(3 R in n SIMILAR FORM CHARACTERS AND THE TEACHING OF READING IN CHINESE BY STEPHEN M. KRAEMER B,l», NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 1970 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN STUDIES AND NON-WESTERN CIVILIZATION AT SETON HALL UNIVERSITY sown: ORANGE, N.J. 1975 ?' ' I. . 1% ~ % A will-ll I'll)! CIAIACTIII MIDIII TIAGIN $0! IILDIU DI GIIISI \ I ‘ ,. ll. RIDER '1-. C, jngunt 12, 197$ .. \.~ \ . H /04¢,‘/U51’ ‘ ___,_ M. iuln '» .., . -‘ -I I1hi .{§3J'; i ' ‘ /./~54 1.+;17 /J“ ,i--*1-inns, Pm?» J ’ } 7‘ ' : I --. 1 .;/ --é2‘>§&‘_91»¢).¥'-1-.¢.. ~ _’ : ; . 1 /_ 1 I J ‘ 1 Y J /$5 (973 / If {F /. F \ I "-4 I, , g_ " . TABLE OF CONTENTS- A II} TYPES OF FORM SIMILARITY AMONG CHARACTERS IIIQ THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CHARACTER CONTRAST I IV. A CHARACTER CONTRAST BOOKLET FOR II-n-~ ‘IOINTRODUCTIONOOOOOOOI000000‘... ]- O O O I Q O O I O Q O Q O D O O O O O O 8 BEGINNING CHINESE READER Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 14 VQ CONCLUSIONS Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 91 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q BIBLIOGRAPHY Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 94 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 95 I In I -Z-~11 A ii E4 \we _u—u I. INTRODUCTIDN e Of the many tasks which face the student of Chinese, mastering the Chinese writing system is one of the most for- midable. To learn to read Chinese, the student must accom- @ plish several things. He must learn to recognize individual ‘ characters and to associate them with their proper Chinese sounds and native language equivalents; he must be able to distinguish one character from another; he must be able to . l identify words or combinations composed of two or more char- A acters, where the meaning of the word or phrase may be \ different from that of the individual characters themselves; and finally he must be able to read groups of words, phrases sentences, and paragraphs, so as to comprehend the overall meaning of characters in context. All of the Chinese characters are composed of a basic number of strokes, which in.turn are organized into larger v repeatable units known as components. These components are then spatially arranged in various ways to make up the i final characters. However, since there is a relatively ; small number of components which frequently occur in different characters, and since there is also a small nnm~ ber of basic spatial arrangements for these components within characters, many characters are similar in their overall form. (These are to be known as Similar Form \-- ‘ 'lb _ _ ‘»~=a: ~4 ’* 7 1 ~-~ . _ 1 e l 1 S; I ‘<3, . I 2 ! -nus 'uV‘__ _ I Q 1 Characters er SFC's,) This similarity can cause contusion for the student of Chinese and can lead to difficulties in character recognition and discrimination as well as reading comprehension. To help the student to better identify and remember characters, a character contrast method can be used, inwhich the student is shown groups of characters A which are felt to be particularly confusing, due to their similar form. These SFC's will aid the student by enabling him not only to see those areas which are similar among a group of characters, but also to recognize those distinctive, features of a particular character which distinguish it from other similar ones. A Many educators and teachers of Chinese have recognized the usefulness of contrasting SFC's as an aid to character rec@snition- In the boek, 2Ais2s2_QEsrs2i22a_§ssilz_Qna1!lsi edited by Henry C. Fenn, for example, various groups ct SFC's are set up for use by studentsel Similarly, in the i presentation of individual characters.in Mat§!§!' Chinese- Qgglish Dictionary, SFC's are occasionally presented, the reader being asked to distinguish between enem.2 Both er these books show how SFC's can be used as teaching aids, 4 1Henry C. Penn, ed., Ch ese Characters Easil Confused (New Haven: InstiFE%e of Far Eastern IEE§%ages,Ifversity , 1955). aarvard University Press, Mathews‘ Chinese-%aElish Di ti (C b id : H ardc onarg am r ge arv n vers y ess, , Ppe , """'lI!