Throwing Sports—Shot put, Discus, Javelin & Hammer Throw Footwear Innovation Design Capstone Proposal Shawn Li Sports Product Design University of Oregon Fall 2019 Part 1 Throwing sports historical research. Shot Put Shot put was originated from the ancient Celtic tradition of "putting the stone" was used by local people to identify their strongest men for battle purposes (Olson, 2000). The first evidence shows the modern shot put occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions for throwing cannonballs (Colin, 2010). Morden Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland. The men’s shot put has been part of every modern Olympics since 1896. The first women’s shot put is in 1948 Olympic (Leonard, 2000). Figure 1. The athlete warms up during the 1908 Olympics (Leonard, 2000). Discus Discus was an event in the original Olympic Games of Ancient Greece   and poet Homer was also mentioned that the discus was a part of the Greeks' pentathlon event in the 8th century B.C. (Mandell, 1999).  The discus back then were made of unwrought bronze and iron and were apparently heavier than today's (Leonard, 2000).  Since the first modern competition, the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first organized Men's competition was resumed in the late 19th century and has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic Games. (Leonard, 2000). Figure 2. American discus athlete Alfred Adolf Oerter Jr (Leonard, 2000). Javelin The javelin throw has many connections to warfare of all the Olympic events (Globuk 1984). During the era between the Mycenaean times and the Roman Empire, the javelin was actually considered as a widely used offensive weapon because it was lighter than the spear with longer distance attacks allowed (Olsaon 2000). The first known competitive use of javelin was as one of the five-event pentathlons in the ancient Greek Olympics. (Globuk 1984). Hammer Throw - ,,,. Figure 3. Eric Lemming works out during the first Olympic javelin throw competition, in 1908 (Globuk 1984). The legend hammer throwing can be traced back in various forms to the Tailteann games held in Tara, Ireland, around 1829 B.C. Centuries after until 1866, it was developed into a regular part of track and field competitions and England, Scotland, and Ireland (Jun, 2000). These hammers were made of forged iron of no prescribed weight and had handles varying in length from 3 to 3 1/2 feet. The athlete swung the hammer around his head and threw from a standing position (White, 2010). Figure 4, John Flanagan—Olympic hammer throw champion (St. Louis, 1904) 
 Throwing sport playing field/arena/environment According to the International Association of Athletics Federations’ (IAAF), the following are the Track and Field requirements for the facilities specifications. Shot put/Hammer/Discus throwing area materials The circles in throwing events shall be made of a band of metal 6 millimeters in thickness of suitable rigid material firmly secured flush with the throwing surface, the top of which shall be flush with the surface outside the circle. The interior surface should be of concrete or material providing a similar surface and shall be 19 (±6) millimeters lower than the surface outside the circle (IAAF, 2010). Shot Put Area + J.05rntw Figure 5. Shot put circle (IAAF, 2010). The shot put circle stopboard should be an arc of wood, or other suitable materials, painted white and firmly fixed so that its inner edge coincides with the inner edge of the shot-put circle. It shall measure 1.21 (±0.01) meters in length along the chord between its endpoints, 112 millimeters and increasing to 300 millimeters in width, and 100 (±2) millimeters in height (IAAF, 2010). Discus/Hammer Area Hammer and discus have the same throwing circle. The only difference is the diameter of the hammer circle is 2.135 meter, the diameter of the discus circle is 2.50 meter (IAAF, 2010). SURFACE OF SURFACE OF CIRCLE CIRCLE l I ! GROUND LEVEL I 76mm 76mm I 19 (-,,GJm~ I .135 m ("5 mm) - ~--"'.50 rn (:5 mm Figure 6. Hammer circle (IAAF, 2010). Figure 7. Discus circle (IAAF, 2010). Base on the requirements of the IAAF, hammer and discus throws area should be made from an enclosure or cage that should be centered on the circle and with the sector centered on the nonmovable cage opening, designed in such a way to provide adequate control of the implement landing and a fair venue for the throwers (IAAF, 2010). Cage design is acknowledged to provide limited protection for spectators, officials and competitors. The cage should be made with suitable material, hung from and between rigid posts, sufficient to withstand and absorb an impact from the implement so that the implement will not escape over or through, and to reduce the possibility of the implement ricocheting or rebounding back toward the competitor. The purpose of the cage is to contain, but not interfere with, the flight path of the implement (IAAF, 2010). 8.0m .-------- i-- --(MIN)-------, -~34;921----·-·-· • I , \ , I • I • \ • I \ I / 4.2 m \ ! / ---- ___( I -- \: / 6.0m (MIN) Figure 8. Hammer/Discus throwing cage (IAAF, 2010). Javelin Area The runway javelin should be marked by two parallel lines 5 centimeters in width. The minimum length should be 33.5 meters and the width shall be 4 meters between the inside edges of the marked parallel lines. It is recommended that the runway be constructed of an artificial surface for its entire length. If an artificial surface is used, it is recommended that the runway be extended 1 meter beyond the foul line for safety reasons (IAAF, 2010). The foul line should be 7 centimeters wide, painted white, and should be made in the shape of an arc with a radius of 8 meters. The distance between its extremities shall be 4 meters, measured straight across from end to end. Lines shall be drawn from the extremities of the arc at Figure 9. Javelin throwing area (IAAF, 2010). right angles to the parallel lines marking the runway. These lines should be 75 centimeters in length and 7 centimeters wide (IAAF, 2010). Throwing sport rules and success to winning/achieving. 
 Shot Put The shot, a metal ball which is 7.26kg/16lb for men, 4kg/8.8lb for women, the athlete needs to put the shot with one hand (Leonard 2000). The ultimate goal is to throw it as far as possible from the seven-foot diameter (2.135m) circle (Leonard 2000). In order to make the put successful, the shot must not drop lower than the line of the athlete’s shoulders and must land inside a designated 35-degree sector. At the same time, the athlete must not touch the top of the toe-board during the put or leave the circle before the ball has landed, and then only from the rear half of the circle (Stuhec, 2005). Discus Athletes throw a metal disc weighing 2kg and diametering 22cm for men, and weighing 1kg and diametering 18cm for women. The athletes are required to throw as far as possible while remaining inside a 2.5-meter diameter circle (Leonard 2000). In order to make the throwing successful, the discus must land inside a marked sector and the athlete must not leave the circle before it has landed, and then only from the rear half of the circle. The thrower specifically makes one-and-a-half spins before releasing the discus (Leonard 2000). Hammer Throw Athletes throw a metal ball which is 16lb/7.26kg for men, 4kg/8.8lb for women. The hammer is attached to a grip by a steel wire no longer than 1.22m. In order for the throw to be measured, the ball must land inside a marked 35-degree sector and the athlete must not leave the circle before it has landed, and then only from the rear half of the circle (Olson, 2000). The thrower usually makes three or four spins before releasing the ball. Athletes will commonly throw four or six times per competition. Javelin Javelin is thrown by one arm. The athlete must hold the javelin by its corded grip little finger closest to the tip of the implement. The men’s javelin must weigh at least 800g and be 2.6m-2.7m long while the women’s javelin must weigh 600g and be 2.2m-2.3m long (Olson, 2000). In order to make the throw successful for measuring, the athletes must not turn their backs to the landing area at any stage during their approach and throw; they must throw the javelin over the upper part of their throwing arm while not exceeding the foul line at any time. The tip of the javelin must land first and within the marked 29-degree sector (Olson, 2000). The measure starts from the tip and tip only. Athletes will be allowed to throw four or six times for each competition. Throwing sport positions and athlete experience needed to accomplish the sport. 
