Sensory Feedback and the Elite Athlete:
Harnessing Sensation though Sports Apparel
to Influence Priming in Elite Basketball Athletes
Bianca A. Rescalvo
M.S. Sports Product Design, University of Oregon
SPD 610: Thesis Capstone Research
Dr. Susan Sokolowski
June 11th, 2021
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PHASE I: Research
3
Table of Contents
Project Overview 3
Origins of Basketball 4
Rules Of Basketball 5
Evolution of the Sport 6
Making it to the NBA 7
Market Value of Basketball 8
Athlete Profile & Performance Factors 9
Fitness 11
Balance & Proprioception 12
Mental Hardiness 13
Stress, Injury, & HRV 14
Performance & The Nervous System 16
Product Market 18
Recovery 18
Priming 20
Materials and Manufacturing 22
Colors and Graphics Trends 25
Professional Development 27
Conclusion 28
Appendix A 38
4
Project Overview
Harder, better, faster, stronger. As the demands of elite athletes continue to
escalate, the field of sports performance optimization is tasked with devising strategies
that allow athletes to train longer, compete harder, and recover faster. Over the years, the
bulk of performance optimization has focused on building athletes’ strength, speed, and
resilience through aerobic and anaerobic training methodologies, supplemented with
proper nutrition and sport-specific coaching. This framework, integrated into all aspects of
elite sport, places emphasis on the direct correlations of physiology and biomechanics to
athletic performance. In recent years, the field of performance optimization has shifted its
focus to other aspects of sports science such as recovery, in order to facilitate
performance improvements when an athlete is not competing or training. Consequently,
the sports recovery product market has since exploded, growing from a global market
value of $6.4 billion in 2018 to $8.7 billion in 2020, with a CAGR of 8.2% through 2027
(Grand View Research, 2020). While the sports recovery market has become widely
successful and saturated in a short amount of time, the majority of products in this sector
are designed for direct, physical recovery from intense exercise. These products focus on
reducing muscle soreness, decreasing acute inflammation, and cushioning tired feet.
While research supports these types of recovery modalities as a means of reducing the
symptoms of physical fatigue, they only scratch the surface of opportunity given emerging
understandings of both recovery and performance.
Groundbreaking insights have emerged regarding the interaction between mental
and physical performance, recovery, and priming. As each of these three phases of a
performance regimen inform one another, the neural (mental) and muscular (physical)
experiences of the athlete are inextricably linked. Emerging research showcases a
deep-rooted connection between the central nervous system and cardiovascular,
digestive, and respiratory systems that strongly influence athletic performance and
recovery. This project aims to explore this connection through innovations in performance
footwear and apparel design.
At the nexus of this concept is the sensory system. The influence of sensory
stimulation on the neuromuscular system and deeper regulatory systems within the body is
an emerging topic in the field of sports performance. Evidence suggests that targeted
sensory stimuli impact the most innate systems of the body, such as the autonomic
nervous system and cardiovascular system, in previously unperceived ways. Sensory
stimulation of various kinds has proven successful in clinical applications, most specifically
in disabled and disordered populations (Chen et al., 2012). The utilization of sensory
stimuli as a means of performance optimization in recreational and elite athletes has only
recently emerged as a promising and untapped opportunity for sports product innovation
(Chen et al., 2012).
The intense environment of elite-level basketball offers an opportunity to explore the
concept of sensory stimulation through sports product design. The landscape of elite
basketball is both physically and mentally grueling as athletes are tasked with intense
aerobic and anaerobic workloads, frequent travel and tournament schedules, and the
unceasing pressure to maintain peak performance. Men’s basketball is unique because of
the intensity and exposure players experience at the high school and junior levels, as well
as the high volume of games in which these young athletes compete. For the upper
echelon of rising basketball stars, pressure and intensity of games only increases as they
5
enter the collegiate arena, another stop on the tenuous “pipeline to pro.” These young
athletes must maintain peak physical form, focus, and consistency in order to build value
and earn a place in the NBA draft. From a young age, athletes have their sights set on
joining a team in the NBA - the pinnacle of professional basketball. For the typical high
school senior playing on a team, the odds of achieving this are .03%, or 3 in 10,000
(O'Shaughnessy, 2011). Many budding players adopt a “ball is life” mentality to overcome
these slim odds, dedicating their high school and collegiate experiences to basketball.
Countless hours are spent working tirelessly in the gym and weight room in hopes of
gaining an edge and ultimately making it to the league.
The overarching approach to training and performance optimization in this
environment focuses on the concrete, physical aspects of performance, maximizing
athletes’ time in the gym to facilitate visible gains (Sabato et al., 2016). Only recently have
the deeper pressures of top-tier basketball come to light, with athletes at the collegiate and
professional levels starting to share their challenges with mental health and its effect on
performance (Pinto, 2018). The unearthing of this neglected yet critical aspect of sports
performance optimization parallels the previously mentioned connection between mental
and physical well-being.
This landscape of elite basketball, in which the link between neural and muscular
performance has been generally overlooked, provides an excellent opportunity for product
innovation. By utilizing the power of the sensory system and its influence on both neural
and muscular systems (and the link between the two), sports products can deliver
performance benefits from untapped aspects of an athlete’s body. By utilizing the power of
sensory stimulation and its influence on the neuromuscular, autonomic, and
cardiorespiratory systems within the body, a new class of sports product can deliver
significant performance benefits to athletes.
Origins of Basketball
In December 1891, James Naismith, a physical education teacher in Springfield,
Massachusetts, nailed two peach baskets to the walls of the YMCA gymnasium and
introduced his students to the game of basketball (Logan, 2020). Naismith, in an attempt to
devise an indoor sport to keep the collegiate football and lacrosse athletes active during
the winter months, designed the game to be “easy to learn, easy to play” and most of all
“appeal to (the students’) play instincts” (Springfield College, 2020). Naismith consciously
adapted elements of preexisting games such as the passing of American rugby, the goal
system of lacrosse, and the dimensions of a soccer ball to create a game that was easily
adopted and enjoyed (Springfield College, 2020). He defined a system of rules, known
today as the thirteen original rules, and nailed them to the gym bulletin board (Logan,
2020). Before long, news of the novel “basketball” spread to other YMCA communities,
where students eagerly adopted the winter-friendly activity. Soon, high schools and
colleges followed suit, and in 1905, basketball was officially recognized as a winter sport
(Springfield College, 2020).
6
Fig. 1. James Naismith with early basketball equipment
(History.com, n.d.).
Colleges around the United States fielded teams for inter-collegiate competition,
further developing the game style and level of play. The late 19th and early 20th century
featured a variety of rules committees and associations governing over the fledgling sport.
In 1915, the Ameteur Athletic Union took over the responsibilities of YMCA basketball and
collaborated with the NCAA to establish a joint rules committee, later named the National
Basketball Committee (Logan, 2020). This unifying body helped to establish consistent
rules of play on a national scale. The early era of basketball was rooted in recreation and
off-season conditioning for collegiate athletes. The dynamic, competitive nature of the
game allowed the sport to propagate throughout the U.S. and quickly evolve into an
established professional sport.
Rules & Environment
Organized basketball is played on an indoor hardwood court. The court is typically
made of maple, a dense wood that is resistant to splintering, protected by several coats of
varnish (Basketball.org, 2019).
Rules as per the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), 2020):
The goal of basketball is to score more points than the opposing team at the end of
the determined game duration (FIBA, 2020). The two teams, composed of 5 players each,
must score points by shooting the ball in the opposing team’s basket, which is located at
opposite ends of the court (FIBA, 2020). Regulation size NBA and collegiate courts
measure 94’ x 50’, while high school and middle school courts measure 84’ x 50’(FIBA,
2020). The rim of the hoop is elevated 10’ from the ground (FIBA, 2020). The game is
typically played in quarters of 8, 10, or 12 minutes, depending on the level of play (FIBA,
2020). The only exception to this is collegiate men’s basketball, which is played in 20
minute halves (FIBA, 2020). Each team has 24 seconds to shoot the ball, which is dictated
by the shot clock located above the basket (FIBA, 2020). A basket is worth two points
unless it is shot outside of the 3-point line, in which case it is worth 3 points (FIBA, 2020).
Free throws are awarded after a foul is committed during the act of shooting the ball (FIBA,
7
2020). Once a player begins dribbling, they cannot stop or pick up the ball, and they have
only two steps once they pick up the ball to either pass or shoot (FIBA, 2020).
Evolution of the Sport
As the level of play advanced and technique, gameplay, and strategy were
continually refined, basketball gained significant momentum and popularity. The first NCAA
Men’s Basketball Tournament was held in 1939, an event that has since evolved into the
spectacle we now know as March Madness (Logan, 2020). The modern frame of
professional basketball was established by the founding of the unified National Basketball
Association in 1949 (Logan, 2020).
The formation of the NBA spurred the birth of another ceremonious event in
basketball lore: The Draft. Since the establishment of the league, top collegiate prospects
and international talent have endured the strategic, high-stakes mayhem that decides their
professional athletic career (Burleyson, 2018). The Draft is notorious for wild-card
scenarios, starting from the usage of territorial picks in the 1950s in which teams could
forego a first round pick to elect a local talent and override the order of the draft
(Burleyson, 2018) . Since then, the Draft has utilized coin flips, lotteries, and weighted
lottery systems to establish a sense of fairness (and spectacle) with the signing of new
NBA talent.
Fig. 2. An emotional moment at the NBA Draft for Markelle Fultz and
family as he is drafted #1 in 2017 (Nordeman, 2017).
Making it to the NBA
The most contentious aspect of this process is the eligibility of the players
themselves. As both collegiate and youth basketball have evolved in their speed, intensity,
and skill, the idea that players must attend college before going to the league has been
8
widely scrutinized (Burleyson, 2018). In the 1960s and 70s, the NBA required that draftees
be at least four years removed from high school, a controversial policy that reached the
Supreme Court in Haywood v. the NBA in 1971 (Burleyson, 2018). This case led the NBA
to abolish the 4-year rule, allowing many underclassmen and high school players to be
eligible for the draft (Burleyson, 2018). A flood of straight-to-the league stars occurred in
the period between 1995-2005, in which greats such as Kevin Garnett, Tracy McGrady,
Kobe Bryant, and Lebron James signed contracts directly out of high school (Burleyson,
2018). This era came to an end when the league instituted a new policy in 2005: the
“one-and-done” rule (Burleyson, 2018). This policy established a minimum age of 19 and
one year removal from high school, aiming for the middle ground of the previously enacted
regulations (Burleyson, 2018). The institution of “one-and-done”, however, significantly
changed the landscape of college basketball, as elite players would commit to only one
season, mainly for exposure, before declaring for the Draft (Burleyson, 2018).
In recent years, NBA Commissioner Adam Silver has hinted at plans to change the
age limit to 18 and remove the one-and-done policy, once again opening opportunities for
high school athletes to go professional (Burleyson, 2018). The eligibility of prospective star
athletes fuels the high-stakes spectacle of the NBA Draft. As the skill of these young
players evolves each year, restrictions on age and eligibility face scrutiny. Therefore,
players must strategize and adapt to best position themselves in the ultra-competitive
“pipeline to pro.”
How the Prep - to - Pro Generation Redef i ned the 
NBA and Sparke d a Basketball Revolutio n 
JONATHAN ABRAMS 
Fig. 3. Elite players that opted out of college are highlighted in
the novel Boys Among Men (Abrams, 2016).
One of the dominant strategies for achieving success in elite basketball is to
compete in AAU leagues and tournaments. The Ameteur Athletic Union, or AAU, was one
of the earliest associations to embrace and promote high-level youth basketball. They
hosted annual National Championships for both men’s and women’s basketball throughout
the early 20th century, one of the earliest organizations to do so. The AAU was closely
linked with Olympic and collegiate athletics prior to the passing of the Ameteur Sports Act
9
in 1978, which established a national Olympic committee for each sport (Active, 2020).
From this point on, the AAU focused its efforts on youth sports, specifically basketball.
From 1980-1989, the number of basketball age group championships doubled from 6 to
13, and participation skyrocketed (Active, 2020). Since then, AAU basketball has become
synonymous with elite talent, college scouting, and scholarships, drawing thousands of
young athletes to tournaments each year (Amateur Athletic Union, 2017).
Today’s AAU is regarded by many as a “necessary evil.” Though criticized by greats
such as Steve Kerr and Kobe Bryant, AAU is one of the best opportunities for elite youth
players to extend their season through the spring and summer, face high-profile talent, and
showcase their skills to scouts at tournaments (McDaniel, 2017). In the past, basketball
athletes would transfer to one of the prep schools around the country that had the
resources, facilities, and coaching to house national-caliber basketball programs, in hopes
of getting noticed by college and professional scouts. Today, with new restrictions on high
school transfers, a new model has emerged for budding basketball stars to fast-track
themselves to the League. Athletes forgo the traditional high school experience and join
basketball academies that heavily prioritize training, exhibition tournaments, and scouting
opportunities over foundational high school education (McDaniel, 2017). Though openly
criticized in the media and basketball community, these academies offer budding stars the
chance to fast-track their way to Division I offers and ultimately the league. For rising stars,
the AAU environment mimics that of collegiate and professional basketball, increasing the
number of games played, elevating and expanding the talent pool, and improving
exposure for nationwide recruiting.
Fig. 4. Top-tier AAU athletes showcase their talents in the
Nike-sponsored EYBL Circuit.
Market Value of Basketball
Elite level basketball, its athletes, products, and teams, are a market in and of
themselves. Professional, collegiate, and even AAU basketball (despite the organization’s
status as a nonprofit), are each designed to generate revenue. The AAU has amassed a
$12 million budget surplus, holds $14 million in assets and generated upwards of $20
million in revenue as of 2018 (Nonprofit Metrics LLC, 2020). Within the organization,
talented athletes are used as a marketing tool to drive increased participation,
sponsorships, and media exposure. As AAU basketball continues to grow in its scope and
10
impact, this market of young, elite talent continues to catch the eye of investors and
promotes this trend.
The NCAA serves as a testimony to the growing value of young star athletes. As of
2019, the Kentucky Wildcats Men’s Basketball team, a decorated and prominent collegiate
program, was valued at $334.2 million, followed by Kansas at $319.5 million (Beaton,
2019). Perennial competitors at the March Madness Tournament including Louisville, Duke
and UNC boast team values comfortably exceeding $150 million, shown below in Figure 5
(Beaton, 2019). If the players competing on these top teams were offered a fair market
value based on team revenue, they would receive average annual salaries between $500k
and $1.5 million (Gaines, 2015). The spectacle of the NCAA Tournament and explosive,
exciting nature of collegiate basketball allows the NCAA to amass significant funds for the
organization and participating schools. These athletic programs rely on recruiting and
showcasing top-tier players to generate revenue, an opportunity threatened by
one-and-done athletes dedicating only one year to a team before entering the professional
arena.
The valuations of 176 major college basketball programs based on what each would be worth on the 
open market, based on revenues, expenses and other factors. 
Q SEARCH 
RA N K TEAM 2016 VAL U A T IO N 2015 VAL UA T ION % C HA N GE 
Kentucky $342,607,000 $244,274,000 40.3% 
Louisville $320,112,000 $301,316,000 6.2% 
Indiana $277,834,000 $243,797,000 74.0% 
Duke $190,266,000 $203,970,000 -6.7% 
Kansas $181,447,000 $258,191,000 -29.7% 
Wisconsin $178,896,000 $206,881,000 -13.5% 
Ohio State $177,892,000 $240,390,000 -26.0% 
Maryland $154,629,000 $123,917,000 24.8% 
Syracuse $153,942,000 $203,920,000 -24.5% 
10 North Carolina $143,015,000 $221,604,000 -35.5% 
SHO W fNG 1 TO 10 OF 176 RO W S 10 ... RO WS PER PAG E 18 
The 176 teams selected were major conference programs plus other additional notables, including those that have made the tournament in recent years; The 
rankings reflect current valuations according to 2016 financial information. 
Ryan Brewer; Indiana University-Purdue Columbus 
Fig.5. Market valuations of top college basketball programs 2015-2016
(Beaton, 2019).
Athletes are eager to sign contracts with professional teams and at last be properly
compensated for their efforts on the court. The NBA is well-known for brokering massive
contracts for star athletes, doling out hundreds of millions of dollars to basketball’s
brightest stars. NBA team valuations as of 2020 have increased 600% over the last
decade, with the average team valued at $2.1 billion (Forbes, 2020). Average league
revenue per team for the 2018-2019 season was over $290 billion, with average earnings
of over $60 million, and as high as $178 million in the case of the Los Angeles Lakers
(Forbes, 2020). These ample values are somewhat expected for the world’s premier
professional basketball league, however,  the growth in year-over-year valuations
continues to outshine other leagues such as the NFL and MLB. As the level of talent
entering the league continues to increase, the values of team, media, and individual
athletes involved in the league will continue to grow.
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Athlete Profile & Performance Factors
Athletes competing at the elite AAU, collegiate, and professional levels follow a
blueprint that prioritizes strength, agility, and aerobic fitness. Achieving success as a
basketball athlete requires maintaining peak performance for months at a time, through
tournaments, travel, and a busy game schedule. To manage this load and intensity while
remaining injury-free, focused, and competitive is essential to advancing as a top-tier
player. Stress, fatigue, and injury are challenges that the best players are able to
overcome in their careers.
Fig. 6. Team USA Basketball athletes do their best to
manage extensive travel and recover properly (Bishop, 2012).
Basketball is a team sport with intense intermittent aerobic and anaerobic demands
involving running, jumping, and frequent directional changes. A study done by McInnes et
al. demonstrated that a basketball player experiences approximately 1000 movement
pattern changes in a single game, changing direction every 2.4 seconds (Drinkwater et al.,
2008, 568). Various studies demonstrate mean work intensities that exceed the lactate
threshold and mean heart rate values between 85-95% of HRmax, depicted below in
Figure 8 (Stojanovic et al., 2018).