-A-_~ 4 ,__i_,_ ___- it ,1 ' ‘I? a -git’ * ,_-3 ‘_.. 5 ‘lg \i \ ? but the character contrasts which they present are of limi- ted practical use for beginning students of Chinese, since they often include more "advanced" characters, namely those which a student would probably not encounter in the early stages of character learning.5 SFC's can be organized and geared specifically for beginning students, however, as has been done by Shau Wing Chan in his Chinese Reader for Beginners. Here Chan uses SFC's in certain review exercises, where he asks the student to discriminate certain similar characters previously studied.4 However, in other, more widely~used beginning texts for reading Chinese, such as Beginning Chinese Reader by John DeFrancis, SFC contrasts are not shown;5 and hence the student must either do without them or have them sup- plied by his teacher. It was through my own personal exper- ience studying and teaching the DeFrancis reading texts that I discovered many similar characters in them. I found that not only could these SFC's interfere with my own char~ acter recognition, but by comparing those characters which were found to be similar, I could improve my retention of individual characters. 5Ibid.; Fenn. 4Shau Wing Chan, C ese Reader for Be inners,withExercises in wr t an a- or niversity: o n vers y ress, , pp. 58, 77, 118, 157, 199, . 5John DeFrancis, Be inni Chinese Reader (New Haven:Yale University Press, I§E§[ "h ”' “'"'“ ' “"' §~=¥s#f 5:5: I$7: . "§}§.1_;- , - ‘ K 1 K D F’ '-5‘~ Y‘. \ 1-1 12>‘ ~ , 5*.” ‘ ' *f‘*7.i . 1 - I . =1"\- ' ‘Ply. ’; I4 » 7'“sin - “g4 ‘ '3?;§'j ' - “- 1 ' ‘ V __ ' I -L 1--1' _ V rs As the need appeared substantial then, for SEC contrasts which could be used by students of the DeFrancis Readlr.. series, especially beginners, I undertook to develop an SFC contrast booklet for the first Reader in the series, namely Beginning Chinese Reader (QQQ). It is the principles used in the construction of such a booklet, as well as the actual booklet itself, which form the major part of this thesis. 3, . / *_\‘.;,\_,___. . L‘u€$";-, ' ‘ ‘;§;§'~_.‘ ’ E5‘-7-4 “Y. I ..-._-4 , <§'*\<.§ 5?, W?’t‘v§ / 5'1. \L)‘: ‘ ,..;. ., II. TYPES OF FORM SIMILARITY AMONG CHARACTERS Similarity in character form can be manifest in two basic ways. First there is stroke or component similarity, where two or more characters have the same or similar stroke or components in common. Secondly, there is "proportional" similarity, where the constituent components of two respec- I tive characters are geometrically arranged in the same i manner in each. Any two SFO's may have one or both of these A‘ kinds of similarity. t SFC's with stroke or component similarity may be described in several different ways. First, two SFC's can possess the same component (e.g.,'ta_, and QB; with Z, in common, or and -g-F with F in common). Second, SFC's can possess the same component, where the individual I component is also a character by itself (e.g., and‘? \ with 4* in common, or ?- and f’ with f‘ in common). There are also SFC's which contain all the same strokes or components, but which have these elements organized dif- '7% ferently within them (e.g., Z] and j] with '1, / in common, or L and E} with '7,L_, in common). (Here a ‘ comma (,) separates different strokes or components, such as 17 , L, .) In the above and in subsequent discussions, "same" strokes or components are those, which in spite of I minor differences such as stroke length or component size, _hI-— - \ V ‘ —-- - n . pa = \'\'> I ~*.»:@,;; ~ .¢ ’ V» ‘. ‘ \ 17’ ; » _.,- 5, 1- 11. ‘_‘~ -4, 2-10;? . .'.¢l§‘}.f~’ . . .1‘)-3;‘ . _,\ --.1 :;:.