 Shot Put Glide Technique The core of the glide technique is to make linear movements. The athlete starts from facing backward of the circle, then hopping or gliding forward until the leading foot is approaching or touching the toe board. Rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot (Leonard 2000). Most of the force to get across the circle is generated by unseating and driving the leading leg toward the toe board. The standing leg is picked up and placed near the center of the ring. Once the athlete starts the glide across the ring, the thrower must keep the ball and body moving toward the throw (Leonard 2000). Shot-putters need to increase the speed of the throw during this movement and set up a proper throwing position (Stuhec, 2005). Figure 10. The picture shows the different phases of glide techniques Rotation Technique Differentiating from the glide technique, the thrower starts with facing the rear. At the back of the circle the thrower’s weight is switched from left leg to the right leg. As the right leg is picked, the thrower shifts onto the left leg. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. When the left foot reaches to the front of the circle eventually, the thrower then puts the shot (Stuhec, 2005). Tum Phase cw-yf'tase 00ltie Suppoll Phase 1st5qile Suppoll Phase FVf Phase 2nd Sqjle Suppoll (DVP) (DSP) (SSP1) (FP) Plase (SSP2) Left loot - Righi loot touclmwn Left loot toucldawn R-.., (L-<>I) (R-on} (L-on} (Rel) Figure 11. The picture shows the different phases of shot put rotation techniques (Stuhec, 2005). Discus There are mainly three stages for discus throwing: preparation, momentum building and delivery. Preparation: stand with left shoulder pointing at the target and the body facing the direction perpendicular to the shoulder (for right-handers). Keep feet shoulder-width apart. Bend knees slightly. Hold the discus to the front of body, palm down. (Han and Yu, 1995). Momentum building: swing the arm with holding the discus far back, palm still facing down (Han and Yu, 1995). Once the arm is pulled back to research the limit, swing the discus to the front. Then, twist the hips, and snap the left arm across the chest to the left (James, 1995). Delivery: The throwing hand should follow through at an angle where the discus should be landed. To eject the discus, the discus spins off the index finger (James, 1995). PREPARATION MOMENTUM BUILDING DELIVERY Figure 12. The picture shows the different phases of discus throwing techniques (James, 1995). Javelin The javelin is associated with factors like head height, arm bent, and elbow pointing forward. The athlete begins with run-up with the relaxed grip, wrist, elbow and shoulder (Stander, 2006, p.2). Then move the javelin to the rear, over the right shoulder until the arm is straight and at shoulder height with the palm facing upwards. Rotate the shoulders to line up with the direction of the throw with hips remaining forward to maintain approach speed (Stander, 2006, p.2). Weight is transferred and accelerated through the hips. The free arm remains relaxed ahead of the body and throwing arm remains extended (Stander, 2006, p.4). The javelin technique sequence comprises of 4 phases: An approach, a 5-step rhythm, throw and recovery. .. .. c:::; 1A pprol(;h I Step Step~ Si.p Step4 ,1 StapS Recovery 1 2 3 Drivo nvaw Stander, 2006, p.2 Figure 13. The picture shows the different phases of javelin throwing techniques (Stander, 2006, p.2) Hammer Throw The preliminary swings must be done with a relaxed rhythm just as employed in all the turns of the throw (Gutierrez, 2002). The essential aspect of the technique is pushing the hammer in the double support phase of the thrower’s rotation and letting the hammer run freely in the single support phase of the rotation (Gutierrez, 2002). The throwing motion involves about two swings from stationary position, then three, four or very rarely five rotations of the body in circular motion using a complicated heel-toe movement of the foot (Brice, Ness, and Davis 2008). The ball moves in a circular path, gradually increasing in velocity with each turn with the high point of the hammer ball toward the target sector and the low point at the back of the circle (Gutierrez, 2002). The thrower releases the ball Swings First Turn - ~_____ .._\. __ - - - Second Turn Third Turn I Throw Figure 14. The picture shows the different phases of hammer throwing techniques (Gutierrez, 2002) at the side of the circle as the hammer's velocity tends upward and toward the target. Relevant physiological and biomechanics needs of athletes for throwing sport. 
 Shot Put & Discus Three important factors will affect the performance of the shot put: height, the angle of release, and the velocity of the shot at the point of release (Stuhec, 2005). Angle of release is important in the shot event as the release speed of the shot decreases when thrown with a higher release angle. The decrease in projection velocity with increasing projection angle is a result of two factors: • When throwing with a high projection angle, the athlete must expend a greater effort during the delivery phase to overcome the weight of the shot, and so less effort is available to accelerate the shot (Stuhec, 2005). • The structure of the human body favor the production of putting force in the horizontal direction more than in the vertical direction (Stuhec, 2005). Release velocity is undoubtedly the most important factor in determining the distance of a throw. Release velocities in excess of 13 m/s are necessary for elite level throws. As such, all attempts should be made to maximize release velocity (Kavouras, & Georgiadis, 2010). /4 Velocrty of Release ( v) e of Release ( 0 ) - Height of Release (h) l+---------d.,.--------· '+------- MeesuredDistence ------•' Figure 15. Height, the angle of release, and the velocity of the shot are the three important factors. (Kavouras, & Georgiadis, 2010). Similar to shot put, discus-throwing performance is influenced by three factors, the velocity of release, the release angle and the relative height of release of the projection. The ultimate goal of the technique in each throwing event is to obtain the maximum speed and optimum height and angle of release, which are key factors influencing the throwing distance. (Yu, Broker, & Silvester, 2002). The release speed is critical within the discus through in order to reach peak performance. The previous research defined the release speed as being ‘equal to the speed of the discus immediately before release’ which is created by the speed of the performer spinning on their vertical axis with the arm in an outstretched position (Yu, Broker, & Silvester, 2002). / I I I I I I .-s::::. I .................... ·Oa,J ... ........ I ,.. \ .. \ \ ·. .. \ ·. Distance I • The parabolic flight path for various release angles Figure 16. The picture shows that the release angle is the key factors for discus flight distance (Dai, et al., 2013). In order to get the maximum release velocity, the discus and shot put rotational throwers need to reach a high rotational foot speed and to transfer the energy to the shot/discus (Linthorne, 2001). The glide/rotation shot putter and discus throwers force on the shot/discus with an explosive movement of the foot, coupled with a raising and rotation of the legs and trunk, followed by a rapid extension of the arm in the direction of the throw (Sugumar, 2014). It has been shown that the activity of the right foot (right hand throwers) is the decisive element in the acceleration for both glide and rotational thrower (Umberge et al., 2013). During the delivery an effective acceleration of the center of gravity can come from the right foot only in an indispensable interaction with the work of the left (Bartonietz, 1999). The function of the feet during the delivery is to manage the straightening the body with a heave-up push to give the base for the powerful trunk turn. These actions create the push to give the base for the powerful trunk turn and better the release of velocity (Bartonietz, 1999). 1 I I late-oU : laDdlnq I releme I rlgbt I lelt rtgbt lo' ll I 1 loot I 12 I fllght phase vs ms -I : tarn around , the left ball : 8 I push tarn around OIi lrom lh• rlgbl leg. I pash' oU from the 1h01 on weight transferred to and the lell toot over lhe lell leg ------i IDIO lhe ltrrn the rlqbl ball ----1 i- i j 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LO s Figure 17 Shows the different phase of the rotational footwork related changes of the shot velocity (Bartonietz, 1999). For the rotational throwers, the previous researches showed that the stable foot landing and high velocity rotation can effectively improve throwing performance (Bartonietz, 1999). This requires that the throwing shoes are very fit and the outsole needs to be made for reducing the friction between the outsole and the ground. For the glide shot putter, the goal will be for the athlete to be able to rotate upper body easier and faster, can lead to a greater shoulder-hip separation and greater knee flexion at the moment the right foot (back foot) lands on the ground for the final release phase (Oesterreich, 1997). So the throwing shoes for the glide shot putter need to be more stable and rigid than rotational shoes so that there is an efficient and most direct application of force to be transmitted on the shot itself. Javelin Javelin throwing is a highly technical event and requires perfect coordination of multiple joints in different planes of motion. The distance a javelin is thrown is affected by factors such as wind speed and direction and the aerodynamics of the javelin. But the two most important and controllable factors are javelin release speed and release angle (Barber, 2014). A javelin throw involves a run-up of six to 10 steps, followed by two or three crossover steps before the thrower releases the javelin. Once the front foot is down, the motion of the upper body begins. As one joint such as the hip which reaches the end of its range of motion and decelerates, the next is the shoulder, then elbow and finally the javelin – is rapidly accelerated (Barber, 2014). Figure 18. Angle definitions of javelin throwing (Barber, 2014). The second important parameter is the angle at which the javelin is thrown. The best angle of release for a javelin is between 32º and 36º, but this is tough to achieve consistently (Bartlett, 1996). The flight path and distance of the javelin depends on the angle of attack, which is the difference between the: • Angle of attitude: the