Study Playing level/location/sex/n Comparison Total time(%) Live time(%) 
groups 
<85% >85% <85% > 85% 
HRrn,, HRm., HRm,. HRrn., 
Mclnnes et al. [2] National Basketball League/Australia/M/8 All players 35.0 65.0 25.0 75.0 
Matthew and Delextrac University Sports Association/UK/F/9 All players 19.6 80.4 6.9 93.1 
[101 
Ben Abdelkrim et al. National Championshipffunisia/M/18 All players 24.7 75.3 
[7] 
Ben Abdelkrim el al. National Championship Ul9/funisia/M/38 International 23.1" 76.9" 
f6] National 30.4 69.6 
Man-to-man 26.7 73.3 
Zone games 27.8 72.3 
Hulka et al. [8J  National Championship Ul8/Czech All players 36.9 63.1 
Republic/M/32 
Vencurik and NykodYm Second National Championship/Czech PG, SG 27.0 73.0 
[21] Republic/F/8 SF, PF 27.3 72.7 
C 20.5 79.5 
All players 24.0 76.0 
Vencllrik et al. [22] First National Championship/Czech PG, SG 29.1 70.9 
Republic/F/10 SF, PF 22.8 77.2 
C 25.3 74.7 
All players 25.7 74.3 
PG point guard, SG shooting guard, SF small forward, PF power forward, C center, M male, F female, HRmax maximal heart rate, U under 
aSignificant difference between comparison groups 
Fig. 7. Work Intensity and HR during basketball match-play (Stojanovic et al., 2018).
12
Fitness
Cardiovascular endurance is essential for maintaining competitive intensity
throughout the game, scoring on fast breaks, and facilitating recovery between intense
bouts of jumping and sprinting. According to Drinkwater et al., basketball players with
greater aerobic fitness have a faster oxygen uptake and resynthesis of creatine
phosphate, an essential process for anaerobic performance involving ATP (Drinkwater et
al., 2008, 570). Observations of VO2max, or peak oxygen uptake, of elite under-19 and
professional adult basketball players show average values of 52 ml/kg/min and 60
ml/kg/min, respectively (Abdelkrim et al., 2007). Drinkwater et al, in an analysis of elite and
sub-elite junior Australian basketball athletes, found that national-level athletes had greater
aerobic fitness than their state-level counterparts (Drinkwater et al., 2008, 570). Further
studies demonstrate that aerobic fitness is necessary to recover between the short,
repeated bouts of intense anaerobic work characterized by competitive basketball
(Drinkwater et al., 2008, 571). Other evidence suggests that physical fatigue impairs motor
control, cognitive functioning, and reaction time (Drinkwater et al., 2008, 572). The
relationship between cognitive performance and fatigue is believed to follow an “inverted
U” shape, in which performance decreases after reaching a point of optimal effort-induced
arousal (Simek Salaj et al., 2008). Because a more aerobically fit athlete has a lower heart
rate for a specific, absolute workload, it is likely that these athletes make quicker, more
accurate decisions than less fit athletes (Simek Salaj et al., 2008). This consideration
emphasizes the importance of aerobic conditioning for elite basketball athletes and their
ability to maintain intensity and accuracy throughout the duration of a game.
While aerobic fitness is a key component for sustained intensity at the elite level,
success in men’s basketball is largely dependent on explosive, sport-specific movements
focused on scoring (Puente et al., 2017, 956). Elite junior Tunisian players were observed
sprinting once every 39 seconds and jumping every minute, utilizing anaerobic power in
short bouts interspersed with moderate- to low-intensity work (Stojanovic et al., 2018).
Research by Abdelkrim et al investigating plasma lactate levels shows a considerable
contribution from the anaerobic energy system, particularly towards the end of the second
and fourth quarters of game play (Abdelkrim et al., 2007).
Table 1 Principal anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the subjects 
Variable All subjects (n = 38) Guard (n=8) Farward (n = 18) Centre (n = 12) 
Age {years) 18.2 (0.5) 18.2 (0.2) 18.2 (0.5) 18.2 (0.5) 
Height (m) 1.89 (0.05) 1.83 (0.04)·t 1.88 (0.04):j: 1.93 (0.03) 
Body mass (kg) 80.3 (6.7) 76.2 (3 .4)t 77.4 (5.l)t 87.2 (5.3) 
Body fat(%) 8.2 (5.6) 6.1 (3.7) 7.8 (4.1) 10.4 (7.8) 
Fat free mass (%) 91.7 (5.6) 93.9 (3.7) 92.2 (4.1) 89.6 (7.8) 
BMI (kg/m2) 21.7 (1.9) 22.7 (1 .0) 21.8 (1.1 )§ 23.6 (1.8) 
VO2max (ml/kg min) 52.8 (2.4) 53.8 (1.9) 53.4 (2.3) 51.4 (2.4) 
BMI, body mass index. 
Data are mean (SD) . 
•values are signilicanrly different from those obtained by forward, p< 0.01. 
tValues are significantly different from those obtained by centre, p< 0.001 . 
+Values are significantly different from those obtained by centre, p< 0.05. 
§Values are signilicanrly different from those obtained by centre, p< 0.01 . 
Fig. 8. Physiological data of elite U-19 Tunisian basketball players
(Abdelkrim et al., 2007).
The body composition and anthropometry of basketball athletes play a role in
determining playing position and style. A study of body composition in elite level Greek
basketball athletes calculated the average body fat percentage for elite under-22 athletes
13
is 10.9+/-2.7, with guards averaging slightly lower values than centers and forwards
(Gerodimos et al., 2005). Guards averaged 6’3” and 194lbs as compared to centers, who
averaged 6’10” and 234lbs (Gerodimos et al., 2005). Documentation from recent NBA draft
cycles shows similar anthropometric trends in top draft picks. Guards drafted in the first
round averaged 6’3” with a 6’7” wingspan, 191lbs, and less than 6% body fat, while
centers and forwards averaged 6’10” with a 7’3” wingspan, 233 lbs, and 7.3% body fat
(Draft Express, 2020).  The tasks of these positions and criteria for success vary, as
guards are relied on for their agility, ball handling, and passing, while centers are
responsible for rebounding and blocking shots close to the basket (Drinkwater et al., 2008,
567). Although body size plays a strong role in determining an athlete’s position, the most
valued attributes are the player’s skill in combination with strength and agility.
7'6" 7'6" 7'6" 7'6" 7'6" 
Point Guards Shooting Guards Small Forwards Power Forwards Centers 
7' 7' 7' • 7' 7' 
6'6" . 6'6" i- 6'6" 6'6" 6'6" . 
6' • 6' t 6' 6' 6' • • • • • 
5'6" 5'6" 5'6" 5'6" 5'6" 
150 250 350 150 250 350 150 250 350 150 250 350 150 250 350 
Fig. 9. Anthropometry of professional basketball athletes
compared to the average male (SportChart, 2014).
Metadata of the NBA Draft Combine reveals clear strength and agility benchmarks
for players seeking to be drafted. Players drafted in the first round averaged a vertical
jump of 36.5” and 8.7 reps of the 185lb-bench press (Draft Express, 2020). A 1994 study
collected data from over 300 Division I Men’s Basketball players, drafted and undrafted,
showing the average DI athlete at that time was able to bench press and power clean at
least 100% of their body weight and squat at least 150% BW (Latin et al., 1994). Today,
standout athletes at the collegiate level are able to achieve 40” vertical leaps and over 10
reps of 185lb bench press (Draft Express, 2020). As the level and intensity of the sport
continues to evolve, athletes at the sub-professional level continue to push performance
boundaries in the hopes of becoming a professional athlete. That said, there is a limit to
how much strength training and conditioning an athlete can feasibly tolerate, and a
balance between meaningful versus excessive hypertrophy. Though athletic programs
place a strong emphasis on plyometrics and hypertrophy programming, other factors such
as balance control play a role in an athlete’s ability to change direction, accelerate, and
jump efficiently.
Balance and Proprioception
Balance control, though often overlooked, is a key factor to agility and overall
athletic performance (Han et al., 2015). Studies show that balance is strongly and
positively associated with superior athletic performance and negatively associated with
lower extremity injury (Han et al., 2015). Studies performed on active adult males show
that heightened balance and proprioception are correlated to improvements in vertical
jump performance (Simek Salaj et al., 2008). Postural sway (or poor balance control) in
both youth and elite athletes correlates positively to ankle sprain susceptibility (McGuine et
al., 2000). Furthermore, lower extremity injuries account for over 57% of total injuries in
14
NCAA Men’s Basketball, with ankle sprains claiming nearly 25% of these injuries (Dick et
al., 2007). As injury mitigation continues to be one of the primary challenges for the
longevity and success of elite basketball athletes, understanding balance control may shed
light on potential solutions.
Balance stems from the central nervous system (CNS) and its ability to integrate
visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive feedback into coordinated muscular responses
(Hrysomallis, 2011). While the vestibular system of the inner ear collects information about
gravity, rotation, and acceleration, mechanoreceptors throughout the muscles, tendons,
and joints provide information about limb and body position (Han et al., 2015). The
combination of these sensory systems all contribute to balance, but researchers argue that
proprioception, specifically of the ankle and plantar foot, is the most pertinent to dynamic
balance tasks in elite sport (Han et al., 2015).
MULTIMODEL SENSORY SYSTEM 
Gustatlon (tast") 
Thermoceptlon 
Ocular (visual) (temperature) 
Olfactlon (smell) Noclceptlon (pain) 
! ! Joint Position Vestibular (balance) Equlllbrloceptlon Sense (active I 
(balance) passive) 
Auditory (hearing) 
Me-chanor•ception Kinesthesia 
Somato1-ensory (vibration, movement) 
·sixth sense· discriminatory 
touch or pressure) Sense of Force 
(effort J tension / 
Proprioception heaviness 
(position & 
movamant) Sense of Change In 
Veloci SCV 
Fig. 10. An overview of the sensory systems within the human body
(Physiopedia, 2020).
Proprioception can be enhanced by sport-specific and general training, and
negatively impacted by fatigue and injury (Han et al., 2015). Active interventions such as
the use of wobble boards, bilateral balance training, and Tai Chi are shown to improve
balance in both athletes and non-athletes (Han et al., 2015). The trainability of
proprioception and balance stems from neural mechanisms such as neuroplasticity, the
ability of the neural networks of the body to reorganize, grow, and evolve based on
external stimuli (Dobbs, 2018). Much like the concept of “muscle memory” of a
sport-specific task, the brain refines and strengthens motor and neural pathways through
repeated use (Dobbs, 2018). By harnessing this concept of neuroplasticity and its role in
proprioception, we can target specific motor and neural pathways in order to facilitate
improved neuromuscular synergy and consequently, performance. A growing
understanding of the mind-muscle connection has spurred additional research into the
nuances of mood, focus, and performance for elite athletes.
Mental Hardiness
Physical prowess and sport-specific skills are essential for athletes to reach elite
levels of competition. In recent years, however, as the intersection between psychology
15
and physical performance has come to the fore, performance specialists are focused more
deeply on the mental aspects of elite sport (Chariton, 2019). Situation efficacy, mental
toughness, and clutch performance are all key aspects that separate the good from the
great. Both Kobe Bryant and Michael Jordan, known for their focus and obsession with
winning, enlisted mental skills and expert George Mumford to direct them in the art of
mindfulness (Fernandez, 2016). Mumford coached Jordan and the Chicago Bulls through
their ‘95, ‘96, and ‘97 championship seasons, imparting onto them the art of stillness within
the context of competition, before reuniting with Phil Jackson and the Lakers several years
later (Fernandez, 2016). Mindfulness, more specifically defined as non-judgmental
present-moment awareness, allows athletes to become aware of their thoughts and
emotions without reacting to these internal stimuli (Chariton, 2019). In turn, by placing
awareness on the present moment without judgment, athletes are better able to focus their
energy on the task at hand without concern for the past or future. Studies suggest that
athletes who practice mindfulness are better equipped to handle task-relevant external
stimuli, thus leading to improved athletic performance (Chariton, 2019).
The concepts of mental strength (toughness and hardiness), self-efficacy, and
anxiety are inextricably linked to high-stakes performance scenarios and can prove to be
the difference-maker between a win and a loss. In European club championships between
1992 - 2000, winning teams displayed more tactical discipline, less turnovers, and more
confidence and concentration than the defeated teams (Sindik & Adzija, 2013). Hardiness,
a psychological skill rooted in self-belief, focus, and positivity in the face of stress, has
been quantitatively linked to better basketball performance (Sindik & Adzija, 2013). The
clear link between mental strength and improved performance is just one side of the coin.
While focus and self-efficacy can enhance an athlete’s game, stress and mental fatigue
have negative outcomes that manifest physically.
Stress, Injury, and HRV
Though stress is generally regarded as a psychological ailment, it manifests in a
variety of ways both mentally and physically. Research consistently shows that stress is
highly predictive of injury occurrence in athletes, regardless its cause (Sabato et al., 2016).
One study of female collegiate gymnasts revealed that negative life stress accounts for
11-22% of injury variance, while another attributed a 70% greater chance of injury for
high-stress youth soccer players (Sabato et al., 2016). The mechanism of stress-injury
outcomes is a result of the body’s heightened stress response, in which muscle tension
increases, the visual field narrows, and distractibility and self-consciousness are
exacerbated (Johnson, 2011). Stress and anxiety drive the autonomic and central nervous
systems to a state of reduced self-efficacy and impaired decision-making, while
simultaneously taxing the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body (Paul &
Garg, 2012). This is referred to as the sympathetic nervous response, also known as the
“fight or flight” response (Harvard Medical School, 2011).
16
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES SYMPATHETIC NERVES 
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Fig. 11: An overview of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
In a sporting environment that relies heavily on aerobic efficiency and rapid
recovery, control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is necessary for optimal
performance (Drinkwater et al., 2008). Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is currently regarded
as the most reliable and quantitative assessment of autonomic nervous system functioning
(Paul & Garg, 2012). Heart Rate Variability is the measure of the variation in time between
each heart beat, and is regulated by the autonomic nervous system through the same
mechanism as the sympathetic nervous response (Campos, 2017). The sympathetic
nervous response works in contrast with the parasympathetic response, commonly known
as the “rest and digest” response, to modulate and balance the body’s nervous system
(Campos, 2017).  Heart Rate Variability serves as a quantifiable metric for analysing the
nervous response of the body and determining if an individual is negatively impacted by
stress (Campos, 2017). A high HRV indicates an optimal balance between sympathetic
and parasympathetic responses, and a general state of resiliency and health, while a low
HRV is correlated with chronic stress, anxiety, and even poor cardiovascular health (Paul
& Garg, 2012).
A variety of stress management techniques exist in the growing world of sports
psychology, which are largely focused on meditation and breathing (Paul & Garg, 2012).
These psychological coping mechanisms are trainable skills and include positive self-talk
and mindfulness practices designed to induce a relaxed state in both the body and mind
(Paul & Garg, 2012). At their core, these practices are designed to induce the
parasympathetic response, the aforementioned “rest and digest”, to facilitate recovery and
a return to a more balanced state.
17
HRV = variation bet ween beat to beat intervals 
822 m s 857 m s 752 m s 869 ms 798 m s 
◄ - ------- -► ◄ ------- - ---- ► ◄ --- - ----- ► ◄ ------------ - ► ◄ ------ - -- ► 
Heart Rate = beats per minute (on average) 
Fig. 12. How to calculate Heart Rate Variability.
The interplay of stress, injury, and HRV as key, linked factors in elite-level
basketball performance suggest that injury mitigation and optimal performance can be
successfully achieved through modulation of the parasympathetic stress response.
The vagus nerve, the longest and most complex cranial nerve of the body, is heavily
involved in the parasympathetic nervous response (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020). The
nerve links the heart, gut, lungs, and neck with the brain and modulates heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing rate, as well as digestion and inflammation responses (Medical News
Today, 2017). These physiological mechanisms directly impact mood, stress, and recovery
regardless of the cause, and can be used as a tool to help athletes balance the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems within their own bodies.  Looking deeper, it is
clear that the physiological and psychological factors and their outcomes are not
independent of one another, and thus should not be treated as such.
Performance & The Nervous System
The existing landscape of performance optimization separates physical and mental
performance as independent disciplines, with distinct approaches and protocols. The
compilation of research and the emerging understanding of the parasympathetic nervous
system, however, establishes a concrete link between these two fields. Though the
modern scope of sports product and training has generally overlooked this link, Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM) emphasizes the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit
through qi (chi), or life energy (Wang, 2020). Practices within TCM, the world’s oldest
codified system of medicine, aim to balance the flow of qi within the body to heal and
enhance its functions (Wang, 2020). A key principle of TCM is the importance of the
complex connections between seemingly unrelated areas and systems of the body, and
how stimulation of these can influence both physical and mental health (Wang, 2020).
In the ancient practice of reflexology, physical pressure is applied to specific zones
on the feet, hands, or ears to relieve stress, pain, or acute ailments (Isik et al., 2014).
Reflexology is based on the principle that reflex points on the foot correspond to ‘mapped
target organs’ throughout the body, and stimulation of these reflexes will have a direct
impact on the target organ (Chen et al., 2019). The effects of reflexology, namely foot
reflexology, on stress and performance, are supported by empirical evidence. A study on
the effect of foot reflexology in healthy individuals showed that foot reflexology decreased
18
pulse rate and increased HRV parameters, indicative of an improvement in balance
between the parasympathetic and sympathetic response and an increase in vagal
activation (Isik et al., 2014). A separate study on collegiate soccer players tested the
effects of foot reflexology on recovery from repeated sprint drills, and found that
parasympathetic activation was improved in the reflexology group (Chen et al., 2019).
These findings align with others findings that suggest reflexology improves
sympatho-vagal balance after intense anaerobic work (Chen et al., 2019).
PLANTAR SIDE PLANTAR SIDE 
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Fig. 13. Foot Reflexology Chart (Massageaholic).
Acupressure, a related but separate practice, utilizes pressure to stimulate nerves
throughout the body, relieving ailments that may seem unrelated to the target area.
