In Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard College (SFFA), the Supreme Court effectively overruled Bakke, Grutter, and Fisher by declaring that racial diversity in higher education is no longer a compelling state interest. This ruling led the Court to hold that the affirmative action programs of Harvard College (Harvard) and University of North Carolina (UNC) violated the Equal Protection Clause. SFFA raises concerns about the future of affirmative action and other Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives under the Equal Protection Clause, Title VII of the Civil Rights Law of 1964, and ยง 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