orientation of the javelin to the ground. • Angle of velocity vector: the flight path of the javelin’s centre of mass (Bartlett, 1996). The ideal angle of attack is zero degrees (Barber, 2014). If the angle of attitude is larger than the angle of velocity vector, the javelin won’t travel in the most aerodynamic way. Its increased surface area will slow it down and decrease the throw length. For a right-hand thrower, javelin throwing starts with an approach run followed by a delivery strike. At the initial stage( Figure 19), acceleration begins smoothly, with the objective to reach 6 to 10 running strides before release, with the first few running steps used to gain speed and rhythm (Torim, 2012). Sprinting is performed on the balls of the feet, with toes pointing forward not downwards in a dorsiflexed position which ensures that there is not a breaking motion (BBC Sport, 2013). The contact between the foot and the running surface should be feel light, to ensure that minimum force is shot back, placing unnecessary stress on the athletes legs. Ensuring that the feet (forefoot) grip the surface will improve the friction and gain the ground reaction force throughout the running strides (Torim, 2012). This is the reason why the javelin shoes usually have spike on the forefoot of the shoes. Throughout the initial phase of the run up, the knees are slightly bent on contact with the surface and that each foot lands just below the hips, which is below the centre of gravity (BBC Sport, 2013). This will make sure that the leg works in a circular motion from the hip joint, which brings the heel of the foot behind the body. Figure 19 shows the initial phase of run up (Willams, 2015). The final stage can be divided to a withdrawal phase, impulse stride phase and delivery. The javelin withdrawal phase starts with the left foot landing and ends with the left foot landing (Willams 2015). The next two phase starts with the the right foot landing and ends with the release of the javelin. -- FINAL STAGE INIT-IAL - - -----"------~ DELIVERY ST:\GE II L.FOOT R .FOO T cp/- - -· ~/ ~ - ~ - - ~ - ~~ - - ~, CHECK MARK IMPULSE REVERSE STRIDE JAVELIN WITHDRAWAL THE MAIN PHASES OF THE JAVEUN RUN-UP Figure 20. Different footworks phases of javelin throwing (Bartonietz, 2000). So, the increased speed developed in the approach of the javelin throw places a considerably greater load on the athletes’ feet and ankles, thus creating an even greater need for leg and ankle strength this event (Zatsiorsky, 1995). Additionally, it is very important for javelin throwers to have extreme eccentric strength in the non-throwing side foot to be able to apply the braking forces necessary to rapidly decelerate the body during the final release (Bartonietz, 2000). Hammer throw The biomechanics of the hammer throw are complex as the movement involves rotations of the hammer in varying planes, coupled with the translation and rotation of the thrower across the throwing circle (Brice et al. 2008). Within each turn, the thrower should ensure they utilize a technique that results in a good increase in hammer speed whilst also allowing them to end the turn in such a position that they can further increase the speed in the subsequent turn (Dapena, 1986; Dapena & Feltner, 1989). The three main parameters that determine thrown distance are the velocity of release, the angle between the velocity vector and the horizontal plane and the height of the hammer at the instant of the release. The release velocity should be maximum. The optimal angle ranges from 43° to 44°, depending on the athlete's height (Dapena, 1984). The motions of the thrower’s centre of mass are influenced by three forces; gravity, a reaction force exerted by the ground on the thrower’s feet which is ground reaction force (Dapena, 1986; Dapena & Feltner, 1989). In order to get a good throw, the thrower must achieve an appropriate combination of hammer and ground forces that will produce a good increase in hammer speed (Dapena & Feltner, 1989). Figure 21. Hammer throw free body diagram (Li, 2019). In order to generate as much release velocity with the implement as possible, while maintaining balance and coordination through the sequence of turns. Although the trunk and upper-body musculature are used in a throw, the feet and legs provide the larger muscle groups that initiate movement of the hammer (Dapena & McDonald, 1989). The fast spin of the feet and the initiation of the large muscles of the legs helps create momentum. This action is followed by isometric actions of the trunk and upper-body musculature to allow for a larger turn radius (Dapena & McDonald, 1989). Therefore, same as the throwing shoes for shot put, reducing the friction between the outsole and the ground is very important for improving spin velocity. Also, the ankle support and stability of the shoes upper is important for hammer throwers because they need to adjust the posture at the hip and shoulders during the course of the fast turns. Athlete/consumer/user data (gender, age, location) and pertinent market size. The pervious research claimed that the participation rates in throwing sports continued to rise during the 2018-19 academic year in the USA, with the number of teams competing in NCAA championship sponsored sports reaching an all-time high of 29,079 (Johnson, 2019) The following statistic (Figure 22) shows the number of participants (male/female) in high school track and field in the United States from 2009/10 to 2018/19. In the 2018/19 season, over 488.2 thousand girls and over 605.3 thousand boys participated in a high school track and field program (Gough, 2019). l 250 ODO l 000 000 ~ 750 000 ~ ;; ::, :, ;;; § 500 000 z 250 000 0 2009/10 2010/ll 2011/12 2012/ll 20ll/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 e Boys e Girls Figure 22. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/268002/participation-in-us-high-school-track-and- field/ Another research showed that the global track and field shoes market exhibits a consolidated structure, finds a report by Transparency Market Research (TMR, 2017). The top five players in this market, namely Nike Inc., Adidas AG, PUMA, Asics Corp., and New Balance, together held more than 60% in this market in 2016. Rising at a healthy CAGR of 2.90% from 2016 to 2025, the opportunity in this market is to touch US$16.88 bn by the end of 2025. In terms of volume, the researcher claimed the market is anticipated to cross 262.8 million units mark by 2025（Transparency Market Research, 2017). In this research, the researcher will focus on the elite male throwing athletes. However, female throwing athletes share a similar explosive movement and techniques with male athletes, so the design of throwing shoes from this capstone research also apply to female throwing athletes. Current/competitor product research (products, price points, features and benefits). 
 
 Figure 23 is Nike Zoom Rotational 6 Figure 24 is Nike Zoom SD 4 Hammer, Discus, Rotational Shot Put Discus, Glide Shot Put $100 $80
 Durable mesh with a seamless vamp.
 Synthetic leather with the strap for increased lockdown.
 Mid foot strap and an external heel counter for lockdown. EVA foam midsole for durable cushioning. Rough BRS Full-length, thin EVA midsole for lightweight protection. 1000TM carbon rubber with a contoured design for traction Full-length BRS 1000 smooth rubber with a full-length and durability. Pebax® plate for durability. Retrieved from https://www.eastbay.com/product/~/ Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Nike-Zoom- 85135002.html? Rotational-Mens-685131-600/dp/B07HYW3LR9
 
 
 Figure 25 is Adidas Throwstar Figure 26 is Adidas AdiZero For Throwing Beginners, glide technique Discus, Shot put, and hammer Rotational $84
 $110
 Lightweight with a synthetic upper. Synthetic cage upper construction is internally reinforced Lace up closure for a locked down fit.
 with a hook-and-loop strap for lockdown during rotation.
 Soft ankle collar for comfort.
 Soft collar for reduced pressure on the ankle and Achilles. Strap band provides great midfoot support. Carbon rubber Carbon rubber outsole for durable traction through your. crepe outsole for durability and traction. throwing motion. Retrieved from https://runrepeat.com/adidas-throwstar Retrieved https://www.ebay.com/i/362555552767? chn=ps&var=631829676678&norover=1&mkevt=1&mkri J ,(~ .· t· '< \ 
 Figure 27 is Unleash SD 2 Figure 28 is Asics Unisex Throw Pro Discus and Shot put Rotational Discus and Shot put Rotational
 $100
 $120
 ISOFIT system provides stabilizing support while adapting Synthetic leather upper, easy to clean.
 to the movement of the foot.
 An abrasion and tear resistant synthetic leather for increased FLEX-FILM upper is lightweight and supportive. Midfoot upper durability.
 cross strap locks foot to platformInternal EVA midsole for Improves bounce back characteristics and decreases. underfoot cushioning. midsole breakdown. Retrieved from https://www.eastbay.com/product/saucony- Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/ASICS-Throw- unleash-sd-2-mens/290352.html PRO-M-Black-Flash/dp/B00XXF97XU/ ref=asc_df_B00XXF97XU/? Figure 29 is Nike Zoom Javelin Elite 2 Figure 30 is Lanzar JAV 2 $90
 $100