Acupressure aims to improve the flow of blood, lymph and metabolic energy, or Qi,
through gentle stimulation of pressure points (Science Daily, 2020). A study of the effect of
acupressure on VO2 in a group of healthy, young men revealed that VO2 post-treatment
increased 10% from baseline, while the placebo group remained unchanged. The study
suggests that the acupressure treatment decreased stress levels and thus improved
energy utilization for the test group (Ahmedov & Filiz, 2018). This finding strongly supports
the link between sensory stimulation practices, stress relief, and enhanced performance.
The evidence gathered from these studies as a whole suggest that targeted foot
reflexology is a valuable tool for both mental and physical recovery in elite athletes and
may pose further performance benefits. These ancient techniques showcase the influence
of sensory stimulation on the complex neuromuscular and regulatory systems of the body.
Though thousands of years old, these practices hinge on the same core principles as
newfound research on HRV and the autonomic nervous system. By drawing from the
foundation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, supplemented with the research and
techniques of modern neuroscience, we can innovate the landscape of
performance-optimizing sports product.
19
Product Market
Priming
Athlete priming has been largely unexplored in the sports product market, though
the concept itself is well-known in the realm of sports science and performance
optimization. Priming in the context of sports can refer to the physical activation of the
muscular or cardiovascular systems, as well as the mental preparation or visualization an
athlete may perform before competing. All of these practices aim to prepare the body for
the upcoming task by providing a representation of the stimuli or environment prior to
competition. Priming can be used to enhance or change motor skill execution, alter
thought patterns, or elicit new behavioral responses.
Proprioception, with its links to balance, injury mitigation, and improved
performance, has begun to be addressed by innovators such as Naboso and their widely
available textured insoles. The brand’s insoles ($50) and exercise mats ($110) feature a
patented texture that stimulates the mechanoreceptors of the plantar foot to enhance
proprioception (Steinberg et al., 2016). Other textured insoles in the market are geared
towards non-slip rather than sensory stimulation, and the majority of tactile or sensory
oriented products are designed for individuals with sensory disorders. Barefoot Science
Insoles ($84.99) use a modular insert within the insole that is purported to increase arch
height and strengthen the foot over time (BarefootScience, 2020). The company cites
internally-sponsored studies to back this claim, and the product is the only of its kind
currently available.
Figs. 14-15. Naboso Performance Insoles, Exosuit Exo1 Posture Shirt.
The market for proprioception-enhancing garments is generally limited. One recent
innovation comes from London-based company Exosuit, who recently introduced a shirt
that combines compression with patented PowerFlex structures integrated into a shirt. The
structures gently adhere to the skin at key areas to provide tactile feedback not unlike
kinesiotape, enhancing the athletes body awareness and posture (Exosuit, 2020). This
approach draws from compression, taping, and proprioception research to provide a
unique product that is endorsed by a variety of athletes in Great Britain.
A variety of products designed to stimulate or activate muscles has recently entered
the market. The PowerDot ($199) , a wireless, bluetooth-enabled electronic
myostimulation (EMS) device, dominates the emerging EMS market. EMS uses electrical
20
impulses to actively contract muscles without activating the central nervous system. This
allows users to achieve strength, endurance, and recovery goals that were previously only
accessible through physical therapy (PowerDot, 2019).
Fig. 16-17. PowerDot, Balanx Suit.
On the cutting edge of this technology are companies like Balanx, who have
designed an EMS Training Suit ($799) that integrates stimulation nodes into a full-body
garment. The nodes target muscle groups throughout the body and can be activated via
smartphone app (BalanX Tech, 2020). Originally designed for astronauts to prevent
muscle atrophy, studies suggest that the suit can improve aerobic and athletic
performance, quantified by improvements in both VO2 kinetics and work efficiency (Perez
et al., 2003).
Fig. 18-19. Agogie Performance Tights, Physiclo Shorts.
Other muscle activation garments use analog mechanisms to achieve this effect
and a significantly lower pricepoint. Physiclo uses patented resistance technology
integrated into tights ($125) and compression shorts to increase muscle activity by as
much as 23%, while competitor Agogie uses a similar approach in their non-compression
pants ($129). Both use technology akin to traditional resistance bands to increase the
firing of muscles without overly taxing their energy stores. Resistance bands are widely
used in physical therapy and specialized warm-up protocols for elite athletes, allowing
21
them to target and “wake up” specific muscle groups prior to competition (Thomas, 2000).
This product sector is still relatively small but poses a potential opportunity for growth.
Materials and Manufacturing
Acupressure Shoes
A variety of acupressure footwear exist that take a similar approach in construction
and materials. The most common and relevant is the acupressure slide or slipper. It
features a foam midsole and durable rubber outsole with hook and loop (Velcro) adjustable
polyurethane strap that secures the foot to the footbed. The footbed is molded with
approximately 40 small holes that are then filled with acupressure nodes. The nodes are
either plastic or a durable gel material. In the case of the plastic nodes, a small spring
embedded at the base of the node allows for a small amount of rebound when the user is
walking to ensure comfort. The gel-based nodes are somewhat compliant and thus deform
a small amount under pressure. The slides are assembled by cementing the midsole,
outsole, and strap components together with contact cement.
Relevant Patents:
- KR200431316Y1 (Footgear and Insole for Performing Acupressure)
- KR100732496B1 (Shoes for Acupressure)
- JP3103838U (Shiatsu Slippers)
Textured Insole
Textured insoles enhance proprioception by stimulating the mechanoreceptors of
the plantar foot. The premier textured insoles, by Naboso, are made using a flexible and
durable latex-free rubber compound. The insoles, which feature an intricate pyramidal
texture, are compression molded.
Relevant Patents:
- US20180243166A1 (Proprioceptor Stimulation Material)
- US8051582B2 (Medially or Laterally Textured Footbed)
Sensory-Motor Stimulating Garments (analog)
Several companies have produced garments that provide sensory stimulation and
postural feedback to the body without the use of EMS. These garments are typically close
fitting or compression fitting garments composed of elastomeric knit fabrics. Fiber content
of these types of garments vary but are approximately 10% elastane and 90% polyester.
These garments are manufactured using flat knit machines, and assembled using
coverstitch and serger machines to maintain the stretchiness of the garment.
The postural control feature of these garments is achieved in two ways. One
process is achieved by paneling or banding a textile with higher elastic tension on the
target areas, serving as a sensory stimulator and posture reminder. The panels are
elastomeric knits similar to the base material but with a different fiber content so that the
user can differentiate between the two. The other process integrates thin silicone panels
22
into the inside of the garment that gently adhere to the skin, offering an entirely different
sensation to the user’s sensory system.
Relevant Patents:
- US20190246709A1 (Sensory Motor Stimulation Garments and Methods)
- US9125442B2 (Sensory Motor Stimulation Garment and Method)
- US8677512B2 (Article of Apparel Providing Enhanced Body Position Feedback)
Resistance-Facilitating Garments
These products use resistance in the form of elastic bands to incite muscle
activation of specific muscle groups, to increase the physiological load required to exercise
or to facilitate targeted muscle activation. These garments are manufactured similarly to
bodywear and compression garments, featuring a knit construction with a blend of
elastomeric fibers such as elastane and synthetics such as polyester. This creates a
comfortable and stretchy fit. The resistance is achieved through resistive elastic bands
integrated into the garment, similar to rubber resistance bands used in training. The
products are assembled like bodywear, using coverstitch machines to achieve a flat seam
that allows for uninhibited stretch.
Relevant Patents:
- US5201074 (Exercise Suit with Resilient Reinforcing)
- WO9836652 (Aerobic Exercise Garment)
Colors and Graphics Trends
Athlete Priming
Products within the realm of athlete priming focus on energizing the body and
preparing it to compete. These products use high energy colors such as deep red and
burnt orange to deliver an exciting pre-performance product. Both colors and graphics
reference muscles, blood circulation, speed, and power as influences. Accents of white,
black, and grey are used to create eye-catching notes of contrast.
Warm & Contrast ing Tones Fire/ Muscles/ Blood Bold & Energetic Graphics 
-
Fig. 20. Color & graphics of priming-oriented products.
23
Product Strengths Weaknesses Threats Opportunities
Naboso - Popular - Not sport-specific - Emerging - Integrate into
Activate Insole - Backed by science - Add-on to existing competitors product
($50) - Easy to manufacture product - Not integrated - Resonate w/
- Niche consumer into product basketball
and exposure
Reflexology - Affordable - Poor style - Lots of similar - Elevate style
Slippers ($35) - Accessible - Primitive design products - More advanced
- Easy to manufacture - Not targeted to - More high-end materials
athletes options - Improve
construction
Exo1 Men’s - Liked by athletes - Placebo effect - Established - Basketball-specific
Shirt ($125) - Performance-oriented - Designed for competitors - Increase
- Clear concept cricket athletes - Emerging neuromuscular
- Utilitarian style competitors Activity
-Tactile sensation - Lower body
only solutions
- Elevate style
Physiclo - Backed by science - Not - Emerging - Elevate style
Resistance - Patented technology fashion-forward competitors - Integrate tactile
Tights ($125) - Athlete-oriented - Resistance only - Resistance band feedback
- Reasonable price market
Professional Development
My “Strengths Finder” strengths of Achiever, Competition, Futuristic, Strategic, and
Focus align well with the goals of my project. My “Achiever” strength, along with “Focus”
will help me maintain stamina and productivity throughout the next phases of project
development, keeping my end goal in sight. My “Competition” strength will help me design
sports products that are superior to those in the existing market, using my “Strategic”
strength to carefully consider market positioning and user experience. My final trait of
“Futuristic” will inspire my design process as I bring my project vision to life. Together,
these traits will allow me to showcase my skill as an innovator of cutting-edge sports
product.
24
My strengths as an innovator are rooted in exploration of the nuances of the human
body, challenging the status quo, and utilizing science to drive design. This project
embodies these aspects of my strengths as well as my desire to work in footwear
innovation. It is my goal to design a thought-provoking and visually inspiring collection that
allows me to hone my strengths as a product innovator, a researcher, and 3D designer.
Industry Mentors
- Shannon Pomeroy (Nike Explore Team)
Shannon Pomeroy Wed. 18 NoY, 19:15 * ..... 
to me ... 
Of course! 
Send over the current state when you can and I can peruse over the holiday next week. Definitely focus on your portfol io first! 
I'll chat with Ian, bu t we have a "strict~ no Zoom calls ru le next week so I don't have a one on one with him until the following Monday. I'll probably send him a quick note in the 
meantime. 
John Halliwill - He's great and works very, very closely with Chris below. Specializing in blood pressure changes in exercise and stressful conditions for athletes. 
Chris Minson - he came to mind first, because I know he loves his altitude research in crazy places. If I were to separate the two somehow I'd say Chris is a bit more 
interested in temperature than Dr. Halliwill . 
Andrew Lovering - this one is more or a lung guy and I'd say a bit more cl inical actually. Sounds like you are going more heart rate anyway. 
Might be some newer ones as well in the department! Share your thoughts and I'm sure they'll send you in the right direction . Right now it is hard for me to tell who might have 
the perfect expertise because your work is spanning a large spectrum (which I do love). 
- Dr. Brad Wilkins (Gonzaga University)
- Ian Muir (Senior Director, Applied Performance Innovation Nike)
- Dr. Luke Patrick (Portland Trailblazers)
- John Halliwill (University of Oregon)
- Chris Minson (University of Oregon)
Conclusion
The product landscape for both priming and recovery generally emphasize physical,
and more specifically muscular, improvements for the user. In-depth research of both the
priming and recovery product markets show a greater opportunity for impact within the
realm of priming. This market sector is less saturated with more opportunity for growth.
Several relevant products utilize the more nuanced understandings of the body’s
regulatory systems to deliver performance enhancements. By tailoring these technologies
and the science of sensory feedback to elite basketball players, we can deliver innovative
sports products that enhance athletic performance and health in a holistic and profound
manner.
25
PHASE II: Strategic Product Development
26
Table of Contents
Introduction 27
Detailed SWOT Analysis
Reflexology Slipper 28
Textured Insole 32
Resistance Tights 34
Posture Tights 36
Product Testing 38
Athlete Testing 39
Consumer Feedback 42
Test Results 44
Ideation Planning 45
Sourcing 48
Calendar 49
Aesthetic Direction 51
Ideation 52
Technology & Goals 53
Garment 55
Footwear 59
Testing & Validation Goals 65
27
Introduction
After an in-depth research process, a niche product opportunity was defined, aiming to
utilize sensory stimulation to positively influence athletic priming in elite basketball
athletes. While recovery remains an important part of performance science, the
opportunity for innovation within the realm of priming proved to be more significant.
The second phase of this thesis project was dedicated to researching and developing
functional goals for the product collection, founded in first-hand testing and analysis. The
process draws from both objective and subjective data to define an innovative product
proposal and design that will ultimately be developed into a functional prototype.
Detailed Swot Analysis
With this in mind, an in-depth examination of current products in this niche market was
necessary to understand existing innovations and areas of opportunity. The SWOT
breakdown below was developed by examining each component of existing benchmark
products and defining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to that
components design. This helped to strategically map out potential design ideation paths.
The following research question was used to direct this process: How could we use the
body's relationship to sensation and the science of neurology to design footwear and
apparel that helps elite basketball athletes more effectively prime for competition?
28
Fig. 21. Benchmark products.
1. Reflexology Slipper
FOOTBED STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetics - clearly shows - not sophisticated - parametric - manufacturing is
functionality -general eyesore, design to elevate simple as is
toy like form - need to maintain
- unlikely to be worn - more functionality
bc of aesthetics sophisticated color
palette
- create unique
and intriguing
silhouette
Reflexology - based off TCM - “toy like” plastic - unite TCM - balancing
mapping reflexology maps nodes may not be reflexology and comfort and
best material mechanoreceptor functionality
- pvc plastic nodes science for new - other products
can hurt the foot to map have tried to
new users -decrease size explore
and/or increase reflexology
fidelity/number of mapping
nodes for more -some people
balanced feel may not “believe
-create hierarchy in” reflexology as
between a functional tool
mechanoreceptor
texture and
acupressure
29
function
User - adjustable - recommended to - decide whether - function may be
experience nodes wear 15 min at a nodes should be foreign or
-color coding time because can adjustable or not confusing to
cause pain -be clear about athletes
use and intention - challenge
for athlete convincing
-find better athletes to wear
material choice for shoe
nodes -must be
comfortable and
feel good
Fit - wide footbed - primitive, simple - design from a last -increased cost
fits most feet design or foot scan with more
- not tuned to -use complex
nuances of foot understanding of geometry
-not geared towards ergonomics and - sports are not
athletics at all footwear design to intended purpose
improve fit of original product
Muscle - TCM supports -only focused on the - integrate textured -adjustability
Activation activation of plantar aspect of insole with -discomfort
muscles and foot reflexology footbed -compensatory
other bodily muscle activation
systems
Walkability - can help - recommended to -find comfortable -pain or
to wear 15 min at a materials solutions discomfort
stimulate time because can -conduct user -determining
reflex cause pain testing to appropriate
points understand athlete duration to wear
preferences -ability to remove
elements
STRAP/UPPER STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetics - similar to - not interesting, -eliminate strap all - cost will
sports slide already been together increase
done -explore other -athlete
- purely silhouettes such as preferences
functional slippers -balancing
-draw inspiration functionality with
from high fashion style
Reflexology -somewhat - only forefoot - create enclosure -finding balance
mapping secures foot to gets constant of entire foot that of comfort and
footbed contact w footbed follows principles of function of upper
TCM -less research on
other parts of the
foot in relation to
TCM
30
user experience - adjustability is - unsophisticated -explore other types -creating simple
familiar to user and dated of adjustability system that
- lightweight systems that are workks for all foot
and packable more elegant types
- easy on & off design solutions -dont want to
look clinical
-athlete
preferences
Fit - easy to modify - overly simple, -use last to create -cost
fit using velcro not ergonomic more ergonomic -variety in foot
design upper form morphology and
comfort
preferences
Muscle - not relevant - heel is not - ensure heel is -creating a
activation secured, can secured as well to comfortable
impact muscle create more solution
activation uniform fit
-whole foot contact
and activation
Walkability - easy to - slide promotes - create more -creating
change into shuffling, not secure upper for something
secure pre-game comfortable
-not for sports movements enough yet easy
-analyze warm up to change in and
protocol to out of
understand needs
MIDSOLE STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetics - simple, - boring, not -draw inspiration from -cost of
understated interesting nature and TCM manufacturing
- draw design -importance of
language midsole aesthetics
Reflexology -not relevant - uniform platform - integrate footbed -cost
Mapping midsole of same into midsole
density
UX - stable and -not conducive to - design for more -athlete
uniform sport activity athletic movements preferences
-reduce stack height
Fit - wide and - simple and - use a last to create -other products on
stable platform primitive shape is ergonomic midsole market dedicated
not very shape to ergonomic fit
ergonomic
Muscle - not relevant - EVA attenuates - decide whether to -comfort during
activation some impact improve impact extended wear
- thickness attenuation or let it be
reduces ground a tool for muscle
31
feel activation
Walkability - EVA durable -not designed for -design for more -established
enough for walking athletic movements market of
sustained wear -reduce stack height ergonomic slides
-design off last that are cheap and
-explore minimalist accessible
shoes as inspiration -comfort during
extended wear
OUTSOLE STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetics - simple, goes - not “sexy” or - draw from -cost of tooling
with midsole innovative design -may not be
-low quality language of important to
TCM, function of shoe
integrate with in many settings
midsole
- Opportunity
to tell a story
Reflexology - not relevant -not relevant - could mimic design -not relevant
Mapping language of
reflexology elements
UX - familiar style -generally -design more -of minimal
to other slides overlooked and interesting outsole importance to the
boring that athletes connect athlete
with in some way -variety of
surfaces to be
used on
Fit -flat, stable, - not designed for -examine foot -variety of foot
slight grip athletic purposes morphology to shapes
enhancement understand wear
patterns and
placement of outsole
components such as
flex grooves and
pivot points
Muscle -not relevant -not relevant -not relevant -not relevant
Activation
Walkability - added grip - not advanced or - research what determining what
-improved considered design surfaces shoe will surfaces this will
durability -not suited for most likely be used be used on
sports on (marking vs non
- examine wear marking), may
patterns to design differ widely
more considered
outsole
32
2.Textured insoles
MATERIAL STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetics - bright, - not visible - color customization -manufacturing
energetic from inside - more clear and and cost
colors shoe exciting branding on -athlete
-uniform color -limited color product preferences
-sleek and selection -balancing
simple -might not function with
match team aesthetics
colors
Walkability - thin enough -not a -integrate into -cheaper as an
to be worn standalone outsole to create a insole rather than
inside shoes product more holistic product full product
-material could
rip, tear over
time
Fit - flexible -no arch -create more 3D type -wide variety of
-low profile support of form that matches shoe shapes and
-might not work with curves of foot foot shapes
for wider feet -have it wrap around
foot
Mechanoreceptor - durable -changing -research materials -creating new
mapping material mapping options molds
ensures requires new -finding material
effectiveness mold design both flexible and
in long term durable
Muscle activation -thin material - material by -find way to integrate -injury risk if
allows for itself may not into a shoe used for material is too
maximum be protective sports surfaces thin
range of enough on
motion and sports surfaces
activation
TEXTURE STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
DESIGN
Aesthetics - clean and - only stimulates -integrate hierarchy -Naboso
elegant mechanoreceptor of both reflexology patented texture
pyramid s, not reflexology points and
texture points mechanoreceptor
texture
33
-tell a story with
design
Walkability - easy to add - sometimes can -conduct user -sensation may
to existing feel harsh on foot testing to ensure not be liked by
footwear at first comfort and proper some athletes
use -does it need to
be removable?
