Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3 (Sept. 1991)
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Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 000 : Cover, table of contents(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09)Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 115-116 : Editorial: On the building of bridges(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Kluft, Richard P., 1943-Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 117-123 : Multiple personality disorder as an attachment disorder(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Barach, Peter M. M.Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) can be viewed as a disorder of attachment. Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980, 1988) described how the emotionally neglected (passively abused) child detaches from internal and external signals that would normally lead him to search for a parent; the MPD literature uses the label "dissociation" for the same state which Bowlby called "detachment." Upon the detached state are superimposed the sequelae of active abuse. From this perspective, many of the problematic transference phenomena in the treatment of MPD result from reactivation in the transference of ethologically adaptive attachment behavior. The patient's difficulties in maintaining boundaries, periods of sudden withdrawal, and eventual movement through a period of anxious attachment, represent steps towards internalization of a secure base of attachment.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 124-128 : The cross-cultural occurrence of MPD: additional cases from a recent survey(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Coons, Philip M.; Bowman, Elizabeth S.; Kluft, Richard P., 1943-; Milstein, VictorMultiple personality disorder (MPD) has been described as a culture-bound phenomenon, primarily indigenous to the United States. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed an extensive literature search and developed an MPD questionnaire which was mailed to 132 individuals outside of North America. The literature search found case-reports in thirteen other countries in addition to the United States and Canada. Data from the questionnaire revealed the existence of MPD in an additional six countries. Altogether thirty-two new cases of MPD were reported in nine countries and the territory of Puerto Rico. The symptomatology of these new cases was remarkably similar to that of the cases previously reported in North America. Several new cases of DDNOS are described. We conclude that MPD is definitely not a culture-bound phenomenon and that it probably has a worldwide distribution.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 129-133 : Multiple personality disorder as seen from a social constructionist viewpoint(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Martinez-Taboas, Alfonso, 1953-This paper proposes that the perspective of social constructionism provides fertile theoretical grounds to comprehend and appreciate the phenomenon of multiple personality disorder (MPD). From a social constructivist standpoint, the manifestations of MPD are constricted by local and historical constructions of the self. It is suggested that the independent and separate self characteristic of some western cultures, and especially its magnification in the last three centuries, has created the necessary background for the development and unfolding of a disorder such as MPD. It is proposed that in cultures where the self is collectivist and interpersonal in orientation, a disorder such as MPD will be rare or non-existent. Also, social constructionisin posits that culture will restrain the presence of highrisk situations that facilitate the development of MPD. It is proposed that MPD should be studied at a local and historical level, and that we should doubt the notion that MPD is an atemporal and universal phenomenon.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 134-146 : Double consciousness in Britain 1815-1875(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Hacking, IanThis paper describes the formulations of double consciousness current in mid-nineteenth century Britain. It was a quite well defined clinical entity. Criteria for its diagnosis overlap with but are not identical to those now used for MPD. The disorder was uniformly regarded as rare, but there was a steady flow of case reports. This paper cites a number that have long been ignored, and allusions to less florid unpublished observations, including prepubertal cases. Also included are references to continental cases, described in the eighteenth century as cataleptic somnambulism. The preeminence of the concept of double consciousness, which emerged early in the nineteenth century, ended in 1875. It was replaced by the concept of multiple personality. The immediate interest in, and use of multiple personality in 1875 was to prove a philosophic point about the nature of the mind.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 147-151 : High and low dissociators in a college student population(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Ross, Colin A.; Ryan, Lynne; Voigt, Harrison; Eide, LyleFrom a sample of 345 college students completing the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the authors interviewed twenty-two students scoring below 5.0, and twenty students scoring above 22.6 with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, and also administered the SCL-9O and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory to them. High and low scorers on the DES were clearly differentiated on all three measures. Seventy per cent of the high DES scores had a DSM-III-R dissociative disorder, while none of the low scorers did. Extrapolation from the data yields a prevalence of DSM-III-R dissociative disorders among college students of 11.0%.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 152-164 : Children coping with trauma: diagnosis of "Dissociation Identity Disorder"(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Peterson, GaryDissociation is a common phenomenon in children. Under conditions of extreme stress, dissociation may be used to wall off traumatic memories. In extreme cases, the use of dissociation may result in the development of multiple personality disorder (MPD). In this paper, the literature of child MPD cases is summarized. Issues addressed include: developmental aspects of dissociation, child abuse leading to dissociation and multiple personality disorder, gender specific response to trauma, epidemiology, familial factors, checklists for childhood dissociation, and diagnostic criteria for a proposed diagnostic category called "Dissociation Identity Disorder " for the diagnosis of evolving children and adolescent MPD.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 165-177 : The inner self helper and concepts of inner guidance: historical antecedents, its role within dissociation, and clinical utilization(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 1991-09) Comstock, Christine M.The Inner Self Helper (ISH), a specialized psychic structure said to be unique to Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) and/or Dissociative Disorder (DD) patients, has its roots deep within traditional psychiatric and psychological heritage. This article examines some of the historical antecedents of the use of a source of inner guidance within the patient, a source that has been called the unconscious mind, the observing ego, and the higher self in addition to the ISH. This paper explores the ISH as it has been conceptualized in the past and as it presently is understood. Some clinical applications for the use of the ISH structure are also presented.