Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model

dc.contributor.authorFrewen, Paul A.
dc.contributor.authorLanius, Ruth A.
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-26T20:29:34Z
dc.date.available2023-07-26T20:29:34Z
dc.date.issued2014-06-30
dc.description22 pagesen_US
dc.description.abstractFrewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Four dimensions were specified: time-memory, thought, body, and emotion. The 4-D model further hypothesizes that in traumatized persons, symptoms of TRASC, compared with NWC forms of distress, will be (a) observed less frequently; (b) less intercorrelated, especially as measured as moment-to-moment states; (c) observed more frequently in people with high dissociative symptomatology as measured independently; and (d) observed more often in people who have experienced repeated traumatization, particularly early developmental trauma. The aim of the present research was to begin to evaluate these 4 predictions of the 4-D model. Within a sample of 74 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) primarily due to histories of childhood trauma, as well as within a 2nd sample of 504 undergraduates (384 females), the 1st 2 hypotheses of the 4-D model were supported. In addition, within the PTSD sample, the 3rd hypothesis was supported. However, inconsistent with the 4th hypothesis, severity of childhood trauma history was not strongly associated with TRASC. We conclude that the hypotheses articulated by the 4-D model were generally supported, although further research in different trauma-related disorders is needed, and the role of childhood trauma history in the etiology of TRASC requires further research.en_US
dc.identifier.citationPaul A. Frewen & Ruth A. Lanius (2014) Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15:4, 436-456, DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2013.873377en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.873377
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15299732.2013.873377
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1794/28607
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherTaylor & Francis Groupen_US
dc.rightsCreative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0-USen_US
dc.subjectdissociationen_US
dc.subjectdepersonalizationen_US
dc.subjectposttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)en_US
dc.subjecttrauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC)en_US
dc.subjectchildhood abuse and neglecten_US
dc.subject4-D modelen_US
dc.titleTrauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Modelen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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