Fit - variety of -different shaped -explore ways to -creating organic
sizing feet or different integrate this into feel for variety of
-can be arch heights may well-fitting shoe foot shapes
trimmed to fit need different fit options -catering to
even better -allow for athlete
integration with preferences
orthotics -retrofitting with
other footwear
Mechanorecepto - patented -does not take -integrate -new molds and
r design into account reflexology map product,
Mapping specifically for reflexology, only into product complete
activating focused on redesign
mechanorece mechanoreceptor -existing
ptors s reflexology
patents
Muscle - research - no interaction -explore ways to -overload or
Activation supports with other parts activate other parts discomfort of foot
texture of the foot except of the foot such as -ability to
improving for plantar aspect ankle more directly manufacture
muscle -include the whole successfully
activation foot
TEXTURE STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
PLACEMENT
Aesthetics - uniform - boring -tell a story with -dont want it to
design send -very small to the texture placement, look clinical
strong eye make interesting to -do not diminish
branding the eye functionality for
message -more clearly show looks
why texture is
places in certain
areas
Walkability - enhances -sometimes -refine placement -sensation may
ground feel texture can feel areas to high not be liked by
-improves harsh on foot, contact zones such athletes
balance especially low as ball of foot -foot morphology
contact areas may differ a lot
like arch
Fit -uniform -different foot -research foot -ensuring both
34
design allows shapes may morphology comfort and
functionality have slightly -create zoning function
for all foot different system that works
sizes and mechanorecepto for majority of feet
shapes r placement
Mechanorecepto - studies prove - research shows -research types of -make sure
r efficacy of different types of mechanoreceptors combination of
Mapping product mechanorecepto to better reflexology and
enhancing r on different understand how to mechanorecepto
balance/ parts of foot stimulate each kind r doesn’t
Proprioception - does not relate -integrate TCM diminish
etc. to reflexology reflexology system functionality of
TCM at all into mapping each one
Muscle - stimulation of -doesn’t directly -find a way to -dont want to
Activation mechanorecep warm up or integrate activation fatigue foot
tors activates interact with of other parts of the before
muscles muscles of foot foot competition
and ankle - resistance training -need to explore
-balance training best way to
involve lower leg
in an elegant
way
3. Physiclo Resistance Tights
FABRIC STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Aesthetic - look like -not cutting edge -use high-end -cost will likely
regular fabric, more mid brands as increase
leggings range inspiration significantly with
-wicking -no branding -look into use of more high
technology -fabric looks thick innovative knit end materials
-breathable technology and mfg
-ensure appropriate -dont want to
thickness for sports look like
competition lululemon
-need to define
brand image
clearly
Muscle Targeting - general -no dedicated -integrate -kinesio tape
compression proprioception proprioception similar and
of fabric may technology elements like cheaper option
enhance integration silicone to unite -variety of
proprioception ideas anthropometric
-use advanced and
knits to create biomechanics
tension systems needs of athletes
that encourage -creating
specific muscle understanding of
35
movement patterns purpose
Wearability - elastane -no mesh -integrate mesh -elegant solution
blend for paneling for paneling to removing
body-hugging breathability -look at seamless garment seems
effect -designed to be knitting techniques difficult
worn under -find way to remove -convincing
shorts, limits easily for athletes to wear
ability to don/doff competition garment
SILHOUETTE S W O T
Aesthetics - looks like - somewhat -elevate -a million types
regular dated and simple silhouette to of leggings on
compression design more cool, the market
tights -full length tights modern, -creating
-can’t see not in style for high-end desirable
resistance elastic men -¾ length more aesthetic for
elements appropriate male athletes
Muscle Targeting - lower body -only targets -integrate knee -athlete
muscle activation upper leg and calf aspects preference and
is essential to into tights activation needs
athletic -use both may differ greatly
performance resistance and
proprioception
technology
Wearability - easy to wear as -full length -create a better -removing tights
compression silhouette hard to way to remove or elastic
garment under remove from tights prior to -comfort for
shorts underneath game athlete balanced
uniform -create way to with function
wear over -understanding
uniform as a locker room
warm up environment and
garment access to clothes
etc.
ELASTIC S W O T
Aesthetics - not visible, - looks generic -create more -do not want to
hidden by because elastic interesting look clinical or
exterior fabric is hidden geometry for wack
elastic -balance
functionality with
aesthetic
-convincing
athletes to wear
the product
36
Muscle Targeting - targets key - doesn’t target - integrate -dont want to
muscles for lower leg (calf, resistance into fatigue the
explosive ankle etc) lower leg aspect athlete
movements - design to of tights -different needs
(hips, glutes, fatigue muscles or resistance
quads) rather than weights for
activate different athletes
Wearability -low profile -must be worn as -devise way to -needs to be
-light weight base layer, could remove elastic comfortable
pose issues for from garment -some athletes
athletes in prior to may not like
uniform competition sensation
-cannot remove -finding way to
elastic from remove and
garment adjust elastic
4. Intelliskin Posture Tights
FABRIC S W O T
Aesthetic - simple, sporty, - no branding, -elevate -athletes may
goes with somewhat materials choice like simplicity of
everything generic -integrate garment
branding into -dont want to
garment in subtle impede on
elegant way sponsorship
agreements
Muscle Targeting - tension of fabric - no resistance -find way to -do not want
encourages elastic integrate garment to look
efficient movmt integration, limits resistance bands clinical or over
and proper form effectiveness of into garment the top
- different knits muscle activation -allow athletes to
used to induce customize
feelings that resistance areas
encourage and level of
movement tension
patterns
Mobility - articulated -lots of seams -explore -seamless
pattern design which could seamless construction will
with sports in become abrasion construction, be expensive
mind points advanced knits -don’t diminish fit
to eliminate for fabric
seams selection
Breathability -mesh paneling -silicone overlays -conduct sweat -will seamless
in high-sweat could impede mapping to construction
areas for breathability ensure high allow for
improved sweat areas are functional mesh
breathability appropriately paneling
37
ventilated -research
-integrate more finishes and
mesh technology for
breathability
CONTACT PTS S W O T
Aesthetic - not visible from - athlete may not -find way to -other products
exterior of tights know why they subtlety have integrated
are there reference areas similar
of contact points technology
-kinesio tape is
cheaper
alternative
Muscle Targeting - targets key -is shape and -look into -existing patents
muscles in core size optimized discriminability of -will athletes like
and hips for for diff shapes and this sensation?
athletic proprioception sizes of contact -longevity of
improvements points contact points is
unknown
Mobility - low profile so -added layer of -use muscle -might feel
doesn’t impede contact points movement annoying to
movement may negatively patterns to map athletes
influence contact points to -large contact
perception of flow with points may not fit
mobility movements contours of body
Breathability - silicone -silicone is not - explore other -sticky sensation
elements only breathable at all materials options of contact points
used where -silicone -use silicone dots may reduce
necessary sensation may or pattern to perception of
change when allow for breathability
sweaty breathability
SILHOUETTE S W O T
Aesthetic - simple and -generic, looks - use new mfg -sponsorship
sporty like any other technologies to conflicts w
-unbranded so compression elevate branding
no sponsorship tights silhouette -athlete aesthetic
conflict -lack of branding -use subtle preferences may
Lots of visible branding differ or change
seams
(somewhat dated
look)
Muscle Targeting - ¾ length -no resistance -integrate -muscle targeting
targets upper leg elements resistance designed for
and calf elements into ¾ pre-competition
length tights only, find way to
38
-find way to remove it for the
include calf and game
knee -comfort is of
utmost
importance
Mobility - lightweight and -flat lock seams -minimize seams -need to balance
low profile may become in abrasion areas resistance
uncomfortable -explore elements with
seamless proper mobility
construction and
biomechanics
-do not want
athletes to
compensate for
resistance
Breathability - lots of mesh -none really -conduct sweat -mesh can be
integrated mapping and flimsy and may
movement not work with
research to intended
understand functionality
breathability
needs
Product Testing
After exploring areas for improvement from a strategic analysis standpoint, it was
important to gather feedback directly from athletes and conduct testing to establish a
baseline of performance. To measure priming in a consistent and accurate way, I
developed a unique protocol to test each product’s influence on static balance, dynamic
balance, and agility.
As stated in this project’s research section, sensory stimulation is shown to influence the
systems of the human body in profound and significant ways. This study aims to assess
whether specific stimuli administered through existing sports products influences priming in
the test subjects/athletes. For the purpose of this study, priming is defined as preparation
for competition, characterized by improved body control and muscle recruitment. Minimal
research exists that examines priming for elite athletes, especially through the lens of
sensory or tactile stimulation. Most studies of athletic products, including some of the
baseline products to be examined in this study, examine the product use during exercise
rather than before or after. Other related studies have no athletic influence or application,
making this study unique in topic and aim.
The study design tasks subjects with a series of sports-related tests, much like the tests
administered at a physical therapist or sports trainer’s office, both with and without product
intervention. The order of product intervention, including the control state (no intervention)
39
are randomized to minimize data error as the test subjects become more familiar with the
tests.
The objectives of the proposed study include:
- Assess whether products in the priming category aid performance when used in
pre-performance scenarios:
- Does a proprioceptive garment, when used pre-exercise, influence postural
control, balance, or muscle recruitment?
- Does a garment with resistance, when used pre-exercise, influence postural
control, balance, or muscle recruitment?
- Does a textured insole, when used pre-exercise, influence postural control,
balance, or muscle recruitment?
- Does a reflexology slipper when used pre-exercise, influence postural
control, balance, or muscle recruitment?
- Do athletes feel more prepared to compete when they use any of the products in
the priming category?
Products To Test
Testing was performed on the same products on which the SWOT analysis was
conducted. These products were chosen because of their unique stimulation-oriented
attributes as well as their accessibility to the consumer.
Parameters
Location: Due to Covid-19 safety measures and the athletic nature of the tests to be
performed, as well as weather considerations, the tests will be conducted at the covered
basketball courts at Abernethy Elementary School at 2421 SE Orange Ave, Portland, OR
97214.
Subjects: Subjects include 3 males aged 22-26 who train regularly. 2 subjects competed in
Division I Track & Field, all are experienced in basketball and strength training.
Timing: Subjects will be asked to participate in 2 visits lasting approximately 70 minutes in
duration.
40
Fig. 22. Athlete testing overview
The tests performed in the empirical phase of priming tests were derived from common
athletic assessment tests geared towards examination of body control and balance. The
Standing Stork and Star Excursion Balance Tests are typical tests one would experience in
an athletic trainer’s office. The Lateral Hop & Stick is somewhat less common but is
typically used in a sports setting to understand an athlete’s dynamic balance control at a
higher intensity. The second dynamic balance test, an obstacle course, was developed for
the purpose of this study in order to examine agility and body control from another
perspective.
41
Figs 23-24. Athlete testing details
Detailed Protocol
A. Warm Up (5 min)
42
Data Collected: None
Athletes will complete the following warm up while wearing their assigned product (see
chart above)
- 10x forward walking lunge, 10x backwards walking lunge, 10x bodyweight squat, 90
sec brisk walking
B. Standing Stork (5 min)
Data Collected: Time (sec) of successful stand on both left and right feet
Step 1: Athlete will remove product and put on regular clothing
Step 2: Athlete will stand on one leg with their eyes closed in the stork position, tester will
document the amount of time athlete can do so successfully
Step 3: Repeat on the other leg
C. Star Excursion Balance Test (5 min)
Data Collected: Distance (inches) reached in 8 directions on both left and right feet
Step 1: Athlete will stand on one leg in the middle of tape asterisk
Step 2: Prompted by tester, athlete will reach in each direction of the tape with their other
leg as far as they can go without losing balance, tester will document distance reached
Step 3: Repeat on other leg
D. Lateral Hop & Stick (5 min)
Data Collected: Number of errors per 12 hops at 3 distances
Step 1: Two pieces of tape will be positioned parallel at 24” apart
Step 2: Athlete will stand on left leg on left side piece of tape
Step 3: Athlete will hop laterally from left leg to right leg, aiming to land on the right side
piece of tape without losing balance, emphasising sticking the landing
Step 4: Repeat 12 times total (6 each side), tester will document the number of errors
Step 5: Repeat test with tape 36” apart
Step 6: Repeat test with tape 48” apart
E. Obstacle Course (5 min)
Data Collected: Time (sec) to complete, number of errors during test
Step 1: Athlete will be shown obstacle course
Step 2: Athlete will perform obstacle course as quickly as possible without losing balance,
tester will document time to completion and number of errors observed
Consumer Feedback
In addition to the empirical testing protocol, athletes were tasked with completing a survey
to provide subjective data about each product that was tested. This provided details about
the fit and feel of the products, as well as perceived effects on performance. Shown below
is the survey completed by the test subjects
43
Fig. 25. Consumer research overview
A. Pretest Questions
1. Please share your height, weight, and age
2. Have you had any previous injuries?
3. Describe your athletic background and skillset
4. What does the phrase “pre competition priming” mean to you? What comes to mind?
B. Question Set
1. Out of these words, pick two that best describe the sensation of this product:
Painful, Massaging, Relaxing, Overwhelming, Stimulating, Comfortable, Centering,
Confusing
2. How would you rate your comfort level in this product on a scale of 1-10 (1 = least
comfortable)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.  Show on this diagram (diagram of foot) where you feel too much pressure
44
4. Show on this diagram where you would like more pressure
5. Did you feel like this product had any affect, positive or negative, on your performance
in the tests? Describe
6. Have you ever used a product to prepare you for competition or exercise? Explain
7. Would you consider using this product or a similar product before an athletic
performance? Why or why not?
8. What are your biggest complaints about this product? What are your favorite aspects?
(1-2 each)
45
Test Results
Fig. 26. Athlete testing results
The results of the empirical testing showed that objectively, the resistance tights and
posture tights had the strongest positive influence on priming, followed by textured insoles.
The reflexology slides were not consistently better than the control and thus were not
considered as a viable product moving forward.
Fig. 27. Consumer research results
46
The results of the athlete survey showed that the textured insoles and posture tights were
the most comfortable and had the most positive word associations of the group. The
survey also revealed specific areas of improvement within each product.
The results of this benchmark testing was used to begin strategic ideation for a collection
of products that enhance priming in athletes. Based on market research, athlete feedback,
and strategic analysis, the following line plan was developed with the intent to bring
innovative designs to this product market.
Fig. 28. Line plan overview
Ideation Planning
The next phase of the project required in-depth analysis of product weaknesses and
potential solution paths. This process was informed by SWOT analysis, testing results, and
athlete feedback. Below is a strategic ideation plan mapping out potential product solutions
and innovations for each product component.
Product: Footwear for Priming
Part: Footbed
Problem identification I Ideation Path
47
SWOT/ Benchmark: Aesthetics - parametric design
- color selection
- elevate materials selection
SWOT: Targeted Muscle Activation - add texture element for mechanoreceptor activation
- resistance training element
- barefoot training simulation
- balance training integration
- weighted training element
SWOT/ Benchmark: Fit - organic shape
- proper foot encasement
- construct off of last
Consumer: Comfort - material selection for nodes: hard vs soft
- node size & height
- node distribution
SWOT: Reflexology mapping - change node shape & material
- combine reflexology with texture mapping
Part: Strap/Upper
SWOT: Aesthetics - design language to reflect function
- future aesthetic
Consumer: Better fit on foot - sock upper
- overshoe
- clog
- add straps
Part: Midsole
SWOT: Aesthetics - reflect functionality
- not clinical
SWOT: Fit -low to the ground
-zero drop
- allow for toe splay
- activate ankles - > proprioception?