 Flywire technology, fused materials, and a midstrap wrap SOFIT upper adapts to the shape of your foot for a snug fit over the foot for a lock-down fit. that moves with you. Full-length Phylon™ midsole offers responsive cushioning Cross strap across the midfoot for secure lockdown. and the anatomical heel allows natural foot movement. EVA midsole cushions and returns energy with every step. Midfoot shank provides stability and propulsion to ignite Full-length, 11-spike plate for aggressive traction on the your step and power your throw. track and grass. Full-length Pebax® plate with 11 spikes ensures powerful Includes 3/8" removable pyramid spikes and a wrench. traction. Retrieved from https://www.saucony.com/en/lanzar- Retrieved from https://www.eastbay.com/product/model/ jav-2/886129897963.html? nike-zoom-javelin-elite-2-mens/207248.html utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&adpos=1o1&scid =scplp27271U-886129897963&sc_intid=27271U-8861298 State of the art materials & manufacturing of current throwing shoes. Synthetic Leather Due to the heavy weight of the throwers, the durability of the shoes upper is very important. Also they need their shoes provide very stable support while adapting to the foot movement. Synthetic leather are used a lot on the throwing shoes upper to retain the shoes form and are usually very durable. Synthetic leather is also designed to hold up against weather conditions and the wear and tear of spining and gliding over an extended period of time. Synthetic leather is a layered composite made by coating a polyurethane paste onto a fabric substrate (Ritter, 2014). Most synthetic leather manufacturers use cotton or polyester as the base material for their fabrics (Hodakel 2019). Then, bind PU or PVC to the underlying base textiles, a variety of processes may be used, but they generally involve melting the plastic and overlaying it on the base textile. Once the plastic has been bound to the underlying fabric, it is cut into the desired shape and size (Hodakel 2019). Synthetic mesh The mesh may be mixed with suede or nylon. Although mesh is not as durable as canvas or leather, this material allows the throwing shoes to breathe, which helps keep throwers feet cool and comfortable during training or competition wear (Staikos, Heath, Haworth and Rahimifard, 2006). Mesh’ itself refers to a knitted structure of fibers, and is technically a barrier created from connected strands. The yarns are knitted or woven together, resulting in a fabric with open spaces in between the strands of yarn. When it comes to mesh fabric, the material is typically made from polyester or nylon. The synthetic fibres are woven to create a flexible, net-like fabric which has a huge range of uses. Contrasting to this, mesh can also be created from metals for a sturdier and more structured material, often for industrial use (Carbonell, 2013). TPU Toe Cap A lot of throwing shoes use TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) to make toe cup for better protection (Yan & Xu, 2009). The most of throwing techniques require a lot of rotating which will wear the fo toe cup very quickly and hurt the toe. So TPU provides an easy way to protect thrower’s toe from wear and damage in the spin movement. Also TPU offers the better abrasion resistant for the forefoot of the shoes (Ziegler and Marquez, 2018). Like all thermoplastic elastomers, TPU is elastic and melt-processable. It can be processed on extrusion as well as injection, blow and compression molding equipment. It can be vacuum-formed or solution-coated and is suited for a wide variety of fabrication methodologies. Also , TPU can even be colored through a number of processes (Patton, Chen, Hu, Grazulis, Schrand, and Roy, 2017). EVA Midsole EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate) also known as PEVA (poly-ethylene-vinyl acetate), is the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. When two plastic types join in the same polymer chain, the polymer is called a copolymer (Yan & Xu, 2009) . EVA midsoles are the most popular cushioning in sports footwear. You can find a lot of throwing shoes made by EVA midsole, which makes the throwing shoes became lightweight, resists compression set, provide cushioning and shock absorption for throwers. The classic way to foam EVA is to use an expansion press, the more modern way to expand EVA is by using an injection machine (Yan & Xu, 2009). Carbon Rubber Outsole The outsole uses the textured carbon rubber to increase grip and durability. Carbon rubber also offers high wearing traction for fast throwing rotational or glide and wet conditions. For the manufacturing, injection molding is the method for making outsole. Raw rubber is placed into the mold, where it will soon flow in to form the outsole. Put the rubber into the full mold and heat for a short time to create the outsole. Once out of the heat press, the excess rubber is cut away to leave a perfectly formed outsole (Hussain, 2001). Throwing shoe manufacturing process Currently, most of sports manufacturers make shoes with the following method：First, the upper part. The upper pattern parts for the shoe are made into steel cutting dies. Each upper part is cut from rolls of fabric or from leather hides (Motawi, 2017). Today more and more sports footwear companies use 4D knitting construction to make upper which is produced by a CNC knitting machine then assembled with the tongue, lining materials, and reinforcements (Schmelzeisen, Koch, Pastore, & Gries, 2018). Next, stitch the parts of the upper and sewing them together. The shoes upper is prepared with the strobel bottom. The shoe upper is steamed to soften the materials and the last is inserted and pulled tight. While the upper is being lasted, the sole is being prepared. In the throwing shoe area, rubber sole is commonly used and it usually combines with the foam cushioning component cemented inside (Motawi, 2017). When the upper has lasted tightly and the outside unit is competing, the two pieces come together. Then, the rubber sole unit will receive coatings of primer and cement. The outsole will get its own special primer. The shoe upper is also prepared with its own special primer and cement (Motawi, 2017). After the contact cement and primer have been completely dried in the heating tunnels, the two pieces are joined together by hand. A skilled shoe maker aligns the upper and outsole together then places the shoe in a hydraulic press. Once the shoe is pressed together it’s often put in the cooling tunnel to set the glue. After the cooling tunnel, a shoe de-lasting machine is used to push the last out of the shoe without wrinkling the shoe upper (Motawi, 2017). Utility patent landscape Upper Structure for shot put shoes 
 21 ii M8, "' 111 lO ! cc 10 Figure 31. Upper structure for shot put shoes from Yangping, J and Zhongcun, J. (2015). WO2016152490A1. Retrieved from https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016152490A1/en?oq=shot+put+shoes Two Japanese inventors Yangping Jitian and Zhongcun Jin invented an upper structure of the shoes in 2015 to reinforce the performance and stability of rotational shot put especially when the foot needs to turn. According to the inventors’ description, the sustainability of the shoe on the current market is not good enough when the rotation foot tends to move to the upper side of the upper during the turning movement. In this invention, the inventors integrate an elastic part of the inner side region of the upper and non-elastic part of the outer side region of the upper as one piece of the upper structure for the shoes to improve the stability during turning. The contraction part will follow the twist of the foot and the non-stretchable part will hold the foot well when the foot is moving to the upper outer side during rotation (Jitian and Jin, 2015). Javelin shoes having metatarsal cushion on spike plate U.S. Palent 4,361.971 Figure 32. Javelin shoes having metatarsal cushion on spike plate from Bowerman, J. (1980). US4361971A. Retrieved from https://patents.google.com/patent/US4361971?oq=discus+throwing+shoes In 1980, William J. Bowerman invented a track shoe with metatarsal cushion in spike plate for sprinters and hurdlers. And this invention may also apply to the javelin because the run- up before the final throwing. The cushion is designed to absorb shock, provide extra traction and foot stability for the running and landing. This inventive cushion may help javelin throwers a better performance during the run-up and land steadily for the final throw ( Bowerman, 1980). Gripper elements for sports shoes 1 • I ·I ., :l' . . ,,. ' ,., , ..: .. ~. ~ j:t /1 9. lb *UD-.,. II ~ 11-il' 1 ,_._,, . '1 . • ,.,g, F,g ~ .~ 2fl , '2b ..,_ .. '\ .u '-· " ~ 1t'1 :I_", ri1 h no•• Fi-9-7 f',o. ?c F"1112d Figure 33. Gripper elements for sports shoes from Dassler, A. (1972). US3859739A. Retrieved from https:// patents.google.com/patent/US3859739?oq=javelin+shoes. The inventor Adolf Dassler invented few new constructions of gripper elements for sports shoes to make the spikes are less deep into the plastic track comparing to the previous gripper elements. The inventor mentioned that this new spikes may also apply to javelin. The new type of gripper elements allow a certain turning of the shoe about an axis approximately at right angles to the track. Furthermore, they can produce more support against the surface to generate a catapult effect so that those sharp edges could penetrate into the track (Dassler, 1972). Graphic, and color application on current product space. 
 Adidas Throwstar Adidas Adlsro - Figure 34. Adidas Throwstar color and Figure 35. Adidas Adizero color and graphic (Li, 2019) graphic (Li, 2019) 
 Aslcs Unisex Throw Pro Srucony Unleash SD 2 Figure 36. Saucony Unleash SD 2 color Figure 37. Asics Throw Pro color and and graphic (Li, 2019) graphic (Li, 2019) Nike Zoom SO 4 ·~ Saucony l.anzar Jav 2 ■ □ Figure 38. Nike Zoom SD 4 color and Figure 39. Saucony Lanzar Jav 2 color and graphic (Li, 2019) graphic (Li, 2019) SWOT analysis of current product (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). 
 Thi, shoe: Apecifical!y forct4 you to he on vour toes throughout the rouuiollJll movcrm.'"111 IUld lh1s takes some gcmng used to. Due to this unusual Extremely Fast. Forcc-s you onto h:tll of foot, Gnp~ design of the sole these sh\.k..--s ure not suitl' \\'tlL II de\.cloricd q,t'Clrically for Otscus and Sbo1 hammer 1Jm,1wing. Pm rotal10U. WEAKNESSES THREATS OPPORTUNITIES OuL<01e Y.eru- 001 lOC'I rao th:in orhu pmdutr on Mnrt cttmfortabl~ Uf'rtt ilJ\tl htta1hnhle fc.al.lll'C:,. lhc rt1arkct. could he helpful /\ 1eniforcec.l >)' uthe-uc ca~e up1>e1 w11h suppult.l\oe slroµs he lps St.."'<.·w·ely hulc.1 fet1 iu pL'.n:e. Ca1bou rubber loo cap!, provide .J,(i(Jed p1oh.'tl1u1L Tuul:1 10 J h1.")' may rake u l111lc 11m~ tD hr.:ak-m, Athlctc;i n:.1uovc thl.! sp1k~s aw 1ndudi:.-d. A son anL..le collar h1tive kt 5P(nd innrc umc tn ~e• tL"ie{l lo fl. and mtcrosucd~ lining oner comfon a11d durubliuy tn bi~h-(cn.smn areas.. 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' ' . . - - ~ - - . l J l l i i ' ~ l l , o ~ l l \ . . . , , . . . , . _ - • - . ~ · • M l • • 1 l ; f ~ f ! l i , ' ! • . _ , , , . , . _ i I ' , ~ - . ., - . ~ · - • • • • · : 1 , - : : : ~ - . ~ . . . ! - - - . _ _ . , Slow-Motion Video Analysis Shot Put 14.87m 15.15m 16.69m 7 8 9 Shot Put Rotational Left and right feet are alternatively rotate 180 degrees. Spin and release velocity will affect the athlete’s performance. (compare video 7, 8 and 9) 10 11 12 Footwork Analysis The function of the right foot (landing foot) during the delivery is to manage the body with a heave-up push to give the base for the powerful trunk turn. The forefoot on the landing foot is the area that absorbs body weight and delivers the power of final push. Contact Area/Pressure Point Shot Put/Discus/Hammer Throw Edge of the left foot is • Pivot at the first spin. the major contact area • Supporting the final on the ground. push. • Pivot at the second spin • Balancing the • Absorb body weight body for each and offer the energy turns. for the final push. • Forefoot and heel both absorb the force. Left foot Bottom view Right foot Left foot Bottom view Right foot Contact Area Javelin Throw 1st Phase: Run up 2nd Phase: Crossover Steps 3rd Phase: Final Release Forefoot is the main contact Balancing the The ball of the area. body for final foot is main release. contact area. Whole foot is Cushioning needs. contacting the Forefoot absorb ground, stopping the body weight the body. Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Athlete Insight DEREK AKEY AUSTIN THARP TY HAMPTON University of Oregon University of Oregon University of Oregon Field & Track Team Shot Put/Discus Hammer Thrower Javelin Throw Personal-best throw of 55.36m/181-7.5 to win -Competed in the hammer throw (173-11/53.00m) Won the PIAA District XI 3A Championships title FHSAA 4A regional title at the PAC-12 Championships. as a junior with a season-best throw of 179-11. “Spikes do not necessarily have to be super “Throwers are bigger people, we have fat feet, we “The three most important areas of strength for a comfortable, they should serve a purpose.” need bigger toe box, it would be comfortable for us.” hammer thrower, in my opinion, are the legs, the core, and the posterior chain. Controlling the “ I often take off my spikes in competition. Because “I want to have stiff shoes upper, don’t make it too placement of your feet and legs is essential to a good they are very tight and stiff. This is good for relaxing flexible, a good pair of shot put/discus throwing throw.” my feet and energy recovery.” shoes usually don’t very flexible which is good for throwers. “Shot/discus they are only turning on the toe, a lot  “Currently I use a higher top, but not very high left more spin at the beginning of the throw. Hammer boot, Nike Javelin Elite II.” “ There is very little arch support in the Nike SD’s, and throw have some spins on the heel.” my ankles pronate a lot in them. That wasn’t as much “For the durability of the shoes, in normal of a case with the Nike Rotational." “I want to have tighter and breathable upper material competition and practice, you can plan with 2 for the shoes” seasons per pair, depending on the technique and “I like the strap on the zoom rotational 6, really helpful practice.” for lockdown.” AAtthhlleettee IInnssiigghhtt Hammer Throw CONNOR ROUSEMILLER Yang Liu University of Minnesota Chinese National Field & Track Team Hammer Thrower Shot Put/Discus Recorded a season-best mark of 19.63 meters Recorded a personal bests in the event are 19.77 (64-05.00 ft.) to finish third at the Snowshoe Open meters outdoors (Shenyang 2013). in 2019 season.  “For the majority of my career, I used size 13.5 Nike “ Some throwers even throw with two different types Rotational 6. However, I recently switched to size of shoes on because they like the feel of one of the 13.5 Nike SD’s. I made the switch because SD’s have shoes doing the left foot’s work and the other shoe a different texture/material on the bottom that is doing the right foot’s work.” better for slippery throwing circles.” “ Having shoes individualized to the function of the “It would be awesome to find a material that foot would be an interesting concept, too, since each performed similarly on different types/finishes of foot has different responsibilities in the throw. More concrete/wood/linoleum, because the materials and arch support would be great as well.” finishes of circles around the world vary significantly.” “I don’t think ankle protection is necessary. The only  “Durability is important, as I usually go through one time you would every injure your ankle is from lack of pair of shoes every six months. That is roughly 4000 support and rolling it.” throws in my experience.” Products Landscape Adidas AdiZero (2010) Nike Zoom Rotational 6 (2015) Unleash SD 2 (2015) Discus, Shot put, and hammer Rotational Hammer, Discus, Rotational Shot Put Discus and Shot put rotational $110 $100 $100 • Synthetic cage upper construction is internally • Durable mesh with a seamless vamp. • Surface: Concrete, Asphalt or some other Firm. reinforced with a hook-and-loop strap for additional • Mid foot strap and an external heel counter for • ISOFIT system provides stabilizing support while lockdown during rotation. lockdown. adapting to the movement of the foot. • Soft collar for reduced pressure on the ankle and • Full-length, thin EVA midsole for lightweight protection. • FLEXFILM upper is lightweight and supportive. Achilles. • Full-length BRS 1000 smooth rubber with a full-length • Midfoot cross strap locks foot to platformInternal EVA • Carbon rubber outsole for durable traction through Pebax® plate for durability. midsole for underfoot cushioning. your throwing motion. Asics Unisex Throw Pro (2014) Nike Javelin Elite 2 (2015) Saucony Lanzar JAV 2 (2016) Discus and Shot put Rotational
 $120 $90 $110 • Synthetic leather upper, easy to clean. • Full-length PhylonTM midsole offers responsive • An abrasion and tear resistant synthetic leather for • SOFIT upper adapts to the shape of your foot for a cushioning . increased upper durability. • snug fit that moves with you. Midfoot shank provides stability and propulsion to • Spevafoam Midsole Material • Cross strap across the midfoot for secure lockdown. ignite your step and power your throw. • Improves bounce back characteristics and decreases • • EVA midsole cushions and returns energy with every Full-length Pebax® plate with 11 spikes ensures midsole breakdown. step. Includes 3/8" removable pyramid spikes and a powerful traction.
 wrench. Destructive Analysis Nike Rotational 6: Shot put/Discus/Hammer Cotton Collar lining TPU seamless Vamp TPU Heel Inner Mid strap Counter Rubber Toe Box BRS 1000 Rubber Outsole EVA Midsole Pebax Plate Adidas Adizero Discus/Hammer Throw Cotton Collar Synthetic Fabric/ lining Polyester Overlay TPU No-Sew Vamp Inner TPU Heel Counter Rubber Toe Box Carbon Rubber Outsole PVC Midsole Nike Javelin Elite 2 No-sew Polyester Overlay Foam padding Sports Mesh Liner Rubber Toe Box Over molded Phylon Pebax Plate Carbon Fiber Plate EVA Midsole Throwing Shoes Rules & Regulations Javelin Spike Regulations and Rules Shot Put/Discus/Hammer Throw Number of Spikes The Sole and The Heel “The sole and heel of the shoes shall be so constructed as “The sole and/or heel may have grooves, ridges, to provide for the use of up to 11 spikes. Any number of indentations or protuberances, provided these features are spikes up to 11 may be used but the number of spike constructed of the same or similar material to the basic positions shall not exceed 11”. sole itself.” Dimensions of Spikes The Purpose of the Shoes “That part of each spike which projects from the sole or the “The purpose of shoes for competition is to give protection heel shall not exceed 12mm”. and stability to the feet and a firm grip on the ground. Mentorship Team Stanley Chang Ammo Lee General Manager of Global Football Category, Express Line Footwear Graphic Designer, Nike, ShangHai Nike, ShangHai “Verify and understand the unmet needs of a certain “If you want to really understand the shoes, go to group of athletes/customers. What do they say factories, learning the development process, the that they want? What do they say that they need? business side of it all, It is very important for your project.” “One of the best ways to understand your competitors is to use their product/services.” “Really understanding the athlete’s needs and discover the story behind throwing sports, it will help Your need to clarify your unique value proposition, you to gain your inspiration.” describes why others should use your product and not the competition’s. Tell people how your “At the end of the day, what really matters is your design and ideas are unique. mind, your work and portfolio。” Design Brief Shot Put/Discus This shoes are designed specifically for the rotational technique shot put/Discus, It combines the specific needs of the spinning technique to provide the best lockdown performance and support. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 169.99 Retail $ 42.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Throwing circle(Cement/Wood) Consumer: Professional Athlete Intermediate Rotational shot put/Discus Features & Benefits: • Specific traction design provides the balance of spinning and the stability. • Mid foot strap and an external heel counter for best lockdown • Comfortable midsole for durable cushioning at the specific areas. Design Brief Hammer Throw Specifically designed shoes for hammer throwers, that provides the best performance for executing rapid pivots. The design will help the athlete to absorb shock and enhance stability. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 139.99 Retail $ 35.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Throwing circle(Cement/Wood) Consumer: Elite Athlete Intermediate Hammer throw Features & Benefits: • Upper construction is internally reinforced with a strap for lockdown during fast rotational. • Asymmetrically designed outsole for hammer throw specific movements and provide individualized traction support. • Soft collar for reduced pressure on the ankle. Design Brief Javelin Throw This shoes is asymmetrically designed for javelin specific movements and delivers great lockdown and flexibility exactly where athletes need it. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 179.99 Retail $ 45.