‘~ 6 "-ri - | 4 .3-. e ** e ’Q__n are recognized as the same. For instance, the componenti is recognized as the same in both characters g andi , B even though in the latterIE , the component Lhas a longer final stroke. Similarly, the component I is 1: recognized as the same in the characters E and 8 , ZIIJQ even though the size of the component is different in each of the characters. SFC's can also possess components, strokes, or even parts of strokes, which, though they may not be the same, are similar to each other. For example, the characters 2'-K and have similar right-side components, (Mk and (2) k respectively. In both of these components there are three strokes which are similar. These are the second, third, and fourth strokes of component (1); and the second, fifth, and sixth strokes of component (2). The following diagram shows the areas of similarity (in black) between the two components: and ’5-Q‘ (with X in common). The left-side components of andirgz are also similar, namely (3) % and (4) ;’= , with 7L shown in common (shown in black). Here, the common area of similarity j’ , is composed of strokes as well as parts of strokes. That is , the horizontal stroke ""' of j’ is a full stroke in both components (5) and (4), 1.0., "" in % and if . However, the vertical portion ' of7|— is a full stroke in (5) but only part of a stroke in (4), i.e., I in 7}. vs. 7,? . In like fashion, the *_——— __ ‘ F7 7 n 7 L Ui _'* _ _ curved portion / of 7L’ is a full stroke in (4), but ponly part of a stroke in (5), i.e., / in %'- vs. )’¢ . \‘ (See page ll-6 for the total areas in common between and \ 0 ‘The second main type of visual similarity among char- acters is known as "proportional" similarity. Here, the components of two SFC's are geometrically arranged in a \ similar manner in each character. All characters can be thought of as being placed in an imaginary square, with their components occupying definite spaces within this square. Characters with proportional similarity have their respective components occupying roughly the same relative spaces in the imaginary character square; that is, the characters have become proportioned in the same way. Quite often, two characters have proportional simi- larity in addition to a more obvious stroke or component l type of similarity. For example, besides the fact that x and both have the component é in common, the two characters are also similar because their components A are arranged in the same way, namely as the right and left ; halves of a square [U , such as {El and . A However, sometimes proportional similarity is the dominant EH type of similarity between two characters. For example, kg and ié are visually confusing mainly because they l possess the same physical arrangement of components, that is A[H , as and 5 . (Otherwise, these two char- acters have only the minor component U in common.) ,,-, .%_,.; . ¥§@T§{j" "~:‘~.%... =Q i- := H‘ a 7 III. THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CHARACTER CONTRAST BOOKLET \ The first step in the construction of a character contrast booklet is the selection of groups of Similar Form Characters (SFC's) which are felt to be particularly con~ \ fusing to students. In my own search for SFO's from Beginning Chinese Reader (QQR), I was aided by my own experience in studying the text, for I chose many SFC's A which I had personally found confusing at one time or ‘ another. In addition, I sought out the opinions of students and teachers alike, and received valuable suggestions from them as to the inclusion or exclusion of certain SFO groups. The scope of a character contrast booklet is important too, ‘ for one may find as I did that although two characters are somewhat similar in form, they may not be readily confused for one another, and hence are not desired to be included in a character contrast booklet.