School of Journalism and Communication

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https://hdl.handle.net/1794/3081

The UO School of Journalism and Communication offers programs leading to bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees. undergraduate students major in one of six areas: advertising, electronic media, communication studies, magazine journalism, news-editorial, or public relations. For more information on the School and its programs visit the School's web site.

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Open Access
50 Maneras de Hacer Redituables los Medios
(What's New in Publishing, 2019) Radcliffe, Damian
Este informe se divide entre seis capítulos que presenta los generadores de ingresos principales para editores: muros de pago, suscripciones, publicidad, libres de anuncios, eventos, y e-commerce. Se acaba por mirar a estrategias de crear ingresos emergentes que editores están empezando a utilizar y probar con éxito. El informe también tiene apéndice comprehensivo que conecta a artículos con los estudios de caso y ejemplos. Fue publicado originalmente por What’s New in Publishing (WNIP) con auspicio de Sovrn, este informe libre apunta a provocar nuevas ideas y asi como reafirmar estrategias del editor actuales.
Open Access
50 Ways to Make Media Pay
(What's New in Publishing, 2019-04) Radcliffe, Damian
This report is divided into six chapters outlining the main revenue drivers for publishers: paywalls, subscriptions, advertising, ad-free models, events, and ecommerce. It finishers with a look at the new emerging revenue strategies that publishers are beginning to use and successfully experiment with. The report also features a comprehensive appendix that links to stories featuring the case studies and examples included in this study. Originally published by What's New in Publishing and sponsored by Sovrn, this free report aims to spark new ideas as well as reaffirm existing publisher strategies.
Open Access
50 Ways to Make Media Pay: 2021 edition, fully revised and updated
(What's New In Publishing, 2021-11-17) Radcliffe, Damian
Newly revised for 2021, this report is an essential, exhaustive look at the multiple revenue opportunities available to publishers today, from new ideas to existing strategies. Topics include: Subscriptions, paywalls, and micropayments, eCommerce and affiliate partnerships, Programmatic and native ads, and much more!
Open Access
Adolescence, Advertising, and the Ideology of Menstruation
(Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1999-06) Merskin, Debra
Since the 1920s, American advertisers have recognized the taboo associated with menstruation and have incorporated messages about the social consequences of "showing" into feminine hygiene advertising. In order to answer the research question "do advertisements that target girls perpetuate or dispel myths and taboos associated with menstruation?" a content analysis was conducted on ten years of feminine hygiene advertising in Seventeen and Teen magazines (1987-1997). Categories included an analysis of the setting and the themes used in the advertisements. The findings suggest that the ads do rely on headlines and themes that hearken to the past. However, unlike earlier studies that found the ads present menstruation as a "hygienic crisis," focusing on shame, physical discomfort, and fears, this study found something more encouraging-that the body copy of these ads is working to dispel these myths. Racial representation in ads, however, remains troublesome as black models are rarely shown unaccompanied by white models. These findings are important to researchers, advertising practitioners, and consumers as magazine advertising has become a key agent of socialization for adolescent girls.
Open Access
Book Review: Guerrilla marketing counterinsurgency and capitalism in Colombia by A. L. Fattal, University of Chicago Press, 2018
(Communication Review, 2020-07) Cortes, Diego
Every year, scholars add a significant quantity of academic production to the already long list of publications on the Colombian conflict. For this reason, the media anthropologist Alexander Fattal, author of Guerrilla Marketing: Counterinsurgency and Capitalism in Colombia, started his book’s introduction discussing his initial doubts about embracing another academic project on the political violence of that nation. The complexities he found at first glance around the Program for Humanitarian Attention to Demobilized, or PAHD, persuaded Fattal to pursue this academic project, resulting in the publication of one of the most awarded scholarships in the areas of Anthropology, Latin American Studies and Media Studies in 2018.
Open Access
Book Review: Trafficking: Narcoculture in Mexico and the United States.
(Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 2020) Cortes, Diego
Héctor Amaya’s Trafficking illustrates the new forms of publicness in popular music, traditional U.S. newspapers, and digital bloggers resulting from the spike of criminal violence in Mexico since 2006. This wave of violence began when former president Felipe Calderon (2006–2012) intensified the war on drugs. A native of Sinaloa, one of the worst affected Mexican states for cartel actions, Amaya provides a theoretical contribution to understanding the phenomenon of criminal violence without presenting law-and-order normative solutions as First World social scientists typically do. He explains this avoidance as a political response to the historical role of normative “solutions” that tend to validate colonialist and neoimperialist agendas and, rather than resolve anything, foster dispossession and dislocation in the Third World.
