of global health surveys using our recommendations as evaluation criteria; here, we present an overview of six surveys to illustrate challenges and opportunities. This paper demonstrates an ongoing need to address community rights and benefits, as well as contributes to a growing body of work within global health and allied fields to decolonize research. The framework presented here serves as a starting point for elaboration and critique. Global health’s pursuit of health equity and decolonization as both an academic and service-based discipline relies on implementation of a critical, culturally informed bioethics framework that centers community engagement. This thesis includes co-authored material.
Open Access
Esports buffs: the perceived role of fans and fandoms in U.S. collegiate programs
(Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2024-09-11) Cote, Amanda C.; Rahman, Md Waseq Ur; Foxman, Maxwell; Wilson, Andrew; Harris, Brandon C.; Can, Onder; Hansen, Jared C.
Introduction: Collegiate esports—organized competitive gaming—has expanded rapidly in the United States, drawing in student players, broadcasters, and support staff, as well as university employees. Universities have invested financially in esports, hoping to capitalize on gaming fandom to attract prospective students and enhance campus community integration. Little research, however, addresses collegiate esports fandom in depth. Methods: Drawing on thirty-one in-depth interviews with collegiate esports players, student workers, program directors, and administrators, this article investigates how collegiate esports participants perceive and discuss their fans. Results: We identify three central themes related to fans in the dataset: discussions of fans’ role in the collegiate esports environment, comparisons between esports and traditional sports fans, and concerns about the underutilization of fans within collegiate esports spaces. Subsequently, we theorize these themes through existing research on professional esports and traditional collegiate sports fandoms, as well as through the concept of “fan labor,” or how the productive work of fans provides value to the nascent industry. Discussion: This article thus not only specifically explores how collegiate esports programs are normalizing fan labor as an essential part of their practices, but also questions who benefits from this relationship and how. Investigating collegiate esports fans as an under-researched group additionally provides a new perspective on how fan labor integrates with media industries more broadly.
Open Access
Visibility for Indigenous Students and Their Languages: Analysis of Home Language Data in Federal Reports across Seven U.S. States
(Social Sciences, 2024-08-16) Perez Baez, Gabriela; Zyskind, Karen; Dorman, Meagan; Medina, Yessenia
There is an increasing number of children in the U.S. classified as English Learners (ELs). Accurately identifying and supporting ELs in their academic settings entails understanding their non- English language experiences. This study presents findings from language reporting practices from seven U.S. states by examining how states account for the linguistic diversity of Indigenous Mesoamerican languages. Our findings reveal varied state approaches and underscore the limitations of current federal guidance, which limits the recognition of students’ non-English language experiences. We advocate for updating language identification practices and policies and propose a new framework for accurate language identification and continuous monitoring of student linguistic diversity.
Open Access
W.R.B. Willcox: The Architect as Social Critic
(University of Oregon, 1971-08) Smith, Nancy Kimball Morris
The American architect at the turn of the century faced the prodigious task of reconciling his traditional role as the servant of privilege with the exigencies of technological revolution, burgeoning cities, and a rapidly expanding industrial society. Capitalists needed factories and office buildings that would use expensive land with a maximum efficiency and a minimum waste. The use of steel and the availability of free vertical space suggested the skyscraper as the most expedient form the buildings should take. Most architects looked at these new structures, shuddered at their ugly crudeness, and, turning to Europe for their precedents, copied the buildings they found there. Engineers could have helped develop the relationship between technology and architecture. Instead, the architect regarded the engineer as a barbarian, and alienating himself from his time, took refuge in the classics.
Open Access
A Survey of Community Recreation in Gresham, Oregon
(University of Oregon, 1952-06) Adams, Frederick C.
Leisure time for most people has increased tremendously in recent years. The whole economy of our life today has meant fewer hours at work and more leisure for all who toil. What is being done with this leisure time? We have been so busy increasing our technological efficiency that we, as people, do not know how to employ leisure time profitably. Not knowing how to play, we have substituted commercial amusement and entertainment for self-expression in recreational activities. Recreation authorities emphasize the idea that mere entertainment, while it has its place, cannot alone solve the problem of what to do during leisure. We must not spend all our leisure time being entertained. Real satisfaction and complete happiness come from doing, not watching. People need to do for themselves rather than having everything done for them, as is the case when they are merely spectators. Until a person has done something himself, with his head and hands, for the sheer love of doing, he has missed one of the most valuable experiences in life. To create and build is life, and this means self-expression.
Embargo
Eternal Hunger: A Qualitative Analysis of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and its Role as a Driver of the New Nuclear Arms Race
(University of Oregon, 2024) Zupo, Dominic; Cramer, Jane
The emergence of a new Cold War and the arms racing it brings has captured the attention of the globe. To understand the drivers of the new global tension the current discourse has overwhelmingly looked to great power politics for explanations. A dominant narrative has emerged that frames the United States as a superpower in decline currently facing increasingly aggressive challenges from China. This study directly challenges that narrative by investigating the role of nuclear weapons laboratories as the possible key driver of this new era of nuclear arms racing and proliferation. Specifically, this thesis uses process tracing and organization theory to explain how Lawrence Livermore National laboratories developed an organizational ethos that sought to master its resource dependence by pursuing influence over the policy that controls the distribution of the resources it seeks. This thesis argues that in doing so Lawrence Livermore acts as a driver of arms racing and in turn the new Cold War.

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