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Run-up track (Rubber) Consumer: Elite Athlete Intermediate Javelin thrower Features & Benefits: • Midstrap wrap over the foot for the best lock-down fit. • Removable spikes are conveniently for athletes to install and take out during the competition. • Midsole cushions and returns energy with every step and power your throw. Work Calendar For The Next 5 Weeks Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 9 10 HW7 DUE 11 12 HW8 DUE 13 14 15 Show: • 20 Ideation sketching • • More 20 Ideation • Show more Ideation • 10 Basic Shape rendering 10 Basic Shape rendering 10 Basic Shape rendering Week 6 10 sketching shape of the • • sketching sketching • 20 Sketch upper graphics • 10 Sketch upper graphics • 10 Sketch upper graphics midsole • • Shape of the midsole • Show more 20 ideation • Rendering the upper & texture rendering and rendering the textures 10 sketching shape of the • Shape of the outsole sketching • Quick color rendering the • Quick color rendering the • Quick color rendering the outsole • • Start coloring midsole and outsole sole midsole and outsoleTotally 40 16 17 HW9 DUE 18 19 HW10 DUE 20 21 22 • 5 Materials mockups • Show modeling in process • Materials mockups • Upper material testing • Upper material testing Week 7 • Final sketching and color • Show final sketching and • Analysis the material for • Analysis the material for • Analysis the material for • Upper prototype making • 2 Upper prototype making ideation color ideation upper upper upper • Outsole and midsole • Modeling in process • Final Rendering and • Start making mock ups • Start modeling • Start modeling outsole in • Modeling in process modeling in process • Outsole & midsole graphic design Rhino modeling 23 24 HW11 DUE 25 26 HW12 DUE 27 28 29 • Making validation plans • 2nd round, 2 outsole in • 3 Upper prototype Making • Upper sewing, Strobel Week 8 • Prepare for proofing of • Show proof of concept, • How to test upper? Proof of the validation the CAD • More details in CAD • Finish details in CAD concept • show CAD (2 outsole) • Outsole really solve the • More details in (upper) • Outsole traction in • plansMake proofing of concept • Show 2 upper prototypes problem? CAD(upper) • Grasshopper outsole grasshopper plan • Midsole offers support? • Grasshopper outsole • Prototype making• Prototype making 1 2 HW13 DUE 3 4 HW14 DUE 5 6 7 • Upper sewing, Strobel • Show 1st round final • Updating 2nd final upper • 2nd round upper • 3rd round upper prototype • 3rd round upper prototype • 3rd round upper prototype Week 9 • Finish details in CAD prototype prototype prototype • Midsole casting/Ready to • Midsole casting • Midsole casting • Outsole traction • Finish details in CAD • Finish the upper details • Finish the upper details 3D print • Final CAD & renderin/3D • Final CAD & renderin/3D • Prototype making • Outsole traction • Finish the CAD • Finish the CAD print print • Ready to 3D print • Ready to 3D print 8 9 HW15 DUE 10 11 12 13 14 Week 10 Midsole casting/outsole 3D • Final previews • Finalizing final prototype. • Final presentation printing • Finalizing final prototype • Final presentation prepare • Final reviews• Final presentation prepare Presentation Winter 2020 Final Capstone Project Shawn Li Men’s Throwing Sports Footwear Innovation Capstone Project MS Sports Product Design University of Oregon Shawn Li Men’s Throwing Sports Footwear Innovation This capstone project is to innovate new footwear for shot put/discus, javelin and hammer throw. The collection will provide the best footwear performance and support for elite throwing athletes. The Innovative Nature of Throwing Sports Footwear/Why is important? • Shot Put, Discus, Hammer Throw & Javelin are all Olympic events. • All four events have a very long history in track and field. • The existing throwing shoes have not been updated for many years. Shot Put/Discus Rules & Competition Field centre line I I 34.92° I ' I 1.21m ± 0.01 I 0.75m min. 90° - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + I 2.135ml 50mm ± 005m, I ' I Shot Put/Discus Shot Put/Discus Throwing Circle The shot, a metal ball which is 7.26kg/16lb for men. The athlete needs to put The athletes are required to throw as far as possible while remaining inside a the shot with one hand. Discus, athletes throw a 2kG and 22cm diameter 2.5-meter diameter circle. metal disc. Shot Put/Discus Rotational Technique In order to get the maximum release velocity, the discus and shot put rotational throwers need to have a stable foot landing and reach a high rotational foot speed to transfer the energy to push the shot/discus. The discus/shot put shoes usually have smooth and rounded edge outsole, with no traction/thread. Hammer Throw Rules & Competition Field centre line .l f ~34.92° I white lines 0.75m min. I' / + 90° \ ' c==:'.===:=t-: ::.:H -- -- -- --- -- ---- ---- -- 50mm /OO2S.13m5m!j . I Hammer Throw Hammer Throw Circle Athletes throw a metal ball which is 7.26kg for men. The hammer is attached to The diameter of the hammer circle is 2.135 meter. Hammer and discus throws a grip by a steel wire no longer than 1.22m. The thrower usually makes three or area should be made from an enclosure or cage that should be centered on the four spins before releasing the ball. circle and with the non-movable cage opening. Hammer Throw Rotational Technique The motions of the hammer thrower’s centre of mass are influenced by two forces; gravity, and ground reaction force. So reducing the friction between the outsole and the ground is very important for improving rotational velocity. Javelin Throw Rules & Competition Field 4.00m V, 0 3 3 S0mm x S0mm I+ 1+ 0 0 n 0 0 11) ~ V, V, :: . . - 0 3 3 ... ,. . - 0 ..... - · - - ---- - - -·- 11) ::, 11) Javelin Throw Javelin Throw Runway The men’s javelin weigh at least 800gram and be 2.7meter long. The athlete The runway javelin should be marked by two parallel lines 5 centimeters in width. begins with run-up, then throw the javelin over the upper part of their throwing The minimum length should be 33.5 meters and the width shall be 4 meters arm. The tip of the javelin must land first. between the inside edges of the marked parallel lines. Javelin Throw Footwork Technique A javelin throw involves a run-up of 6 to 10 steps, followed by two or three crossover steps before the thrower releases the javelin. Sprinting is performed on the balls of the feet, with toes pointing forward. Ensuring that the feet (forefoot) grip the surface will improve the friction and gain the ground reaction force throughout the running strides. 2020 UW Indoor Preview • Dempsey Stadium at the University of Washington in Seattle. • The event took place on Saturday, January 18 • Weight/Hammer Throw • Shot Put Slow-Motion Video Analysis Hammer/Weight Throw 1 2 3 Hammer/Weight Throw Some athletes have 4 turns before releasing the ball, some of them have 5 turns. The spinning takes the left foot as the central pivot point, another foot is balancing the body and creating the momentum. 15.56m 17.46m 18.15m 4 5 6 Footwork Analysis When spinning, the elite athlete will use the edge of the left foot to spin instead of the forefoot or the heel. In order to get fast rotational velocity, athletes need to reduce the contact friction. (Compare video 5 and 6) Slow-Motion Video Analysis Shot Put 14.87m 15.15m 16.69m 7 8 9 Shot Put Rotational Left and right feet are alternatively rotate 180 degrees. Spin and release velocity will affect the athlete’s performance. (compare video 7, 8 and 9) 10 11 12 Footwork Analysis The function of the right foot (landing foot) during the delivery is to manage the body with a heave-up push to give the base for the powerful trunk turn. The forefoot on the landing foot is the area that absorbs body weight and delivers the power of final push. Contact Area Javelin Throw 1st Phase: Run up 2nd Phase: Crossover Steps 3rd Phase: Final Release Forefoot is the main contact Balancing the The ball of the area. body for final foot is main release. contact area. Whole foot is Cushioning needs. contacting the Forefoot absorb ground, stopping the body weight the body. Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Athlete Insight DEREK AKEY AUSTIN THARP TY HAMPTON University of Oregon University of Oregon University of Oregon Field & Track Team Shot Put/Discus Hammer Thrower Javelin Throw Personal-best throw of 55.36m/181-7.5 to win -Competed in the hammer throw (173-11/53.00m) Won the PIAA District XI 3A Championships title as FHSAA 4A regional title at the PAC-12 Championships. a junior with a season-best throw of 179-11. “Spikes do not necessarily have to be super “Throwers are bigger people, we have fat feet, we “The three most important areas of strength for a comfortable, they should serve a purpose.” need bigger toe box, it would be comfortable for us.” hammer thrower, in my opinion, are the legs, the core, and the posterior chain. Controlling the placement of “ I often take off my spikes in competition. Because “I want to have stiff shoes upper, don’t make it too your feet and legs is essential to a good throw.” they are very tight and stiff. This is good for relaxing flexible, a good pair of shot put/discus throwing shoes my feet and energy recovery.” usually don’t very flexible which is good for throwers. “Shot/discus they are only turning on the toe, a lot more spin at the beginning of the throw. Hammer  “Currently I use a higher top, but not very high left “ There is very little arch support in the Nike SD’s, and throw have some spins on the heel.” boot, Nike Javelin Elite II.” my ankles pronate a lot in them. That wasn’t as much of a case with the Nike Rotational." “I want to have tighter and breathable upper material “For the durability of the shoes, in normal competition for the shoes” and practice, you can plan with 2 seasons per pair, “I like the strap on the zoom rotational 6, really helpful depending on the technique and practice.” for lockdown.” Destructive Analysis Nike Rotational 6: Shot put/Discus/Hammer Cotton Collar lining TPU seamless Vamp TPU Heel Inner Mid strap Counter Rubber Toe Box BRS 1000 Rubber Outsole EVA Midsole Pebax Plate Adidas Adizero Discus/Hammer Throw Cotton Collar Synthetic Fabric/ lining Polyester Overlay organic pattern TPU No-Sew Vamp Inner TPU Heel Counter Rubber Toe Box Carbon Rubber Outsole PVC Midsole Nike Javelin Elite 2 No-sew Polyester Overlay Foam padding Sports Mesh Liner Rubber Toe Box Over molded Phylon Pebax Plate Carbon Fiber Plate EVA Midsole Design Brief Shot Put/Discus This shoes are designed specifically for the rotational technique shot put/discus, It combines the specific needs of the spinning technique to provide the best lockdown performance and support. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 169.99 Retail $ 42.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Throwing circle(Cement/Wood) Consumer: Professional Athlete Intermediate Rotational shot put/Discus Features & Benefits: • Specific traction design provides the balance of spinning and the stability. • Mid foot strap and an external heel counter for best lockdown • Comfortable midsole for durable cushioning at the specific areas. Design Brief Hammer Throw Specifically designed shoes for hammer throwers, that provides the best performance for executing rapid pivots. The design will help the athlete to absorb shock and enhance stability. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 139.99 Retail $ 35.