- properly protect and encase foot
Consumer: Flexibility - eliminate midsole to create barefoot feel shoe
- thin flexible midsole
-auxetic midsole
-segmented
Part: Outsole
Outsole currently part of midsole
Consumer: Grip - multisurface grip
- multidirectional
-designed for athletic movements
Product: Garment for Priming
48
Part: Use-Case
SWOT: Define use case - Leading up to competition
- possible overlap into competition
- under uniform (base layer)
- over uniform (warm up)
- hybridized with uniform  -> must evolve from pre game
to during game
Part: Fit
SWOT: Define fit - next to skin
- hybrid integration with uniform
- articulated fit
- adaptive/ transformative
Part: Fabric
SWOT: Aesthetic - state of the art synthetic knit
SWOT: Maintain breathability of - mesh panels
posture tights - perforations
- cut outs
- wicking tech
- minimize layering
SWOT: Targeted muscle activation - resistance elements integrated
- multi-tension knit
- textured elements integrated
- targeted compression
- kt tape/postural type of integration: nonwoven
bemis/interfacing, band overlays
*adaptive resistance:
- mechanical actuator: activated by biometric feedback
(HR, breathing rate, HRV), activated by environmental
changes (moisture, heat)
- active textiles: reactive bacteria coating, heat activated
auxetic materials, stress memory polymeric filaments
SWOT: Comfort - premium compression elastane/poly blend
- minimize excessive layering
- targeted paneling thru body/muscle mapping
- advanced knits
- elastane blend
Part: Elastic Resistance
SWOT: Aesthetics - create more interesting design
- use smaller brands
- web like configuration
- bemis overlays
SWOT/ Consumer: Muscle - targeted to hips
Activation - calves
- combination of resistance and texture
- kt tape inspiration
49
-  nonwoven bemis/interfacing
- band overlays / underlays
* see adaptive resistance
Consumer: Better fit in hips & groin - reduce resistance in groin area
Consumer: Too intense resistance - change type of resistance bands
- thinner bands
-adaptive resistance:
Part: Textured Contact Points
SWOT: Improve Breathability - use a pattern of texture that allows for air flow
- use material for pattern that is breathable
- printed pattern
- adhered pattern
- texture is knit into fabric as pattern
- resin
- thermoformed knit
SWOT: Maintain proprioception - map key areas needed for proprioception
- athlete feedback
Sourcing
The strategic ideation planning helped to narrow the project focus and more concretely
define what materials and components would be necessary to continue on with functional
prototyping. The next step in developing the project was to identify the essential product
components and brainstorm potential sources to acquire the necessary materials.
Priming Shoe
Part Performance Goals Material Where to Source
Outsole -multi- surface traction - Molded Rubber -3d printed mock up
- molded with smooth
on
Midsole none none none
Upper - breathability - engineered knit - tin york
- flexibility - nike scrap
- ryan anderuud
- reclaimed materials
50
Textured elements - foot stimulation -molded silicone -printed onto material
-applied texture - 3d printed solid
piece
Priming Garment
Part Performance Goals Material Where to Source
Base textile - breathability - 3d knit - mill end
- general compression - elastane/poly blend - tin york
-stretch -ryan anderuud
Resistance Elements - adaptive resistance - programmed knit - mock up with 3d
-responsive to body textile knit
heat/moisture -performance knit - get swatch from
MIT
Proprioceptive - tactile surface - resin -3d printed onto
texturing texture for postural -plastic textile
feedback -silicone - applied by hand or
-yarns using stencil
-woven into garment
Thesis Ideation Calendar
After defining the potential materials and ideation paths, a calendar was developed to
define what methods of functional and aesthetic ideation would be used to design the
products. The calendar was used as a tool to manage time and ideation processes in
order to build a proof of concept. The ideation process for these products includes 2d and
3d ideation, industry insights, anatomy studies, and more.
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
2/7 2/8 2/9 2/10 2/11 2/12 2/13
Midterm Midterm Midterm Midterm Break Break
Preview Prep Prep (Speedhack
)
2/14 2/15 2/16 2/17 2/18 2/19 2/20
Break - Shoe: - Garment: - Garment: - Garment: - Garment: Break
mind Silhouette Texture & Swatch Work on 3d
mapping & Muscle ideation: mockups printed
exercise Mapping / (30 ideas, (laser swatches,
texture combo of cutting, send to print
- Call with placement sketch and sleeve idea,
51
alex Ideation substance/pa prepare 3d - Get
(30 Ideas) rametric etc.) print on materials
textile ordered from
- Order - Harvest swatches: ryan
LED lights materials 10-15
from studio ideastotal, 5
- reach out for swatches swatches )
to mentors
Class for follow Class - Call w/
ups Oksana,
MIT mats
2/21 2/22 2/23 2/24 2/25 2/26 2/27
CLO3D - Garment: - Shoe: - Shoe: - Shoe: - Send Break
Independen Narrow footbed Footbed / work on 3d swatches to
Study down functional texture print print
concepts ideation, ideation (30 swatches (5
to top 3 identify ideas, swatches) -Shoe:
core needs Combo of Midsole &
-Order and Form sketch - Midsole & Outsole
additional explore and 3d outsole Ideation
materials / through proto/substa ideation (20
electronics sketch (30 nce) start sketches, 10
if needed ideas) crude
protos)
Class Class
2/28 3/1 3/2 3/3 3/4 3/5 3/6
CLO3D - Shoe: - Shoe: - Shoe: refine - Shoe: - Garment Final
Independen entire Upper upper Refine and shoe: Review
Study underfoot Ideation, ideation (10 visual refine visual Prep
unit sketch ideas) to assets assets
ideation over last w unite with
with diff views rest of shoe
surrogate (40+ concepts
materials ideas)
and crude
protos (10
-15 proto
sketch
hybrid)
3/7 3/8 3/9 3/10
Final Final
Review Review
52
Aesthetic Direction
Fig. 29. Aesthetic moodboard
Fig. 30. Athlete imagery/moodboard
53
Ideation
With a clearly defined aesthetic direction and baseline product research, the ideation
process was focused on designing against key goals. The overarching idea of awakening
the neuromuscular system to properly prime the body to compete remained at the center
of these goals. More specifically, improving muscle recruitment, activating neural
pathways, and enhancing body awareness were concrete goals for product ideation and
development. Based on research, the key methods creating these product attributes was
to integrate muscular resistance and haptic/texture feedback into the products.
Fig. 31. Product goals overview
When taking into consideration the use-case scenarios of products in an elite basketball
setting, it became clear that an athlete’s pre-game rituals did not typically include changing
out of base layer garments to put on a uniform, and most athletes used the same shoes for
before and after competition. Therefore it did not make sense to provide athletes with
products that could only be used before competition but not during.
This sparked a new path in the ideation plan for the project - developing a garment and
shoe that would appropriately prime the athlete before competition yet adapt to their needs
as the body became sufficiently warmed up. Thus the idea of integrating “adaptive”
muscular resistance and textural feedback became an essential aspect to creating a
product that was truly in tune with the mind and body.
54
Technology Integration
A key facet in developing the concept of an adaptive garment was research regarding
responsive materials & textiles. Innovations in responsive design showcase materials
ranging from textiles to architectural facades that change shape or deform based on
environmental factors such as heat and light. These technologies, though not universally
market-ready, are a shining example of the possibilities for the future of sports product
design. Based on research in this field, two key technologies were identified as the most
promising integrations into this thesis project.
1. Shape Memory Polymers
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of “programmed” or “active” polymer that
changes shape when contacting a specific stimulus (Behl & Lendlein, 2007). These
polymers are programmed through mechanical deformation coupled with a stimulus such
as heat and light, thus creating a material that responds to its programmed stimulus. Heat,
moisture, and light are common stimuli programmed for SMPs, though other stimuli such
as electromagnetic waves have been used. Thus far, SMPs are regarded as a promising
innovation in the design of medical devices, aeronautics, and smart textiles (Behl &
Lendlein, 2007).
Original shape Temporary fixed 
shape 
Ambient 
condition 
Recovery 
shape 
Fig. 32. Programming process of Shape-Memory Polymers
The Self-Assembly Lab at MIT, a cross-disciplinary studio of architects, biologists,
chemists, and more, has harnessed the power of SMPs to develop “active textiles,”
moving the needle forward with regard to responsive sportswear. These active textiles
feature traditional yarns woven or knit with SMPs in key areas to create targeted
55
deformation of the garment (Tibbits, 2017). The distribution, orientation, and weave of the
SMPs within the garment dictates endless possibilities of an activated state.
This opens the door to the possibility of developing a garment with active and responsive
resistance. Rather than a garment with constant muscular resistance (and subsequent
fatigue), a garment could provide light resistance as a means of activation that becomes
passive as the body becomes sufficiently warmed up. Using heat and moisture as potential
stimuli for the activation of the textile could allow the athlete to wear the garment both
before and during competition as it adapts to their body.
Fig. 33. Adaptive garment developed by the Self-Assembly Lab at MIT
2. Metamaterials & Origami
The overarching theory of metamaterials is that the mechanical properties of the material
are defined by its structure rather than its composition (Sandalow, 2020). Innovation in the
field of metamaterials has shown increased interest in origami (paper folding) and kirigami
(paper cutting) as a means of creating functional tessellations with unique structural
properties. Specific fold styles and tessellations such as the Ron Resch and Miura Ori
folds have intriguing auxetic and deployment behaviors that have been integrated into load
damping systems, self-deploying structures, and more.
Inspired by the integration of origami into engineering, I was motivated to utilize a variable
texture or tessellation in the project to provide a type of responsive texturing that would
enhance proprioception. By developing a metamaterial inspired by origami and harnessing
the responsive attributes of the SMPs, it is theoretically possible to create a responsive
texture that adapts to the body’s activity.
56
Origami patterns 
t Mechanically 
Test 
Solid 'mo dels .. 
3D 
print ~iliiiaiiiiiii!.lliaii;-
Fig. 34. Application of origami as a load-damping metamaterial
Garment
Ideation for the garment began with anatomical studies of the body in motion, taking into
account the specific muscles used in basketball and the myofascial chains connecting
these muscle groups. In designing a next-to-skin garment, it was important to consider the
comfort needs of the athlete, such as thermoregulation, as well as interfacing with other
gear. During this process, I kept in mind the potential innovation opportunity of integrating
active textiles in order to create adaptive resistance.
Fig. 35-36. Sweat map of the active male body, Primary (orange) &
Stabilizing (yellow) muscles used in basketball
57
Spiral dynamic muscle chains Vertical static muscle chain s 
Stab ilisat ion of movement Stab ili sation at rest 
Fig. 37. Muscle chains of the body
The fascia, and more specifically myofascia, of the body is a network of connective tissue
that encapsulates every muscle in the body much like a scaffolding system. It is never
completely lax nor completely tense, and constantly adapts to maintain a smooth transfer
of energy throughout the body. (Skoyles, 2018) The muscle chains in the figure above are
visualizations of the kinetic pathways created by fascia that facilitates the flow of energy
between muscles. In my ideation process, I drew from these kinetic pathways to properly
map resistance and postural elements onto the athlete’s body.
Fig. 38. Ideation with elastic on athlete test subject
58
Fig. 39. Aesthetic Ideation targeting kinetic chains
Refining the functional prototypes, I defined key areas on the athlete’s body that required
resistance and cross-referenced these patterns with the muscle and fascial studies
conducted at the start of the ideation process. Texture applied to the interior of the garment
in key areas can be added to aid in joint positioning feedback.
Fig. 40. Functional ideation process of garment
59
Fig. 41. Aesthetic ideation process of garment
Engineered Knit 
Compressive , powerful M 
Integrated adaptive text ile zones 
Synthet ic Mesh Panels 
- Enhanced breathabi lity 
- Based off anatomical sw eat maps 
H aptic Over/Underlays 
- Textured interior & exte rior 
- Provides postural feedbac k 
- Increases sense o f resistance 
3/4 Length 
- Better in terfacing with socks/shoes 
Athlete p re ference 
"5'  
Fig. 42. Technical drawing of garment with callouts
60
Mesh - Breathability 
Rib/Heavier Knit - Resistance 
Pertormance Knit - Base Layer 
Fig. 43. Rendering and flat of garment with swatches
The finalized garment is constructed of an engineered knit with a breathable mesh in
high-sweat areas. The key functional zones, defined by my functional ideation, feature a
knit integrated with SMPs to provide adaptive resistance as the body is warming up.
Around the joints, a subtle texture is applied to the interior of the garment to enhance
positional feedback.
Footwear
The ideation process of the footwear portion of the collection was inspired by the
technology overviewed previously in the Ideation section. Research revealed significant
correlations between texture and enhanced positional awareness, as well as the use of
elastic taping to enhance proprioception. I focused my ideation efforts on integrating my
research and technology innovations into the footbed and upper of a performance
basketball shoe, with the goal of providing both priming and performance to the athlete.
61
Receptors SAi SAIi FAI FAIi 
Fig. 44. Distribution of mechanoreceptors in the plantar foot
The footbed of the shoe was particularly important to the goal of priming due to the large
array of mechanoreceptors located on the plantar aspect (bottom) of the foot. These
mechanoreceptors aid in both static and dynamic balance by notifying the body of acute
changes in pressure, skin stretch, and texture (Robbins et al., 1995). In this portion of my
ideation, I focused on integrating a variable or responsive texture into the footbed of the
shoe, inspired by my research in origami and metamaterials. I prototyped variable textures
using kirigami and origami tessellations to find the appropriate texture shape and
deployment style.
Fig. 45. Ideation process of footbed design
62
For the upper of the shoe, I primarily focused on integrating SMP active textile zones to
provide light resistance and enhance positional awareness through tactile feedback. I drew
inspiration from ankle taping, as studies show it enhances positional awareness regardless
of whether the tape restricts motion or not (Robbins et al., 1995). The tape provides
external reference to ankle position, improving the athlete’s perception of their body in
movement and in space.
Fig. 46. Ankle taping methods
Ideation using elastic applied to socks, much like my functional ideation process with the
garment, provided feedback for elastic placement. This ideation was performed on the
athlete, who was tasked with performing dynamic movements so as to gather more
accurate, sport-specific feedback. It was my intention that these areas could be integrated
with SMPs to provide light resistance and feedback just like the garment.
Fig. 47. Dynamic Foot Studies With Elastic
Following these studies, I marked on a last the key areas to target with these resistance
elements in order to mock up a more refined prototype. Rough sketching over the last was
refined as an aesthetic direction took shape and the rest of the shoe was designed.
63
Fig. 48. Rough and refined sketching on shoe last
The compiled research and ideation of the upper shows a refined mockup and the key
influencing factors in its development: ankle taping, anatomy studies, and elastic ideation.
Fig 49. Ideation process for upper design
64
Fig. 50. Aesthetic ideation for shoe
Fig. 51. Exploded view showing key elements of shoe design
65
TPU Upper Cage 
- Conta ins foot for lateral stability 
Circular Knit Upper - Flexes w ith the foot 
- Ligh tweight, socklike fit 
- Integrated adaptive text ile 
- Haptic textu ring in key areas 
Textured Insole 
- Auxel ic structure responds to the f(X)t 
- St imulates mechanoreceptor zones 
"Overlasted " Outsole 
F~ounded, ergonomic geometry 
- Traction during intense latera l moves 
Pebax Midsole 
- H igh rebound ror enhanced bounce 
- Lightweight & responsive 
Midfoot Carbon Shank 
- Improved responsiveness 
Lightweight 
Rubber O utso le 
- Multidirectional traction patlern 
- Weight reducing anatomical cutouts 
0 
N 
0 
Fig. 52. Technical drawing of shoe with callouts
The finalized shoe features a circular knit upper with integrated SMP zones, overlaid with a
TPU cage for proper foot containment. Within the shoe, a textured footbed inspired by the
Ron Resch triangle tessellation provides variable texture to the foot. The midsole is a
high-rebound pebax foam with a durable rubber outsole for traction on-court.
Fig. 53. Rendering of final shoe concept
66
Testing & Validation
The testing and validation protocol for the completed garments will be performed using a
FLIR thermal imaging camera in order to assess whether the product activates muscles
and warms up the body more than traditional compression garments. The FLIR camera
gives a clear visual reference to compare the products for this preliminary validation. We
anticipate a 10% increase in muscles activation and neuromuscular priming, measured by
the change in temperature between control and test subject thermal imaging.
67
PHASE III: Product Creation & Launch
68
Overview
This final phase of the Graduate Thesis Project involved developing & delivering a
functional prototype & compelling consumer experience to potential users. Given the
10-week allotted time frame, I chose to focus my efforts on developing the apparel
component of the project. The line plan of this project has been distilled to include a ¾
length tight, compression top, & shooting sleeve specific to basketball.
Technologies
The previous phase of the project, two specific technologies were pinpointed as the most
feasible and functional to apply to this garment. These technologies aim to facilitate two
primary functions: muscular resistance and proprioceptive feedback. First, adaptive textiles
with integrated shape-memory polymeric yarns allow fabrics to change shape in response
to external stimuli. This technology can be applied to create adaptive resistance, in which
SMP yarns integrated into a fabric tighten and loosen to provide resistance when the body
needs it, and diminishes as the body becomes sufficiently primed. Next-to-skin texturing,
vetted and used primarily in clinical applications such as physical therapy, is shown to
improve joint awareness and proprioception. This technology has not yet been widely
utilized in the sports product arena but is extremely promising.
Body Mapping
The myofascial studies completed in Phase II informed the body mapping of the two
specific technologies, adaptive resistance and next-to skin texturing. The figures below
show the complete body mapping of each of these technologies, as well as a combined
body map .
69
I 
Fig. 54. Body mapping of adaptive resistance (red) and next-to-skin texturing (yellow)
Fig. 55. Combined body mapping of adaptive resistance (red) and next to skin texturing
(yellow)
Manufacturing
The intended construction of the garment is an engineered knit with shape memory
polymer yarns integrated into the knit construction. The following documents show
preliminary knit zoning to be communicated to a knit factory on flatbed knitting machines.
Below is a mockup of a technical knit package that would be delivered to the factory.
70
GARMENT DIMENSIONS 
MEN'S ENGINEERED KNIT COMPRESSION TOP 
SLEEVE..  (LEFT) 
SHIRT. .F RONT SH IRT. .B ACK 
C fRONTWAISTQ ~/..RROWESll'Ol<l 
D FRO>ITOPENWO(Fl>,T} 
'F  FRQtfTNECKORDP 
G IE<:~O-w,OTH 
H FROITT-=lENIJTH 
I t.t<Cl!aAARML.la>fGTH 
J >IB:l<U,ll;S&,l,OONSlEE'-'E 
J',j S,.C~W,OTHCUNOEAARMSf:. .... 