Open Access
Building a Stronger Local Media Ecosystem: The Role of Media Policy
(Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, 2023-04-20) Radcliffe, Damian; Mathews, Nick
This paper plays out against a backdrop of continued closures and diminished local news reporting across much of the United States. It explores the role that media policy can and should play in supporting local journalism. In examining this topic, we investigate three fundamental questions: What is local media policy? What are the key existential issues and/or problems local media policy must wrestle with? What potential solutions to the local news crisis can media policy potentially help address? The core of our response to these questions is derived from a series of five public webinars hosted by the Tow Center. Through these events, we invited a range of industry and academic experts to share their perspectives on areas related to these major themes. Our conversations explored the scope of media policy, barriers to implementation, opportunities for policy to make a difference, and some of the unique characteristics that shape U.S. media policy and attitudes toward potential policy interventions. To this, we have added further context and updates on some of the latest policy developments, based on a literature review and our continued interest in this subject.
Open Access
eCommerce in Publishing: Trends and Strategies
(What's New In Publishing, 2022-02-18) Radcliffe, Damian
The eCommerce bump witnessed over the last two years looks set to be a revenue trend that will only grow in importance for publishers. According to Group M, by 2024 retail-focused eCommerce will amount to $7 trillion in annual sales activity, making eCommerce a revenue stream that publishers ignore at their peril. Meanwhile, the COVID crisis has “accelerated” efforts by publishers to generate money through eCommerce, with 30% of commercial publishers surveyed indicating that this would be an “important” or “very important” revenue stream in 2022. eCommerce’s moment has come. A combination of shifting consumer behaviors, coupled with the urgency to diversify revenue streams, means that growing numbers of publishers are ready to cross the online shopping Rubicon. This new report from What's New in Publishing and sponsored by Sovrn offers best practices, case studies and key insights into how publishers can successfully leverage eCommerce, as well as partner with platforms, retailers and other service providers to offer online shopping experiences that consumers now demand.
Open Access
‘Era mejor cuando éramos ilegales’ (it was better when we were illegals): Indigenous people, the State and ‘public interest’ indigenous radio stations in Colombia
(Journal of Alternative and Community Media, 2019) Cortes, Diego
This article discusses the intervention of the Colombian State in the development of indigenous radio stations, focusing on the case of the Misak and Nasa communities. As shown, these radio stations have had different contributions in these indigenous communities, such as forging a new generation of leaders, promoting their languages, and encouraging political mobilisation. However, these media projects have also brought new challenges for these communities, calling for a more careful consideration of the complexities of state intervention in community radio projects. This article contributes to a better understanding of the impact of state intervention in indigenous media, by focusing on three main features that illustrate some of the unintended consequences of these projects: 1) contradictory state legislation that, instead of empowering indigenous media projects, tamed their political potential; 2) the ‘natural’ role of radio stations as a ‘modern disruptors’ (Appadurai, 1996) that may have positives as well as negative consequence in the changes they generate in indigenous communities; and 3) the internal political struggles within these indigenous communities.
Open Access
Evangelical indigenous radio stations in Colombia: Between the promotion of social change and religious indoctrination
(Global Media and Communication, 2020) Cortes, Diego
This article refutes dominant views that define evangelical indigenous media as intrinsic tools for religious indoctrination. The case of the Colombian Misak community shows that evangelical radio stations can contribute to community building. However, the degree of the positive or negative contribution of evangelical media depends on the dominance of evangelical presence at indigenous localities. The rapid expansion of indigenized evangelical groups via the provision of social services has radicalized Evangelicals against views different from their own. As a result, these evangelical media are progressively leaving their role as promoters of positive social change to become tools for religious indoctrination.
Open Access
Foes and allies: the Catholic Church, Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO), and the emergence of the indigenous movement in Cauca, Colombia
(Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 2019) Cortes, Diego
Literature on Latin American social movements has discussed the contributions of post-Second Vatican Council (SVC) (1963–1965) progressive branches of the Catholic Church in the formation of indigenous movements. However, this literature has largely ignored discussions on the intervention of non-SVC and conservative branches of the Catholic establishment. This article illustrates the role of the modernizing educational program Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO) (1949), a Catholic organization aligned with conservative forces of the Colombian State and developmental agencies from abroad, in the formation of the indigenous movement of the department of Cauca by Misak and Nasa indigenous people, who pioneered the indigenous movement in the country. ACPO provided educational tools and contacts that contributed to the creation of the indigenous movement of Cauca in the 1970s. However, it also promoted problematic technologies that affected indigenous territories and modes of understanding indigenous cultures that belittled the traditions of the Misak and Nasa indigenous people.