- ' After the desired SFC's are selected, they are arranged as a series of contrasting SFC pairs, which can \ r f be easily studied and read by students. These character pairs are listed systematically, proceeding in order of the lessons of the textbook for which the booklet is being prepared. (Since a booklet was prepared for §Q§, all of ‘A the specific information from here on will refer to ggg. A‘ However, all of the principles used in constructing the Y L A\ W ,4:-1 Iii I W. ‘.5: I 1-1;; -.g 8. S‘.-i r: .. QT" i .=-> =1; ' .__‘_ g? ‘ 9 \ :1!" .¢»~,~, <‘ .- v BCR booklet as well as the form of the final booklet itself,i . are equally applicable to the construction of booklets for other textbook Readers.) For the ggg booklet, an SFC pair consists of both a New Character ('NC'), which has been first presented in a ~ new lessong£CR and a Similar Form Character ('SFC') which l has already been introduced in a previous BCR lesson. (See >page 15.) By arranging character pairs lesson by lesson, \ students can begin using the booklet at any time, regardless of what lesson in QQE they are currently studying. In this 1 way, they can study all SFC contrasts pertaining to those ggg lessons they have previously covered, up to and includ- ing the lesson they are currently reading. The actual SFC pairs, moreover, should be studied by students when they are first going over the characters presented in a new ggg lesson, so as to minimize possible SFC confusion. The BCR booklet itself is presented as a series ofi T double pages: a left-hand page which shows the actual - SFC pairs, and a right-hand page which shows in what ways the two characters may be confused. The left-hand page, in, T addition to showing the two similar characters, also shows I V the pronunciation of each in pinyin romanization. In addition, the lesson numbers for the 'NC' and ‘SEC’ are given (referred to as 'BCR Less. for NC‘ and 'BCR Less. for SEC‘) as well as the most important English translations for each character, selected directly from BCR. (The latter B 1-at ~se- 10 :'§~>¢_’\_-‘ . ‘ ' "av . , -| = U e F * are referred to as ‘English for NC‘ and ‘English for SFC'.) ($68 page 15 .) The right-hand page of the booklet consists of three columns. The first column shows the common areas of simi- larity between the two characters and may consist of compo- nents, strokes, or parts of strokes. (This column ii: entitled ‘Areas of Similarity'.) In this column, the area(s of similarity between the two characters are shown first, in black. Underneath are shown the two characters, with the common area(s) highlighted in black. Those portions of, the two characters which are not similar to both are shown in red, so as to contrast the two. For example, the common area jfj of the characters jji and ’f_ is shown as Iii . Similarly, the common areas §§ ,"i ii and U of the characters and QED are shown asj 1 Q) p . (See page 76 .) $‘€_i§_ 5"’ In the second column or the right-hand page is shown the proportional similarity between the two SFC‘s. (This column is entitled ‘Proportional Similarity‘.) First is shown the basic geometric arrangement of components as part of an imaginary character square. Underneath this is " shown how the components of each character fit into this “ , arrangement» i Bif “ ' " l 11 I ii‘ \ For example, the pattern [U for the characters j and}Q is shown as [U . (See page 48 .) IEli! The third column shows additional ways in which SFC‘s may be confused. (This column is entitled ‘Additional Confusion‘ .) This column was included in the booklet because it was found, upon analysis of all the SFO pairs, that many characters contained other common elements in addition to their similar form; and it was felt that these elements might be additional sources of confusion for the student. For example, many pairs of SFC‘s were found-. to have the same pronunciation (that is, were homophones) or quite similar pronunciations, and this fact was noted in the ‘Additional Confusion‘ column. (For example, and é, have the same pronunciation, and\ and Q; have simi- lar pronunciations.) (See pages 80 in 72.) SFC pairs were also found which had similar grammatical functions or similar meanings, and when these situations occurred, they were also noted. For example, and are both anpersonal pronouns. (See page 16 .) Also, and % mai m i are both transitive verbs with similar meanings (‘buy‘ and ‘sell’ respectively); and they both form similar verb-object (V.