0 BACKW...,STO-STPO<NT 
p 8-.c~OPENlNG ifLAI) 
GARMENT DIMENSIONS 
MEN'S ENGINEERED KNIT 3/4 COMPRESSION TIGHT 
JAQUARD WAISTBAND ► 
PANT LE.G.  (RIGHT) CROTCH. .G USSET PANT LE.G.  (LEFT) 
3 BACKCROTCffiNOW.oJSIBN<Oo 
4 FAONTSEAM(NOWAISIBNlll l 
5 C£NT£/IFRCWTCROICtHENGTH(N:lWAlST!IMl'.li 9.S· 
~ LEGOPENING 
7~, 
__!_~CHGU6SETBOTTOM 
10 CR01C ~ G<JSSETSI0ELENGlH l'IOW,t,1$TV.1<0) 
11 THIGHOPEMNGCl"CVMFER.EliCE QCROTCH&EM< 
12 WAISTEW<OlENGTH 
13 WAISTB.I.NOv.ETH 
Figs. 56-57. Technical flat knit pattern pieces
71
KNIT MAP 
MEN'S ENGINEERED KN IT COMPRESSION TOP 
SLEEVE (LEFT) 
SLE,E. VE (RIGHT) 
SHIRT, .F RONT SHIRT, .B ACK 
C 
D 
A 
KNIT MAP 
MEN'S ENGINEERED KNIT 3/4 COMPRESSION TIGHT 
JAQUARD WAISTBAND ► 
PANT LE,G.  (RIGHT) CROTCH, .G USSET PANT LE,G.  (LEFT) 
A 
Figs. 58-59. Color-coded knit schematic
72
KNIT REFERENCE IMAGES 
MEN'S ENGINEERED KNIT COMPRESSION GARMENTS 
A 
l.llCli:OPIQUEOR 
..ERSEYFit.CEKNIT 
(PE=~~':"'~~ASE 
COMPRESSION) 
B 
C B 
(VENTI.AT~li 
BREArHABLlf'IJ 
D 
B 
C 
A 
D 
Fig. 60. Engineered Knit Reference Images
Prototyping
The prototyping process focused on the application of texturing on the interior of a garment
and achieving a proper compression fit for the garments in general. The methods used in
this prototyping phase included 3d printing directly onto fabric, as well as using heat
transfer vinyl with 3d puff properties.
Fig. 61. Prototype samples of next to skin texturing
73
To achieve proper fit and compression on the athlete’s body, multiple fittings and rounds of
prototyping were needed. Challenges included fitting the chest and armscye properly, as
well as reducing bunching at the back of the neck.
Figs. 62-63. Prototyping to improve garment fit
Final Prototypes
74
Figs. 64-67. Final garment prototypes on fit model
Packaging
Packaging and ecommerce mockups for this product balance existing design language
and familiarity with new & playful features. The website keeps in line with existing sports
product ecommerce sites, in which the product is showcased in an athletic setting, while
the unique technology within the garment is featured in the copy below.
Packaging mockups depart from traditional sports packaging in order to showcase the
unique technology of the product and set the brand apart from others in the market. The
resealable packaging features a clear window in which the consumer can see the
specialized adaptive yarns directly on the product. On the reverse, information about this
cutting-edge technology is shown to help the consumer understand why this product is
unique and innovative.
75
STA S I~ Men Women Youth Prime Recover Sports Q. l1J 
Men I Prime / Tops 
Men's STASIS Basketball 
CompressionT ank 
$120 .0 0 
Black/ Fire 
• • 
&NIM 16Mll'I::& Es++ M 
B ffiiiHE Add to Wishlist 
De scriptio n 
The Mure of performance is here 
Prime your body for gameday with the Men's Basketball Compression Tank by STASIS, featuring 
cutting edge N EUROKNIT technology. Developed by researchers from M .I.T. and t he University 
of Oregon, NEUROKNff provides resistance to your muscles as your warm up to increase 
activation of essential kinetic chains , making you quick, explosive, and more efficient. 
Figs. 68. Ecommerce mockup
Figs. 69. Packaging mockup
Validation
Using the FLIR thermal imaging camera, I assessed the performance of the STASIS
garment collection as compared to Nike Dri-Fit compression, a popular current choice for
76
basketball athletes. The results show a 2 degree increase in temperature in the trunk of
the body, with markedly increased activation in the pectoral and abdominal areas, key
zones for muscle stabilization and posture control. This calculates as approximately 7%
increase in muscle activation, close to the anticipated 10%, but more tests are needed to
achieve further validation.
.
Figs. 70-71. Validation testing using FLIR thermal imaging
77
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Springfield College. Retrieved November 9, 2020, from
https://springfield.edu/where-basketball-was-invented-the-birthplace-of-basketball
Steinberg, N., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Karin, J., & Tirosh, O. (2016, January). The
effect of textured ballet shoe insoles on ankle proprioception in dancers. Physical
Therapy in Sport, 17, 38-44. 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.04.001
Stojanovic, E., Stojiljkovic, N., Scanlan, A. T., Dalbo, V. J., Berkelmans, D. M., & Milanovic,
Z. (2018). The Activity Demands and Physiological Responses Encountered During
Basketball Match-Play: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 111-135.
PubMed. 10.1007/s40279-017-0794-z
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86
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Appendix A - Patent Landscape
Weighted Blankets:
- US9833509B2 (Bioceramic Compositions and Biomodulatory Uses Thereof)
I 111111111111111111111 lllll 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 IIII IIII 
US009833509B2 
( 12> United States Patent (JO) Patent No.: US 9,833,509 B2 
Vissman et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 5, 2017 
(54) HI OCERAMIC COMPOSITIONS AND (S8) Fi<' ld of C lassitica ti on S<'a rch 
BIOMODULATORY USES THEREOF PC ....... 83213 1/02 ; YIOT 428/1352; A41 0 1/00; 
A6IK 33/00; A6 IK 33/08 ; C04ll 33/04; 
(71) Applicant: Multiple [ m.' r<JY Tcchnologh.-s LLC, A6IN 5/0613; A6 1M  21/02 
Washington. PA (US) See application file for complete search his1ory. 
(72) Inventors: Shannon Viss man, Upper St. Clair, PA 
(US); Francisco J ose Cldral-Fllho, (56) References Cited 
Washington. PA (US); Francisco de U.S. PAll, NT DOCUMENTS 
Paula Morein, FlorianOpolis (BR); 
S1e,•l' n Midttun. Boca Raton. FL (US) 2,929.414 A 3/1960 l. icnhard 
3.969.SS I A 7/1976 Ellswonh 
(73) Assignee: MULTIPLE ENERGY (Conlinucd) 
TECHNOLOGIES LLC. Washington. 
PA (US) FOREIGN PArENT DOCUMENTS 
( •) Not ice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term o ftlti s BR PJ0801804 A2 2/2009 
patent is extended or adjus100. under 35 BR 10805782 A2 8/20IO 
U. S.C. I 54(b) by O days. (Conl inucd) 
(2 I) Appl. No., 14n 02,467 OTHER PUBLICATIONS 
(22) F;ledc May I, 2015 Aus1ralian Paten, Applic:uion ~O- 201 3323956 Examincr"s Report 
No. 3 da1cd Jan. 22. 2016. 
(65) Prio r Publication Data (Conlinucd) 
US 2015/0335742 Al Nov. 26, 2015 
Prinwry Examiner - Marc A Pa tterson 
Rcl:1tcd U.S. Application Data (74) Allorney, Agent, or Firm - Wilson Sonsini Goodrich 
(60) Prov ision.-il application No. 62/1 15.567, filed on Peb. & Rosati 
12, 20 15. provisional applicalion No. 6 2/064.939, 
(Continued) (57) 1\HSTRACT 
(51) ln1. C I. The subjcc1 matter described herein is directed to ar1icles, 
83211 1/0] (2006.0 1) composi1ions, systems, and methods of using and preparing 
A61K 41/00 (2006.0 1) bioceramic composi1ions and 10 the bioceramic composi-
(Continued) l'ions. A bioceramic composition of the disclosure radia1cs 
(52) U.S.CI. infrared energy or mys and can be used in the tremment of 
CPC. A61K 41/0051 (2013 .01 ); A 6/K 31/00 various conditions. 
(201 3.01 ); A6JK JJ/08 (201 3.01 ); 
(Continued) 15 C htims, 5 1 Drawing Sheds 
87
- US20040225049A1 (Composition for Far Infrared Irradiation with Excellent Antistatic
Property and Fiber and Textile Product Both Containing the Same)
1111111111111111 IIIIII IIIII 11111111111111111111111111111111111 IIIII 11111111111111111111111 
US 20040043209A1  
(19) United States 
( 12J Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0043209 Al 
Schnurcr ct al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 4, 2004 
(54) POLYMERIC FmER COMPOSITION AND Publica tion Classification 
METHOD 
(SJ) lot. Cl.' . .. ...................... 8328 5/16 
(76) Inventors: John H. Schnu rer, Yellow Springs, 0 1-1 
(US); Robert Michael KJcin, Los (52) U.S. Cl. .......................................... 428/327; 428/328 
Angeles, CA (US); David Dru 
Horinck, Camarillo, CA (US) 
Correspondence A ddress: (57) ABSTRACT 
Rachele Wittwer 
!RELL & MANELLA LLP 
Suite 900 The present invention generally relates to specific combi-
1800 Ave nue of the Stars nations of acLive part icles. form ing a powder, that ma y be 
Los Angeles, CA 90067 (US) combined wilh carrier materials such as resins 10 produce 
fibers fo r textiles, fi lms, coa tings, and'or protective or insu-
(21) Appl. No.: l0/396,131 la1ing ma terials. The specific mixture of particles and ma1e-
(22) Filed: Mar. 24, 2003 rials may be ca reful ly engi neered to impart unique and 
val uable properties to end products including integra tion 
Related U.S. Applicat ion Data with opt ical energies, heat, and other electro magnet ic ener-
gies. Resu lt ant compositions may interact with light in the 
(60) Provisional appl icat ion No. 60/366,237, filed on Mar. visible spec1rum and op1ical and electromagnetic energy 
22, 2002. beyond the visible spectru m. 
- US20200238045A1 (Therapeutic Blanket)
11111 1111111111 IIIIII IIIII 111111111 111 lllll llll 111 1111111111111111111111 
US 20200238045A I 
<"l United States 
<"l Patent Application Publication <••i Pub. No.: US 2020/0238045 A l 
Pacheco (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 30, 2020 
(54) THERA PEUTIC 81..A~K F.T Puhll ct1 flon Classlfin 1ion 
(7 1) Applicant: Ca p<l' M,lc Sensory Products, LLC, (5 1) Int.Cl. 
Winona Lal:..,. IN (US) A6JM 11/00 (2006.01 ) 
A47G 9101 (2006.01 ) 
(72) lnv,,ntor: M11m11 G. Pacheco. Winona Laki.,, IN A47G 9/0fl (2006.01 ) 300 
(US) A6JM 11101 (2006.01 ) 
(52) LJ_<; ,Cl. 
(73) Assigm.·c· Capt'1\hk Srnsory Prodeut«, LLC. ere A 6JM 11/00 (2013.0l ); A-17G 9/0113 
Wioona Lake. IN (US) (20!3.01): A6JM 1105/0105 (20 13.01 ); A6JM 
11/01 (20 13.01 ) : M/M !O!ll(l(J!l (2013.01): 
(2 1) Appl. No .: 16/845,S45 M7G 9/007 (2013.01) 
(22) Filed Apr.1 0.2020 
(57) A HSTRACT 
Related U.S. Application Dal~ 
(63) Continuation-in-pan of application No. 15nOl ,762, 
A therapeutic blanke1 including first and second olffcr layers 
filed on Sep. 12, 2017, now Pat No. 10,6 17,158, 
is a that are attached together, and an internal matri1tof generally which rominuation-in-part o r application No. 
~~ual siz,:d cells. Each cell containing a mcasun.-d weight~-d 
14/693.958. fikd 011 Apr. 23. 2015. now alxuidonlxl. 
mass. the mass being held within the respective cell. lbe 
(60) Provisiorn,1 appl ication No. 62/001.445, filed on May matrix being secured to the firsl and second 0111cr layers 
21. 2014 along an outer pcrimct~·r of the blanket. 
- US20200255791A1 (Layered Yarn and Weighted Blanket for Deep Pressure Therapy)
88
I1 1111 IHI II IIIIII IIIIII III IIH1 111 IIIII IIIII IIIII IIII IIIII IIII IIIIII 1111111 1111 
US 20200l5579JAI 
<"l United States 
(12J Patent Application Publication c1 01 Pub. No. : US 2020/01 55791 AI 
Hamm (43) Pub. Date: May 21 , 2020 
(54) L, \YEREO YARN AND WEIGIITEO (52) U.S. CI. 
BLANKET J,'OR DEl-: P PRESSURE TIIERAP\' Cl'C ............... A6JM ll/Vl (2013.0 1); 1Jf!4H 1111 
(201 3.01 ); 116/M 10]1/0022 (20 13.01); DfJ.111 
(71 ) Applicant: Kelhrln Hamm. Nufringcn (DE) 11110 (20 13.01); l)04H 31/00 (2013.01) 
(57) ARSTHACT 
(72) lnvcncor: K111hrln I.hmm, Nufringcn (DE) 
Discloiit.-d is a weiglw. -. d mmcriul thm is oonfi11, urcd to 
clfoctuate dcq> pressure therapy 10 a person when a piece o f 
(21 ) Appl. No.: 16/ l 9J,792 the weighKU m:,1crial is used as a blankci over the person's 
body. A length of layl.'TW yarn i, illll'l'"looped 10 fonn the 
pi.'.CC o f wcightt.o.d ma1erial. 1k laycn."<I y11m incl udes 11n 
(22) Filed: No\'. 16, 201il outer tube e:rucnding longi111din.1l1)• from :, first end 10 :1 
st-cond <.'!ld . 111c outer ,ube dcfin<.-s a condui1 <.-xtcndi11g 
longimdinally thercthrough from the lirst ,:iid to the sl'Cond 
Publkadon Cl11ssification end. A plurnli ty of inner layers of lllit1crill1 ,1rc disposed 
within the conduit and c:<!cnd longitudimlly from the first 
(51 ) Int.C l. end 10 the second end. The interloopt.o.d length of yum. by 
A61M 21/02 (2006.01) itself. is configured 1100 1mOkicmly weight<.'d to c!!CC1t1mc 
DfJ.IB 1121 (2006.01) d<.-cp pressure 1hcmpy to a pcr.i()ll when the blankL1 lies over 
/)()4fl 31/00 (2006.0 1) the pcrson·s body. Various other systems mid methods arc 
004111//10 (2006.01) also disclosed 
20 12 
~ ·-· ·r 
\6 
,--100 ,--,oo 
10 
10 
FIG. 4 
FIG. 3 
- US20200196685A1 (Wearable Blanket with Distributed Weight System)
89
11111 111111111I ii 111  IIU1 111 111111111~1111111111111111111111111111111 
US202001 96685A I 
'"' United States 
,,,, Patent Application Publication ' '°' Pub. No. , US 2020/0196685 Al 
Willia ms (43J Pub. Dale: Jun. 25, 2020 
(54) W):A llt\nu: IILA,\;KET wrrn {S2) U.S. C I. 
DISTmnu n :o WEIGHT SVSTE'.\I Cl'C ................ A-1/D 11/00 (20 13.0 1); A-17(; 9/f/J 
{201l.0l): AJ7G 'J/t/111 (2013.0 1) 
(71) Applkam: 'fan Willi""'•• l);invillc, CA (US) 
(S7) ,\HSTIUC'I' 
(72) lnvcmor: Twra WIiiiam~, Danville, CA (US) A wearable bbnkl-t with a di1tribu1~'Cl weight •~sl~•n for 
providing gcn1lc and ,oorhing "cigh1 on an in fo m• ~ body 
(21) Appl. No.: 16/664.9-1 1 1>·i1hou1 excess ive pressure with optional swaddling wings 
1ha1 arc n:movably atwchcd m the "'carablc blnnh1. The 
(22) Filed Oc1.?7, ?II I\I "'·earnblc blanker has an army of subpanels conrnining 
weight or pll$sure-inducing materi al thal can be adjustc.J 10 
provide evenly .Jis1ributl-d weight throughout 1hc fro nt panel 
H;dwl~d US. Applk wtlo11 Dwla of rhe wearnblc ganncm or cm11c a weigh1 grn.Jicm 10 
(60) Provisional application No. 621783.l!,ll, fdcd on O...C . provide more focused weighted support lO particular arcas of 
20. 2-018. the "''carnblc blankcr dcy,cndingon 1hc physical or medical 
nc..-d of the wearl-r. The subpand s are co rn partmcur:,li icd 
l'uhlkarlon (Jas,; ificwl lon and scp;,r:;ncd from one nnothl.'1' 10 pn,vcnl undc,.irublc 
mowmcnt or accumulat ion of Wl~gh<.-d m.atc·rial ,uxl may 
(Sl ) Int.Cl. include iooiv iclu:d pouchl-s orconrain<.,n;to ho ld thc"'ci)!IH 
M IO ll/00 (2006.01) or pressure-inducing ma1eri:1I !hill allows for eustomiwtion 
A,17(,' l)/01 (2006.01) and adjustD1<~11 of any of a numb..'1' of 1he subpands lhal 
t147<;1JJ(J.J (2006.0l ) constilrn c thcd istributcdw<.~g!nsysicm. 
Footwear:
- USD621594S (Sandal)
I1 11111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111 1111 
US00D62!594S 
( 12) United States Design Patent (10) Patent No., us D621 ,594 s 
Diaz (45) Date of Patent: .,,. Aug.17, 2010 
(54) SA,'\'DAL DS54.838 S • l l/2007 McCla.kie 
DSSS .881 S • 11/2007 l..congctol . 
(75) lm·cntor· Ju n ,\nt.,nio Diu , take Oswego, OR 
D562.535 S • 212008 Giorgio D219 16 
(US) 
ll S64.7J4S • 1)2,916 
(71) Assignre: White Waler En1erp r lses t.l ,C . Hui! DS6S.28SS • 1)2J95J 
MA (US) D571.087 S • [)l,95J 
1) 574. 134 S • 8/2008 l'cc rie 
( 0 ) Tm n 14 Yun DSTT.184 S • 
(21) Appl.No.: 2'.l/3S7.291 
(22) Filed: Mu.10.201 0 
(51) .. .... ........... .......... .... .. .. ... ... .... ..... . 02-01 (Cominued) 
(52) D2r")SJ: D2/9 16; D2/951 l'rimary Examiner Celia A Murphy 
(51!) fld dofCla,sitic,. ri.,u S,,.~n.:h . 1)2/916, (74) A/lorn,_,,, Agcm, or Firm Sunstein Kann Murphy & 
D21947. 949. 95 1. 952. 951. 957. 959. 960: rimbcrsLU' 
025/153. 156; 36t31J.22R.24.5. 25R. 