Open Access
How the Middle East used Social Media in 2020
(New Media Academy, 2021-03) Radcliffe, Damian; Abuhmaid, Hadil
This report is the ninth in an annual series of publications, dating back to 2012, showcasing the latest developments in social media across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This year’s study is produced in partnership with the New Media Academy. The New Media Academy was inaugurated in June 2020, by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President and Prime Minister, and ruler of Dubai, to work within the space of development, with a focus on harnessing opportunities in the digital space. Using a broad range of industry, academic and media sources, we dive into the trends - and biggest stories - which shaped MENA’s relationship with social media during the past year. Not surprisingly, this study is heavily influenced by the impact of COVID-19. The novel coronavirus impacted on everyone’s lives around the world, including the Middle East. One by-product of the pandemic could be seen in our changing media habits. Social media usage - across all platforms - increased during the early stages of the outbreak. More widely, given the importance of social media in our media diets, platforms, industry and governments alike sought to use these networks to promote public health messages, as well as counter misinformation related to the COVID crisis. Alongside these developments, we have also seen continued investment in content on social media platforms - especially during Ramadan - and growing partnerships between traditional media players and social media channels and influencers. These developments reflect the popularity of high quality digital content consumed on social media, and a desire to reach audiences on these platforms, or bring existing social audiences onto other networks. We expect that this synergy will only rise, not least because many media habits developed during the pandemic may well continue post-COVID. As a result, social networks will become an increasingly important source for talent spotting, as well as a key avenue for content and information consumption. This trend, as we outline at the end of this report, matters for brands, creators and influencers, as well as governments and other public entities. Social media is already an important part of digital media habits and digital marketing strategies. In 2021, that importance looks set to continue and grow even further.
Open Access
How the Middle East Uses Social Media: 2021 edition
(New Media Academy, 2022-03-10) Radcliffe, Damian; Abuhmaid, Hadil
This is the tenth report in a series of annual studies exploring the latest social media trends across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It dives into developments on major networks (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat and Twitter), emerging platforms (TikTok, LinkedIn and Clubhouse) as well as messaging apps (WhatsApp, Yalla and Telegram). It also examines the role of Influencers, and how COVID-19 and Online Misinformation played out on social media in 2021.
Open Access
The Impact of COVID-19 on Journalism in Emerging Economies and the Global South
(Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2021) Radcliffe, Damian
This report explores the untold story of how the COVID crisis has impacted on journalists – and journalism - in Emerging Economies and the Global South. It’s a story told not only through the insights of industry leaders, advocates and media experts – but critically, through the voices of the journalists themselves, too often unheard or silenced. It is the first report of its kind to bring together both fact-based data and first-hand experience with this regional focus. Taking a deep dive into the critical challenges faced by the profession, the report examines issues including the pandemic’s impact on the personal safety and welfare of journalists, the structure of newsrooms and disruption to business models, the proliferation of fake news, and surging threats to media freedom. The study also identifies best practice and innovative approaches that have been developed as a response to the challenges of COVID-19. Contributing alumni from TRF’s journalism training programmes span 26 countries, sharing their own experiences to illustrate the reality of journalism outside of North America and Western Europe.
Open Access
INDIGENOUS REPRESENTATION AND JOURNALISM IN COLOMBIA: HOW AND WHY
(Jangwa Pana, 2016-12) Cortes, Diego
Taking as a case study the media representation on the 2008 Minga de Resistencia Social y Comunitaria (MRSC), this paper shows how the largest newspapers of national circulation, El Tiempo and El Espectador, and the TV News Caracol and RCN, represent the grievances of traditionally Colombian excluded sectors. Based on a content analysis of 238 newspaper articles and the news reports during this uprising, these document shows the visual and linguistic techniques employed by these media outlets to criminalize and make invisible, depending on the case and context, the political actions of these communities. As a conclusion, it is discussed how this type of representation is a result of three factors that affect mass media journalism in Colombia: the monopoly over mass media by small elite, the problems endured by journalists, and the ideological affinity between journalism and power in Colombia.
Open Access
Journalism
(Wiley, 2019) Lewis, Seth C.