-e-O) compounds, such as ‘mai-sh‘ (buy books) and 'm'ai-shT1' (sell books). (See page 22.) The final item which was noted in the ‘Additional Confusion‘ column was the = A n 4;. :,_ _/Y: ¢. *5 ' 1 ..-.; — ., 1.1?" . _n-( ' 1 . Wt‘, » v‘-=< "5 1‘ 2 -9:; _‘i£,'1' ' ,<_':' En * 4 = ii, , ,, . ,r ‘Same lesson,‘ if the two SFC's were presented in the same V lesson of Beginning Chinese Reader. In this situation, the ‘| \I‘ > two SFC's would be first learned by the student at approxi- mately the same time, and this might make it more difficult ifor him to distinguish between the two characters. (For A example '=:-"'5 and are both presented in lesson 9 of §Q§; and.J% and igg pare both presented in lesson 44 of _1_§_Q§. (See pages 20 and 74 .) how they contrast and how they may be confused with each other, the booklet for BCR contains a series of review exer-‘ discriminating SFC pairs in context. These exercises are q arranged by unit, in the same manner as the units of BCR; which have already been presented in each BCR unit). In - has been closely correlated with the grammatical patterns 1 w presented in the corresponding lessons of Beginning Chinese.“ ’ U/L» In addition to presenting pairs of SFC's and showing cises, designed to give the student practice in reading and and each group of exercises contains only those characters and vocabulary items which are familiar to the student (i.e., addition, the sentence structure of each set of exercises (The correspondence of Beginning Chinese lessons to BCR i lessons which was followed was the same as that described 6J0hn DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese (New Haven: Yale University press, 1965). ___ ’ .~ ':*-is .54.5: ~‘;i;.@:. ‘ l f ' Ya? ’ . asses‘ "~"':~ |-J \)| Y '- ‘by DeFrancis in his preface to Part I of BOR, namely a table suggesting which lessonsci BCR should be studied after which ilessons of Beginning Chinese.7 ) The review exercises i?shou1d be read by the student only after he has finished i studying all of the lessons of the appropriate unit of BCR, isince each unit group of exercises contains characters and vocabulary which occur throughout that particular BCR unit. Each group of review exercises in the booklet has been presented with Chinese characters on the left, and the equivalent pihzip romanization and English translation on U the right. It is suggested that the student read the exer- ~ A cises in characters, and use the pinjin and English only to check his comprehension, or for further reference. As a A further aid to character recognition and discrimination, 7 the two SFC's which are used in each exercise are written in red (or underlined in the pinjin). r 7John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese Reader, Part I5 PP 0 xiv-xvi 0- 4 F or q >_ . ~ - 1.‘; ‘ ’@@% I >-i;.1_~'-;’-, ' __--V IV» A CHARACTER CONTRAST BOOKLET FOR BEGINNING CHINESE READER _' __| -Ir _ 14 u '_ -I ~ 1 r ii -n—_! , B_.<>_B ’ * .._Less‘ Eng?-sh no § src En%}>:~8h EL°"'f°1‘ r NC r W o src i 1°15NC src "-—~----~»---V '~~—— 7 —— —— — ,__ ___, ,4. ,__._... ._ — ‘_ ~74 ~ 7'7 ; ; ___ _‘_,___,_,_‘_.__‘._____,,._,__ ,,_,,_.._~__,,¢,_-,.__,._. ._ .._-.-,_-_.~4 ~-“'~‘~- -—-'-"" *~’—"' ’ ' "1 __ _ — V :_—>_¢- __ V ~ ¢._-.---- .-.4C_.~¢-¢_ -<-£0. ..<-~¢-..---.7-..--»...»q_. -. _-._...V...-.4- .. . ..- .». V .-~ - .,.. ...¢--.-< ---Q;-»--¢.| --.---n~---~~~---1* l man, person //<\ 7€ L big, large 1 rén d ? - _ ..._._. _..._-‘..-. _..._.._.__. .. --. _.... _. .....__.-_..__..__€._._.__.-.._...V <-____._'...._-..