16/67 A. 59 C. 103 (57 ) 
Sec application tile for compk1c search history. 
llic o rna memal design for a Sl'lndal. assho.,,n and described 
(56) Rcfr n,ncesCiled 
U.S. l'AT ENT IXX::UMENTS 
l)i,:scRJP'l'ION 
0269.305 S • 611983 Naho~1 al ........ ....... D29/916 
1)290.543 S • 611987 %nk~rs ... . 1)21953 
S.l80.6al ,, • l/1994 Bu1kc1 al ... .. 36128 FIG. 1 is an uppcrpcrsp1...::t ivc view of a s:mtlal showing my 
D364.497S • 1111995 Schelling.. ..Dl/\116 dl~ ign: 
l>ll 6. 126S • l l/1999Jimcf\C';. ............. ..... . D2/960 
D41 8.662S • 112000 0<.'Jgm;tns ... .... 0 219!6 FIG. 2 is a lower perspective v iew ofrhe sand:il of FIG. I ; 
1>!24.2/!7 S • 512000 E,tw, nh. .D2/957 FIG . .l  is a bouom pion view of the sandal of FIG. I; 
J).4 25.689 S • Sl2000Jann.nict al 1)2195,6 FIG. J is:, top plan vio..·w of ll,c !ulntlal ofl'JG. I ; 
l>l J4.206S • 1(120001.krn,'lldini . . 021919 
1>164.474 S • 10'2002 Swift .... .. ..... .... ....... D2/902 FIG. 5 is ri ~h1 side cl,:,oi lion:i l vi<.w oft l"' •antl:il of FJG. l ; 
D474.580 S • 512003 Poll:i,;1rc\li ........ ... .... 1)2/907 FIG. 6 is left side ck..,·mion:11 view of the sandal of FIG. I ; 
D481.200 S • 10'200J lkllc'Yctal D21947 
1>!82. 187 S • 1112003 McClaslcic ............ . Dll960 FIG. 7 is o fro nt ck.-votional vi(..-w of t he !iilndal ofFlG. I ; nnd, 
D482.8S2 S • 12/2003 lklky ,:ul D21957 FIG. 8 is a rcarcl1.-v;itional vi~w uf1hc .:mdal of FIG. I . 
D485.97J S • 2/2004 )..la1,1ro .. .... .... .... ....... . D21916 
D490.22J S • S/2004 Edau"' .................... 02/908 Stror,s ofrhc snndal ore ~hown in broken lin.c for illu11rotive 
1>!99.236 S • 12/2004 Magr<>ctal 02/9 16 purposl'Sonly nnd form oo part ofthcdaimcddcsign 
l}S2H.7H S • 912006 lo«kr 
DSJ0.063 S • 10/2006 Issler .. ............. ..... ... D2/9 16 1 C laim. 4 Drawi ng Shrrtli 
- KR200431316Y1 (Footgear and Insole for Performing Acupressure)
90
Abstract: The present invention relates to acupressure shoes and insoles, in acupressure shoes such as
slippers, sandals, shoes, sneakers having acupressure function, a number of acupressure protrusions for acupressure
the sole of the foot protrudes by the elastic force from the bottom surface. Therefore, the present invention provides
continuous acupressure on the sole of the foot according to the weight or movement of the user, and the acupressure
protrusion protruding by the elastic force stimulates the acupoints at any time when worn, thereby promoting blood
circulation and releasing fatigue. It has the effect of acupressure, promotes blood circulation due to magnetism, helps the
discharge of waste products in the body, and it contains nanosilver, which is hygienic to human body through sterilization
and antibacterial action of harmful bacteria such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. In addition to causing the air flow by the
lifting of the foot sole to minimize the area in contact with the bottom surface is excellent in athlete's foot prevention, and
has the effect of easily controlling the size of the pressure on the sole.
120 l21 
121 •- . ··• 120 
0 
110 
110 
130 
143 
- KR100732496B1 (Shoes for Acupressure)
Abstract: The present invention drills acupressure hole in the sole of the shoe to correspond to the position of the foot
reflexes and inserts a shiatsu rod into it so that effective acupressure can be achieved without direct stimulation to the
sole for acupressure for activating the overall system function of the human body It's about shoes.Acupressure shoe
according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a shiatsu hole formed in the midsole and the
outsole, and a shiatsu rod fitted in the acupressure hole in a normal shoe composed of an upper part, an insole and an
outsole part.Therefore, according to the present invention, the acupressure hole is inserted into the sole of the shoe and
the acupressure rod is inserted therein to make the effective acupressure without applying a direct stimulus to the sole
and at the same time the acupressure rod has excellent elasticity and resilience and excellent shock absorption ability. It
is made of gel material, so there is no pain or discomfort even for a long time, and it has an excellent effect such that
anyone can use it without any objection.
30 
50 
35 
91
- JP3103838U (Shiatsu Slippers)
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a Shiatsu slipper which has been conventionally used, in which a Shiatsu which
can be shiatsu is formed only on one surface of an inner bottom, and various Shiatsu tools cannot be selectively used,
and various Shiatsu tools are used. There was the problem that one had to purchase individual shiatsu slippers in order
to do so.
SOLUTION: An inner bottom 5 in which acupoint acupressure tool 2 provided with acupressure projection 1 and
semicircular acupressure tool 4 provided with acupressure needle 3 are formed on each side, acupressure projection 1 ',
coupling tool 6, and coupling tool through hole. 7 are provided, and a semicircular acupressure tool 4 provided with an
acupressure needle 3 is formed on one surface of the inner sole 5 ', and a semicircular projection 10 is formed on the
other surface. So that the semicircular acupressure tool 4 and the semicircular projection 10 can be selectively used, or
the acupoint acupressure tool 2 provided with the acupressure projection 1 on one surface of the inner bottom 5 ″. A
semicircular projection 10 was formed on the surface so that the acupoint acupressure tool 4 and the semicircular
projection 10 could be selectively used.
8' 
5 
- US20180243166A1 (Proprioceptor Stimulation Material)
1111111111111111 IIIIII IIIII 111111111111111 111111111111111 11111 llll 111111111111111 11111111 
US20 \8 0243\66AI 
<1•J United States 
<"l Patent Application Publication (JO) Pub. No.: US 2018/0243166 Al 
Splicha l el al. (43) Pub. Dale: Aug . 30, 2018 
(54) PROl' lUOCEPTOR STIM ULATION (52) U.S. Cl. 
MATEIU.<\L CPC .. A6lll 19/00 (2013.01): A4JB 171006 
(2013.01 ); A43/J / /0018 (2013.0I ): A638 
(71 ) Applicant: Naboso Tl'chnology, LLC, Hoboken. 111403 7 (2015.10) 
NJ (US) 
(72) Inventors: Emily Splichal, Hoboken. NJ (US); (57) AllSTRACT 
Mauricio Delgado, San Anselmo. CA 
(US) A proprioceptor stimulation material includes a plurality of 
pyramid-shaped nodc:.-s that may be an-Jngcd to stimulate 
(2 1) Appl. No.: 15/44 1,553 small nerve proprioccptors in a user. The plura li ty of nodes 
may be arranged in diamond-shaped panems and may 
(22) Filed: Fl'b. 24, 2017 s1imulate small nerves in a user. The material may provide 
a panem and/or texture that may stabilize a user's balance. 
Publication C lassification The materia l may also provide fric1ion when pressure may 
(5 1) Int. CJ. be applied from the user on the plura lity of pyramid-shaped 
A6/IJ 19100 (2006.01) m:xlcs. ll1e material and/or the plurality of pyramid-shaped 
A61H 21/00 (2006.0 1) nodes may provide a hartlm..'Ss th.11 may activate a user's 
A41B J/ 00 (2006.0 1) nerves. Funher, the materia l may rctloct and absorb vibra-
A41H 17/00 (2006.01) tion external to the material. 
- US8051582B2 (Medially or Laterally Textured Footbed)
92
Ill lll llllllll 111 11111111111111111111111111111111 
US008051582B2 
'"' United States Patent (10) Patent No. : US 8,051 ,582 B2 140 
Nurse el a l. (45) Date or Patent: *Nov. 8, 20 11 ,__; 
(54) M U)l,\ I. I.Y OH. I.AH :H.ALI .Y TKXTUIU'. ll 
FOOTIIED :::~:~: 1 :::~~ !=~:~=ki 4,372.057 A • 2/19!0 Sielso.'O  ... .................., . :J.&10 (75) ln\lffltors: i\huh ew Anthony 11o'une.Lal::c ::~!;~ ~ :::~~ 
Osw~'!lu,OH (US): i\lHrlo,\. 4.841M7 A 6/19W 'l'unt<Z 
L aFor1une , Tigard. OR (US) 5.551.173 ,., 9119'96 a ...m . .. 
S.SSJ.399 A• 911996 S,rong 
5.¼1.989 A 10/1996 La rsen 
(73) Assignee /'i lKE. Inc .. [kawrton. OR (US) 
(Continued) 
( •) No1ice Suhj(-ct to any disd ai mcr. the tcrm oftltis 
pa\Cnl is e~tmood or adjustl-d .,n&,r35 
U.S.C. 154(b)by0days 
((',0ntinucd) 
11,i, palcnt is subject 10 a lcnn inal dis-
claimer 
(21) Appl Noc 12/ll29.519 
(22) Filc<I J ul.2.201 0 
(Continued ) 
(65) 
US2010.10269244AI Ocl.28,2010 l'rin,ary Hmminer - TOO K,wanausJ, 
(74) A11cw,,.,,, Agent, or Arn, - Banner & Wilcoff. Ltcl 
!Mated U.S. Ap p llntlon Da ta 
(62) Division of arrlicationNo.11/420.572.fl!cd onMay (57) 
26. 2006. now Pat. No. 7.765,719 1'001bcds(e.g .• inf001wc-a r,,od,s,clc.)forcngaginguplan18r 
surfottofa,..•cam·'1f001inch>dconcofthclatcral orml-dial 
(5 1) ln1. C1. sides h.l\' inga smooth or substan1i ally smooth foel or S11rfucc 
MJ/1/J/J~ (2006.0l ) while !hcorrositc side lms a 1extun.-d f""'lor&w-face.e.g .. b)' 
(52) U.S. CI. 3fil25 1t 36J43;361144 pruvidingpluml miscd are,is Iha! ,lcrinc lhet~'Xlun.-d foelur 
(58) Fk•ld nfCl11ssltie>1 l lo 11 S.,>1n: II 31V25 II: ,u,focc. Dcpcoding on 1he location of the lc:icturing (\a1cr.,l 
36143. 144.44.]40.141.143 sklc or medial sklc) aodlor the•~ of ambulatory actr.·ity 
Sc,,applicationfilcforC<!mplc1<,!'<'ardiltistOI')' (e.g .. rwmingorwalk ing). lowercxtn:mity ,oo,·,,men1 durini, 
th;,activitymaybcaffoctc...t, c .g., ton....tocepn>nation,n.'<llx:;, 
(56) llefeN'nce< C l1e d maximum cvcrsion. roduc;, rcarfo01 range of mm ion. !\.-duce 
cvcrsionvclocilr,rcdllC'Cplantarflcxionwhcnpushingoff 
duringastcp,rcduccinvcr,;ionathcdstril:c.rcducccv,:rsion 
2.139.971 A 12/1938 P»·a rang;, o f motion. reduce ma~inuun intc-oial tibial rotalian, to 
3.757,774 A 91197ll!an,,.,, incrcasesrnbili1yduringcuttingmo1ions.c1c. 
::m:i:~ 5/1977Sh>mu 711 977 l'ukooka 24 <:l~ini,. 10 Dr.- win~ Sh~cb 
- US8540654B2 (Therapeutic Massage Sock)
I 111111111111111111111111111111111111 IIIII 111111111111111 IIIIII IIII IIII IIII 
US008540654B2 
<"> United States Patent ( IO) Patent No.: US 8,540,654 B2 
Davis (45) Date of Patent : Sep. 24, 2013 
(54) TH ERAPEUTIC 1\.1ASS,\GE SOC K 5.806.208 A • 9/ 1998 French ............................ . 36128 
5.846.063 A 12/1998 ukic 
(76) Inventor: Reg ina ld J . D avis. Cockeysville. MD 6 .409.691 Bl 6/2002 Dakin a al. 
6,589. 194 Hl 7/2003 Caldc ronctal 
(US) 6,945.944 1}2 • 9/2005 Kuiper cl al ............... 602/ 13 
7.094.212 82• 8/2006 Karason ct al. 602/5 
( • ) Notice: Subj<.>ct to any disclaimer, the term of this 2003/00 13997 A I • 1/2003 Raju ............................ 601/152 
puten! ls extended or udjusK-d under 35 200410158285 A l • &12004 Pillai ............................ 606/204 
U.S.C. 154(b) by 948 duys. FOREIGN PATENT OOC:UMENTS 30 
(2 I) Appl. No.: 12/383,954 GB A-2263405 7/1993 
GB A-2271060 4/1996 
(22) Fil ixl: Mar. 30, 2009 • c ited by examiner J •o 
(65) Prior Publication Da ta l'rimary Emminer - Yu I Jus1ine 
US 201 0/0249680Al Sep. 30, 20IO Assistant Examiner - Raymond G Chen I 
(74) A11ornt.,•. Agent, or Firm - Ober. Kaler. Grimes & 
Shriver; Royal W. Craig I (5 1) Int.Cl. 
A6lll 7100 (2006.01) \ 
(57) ABSTRACT 
(52) U.S. Cl. \ 
USPC .... .............. .. ........ ............... 601/152: 601/149 A pneumatic or hydraulic massage sock including a uni1ary 
(58) Fil'ld of Cl11ssific11tion Search molded insole fonucd wi1h one or more internal pump cham-
USPC ................... 601/148 152; 60 2/13; 606-'201 , bers for generating fluid pressure throughout the user's 
\./ '° 
gait. 
606/202 and a plurnlity of intcrconn<.-ctcd comprnssion pads each con- \ 
S(.'C application file for complete search history. taining an array of fluid fe<.--d tubes. The compression pads \ fold up and mound the foot and calf substantially enveloping 
(56) them in a low-profile sock-like configuration. A.11 ouler s h e ll Rc fertnccs C ited 
is worn ovcrtop to maintain the compn.-ssion pads against the ' 
U.S. PATENT OCX::UMENTS user's ca lf. ·nlC lluid feed tubes are in fluid conununica1ion ' ...__ 
with the pump insole to provide a sdf-compn.-ssive non-
1.213.941 A 1/19 17 Patrick ' constricting d(.'Cp-km:,ading, undulatin l!, (wawlike) pattern >-.. 
2.7 16,293 A &1 1955 Rath , ... 
3.180.039 A 4/1965 Burns. Jr. massage act ion up the leg in acoonbncc with 1hc full-length 
3.888.242 A • 6/ 1975 llarris et al. 601/ 152 heel-to-ball-to- toe foot pl:m1. The massage sock appcan as 3 ,~_ __ ,\  
4.372,297 A • 2/ 1983 Perl in ,. ....................... 601 / 151 conventional sock so it can be wom with virtually any con-
4.502.470 A • 3/1985 Kiser ct al. ....... ............ 601/151 vent ional pair of shoes. Th is provides cffe1.!tivc unobtrus ive 
4 .805.601 A • 2/ 1989 Eischen. Sr. 601/151 
5.139.475 A • &1 1992 602/13 n:-licf for individunls with circuk11ory disabilities, diabetes. Robicsck . .................... 
5.288,286 ,\ • 2/1994 Davis ...... .. ..... ..................... 6-0ll6 anhritis, CIC. 
5.329.640 A • 7/1994 llourigan ............... 2/239 
5.613.941 A • J / 1997 Prcngler 602/ 13 14 Claims, 5 Dniwing Sheets 
- US20150359700A1 (Compressive Therapeutic Device)
93
111111 1111111111 IIIIII IIIII 111111111111111 111111111111111 IIIII IIIII 11111 1111111111 11111111 
US 201 50359700A I 
(19) United States 
(12) Patent Application Publication ( JO) Pub. No.: US 2015/0359700 Al 
Davis et al. (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 17, 2015 
(54) COMPRESS IVE THERAPEUTIC DEVICE (52) U.S. C l. 
CPC ... ..... A6J/J 910085 (20 13.01 ); A61fl 220/1164 
(71 ) Applicant: N IKE, Inc., Beaverton, OR (US) (201 3.01 ); A6/H 2201/165 (201 3.01) ; A6/ H 
220 //5002 (2013.01 ): A6I H 220//5071 
(72) Inventors: C11rril' L. Da\'ls, Ponland, OR (US): (2013.01 ); A61 H 2209/()() (2013.01); A61 H 
Michell(' L. Mishkr, Tigard. OR (US): 2205/ /06 (2013.01) 
Lee D. Peyton, Tigard, OR (US); Eric S. 