This entry seeks to synthesize the many definitions of journalism. Struggles over defining what qualifies as journalism and who qualifies as a journalist are more than discursive disputes; they are key points of departure for understanding the societal roles as well as social meanings of journalism in the twenty‐first century. In a basic sense, journalism refers to the systematic gathering, filtering, and circulating of information deemed to be news and in the public interest. But, as this entry shows, definitions of journalism are also complex normative, political, and ideological statements that may appear quite differently from different perspectives. This entry reviews how journalism was defined historically, what it came to represent in late modern times, and why it may need to be redefined to capture the complex realities of producing and consuming news in an information environment that challenges supposedly stable notions of what journalism is and why it matters.
Open Access
Life at Local Newspapers in a Turbulent Era: Findings from a survey of more than 300 newsroom employees in the United States
(Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism, 2022-01-04) Radcliffe, Damian; Wallace, Ryan
The observations in this report are based on an online survey conducted between Tuesday, August 4, 2020 and Tuesday, September 8, 2020. We received 324 eligible responses from a mix of editors, reporters, publishers, and other roles at small-scale local newspapers — print publications with a circulation below 50,000 — in the United States. Set against the backdrop of COVID-19, survey respondents shared how the pandemic — as well as wider deep-rooted challenges — were redefining their work. Building on a similar survey conducted in late 2016, this study also gives us an opportunity to see how local journalism is changing. We did this in two ways: by comparing findings across the industry snapshots captured in 2016 and 2020, and by asking respondents to compare their working experiences in 2020 with three years prior (the period just after our last survey). Despite a challenging financial landscape, coupled with wider issues such as trust in journalism, our 2020 cohort — like their predecessors in 2016 — retained a sense of optimism about the future of their industry. In particular, they highlighted the importance of hyperlocal news, embracing digital and filing information gaps by covering stories not offered elsewhere. In doing this, respondents are alive to the economic challenges their sector faces, as well as the difficulty of attracting younger audiences and issues of retention, especially of midcareer journalists. Many are also conscious of the need to address issues of engagement and diversity more fully, but tell us that they often lack the bandwidth to do so. Elsewhere, we encountered journalists keen to reinvent the sector and let go of legacy attitudes and behaviors, as well as those who wanted to focus more fully on principles of objectivity and detachment, from which they felt the industry had drifted. Subsequently, despite seeing potential for the industry, 61 percent of respondents in 2020 hold a “slightly negative” or “very negative” opinion about the prospects for the future of small-market newspapers. Four years ago, the situation (to our surprise) was reversed, with 61 percent of 2016’s sample being “very positive” or “slightly positive” about the future of their industry. Through these findings, our data further underline the complexity of this sector and its lack of homogeneity. The breadth of the local newspaper landscape, and the range of experiences within it, are both an opportunity ― and a challenge ― for anyone interested in helping to preserve, strengthen, and enhance local journalism in 2021 and beyond.
Open Access
Local Journalism in the Pacific Northwest: Why It Matters, How It’s Evolving, and Who Pays for It
(University of Oregon, 2017-09) Radcliffe, Damian
Strong, effective, local journalism is essential for the health of the wider media ecosystem and in ensuring that the information needs of communities are met. But this sector has faced multiple challenges in recent years including declining revenues, smaller newsrooms and shuttered titles. How are local news organizations responding to these challenges, and what can be done to more effectively share successes across the media and news sectors? A new report from the University of Oregon’s Agora Journalism Center addresses those questions, through the lens of 10 news outlets, in the Pacific Northwest. These titles serve as a microcosm of the wider local news industry in the United States, who are similarly addressing fundamental strategic questions related to the revenue and business models, use of digital platforms and the impact of this changing journalistic practice.
Open Access
The Most Popular Social Media Accounts in the Middle East (H1 2022)
(New Media Academy, 2022-12-31) Radcliffe, Damian
For the first time, this report brings together in a single chart the most popular accounts originating in MENA on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Each of these platforms is explored in more detail in this report, but below we outline the account with the largest number of followers, likes and subscribers, across MENA as well as the region's four biggest markets: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. Featuring news and music channels, content creators, religious figures, politicians and sports stars, this chart shows the breadth of activity seen on different social media channels and the different ways in which users utilize them. Egyptian footballer Mohamed Salah is the only person to be featured twice. The Liverpool player, and captain of the Egyptian national team, has the most popular Instagram and Twitter account stemming from Egypt. The report was made by possible by support from the New Media Academy and data from Emplifi. My thanks to them both.
Open Access
The Nightmare Voice of Feminism
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011) Stabile, Carol A.