-_....--.,_ ..-._. . .. _ _, .. . ...... . ... .._......_.. .._--..__... .. ... ~.-...- v . A 1 knife 77] /2%] strength, power f 1 \ 1 A déo 11 [I__ — ._; Q —_~— ——~ —1....-_<_-v-_.-..._.-_.~._._....._....___...-..-_..4_.~¢.-.~-- .<_.\-~v..~....__. ..._.-._.-.>-....._...... »_-.. . -». .1‘ .. - »_ 04 .. ./4 you I | he , him, ll- she, her, it ni t5 . -_~' — — ' _; V — - _~ -U...-...-. A-— __.-..:==,_‘...-.-........-4-1-__.._.....i_-_.__-.-~1-, A 4 (question horse 5 'particle) " t A ma hi J _ '_ H V ._.... ~_ _.._.._._..- .. .. .. _....t-.._.....V_r......_..... _ -4. .._ .- -- .. ._..,.... ........._...._.._~ ___.._.>._ _....._.. .__/ la (P11s1‘1;%%:iL.;zc:§ng , F door, gate 3 N men men _ I , _M;r§Ur_ ' er" ;7IQ7I77T*7TT*7”MTiZ;5mLIITTYIITITf / \ A1 5 first 5%; ii. ive birth to‘ ; 5%suffix used in I - - :terms referring eXian sheng to scholars) MU j_ U C s§}§~'-W. ' - = .~'~*“?;~‘I- -‘r -' ' - ' 1" *3‘ »- '2 .L 16 , , n Areas of Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion A 7] 1:1 17 /yr I . WITI [I] Same lesson Same lesson Both personal pronouns /Q’: it’ Same lesson ,O Q3“ ,c ~§1» '~+ 4'\' i "?3YF'.1' I II‘ I J ». V1‘- =,@-.., =_ -. @~:1~’§-i- ‘ : .1 W71) <\__,D -' ./%* ,____,_.L‘. ---- 135v J Jj; 1%. Same pronunciation except for tone Same pronunciation ~;;,| except for tone ' _. EJ “ I I E‘? Similar pronunciation Same lessoni _ i i 1 i i I 17 1! - -.11 h- '- 1» 3% :+_, W 1% ‘<5 ? Less ’ mors ’ NO * SFC é for Less ’1'” nc i src ‘°"NC SFC 5 beautiful _i' brave 5 m§i yig / In " " ' »~._- -v-w---v--__--~v--_--.._~_-----...__----v. _~........,--.. .---. . ._ .. ~ . .- ,-~.v. .....>, ...-_. . . .- ~-- - 5 white - sun 2(a surnazie) é Q béi 1-1 _P_ _. _- ___ _____ ”.__.,,_ ,__._ _ , _, _ ___.‘___ , ._,____,_4 , .._.. __._,.._.__‘,..._.._- .._.... .__._ .._.. A‘: ... .._. .. .._.. .. UNIT I Review Exercises, Lessons 1-§ 1. a. _j;_ A b.7§7] 2.a.7§]] b./{Z7 @A»1¢r=/%;¥;-@/\@F§? mi CF /<95? cf ' D 1s 109- 2. a 3- lg, Areas of ; Proportional ~ AdditionalSimilsrity l Similarity 3 Contusion \/ 757 E] 42 B UNIT I Review Exercises, Lessons 1-§ . tiir_gg (an aborigine, a native)I .b.-¢!;¢a¢. (big knife, sword) i b. rénli (manpower) American. Are you an American?) 4. g Xiinsheng, ni h§oig§? (How are you, Mr. Ma?) pg onéng Shin shi Zhongguo 1-én 952 (Is Ma chnnshan iChinese?) II: . dnggg (big knife, sword) shi Meiguo rén. E; shi Mgiguo ren ma? (He's an I" _ l L i E Bog tom ‘similar com atio e.g. Mgiguo, gingguo), ‘Hi Sane lesson _.. -.....--w.... -..-...i.....--._.-.........- » .. ._ -~...., -_....-.¢... Inn-~ __iliiigi nun-— n—-I Ii--r | I Il . J. . 1 1 ' i 19 ~ 6- a- 1»T~ V115-F X-F Q5? b. 7Qf1 ~%| '?~'w:>r<%;€A.1a~.,,%;i£31'1/\. Ia /V‘)8.@%i&_ EA‘? sho xio ...~— —_ - -..-._.._.,.. .-..-v.-p-\ ..--.- ».... -»~_ -_.-.__-.-.. ..... .... .. .. .. . _ ._-.. ...'...». .._..» --vv-» -\ 8 root, origin; M ;jS~ JFL» tree, wood vo1ume(of books) v b§n = m 10 see; read; think that 9 say, speak i?}@J ; \ \ ) \ C {LB-_~‘?-‘~. .»._.., ... -. - -v ~.¢ shu n‘5, ‘__. ‘*-2I\ Q <\ (’:T“$- .;1 Ran you 'BCR“'”‘ " V % l ’ A BCRM Lia-5' Engish NC SFG V Enggsh L355‘Or ‘ * for F " “ M‘ UIII1‘""II" A ' fj*f'fTj:jj_fjf_j%j?’ a few ,1‘ small [ »_ .‘ -._ lvvr -- .,... _.1.... ...... .- ~~.-. V ~ _.-v.----: 1----. - A — V -~ 7 - ___-_-_..' _~_ —_—_ :_ ; ._- .... »_- - 0..., ...-;»...,.>.@¢~-~..,.._..- .-\ speech, language l[;_. M-’ -7". . . . . - » - . .- ., _. _ . -- _.____,,____________,..§__ _. _f _ have; there is I 1 ,. . ..-'4 . ., 2 9 9 u ( I-~ §‘ ‘ % 20 “ ~ 1 -I _. I L i pl VI - 6. a. Nimgg d.'5u no ma? (Are you all well?) b. damég (main gate) 7, T5 b sni Ziggguo réh. T5 shi §§iguo rén. (Hols not English. He's American.) a. min §13gPg1_ggg S111 bu shi Zlfongguo 1-én? (Is Mr. ‘Dian Chinese?) Areas of Proportional AdditionalSimilarity _ Similarity Confusion 1] \ Similar V i pronunciation J» ,1‘ Similar meaning n»-. .4 , »-- <-1 I ‘ ‘ I\ . ‘ \ \ . ._; C7 . . U A [U Similar f k meaning . C " ~" _.'