Sc hind k·r . Ponland, OR (US): Hrad lcy 
W. Wilki ns, Aloha, OR (US) (57) ABSTRACT 
(73) Assignee: NIKE, 1.nc., Ocavcrlon. OR (US) A device for compressing an exlremily of a user includes a 
wearable support member opemblc to be worn on the extrcm• 
(21) Appl. No.: 14/836,451 ity of the user. llie device also includes a pluralily ofc hamber 
members that are arranged across and coupled 10 the support 
(22) Filed: Aug. 26, 20 15 member. The clmmbcr member,; <>.. ach have a respect ive cham-
ber therein. The chamber is at least partially defined by a base 
Rrl:lted U.S. Applic11tion Data wall that is disposed adjacent the support member. a side wal l 
(63) Cominuation of application No. 13/474,442, filed on that is atlache<l 10 and that extends away from 1he base wall, 
May I 7, 201 2, now PaL No. 9, 144,530. and a top wall th.it is at!.iched lo the side wa ll and that is 
spaced away from the base wall. Furthermore, a foot pump 
Publication Classification member is operable to be d isposed underneath a foot of the 
user. The foot pump member is operable tochmigea pressure 
(5 1) Int. Cl. inside the chambers as a result of being stepped upon by the 
A6U/ 9/0(} (2006.0 1) 
106 146 106 146 106 146 
FIG. 6A FIG. 68 FIG. 6C 
Sensory Garments:
- US20190246709A1 (Sensory Motor Stimulation Garments and Methods)
II IIII IIIIIIII I lllll1 1111111111111! llll 1111111111111111111 lllll 1111111 11111111 
US 20190246709A I 
'"l United States 
c12) Patent Application Publication c10) Pub. No.: US 2019/0246709 Al 
Brown (43J Pub. Date: A ug. 15, 2019 
(54) St:NSOll'I' MOTOR STIM UL,\"l'IO~ Publica tion Clussitication 
GAll.\lENTS AN I) METIIODS 
(51 ) Int. Cl. 
(71) Applicant: INTEL LI SKIN USA. LLC. A.f/0 JJl(JO (2006.01 ) 
WOODBURY. NJ (US) A6JF 5/01 (2006.01 ) 
A.f/C J/011 (2006.0 1) 
(72) Inventor: T iml11hy W. Hrnwn. NL·wport l3t'ach, (52) U.S. C l. 
CA(US) CPC ........ A-110 IJ/0015 (2013.0 1): A4/C J/0057 
(20 13.01 ): A6ff 5/V26 (20!3.01) 
(2 1) Appl. No.: 16/392,4'}8 
(57) AHS'l' ltACl' 
(22) Fikd: Apr. 23. 201!1 A ganncnt includes a fonn.fitting shirt with an an1crior 
portion and a posterior portion. '11,c fonn•fining ~h irt is 
Rdated U.S. Applkallun lhl w fobriea k-d frum an daslomeri<· malt'rial. llw g.ann~'fll 
(63) Conlin11;11ion of applicat ion No. 13/559,507, lllL-d on includL-s a spine bmxi and four shouldL-r bands. each shoul-
Jul. 26, 2012. oow P.J t No. 10.264.828, which iii;, der band radiating from the spine band and ext<'nding over 
continuarion·in-p.irt of appli~tion No. 12f756.l 14. a rL'Spt.-C ti vc shoulder IL"Kion nf the form-fitting shirt tcrwanl 
Hied on Apr.7.2010, now P:,1. No. 9.125.442. which the muerior ponion, mid 1he four shouldL-r bands comprise two inner shoulder bands :md 1wo omer should..-r bands. At 
is a con1inualion•in•p"rt of applical~)11 No. 12/55 1. A 
420, filed on Aug. 31, 2009. now Pat. No. 9,119,707. le.i>I one of the inner shoulder b.lnd and the oulcr shoulder 
band extending over each shoulder region oft he fonn- fiHing 
(60) Provisional appl iemion No. 6 1/534.815, fi k~I on !kp. shirt h:rs a fin; t wid1h at a first location on the anlL'T'ior port ion 
l4. 2011. provision;:,] :,pplieation No. 6J/Sl2.367. :,nd " ~~•1,:ond width diffNcnt frorn the fi n;t width at a so::ond 
fik-d on Jul.27.201 1. locmion on 1he anterior portion. 
94
24 
22 22 
JO 
FIG. 13 
FIG. 12 
- US8677512B2 (Article of Apparel Providing Enhanced Body Position Feedback)
1111111 I II 111111111111111111111111111 
US00867751282 
,,,, United States Patent (lO) Patenl No.: US 8,677,512 82 
Nordstrom e, al. (45) Date or Parent: *Mar. 25, 2014 
(54) ,\RTICU: O f ,\PP,\IU:L PROVIDI NG l.23 1.196 A -111 '>58 Sdw,;i,., 
EN ll ,\NC}:11 IIOlll' l'OSlTIO" n :~; nR,\CK l .OV.l.!O A 8'1961 Edilh 
J.H&,776 A' 8'1967 BL,i, ..... 
(71) Applicaru: Nike, Inc• . llca,1:non.OR (US) l.JS0.100 A 10'1967 C"&mll8<0 J,S:!6.229 A ' Wl<)70 Bbi, 
(12) lnvc'!llON: M•Uhcwl>.Nurds!roon,Ponlaod,OR (Cornim>Cd) 
(US); Sb>•"L. S...koJ..,.-,,kl_ Po<lland, 
OR(US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 
26HS2l ll/ 19l!'J 
61 -94652 Si191!6 
( 0 ) N01ice Suhjecttna11yrlisc\aimer,1he1ermofthis (Corninued) 
pa1enti,ex1codedor.-ljuii1edunder35 
US.C.154(b)by0day• 
Fir>lOlf0<eA<tion,nC• ,...,,., """"l ,\wl1<ation.Aw!•ealK00No 
200SSOOJ KI II .Si...l<dlle,:.2l,ZOII 
(2 1) Arpl.Nn: 1.\1679,64 1 (Coolim><..J) 
(22) l'ilcd 
PrirnaryE.mmi,,.., - Alissa L Hc.::y 
(65) (74) Allo,ney, Agent, or,.-;,,,. ll:iimtr & Witco ff. Ltd . 
US201 3/0086729AI Apr.11.2013 
(57) 
Rd11tcd U.S. ,\ pplk111IU11 D11I• 
(60) l)i, i,iooof al'J)licatioo.No.12/271,914,filcdunNov Anick,sofapp;,reliacludc: (a)a l!"rrn,,motructurehavingonc 
25. 2008, 110W Pat. No. 8.336.118, ,.foch i• a t>tmon:f.abricclcrno.'rtl<•1ructuR...J"ndan-.. ngcd l<lpruvid.,u 
_.,n,j nuatioo-in-ran o fapplicru inn No. 11n¼291. d ooc lll1011lca•tonc pn:d..1crmir11:dponion ofabody(e.g .. 
fil..donMil)'31.2007.oow l'.it. No. 7.934.267 an:a(1)of1hcbodyfor ,.·hichmhanc:edpooitionoc1Uingand/ 
o,r.. ..- .tbad:an:dcsin:d ): and(b)abodyposi1ionk,,dhack 
(Sl) l11 t.Cl. 1ys1c,m,..,ga11,edwi1horintcgrallylonncda, pan of1hcg.1r-
AJIDIJ/fW (2006.01) mcnt i!JUCtu~. "l'hebody position feedh.x:k syotem m,oy 
(52) U.S. CI. applyhigh<',k'Tl<ileotC(Ml$lrie1in11,(compres,i,.-)forces 10 
usa; ______ !/flJ:2111s ..,1...,codponion,of1ho ,.-cawr·, hodyandlor .tre!ch rc<is-
(58) Fldd uf (.hl,, lfinllo11 S<!•l'<'h taox:e.,.,hichcanhclpstiruula1eorin1ernc1 wi1hn.ervesand 
USl'C ...... ...•. ............ ....... ..... 2/ I J5.69.67: 482/l24 dc<-pfosuc ...,.,,,ors l<><:at('<) in ,.,,rious f"M1i011S<lf!he body. 
Scearplicationfileforcornple1e scan:hhistory. Thcinnro!W<Jfore<'Sal sck>ci<'<lloc:11i()(liOfthct.)dy~•·e1he 
,..,....,,,.srosoryf<'<:'dbackn,i:;nliogtbcpo,;i!ior1 ororic, 11ation 
(56) of1he5e p.-.n,of thc body and can impro'1:oracceler-Jle 
"'-~•elopmemof '"musclcmcmory.M 
1. 112,)li'J ,\ <)/1914S<hnttr 
l.119'),0112 A 2119)) llopa 
220 
Fig. 2A Fig. 2B 
95
- US5201074 (Exercise Suit with Resilient Reinforcing)
62 
1111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111 11111111111 IIIIIIII IIII 
USOOS201074A 
United States Patent l"I 1111 Patent Number: 5,201,074 
Dicker [◄ SJ Date of Patent: Apr. 13, 1993 
[S4] EXERCISE SUIT WITH RESIUENT (57] ABSTRACT 
REINFORCING 
An exercise suit which h.u a pair or stretchable pa.nu 
(76] Inventor: Timothy P. Dicker, 11 359 Domficld, (20) and a pull~ver top (44) with a lower-body rein." 
l..akcviewTcrracc, Calif. forcing segment (31) attached, in the middle only, to the 
[21] Appl.No.: 114,!IOI panu and an upper-body reinforcing collar (54) at-
tached, in the middle only, to the top. A leg band (51) 
[22) Filed: Dec. 30, 1991 c:ncircles the legs (l4), and side bands (51) are affued to 
the reinforcing collar. The leg bands (U) grip the wear-
Related US, AppliCltiOll Dita er's feet, creating a continuous loop from the waist to 
(63] Continu.ation-in-panofSc:r. No. 712,459, JllfL 10.1991. the feet. Hook-and-loop tapes (40) allow the reinforcing 
Pat. No. S,109,546. segment (31) 10 be adjusted in tension around the wear-
er's waist and similarly adjustable Ir.nee pads (32) cover 
[SI) ht. 0.' ------ A41D 13/ 00 the lr.necsin the panu legs (24). The resilience of the suit 
(52) U.S. a. -:=-"CC:'.c:-c-ccc---,---,,.,-- l/70; 2/ 69; and the looped bands create a resistance: to movement 
l/79; 21221; 2122s; 2nJ9; 2130; ,s2110,; which provides exercise to the wearer's muscles during 
482/121 physical activity. Exercise short pants (60) are also 
[58) Field or Seard! ................. l/70, 69, 79, 227, 409, provided which provide elonp.table resistive bands (IO, 
2/228, 239, 80; 482/ IOS,UI 12) which meet .:1 the vertical midline of the back of the 
[S6] References Cited short pants and spiral downwardly across the buttocks 
and arowid the backs of the thighs of thC wearer to eud 
U.S. PATENT [X)CUMENTS at the leg openings. In an alternative embodiment, exer-
◄,065 ,81 4 1/1978 Fol 2/227 cise short pants (60') employ resistive bands (IO', 12') 
4,38-4 ,369 S/ 1983 Prince 2/79 reversed back-to-front in location oo the short pants as 
4,698,8-47 10/1917 Yoshihara 2/67 well as a low-back panel (14) in the shape of an upright 
4,910,802 3/ 1990 Malloy 2/70 "V'' attached by elastic at the vertical mid.line o f the 
4,953,856 9/ 1990 Fo1, III 2/69 back of the shorts and having fint and second hoolr.-
S,046,194 9/ 1991 Alanizetal. ............................ . 2/69 
S,109,S% S/ 1992 Dicker 2/70 and-loop tabs (90, 92) at the free ends thereof which 
male with tabs (!M, 96) on the sides or the waistband to 
Primary fuami11t r-ClifTord D. Crowder provide adjustable resistance: to motion. 
ASSista111 Examiner-Gloria Hale 
Attorney, Agt nt, or Firm-Cislo & Thomas 10 Claims, 4 DnW\111 Sbttts 
- WO9836652 (Aerobic Exercise Garment)
PCT WORLD INm.LECTUAL PROPERTY ORCANIZA110N lmema1ional 8un:au 
INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER TI-IE PA TENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) 
(~l) lnternatlonal Patent Cla!Slfication 6 : I I{1 1) International Publica tion Nl!fflber: \ VO 98/36652 A4LD 
Al {43) In ternational Publication Dair: 27 Augu,t 1998 (27.08.98) 
(2 1) 1ntcrna tlona l ApplkatlonNumbllr : (8 1) Designated Stales: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB. BG, BR, 
BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE. DK. EE, ES, FT, GB. GE, 
(21) Internac ional Filins,: Oa1e: 3 1'ebruBJ)'1998{03.02.98) HU, IL, IS. JP, KE, KG, KP. KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, 
LT, LU, LV, MD, MG. MK. MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ. PL, 
1• r , RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, TJ, TM, Tit TI, UA, 
(30) Pr iority Oata: UO, US. Lr£. VN. ARIJ'O pa!cnt (GH. GM. KE, LS , MW, 
()lJ8(12,973 20February 1997 (20.02.97) us SD, SZ, UG, ZW), Eurasian paten t (AM, AZ, BY, KG, K.Z, 
MO, RU, TJ, TM), European patent (AT. BE, CH, DE, DK, 
ES. FT, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT. LU, MC, NL, PT, SE), OAPI 
(71)(71) Applicanu and Inventors: DICKER, Timothy, P. patent (BF, BJ. CF. CG, Cl, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR , NE, 
fUS/USJ: 6906 Footh ill Boulevard , Tujunga, CA SN, TD, TG). 
91042-2780 (US). WILKI NSON, Will iam, T. [US/US); 
Sunset Drive, R.D. #1, Salem. NJ 08079 (US). {57) Abstract 
l'ubli~ 
(74) Agc,nt : PEZZNER, Harold; Connolly & llutz, P.O. Doi 2207, Without iNt rMlwnal uarcli rtporl and IO ~ rtpublitlud An aerobic uercise ganncnt includes a body section and limb $CC!ion1. The pllllen1 includes a base fabric which incorporates elastic 
Wilmington, DE 19899 (US). upo,, rect/ptufUI/Jt repon resistance band material having a dirtttion of llretch. The elastic resistance balld material is formed with a minim.al number of pi~ and 
isincorporatcd inthei,mnent bysecuringthcpieces togetheratlocation,which donotinterfercwiththedirectionofl'e$iStance. 
96
Appendix B - Final Project Presentation
S P O R T S W E A R
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
The competitive edge
In the demanding environment of elite basketball, a miss is as 
good as a mile. Players must fend off fatigue & injury while 
performing at peak aerobic & anaerobic capacities for 
months at at time
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
ELITE YOUTH NCAA BREAKOUT professional
Ages 15!19 Ages 18!22 Ages 21!35 
High school & AAU High stakes path to pro 82!game season (minimum) 
Tournament!based competition Significant travel Weekly travel 
Growth spurts Intense strength & conditioning Extremely physical gameplay 
Key phase for habit development Pressure on larger stage Must maintain peak from for 5+ months 
Movement & form mechanics Fatigue as a student!athlete Longevity & quality of career
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
PRIMING FOR SPORT
Currently, there are no wearable products designed to actively 
prepare the body to compete. While innovations in the sports 
recovery industry have defined a new niche, athletic priming 
remains largely unexplored
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Improve muscle recruitment
Reinforce neuromuscular pathways
Optimize movement patterns
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Research focused on studying what kinds of benchmark 
products & technologies impacted athletic performance in 
a controlled testing environment. This process measured:
balance
Muscle activation
Agility
Body awareness
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
The data from field studies combined with secondary research revealed 
two main modes of priming that improved performance the most: 
Muscular resistance Proprioceptive feedback
• Increases recruitment of individual muscle fibers • Enhances body awareness & form 
• Targets activation of sport!specific kinetic chains • Optimizes movement patterns
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Function mapping
Resistance elements placed on key intersections of stabilizing 
muscles, prime movers, & fascia can activate the kinetic 
chains of the body
V
V1 V2 V3 Mockup
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Texture studies
Targeting postural feedback zones at the intersections of 
joints, muscles, and fascia, helps activate the mind!muscle 
connection
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
targeted resistance 
• Zoned to provide resistance to sport!specific muscles 
• Targets stabilizing muscles & prime movers  
• Inclusion of entire kinetic/myofascial chain
Next-to-skin texture
• Zoned to improve postural awareness & form 
• Targets areas around joints 
• Influenced by sport!specific movements & biomechanics
How do we develop a product with these features while 
providing a seamless & intuitive gameday experience? 
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
PROGRAMMABLE YARNS
The Self!Assembly Lab at MIT has developed responsive textiles 
using programmed yarns. The yarns change shape when 
contacting stimuli such as heat & moisture. Using this 
technology, garments can respond to the needs of the body.
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Proprioception
Next!to skin texturing is shown to increase activity of sensory 
receptors in the body, enhancing posture & balance through 
proprioception. Used primarily in clinical applications, this technology 
has proven to be a valuable innovation for performance sports product
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Textured Underlays
• Applied texture on interior of garment 
• Flexible matte silicone  
• Provides postural feedback in key areas
Engineered knit
• Integrated mesh panels for breathability 
• Seamless construction 
• Compatible with basketball uniform
Adaptive 'NeuroKnit’
• Compressive, powerful fit 
• Targeted resistance for key muscles 
• Adaptive yarns change shape to adjust resistance
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Engineered mesh 
panels
Engineered 
compression knit
Adaptive 
NEUROKNIT
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Jaquard knit 
waistband
Engineered mesh 
panels
Engineered 
compression knit
Adaptive 
NEUROKNIT
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Men / Prime / Tops 
Men's STASIS Basketball 
CompressionTank 
$120.00 
Black/ Fire 
Small Medium Large 
Add to Cart Add to Wishlist 
Description 
The future of performance is here 
Prime your body for gameday with the Men's Basketball Compression Tank by STASIS, featuring 
cutting edge NEUROKNIT technology. Developed by researchers from M.I.T. and the University 
of Oregon, NEUROKNIT provides resistance to your muscles as your warm up to increase 
activation of essential kinetic chains, making you quick, explosive, and more efficient. 
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
2 0 2 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
nike dri-fit
STASIS 
Results Flip 
Thermal imaging using FLIR technology shows greater 
activation of stabilizing muscles when using STASIS 
compression garments compared to traditional base layers
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
D Y N A M I C .  A C T I V A T I N G .  S E C O N D  S K I N
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S
Looking ahead
A special thanks to my friends, peers, and family for their 
support & encouragement over the past two years. Its been a 
joy sharing this journey with you all. 
Looking ahead, I hope to design the future of sport through a 
career in apparel & footwear innovation.
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A P PA R E L  I N N O V AT I O N G R A D U AT E  T H E S I S