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Throwing circle(Cement/Wood) Consumer: Elite Athlete Intermediate Hammer throw Features & Benefits: • Upper construction is internally reinforced with a strap for lockdown during fast rotational. • Asymmetrically designed outsole for hammer throw specific movements and provide individualized traction support. • Soft collar for reduced pressure on the ankle. Design Brief Javelin Throw This shoes is asymmetrically designed for javelin specific movements and delivers great lockdown and flexibility exactly where athletes need it. Season: 2021 Fall Price: $ 179.99 Retail $ 45.99 FOB Environment: Outdoor/Indoor Run-up track (Rubber) Consumer: Elite Athlete Intermediate Javelin thrower Features & Benefits: • Midstrap wrap over the foot for the best lock-down fit. • Removable spikes are conveniently for athletes to install and take out during the competition. • Midsole cushions and returns energy with every step and power your throw. • Asymmetrically shoes top designed for the different needs of the stability. Color Inspiration Shot Put/Discus I c~ S'i}r1e Jtto.r bettv ui~ c/oWV1 Javelin Throw ~ - --- ------ --. -.. -----.. --- --- ---- ----- --- ----------- ------- Hammer Throw Lockdown Straps Polyester Bemis film with elastic straps and attached velcro. Secure dorsal and heel. Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Midsole “upper” Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with upper together. Outsole Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance spin technique Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Traction Medial and lateral traction will effectively reduce the rotation momentum after throwing. Straps Holder TPU straps holder will help to fix the straps on the upper Straps Holder Rear TPU straps holder will help to tighten the the straps on the upper Built-in cushioning Located at the heel part to offer better protection and support Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Midsole “upper” Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect athlete’s blocking feet. Rear Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Front Midsole Carbon fiber with polyurethane foam offer better support and Carbon fiber Plate stability for athlete ’s blocking feet, Carbon fiber plate offer better stability when athlete run up with fast acceleration Traction Plate TPU traction will ensure the feet grip the ground improve the friction. Spikes Removable spikes are conveniently for athletes to Spikes Holder customize during competition. Offer better lockdown and stability for spikes ,', -- \ Ill- \ --- \ ,,\ --: \ ~ --- Shoes Upper Straps Holder Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in Strap holder made by hard aluminum ring and synthetic leather order to offer better breathability and durable. with double stitches to make sure 100% solid Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with upper together. Midsole “upper” Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Arch-Support Plate Midsole Carbon fiber arch-support plate offer better stability when Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer athlete spin with high speed. stiffer cushions and support Outsole Rear Traction Plate Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance Localized traction provides the specific traction support for spin technique hammer throw specific movements.. Front Traction Plate Localized traction provides the specific traction support. Process Book Sprint 2020 Final Capstone Project Shawn Li Proof of Concept These shoes are designed for throwing sports specific movements and delivers great lockdown and stability. The “x” shape cross straps design will wrap around the dorsal foot. Straps go all the way down to the heel counter, which can lockdown the dorsal and heel. This system will stabilize dorsal foot and heel at the same time, offers better support and lockdown performance which help athletes to control their foot placement for executing rapid pivots and sprint, Shot Put Lockdown Straps Polyester Bemis film with elastic straps and Rear Straps holder attached velcro. Secure dorsal and heel. Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps go through here Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Midsole Sidewall Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with upper together. Outsole Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance spin technique Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Traction Medial and lateral traction will effectively reduce the rotation momentum after throwing. Hammer Throw Shoes Upper Straps Holder Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in Strap holder made by hard aluminum ring and synthetic leather order to offer better breathability and durable. with double stitches to make sure 100% solid Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with upper together. Midsole Sidewall Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Arch-Support Plate Midsole Carbon fiber arch-support plate offer better stability when Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer athlete spin with high speed. stiffer cushions and support Outsole Rear Traction Plate Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance Localized traction provides the specific traction support for spin technique hammer throw specific movements.. Front Traction Plate Localized traction provides the specific traction support. Javelin Throw Straps Holder Rear TPU straps holder will help to tighten the the straps on the upper Built-in cushioning Located at the heel part to offer better protection and support Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Sidewall Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect athlete’s blocking feet. Rear Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Front Midsole Carbon fiber Plate Carbon fiber with polyurethane foam offer better support and stability for athlete ’s blocking feet, Carbon fiber plate offer better stability when athlete run up with fast acceleration Traction Plate TPU traction will ensure the feet grip the ground improve the friction. Spikes Removable spikes are conveniently for athletes to Spikes Holder customize during competition. Offer better lockdown and stability for spikes Shot Put Strength Power Spin Color Palette Javelin Throw Fast Explosive Solid Color Palette New Color Exploration □••••□ □--- Updated Shot Put Upper Shot Put Outsole Molding • Making silicone mold • Rubber outsole casting Mold & Casting Making Process Making box for silicone mold Taking out the silicone mold Colored rubber outsole Acts-Like Prototype Shot put Javelin 3D Printed Midsole & Outsole How does strap go under the upper? Javelin Throw Athletes Feedback AUSTIN THARP University of Oregon Discus Throw “I love the way that how the straps wrap around the foot. This is a really cool concept if the straps works well” “I like this blue and black color! Really want to try them on!” TY HAMPTON University of Oregon Field & Track Team Javelin Throw “If the shoes is rigid that would be helpful, because the athletes can instantly stop themselves with the block.” “I like this ankle lockdown system, because the ankle support in javelin is a critical component. The goal for ankle protection is to have strong support to hold the ankle in place for the block foot.” Validation Plan Area calculation Adidas AdiZero Asics New Shotput Prototype Red Area: 4608.23673 (+/- 0.00045) square millimeters Red Area: 3804.52649 (+/- 0.00013) square millimeters Red Area: Area = 11939.393 (+/- 0.0015) square millimeters Remaining Prototyping & Validation Plan Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Week 6 • Hammer throw final CAD • Hammer throw final CAD • Hammer throw final CAD • Hammer throw final CAD • Hammer throw final CAD rendering rendering rendering rendering rendering • Upper making • Upper making • Upper making • Upper making • Upper making • Javelin shoes 3d Scan for • Javelin shoes 3d Scan for • Javelin shoes 3d Scan for • Javelin shoes 3d Scan for • Data analysis validation validation validation validation Week 7 • Hammer throw final CAD • Javelin Throw final upper • Javelin Throw final upper • Javelin Throw final upper • Javelin Throw final upper • Javelin Throw final upper • Packaging making for rendering prototype making prototype making prototype making prototype making prototype making three different shoes • Upper making • Javelin Outsole casting • Javelin Outsole casting • Javelin Outsole casting • Javelin Outsole casting • Javelin Outsole casting • Data collection base on • Data analysis • Data analysis • Talk to experts for • Talk to experts for • Data collection base on • Data collection base on feedback validation validation feedback feedback Week 8 • Packaging design sketch • Packaging design sketch • Packaging design sketch • Shot put outsole refine • Shot put outsole refine • Shot put outsole refine • Hammer throw outsole • Packaging details • Packaging details • Packaging details • Final Presentation making • Final Presentation making • Final Presentation making casting rendering rendering rendering Final data comparison and Final data comparison and • Final Presentation making • Final data comparison and • Final data comparison and • Final data comparison and analysis for validation analysis for validation analysis for validation analysis for validation analysis for validation Week 9 • Hammer throw outsole • Hammer throw outsole • Hammer throw outsole • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes casting casting casting • Final Presentation making • Final Presentation making • Final Presentation making Week 10 • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes • Refine prototypes Packaging Moodboard / Box Mockup .,., Packaging Ideation - ---- \ -,~ ~ - --I - Ii I, Helix Throwing Sports Footwear Presentation Spring 2020 Final Capstone Project Shawn Li Men’s Throwing Sports Footwear Innovation Capstone Project MS Sports Product Design University of Oregon Shawn Li Men’s Throwing Sports Footwear Innovation This capstone project is to innovate new footwear for shot put/discus, javelin and hammer throw. The collection will provide the best footwear performance and support for elite throwing athletes. The Innovative Nature of Throwing Sports Footwear/Why is important? • Shot Put, Discus, Hammer Throw & Javelin are all Olympic events. • All four events have a very long history in track and field. • The existing throwing shoes have not been updated for many years. Shot Put/Discus Rotational Technique In order to get the maximum release velocity, the discus and shot put rotational throwers need to have a stable foot landing and reach a high rotational foot speed to transfer the energy to push the shot/discus. The discus/shot put shoes usually have smooth and rounded edge outsole, with no traction/thread. Hammer Throw Rotational Technique The motions of the hammer thrower’s centre of mass are influenced by two forces; gravity, and ground reaction force. So reducing the friction between the outsole and the ground is very important for improving rotational velocity. Javelin Throw Footwork Technique A javelin throw involves a run-up of 6 to 10 steps, followed by two or three crossover steps before the thrower releases the javelin. Sprinting is performed on the balls of the feet, with toes pointing forward. Ensuring that the feet (forefoot) grip the surface will improve the friction and gain the ground reaction force throughout the running strides. Slow-Motion Video Analysis Hammer/Weight Throw 1 2 3 Hammer/Weight Throw Some athletes have 4 turns before releasing the ball, some of them have 5 turns. The spinning takes the left foot as the central pivot point, another foot is balancing the body and creating the momentum. 