._ i 4. *1 /_5 2- ' Same lesson4' i’ “ - 4-. . . ..,. .,..... V—4.§~ ..~... .__ .,__§ *5 Ei;"_ 1 i i - ;‘{ 1 very | 2I "'u_' "7"" ""'*- ,, 5553" Enggish ' uc ~ src i En§%i8h iD°“‘*for 4 forNC NC SFC di .-4- -0‘, 2“ 3 10 buy ‘$3’ ‘~53? sell 10 mai cki ah SFC -- - ~- ~-- __*_-_ 10 great; too; 2§: 7§_ big, large 7 1 .. 7 .. 7-.. .. A.., ..-. . >¢_- ->.... ...-. ._. _-...-..--. word - \ 1- E 'J~ 2% 4% 11 character, ll (measure forflat objects); "*~ i\» (a first name)(a surname) zhang c£éhg 3‘' Cu- 1? Z3. .‘%__T\__f_ /‘s"Y1 7 . . ..... .7 ,.,.. , ..,.~...‘..,-.._ . .._ .......a_. ..--._... .‘-- _._. _._-__.._._ ...._._._-._.....-..-._~. ..,.__...---_......__..-_---.....-Q...»-......-7.-_-..\. ._._-_.7_-* Er 1'4»2.(]¢§j 2%: \ ZEL Jfij ff, -..) ~.L-7. 1 ul. H&" zi ’._. . L» . 5...- E---—--v 7777' ' ' 77 ' — — — _ _— .,. ~ -.- A ~ A __7 __,,__________ son 1 (noun suffix) 10 long; UNIT I; Review Exercises, Lessons Z-117, H ~*1F¢=§ y ‘>$3; -\> O ' Q ‘I 22 i=---- - a e I a a I Areas Qf I Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion mné mug >m1@++ ¢< ;<‘1i 75 % '-ii’ as 15% 1? UNIT II Review Exercises, Lessons Z-ll ‘Mao said: "How much is that book?9 2.T§§§JiR bi shi[méJni. (The character F534; is not the character ‘ma; .) 1; Mao Eiégjie shu5: "Nei ben sh duosgao qién?" (Miss p _ D | Same pronunciation except for tone Similar meaning Similarmggmbinatigns(e.g., -sh, maieshu Same lesson Same pronunciation except for tone Similar pronunciation Both.used in people's names L“ -LI In r_ __J1 -I - n -7-.1, I 23 3.‘/5 ‘L-D F57 E9 _.L.. U F57 '8./6 /+ is Br-i.%1w@‘ mg]; 5-.§§,;&;15 -E-5,;_¢<+1, @. 1 Pbut the exercise fog it is included here because vocabulary words using B (r ) are first introduced in BGR lesson 8. 3%; av ><% E 32:: ri- Yr»: >‘¥ “W /\'='-' 35"’Eu} ~\ ‘<}— \4*\> \é*§ “'*"‘kw: '9!- --J "\ j‘}./ $ . 9? 5" iiéaa :f§- ‘E "' EHHQ _4<‘H'?"%'/_1@ YE 8'l‘his src air ’E3 (béi) and B (1:1) is from Unit I, 24- I 4. Tish: G50 Iléojie, 51 yio Q§; zheiben xisoshuo ma? 8. Qég Xinsheng do given sh hen shgo. (Mr. Bai has very by ' — — _ V ' 7 1 -Z1 B 5. 1§g réh shuo, Béi Wéhihin néng §§g'Y1nSW§n shi. (SOBB people say that Bai wenshan can read English books.) Goz: Mg; duosio qién flben? I-3 I-*~%\ Yikuhi qién mg; §1b%n. G50: H30. wé QE; 515%.. (Tian: Miss Gao, do you want to buy this novel? Gao: How much does it sell for (per volume)? Tianz It sells for one dollar (per volume). Gao: O.K. I'll buy one volume.) 5. M§.§§gtai shi Qéxuésheng. (Mrs. Ma is a college student.) 6. W6'x1§ngyeo m§i flben éidisn, yige bong}. (I would like to buy a dictionary and a notebook.) 7. ea. Qgégg shin ya. snggégg dlt. (Gao Changshan has three maps.) A few Japanese books.) i—"is-I 1 J % 1 1 1 I at I-l :3 1 uI 25 15 (aspectparticle) T 2- a*F°‘* 15 far 15 I 4 '9/FF? 'é'3if.‘§’f§.5']':'a"1;"-5 a 291 11¢ 11%Less.’ En§§%sh \ nc SFC En%ors 1 L§:§'gar Ng 1 src SFC -- >— " ‘ ”'_"~’_' Wu" on __'“'.“-._w”_ ~-_-__---p-0'--w_“_H V 1e A zi zi _ _ , ,_ ._ - ....-,. .. ..- . ..--.».... .......-.............‘.-._,.......... .. ..-.t._........_._... .- .. . _.-_.A.....__._. .. .. ‘ 1 \JEEL %’ néi * teast ’j%i - 5%? vehicle 3 3 A d6ng § ch6 15 west IE) 1 E9 250111‘ 1 7 - \ xi ’ si 1 15 nqrth compared with; 3 béi A bi '3 son 1 (noun suffix) @110 ‘ I 1 | in addition, 5 9still i 1 o I I--' I-' V than . v S Q i _, - ~ u‘ 1' F . 26 9. ii hui shub Zhngguo ggg ma? (Can you speak Chinese?) Areas of Proportional Additional I Similarity Similarity Confusion k _ UNIT III 3’ I ?' .¢.—---I-iii‘; III E I: 3 I ‘:t_ ,1!Z. ; *3‘ ;;it CED 1 8 Q! 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"" " “"" ‘ ' ‘ _--_...._____._.-.__..... < __ .... ... . ... .. . 15 .-_. v» .,. »‘.. 16 16 14 :: ' " F:--—i'( - - -—-.-- ( - o 1 - --L * o o-2 __.........-. 1 , o Areas of 1- Proportional I Additionallar ilar tySimi ity 1 Sim i 3 Ooutusion AT: Q? >51 L ET M,;t; o M A}/\} -— E _1 it BEE’ ._._'\.