15.56m 17.46m 18.15m 4 5 6 Footwork Analysis When spinning, the elite athlete will use the edge of the left foot to spin instead of the forefoot or the heel. In order to get fast rotational velocity, athletes need to reduce the contact friction. (Compare video 5 and 6) Slow-Motion Video Analysis Shot Put 14.87m 15.15m 16.69m 7 8 9 Shot Put Rotational Left and right feet are alternatively rotate 180 degrees. Spin and release velocity will affect the athlete’s performance. (compare video 7, 8 and 9) 10 11 12 Footwork Analysis The function of the right foot (landing foot) during the delivery is to manage the body with a heave-up push to give the base for the powerful trunk turn. The forefoot on the landing foot is the area that absorbs body weight and delivers the power of final push. Contact Area Javelin Throw 1st Phase: Run up 2nd Phase: Crossover Steps 3rd Phase: Final Release Forefoot is the main contact Balancing the The ball of the area. body for final foot is main release. contact area. Whole foot is Cushioning needs. contacting the Forefoot absorb ground, stopping the body weight the body. Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Right foot Bottom view Left foot Athlete Insight DEREK AKEY AUSTIN THARP TY HAMPTON University of Oregon University of Oregon University of Oregon Field & Track Team Shot Put/Discus Hammer Thrower Javelin Throw Personal-best throw of 55.36m/181-7.5 to win -Competed in the hammer throw (173-11/53.00m) Won the PIAA District XI 3A Championships title as FHSAA 4A regional title at the PAC-12 Championships. a junior with a season-best throw of 179-11. “Spikes do not necessarily have to be super “Throwers are bigger people, we have fat feet, we “The three most important areas of strength for a comfortable, they should serve a purpose.” need bigger toe box, it would be comfortable for us.” hammer thrower, in my opinion, are the legs, the core, and the posterior chain. Controlling the placement of “ I often take off my spikes in competition. Because “I want to have stiff shoes upper, don’t make it too your feet and legs is essential to a good throw.” they are very tight and stiff. This is good for relaxing flexible, a good pair of shot put/discus throwing shoes my feet and energy recovery.” usually don’t very flexible which is good for throwers. “Shot/discus they are only turning on the toe, a lot more spin at the beginning of the throw. Hammer  “Currently I use a higher top, but not very high left “ There is very little arch support in the Nike SD’s, and throw have some spins on the heel.” boot, Nike Javelin Elite II.” my ankles pronate a lot in them. That wasn’t as much of a case with the Nike Rotational." “I want to have tighter and breathable upper material “For the durability of the shoes, in normal competition for the shoes” and practice, you can plan with 2 seasons per pair, “I like the strap on the zoom rotational 6, really helpful depending on the technique and practice.” for lockdown.” Problem Statements Shot Put Hammer Throw Javelin Throw • Better Lockdown performance needs. • Lockdown needs for executing rapid pivots. • Lack of ankle protection. • Lack of cushioning for toe/forefoot. • Outsole specific areas need specific traction . • Outsole needs more traction to improve sprinting . Lacing System Ideation Try different shapes of straps, find out the best solution for shot put/hammer throw heel lock down. Try to figure out the best solution for high top javelin lacing system Make some quick mock ups and more prototypes were iterated, leading into final shape of the straps. Inspiration Color Palette Ideation & Sketches r • • • { lJe •f t~ __,~ o,t.soi, Ao •I l~• 1"" Final Sketches direction Shot Put Hammer Throw Javelin Throw Proof of Concept The “x” shape straps design will wrap around the dorsal foot. Straps go all the way down to the heel counter, which can lockdown the dorsal and heel. This system will stabilize dorsal foot and heel at the same time, offers better support and lockdown performance which help athletes to control their foot placement for executing fast pivots and sprinting. Colorways Exploration Shot Put Upper Making Process Shot Put Outsole Molding • Making silicone mold • Rubber outsole casting Final Prototype Shot put Lockdown Straps Heel Counter Polyester Bemis film with elastic straps and Also hold the straps. Made by synthetic leather attached velcro. Secure dorsal and heel. with double stitches to make sure 100% solid. Straps Holder Strap holder made by hard aluminum ring. Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durability. Sidewall Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with upper together. Outsole Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance spin technique Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Traction Medial and lateral traction will effectively reduce the rotation momentum after throwing. Prototype making-Hammer Throw Final Prototype Hammer Throw • - Hammer Throw Straps Holder Strap holder made by hard aluminum ring and synthetic leather Shoes Upper with double stitches to make sure 100% solid Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are Midsole Sidewall fixing at this toe cap and strobel with Higher part of midsole will wrap around the upper to upper together. protect the upper when athlete spin their feet. Arch-Support Plate Carbon fiber arch-support plate offer better stability when athlete spin with high speed. Midsole Carbon fiber mixed with EVA foam to offer stiffer cushions and support Outsole Rear Traction Plate Synthetic rubber outsole with smooth edge enhance Localized traction provides the specific traction support for spin technique hammer throw specific movements.. Front Traction Plate Localized traction provides the specific traction support. Prototype Making-Javelin Throw 3D printed midsole, outsole and spikes holder, make sure the spikes are removeabble. Molding and casting the rubber outsole. Figure out the solution of how straps go under the upper. Final Javelin Throw Javelin Throw Mid-foot Straps Triangle lockdown system stabilize dorsal foot and Straps Holder heel at the same time, offers better foot lock-down. Strap holder made by flexible TPU Shoes Upper Bemis film bonded with synthetic mesh upper material in order to offer better breathability and durable. Heel Counter TPU Plastic heel counter offer better heel and ankle protection Toe Cap Reinforced synthetic leather. Straps are fixing at this toe cap and strobel with Midsole upper together. Carbon fiber with polyurethane foam offer better support and stability for athlete ’s blocking feet, - Traction Plate TPU traction will ensure the feet grip the ground Spikes improve the friction. Removable spikes are conveniently for athletes to customize during competition. Packaging Brand Logo Ideation Helix Throwing Sports Footwear Tech Drawing-Shot Put D 115.76 32.56 110.66 20.53 50.53 15.32 Section A A A1 I I 5.34 2.67 314,25 13.56 Section B B B1 70.25 I 48.23 108.25 Section C C C1 310,16 29.86 Section DD1 Lateral View D1 Medial View Section DD1 Bottom View 70,16 Tech Drawing-Hammer Throw 33.86 120.55 60.78 15.36 2.56 1-15.35 - 160.34 34.25 17.25 260.78 A A1 Section A A1 V 'I 36.41 311.58 20..83 B B1 Section B B1 30.25 35.72 21.59 Section C C1 C C1 324.78 29.86 35.52 43.88 D1 Section DD1 Lateral View 4.79 Bottom View Medial View Section DD1 43.52 Tech Drawing-Javelin Throw 125.45 45.36 35.89 1 20.00 ✓~ A A1 ( ·/\\ 3.78 124.66 /\ Section A A1 25.45 10.23 9.54 t i I\ f\ 310.89,, I\ \ 7.66 Section C C135.76 / 332.5545.2256.33 \ C C1 I/~ 150.65 -====~ ) -· ·-,,,··---=·- ~·-·---.. ~------et-55.32 ~ ~ Lateral View Outsole Lateral View Midsole Bottom View Medial View Midsole Medial View Outsole 90.28 Validation Area calculation Adidas AdiZero Asics New Hammer Throw Prototype Red Area: 4608.23673 (+/- 0.00045) square millimeters Red Area: 3804.52649 (+/- 0.00013) square millimeters Red Area: Area = 11939.393 (+/- 0.0015) square millimeters Nike Zoom Javelin Elite 2 Saucony Lanzar Jav New Javelin throw Prototype Red Area: 5208.34689 (+/- 0.00025) square millimeters Red Area: 5683.63799 (+/- 0.00016) square millimeters Red Area: Area = 15688.518 (+/- 0.00035) square millimeters Validation Athlete/Expert Feedback OLA ADENIJI DEREK AKEY University of Oregon Track Team Coach University of Oregon PHD, Human physiology Shot Put/Discus “I like this ankle lockdown system, because the ankle support in javelin is a “I love the way that how the straps wrap around the foot. This is a really cool critical component. The goal for ankle protection is to have strong support to concept if the straps works well” hold the ankle in place for the block foot.” “If the shoes can help athlete to hold the position before the final release, “If the shoes is rigid that would be helpful, because the athletes can that would be super helpful.” instantly stop themselves with the block.” Athlete Outcome These shoes are designed for throwing sports with specific movements that require great lockdown and traction support. This collection of throwing shoes combines the specific needs of throwing techniques to provide the best support performance exactly where athletes need it, to help them throw further. Thank you for your time! Sports Product Design University of Oregon Shawn Li