-__...._,....,‘ \ imilar . pronunciation -- i i 5 1 @ % 0 Similar meaning Sane lesson ‘-.. . -. 4‘ .<~ ..,.-_~<.._..--1--».._..> .. ‘--.. Same lesson A . . . . .. .-..-.-»‘..\....... ..‘,‘.....,...~»....., Same pronunciation I 29 F1 F -u._. . -_.... .... _. 17 5. 55]}! m.j&1F7 115 Ma-P 31?. 9; meg-, 2. <25 HOW ._ sky , heaven; jg 7% day I **--_ BUR BUR --— 11 h ---- ‘“;g;- mors NC SFC E“%ii°“ I»;#=- NC NC » SFC~ SFC 17 ” the present, read, study ;jIn nien big, large tin ah » . . .. _ ,... ,_V . __ .,__... __ . . . ,. ... ..-.»-Q--.-.--»---4_-q»--...-.... UNIT III Review Exerqses, Qgssons 1}-12 E +- /Jan» Em‘ 969+ >+ W 97%} 9%] /§F§,B§]§\) /_\,\ 1' 055? ,w\ E ‘ hn ' @v_if.;ge;1-3&9? =15? mi it 9-jii, lab ;‘$)_j F?-7 g,77§_ 10 A 1 ' ‘?;:_i. » - .;'. . 1:»/I _1 "U . 514;. 3,.3»' .3 ,F ;- _.'€, ,%;y ' . ,1;my .»:-4 ._ . , _ r " . x: ‘ r.. . 14 F =-, . 5;. 50 V i 1, A * /$\ i7 , 3 i § I % k 1. 2. 3. .4. _____ee 2 e has I _;= Similarity ; Similarity ConfusionAreas of Q Proportional i A Additional » -~ ' - - - - - - ~ --- -- > ‘~ --~ I - - '- '--- '- -V -- ~~-r-~--~— ~ yr -W ., .. ..-. .-...._.......-..’ “v- .... Fr .- ._.. ' 1 Q4‘ l . _ , . ; T~4>' . . .. _. I.._ .... »---A ... . . I... .. .. . . _ ,,, _ . _ _ UNIT III Review Exercises, Lessons l§;1Z . Wode efrgi kan]_=_e 'Ré'nm{n R‘ibao' J11‘: . (After my son reads the Peog1e's Daily, he willlemht) Ni Qéi 2&1 Xandong Daxué nian sh§ ma? (Are you still studying at Far Eastern University?) Neige Q§ggbiarde egg shi Béi Xianshengde ma? <13 that car to the east Mr. Bai's?) Women gigs ran don yao dao Shangi qu. (The four of us want to go to Shansi.) -v V‘*ilI \ ADonghgide tudi p_ Hunande da. (The territory of Man~ ohuria is larger than that of Hunan.) —u-in in —l I I-1&1-1 n-inns: — I—in In | 51 7: 9/ »@1F?=%F 1% tiéié ~2= W =1?’ W’ 4; my jg ziééiiii 1,7); 1?» _ 1 "ti it ' -1 ,1 * Y 1 it I ' 1 i’ —'—7'7 I 1 i §i*.‘>?i§ "*"T2‘é7 F__\ F\‘=@* >§g1$1’ ‘W 5 E9 {£2 1&4 5-E it E8? \/ I-91% [Hm 5%-‘7 i ¥41’?i‘/‘W9/\2?’_ iii “F I31 it W 4“? F5 >181 1» 1 1@%*}=zL B ii-7% "i ~9- .>‘*‘ii la%$ 1% 11 E $5’.-2% ‘ $tt@%/<_,%1mi;-§_, §~H1F§a -Hg $- —€ _4 52 ' I 6. §g;r ta jia lg Xidong Daxue hen yuan, keshi ta hai yao 7. Eéli de yé néh xiéo, g§an1 néh déi. (The fish in the 8. § Z51 eheng iicou gee 1h néiggg Z31 ehéng weitou i%u 9. Témen a6u shi §§u 1% §§,ae ma? (Did they all go by‘ 10. §g§.zei ner de rén shi oong Zhngguo léé de. (The I 11. Cheng Litou 1; xuekieo you ylli 1h. (The city is one 12. Qlgnién t5 yeo ngen Zhongwén. (This year he wants to 5. T5 shuo mingtian Qgjii Geo hibiir qu. (He said every- i 1 ** ‘— 7'” I7 _' -1; iIén .. .. 1 -- \ / 1 v v - I ~ deo ner 4h nien shu. (Although his home is quite far from Seton Hall University, he still wants to go there to study.) river are very small, but very beautiful.) 1h? (Did you walk inside the city or outside the city?) foot?) people sitting over there have come from China.) ' mile from school.) @ "study Chinese.) one is going to the beach tomorrow.) in an - In-ii-| I; I 1 1’ -i1-_-—| ‘-11 I 33 A (France in . -.._.-_ .~-. -~ .»<.-..---. ......._...... _-..¢~,... A 20 speech, language French§ FA u I 1 1 ' —nI in n— -Q_ * 1 in-I i -Q I 1 / I1 hon, 20 ;£- Z- method, way f , ré PX, \gat- :<5,3,, HA1 mu hua L-59-3 English n ' A English 9-93ess. Lees.f for NC. SFC for t N81‘ no em ~ °“ , SIC -...... ,7-V...‘ a -.- ‘- .Y"‘-'7" r<~<\"\QIi»4 _ .- <... V. < c ._ . _- ._.-._~-..._.. .. — 1 _ n;___ ._ _ _ UNIT IYM, M c-M-, Mu“, ‘/ , 19 time [|§5 "€;~ (measure for 17 " slim objects, ; Y ['““_"""“'““~"'_"""""'“'“““""'“““*” ""'—"'"'“'“"'““"7'T”'T'7T"7"TT""“' ~ . ' .. ., ._ (:1 so (to) K qu '§’1L speech, ta1k,; 9 D C7 language hua -» .-_ .. ....~..___.._..._., -. .... -.._...-_.. ._. ._ ._.'_... .. .. .__ _ . ._ ... \U“ 20 hundred :5 white; 5(a surname) J 4 \ . ~ > --um -v-1 .. H. .. . clear, obvious 9 ' 16 1 L"-" "-'*-- ~— --<-~~- ---~ ~~-—~-~- --~-------»>_.-~ 1-_---_---H -~---._» -_-----»»-» ~,¢ _——__ »~.~~,-W _, .\.---— ——_——_—_ -=>—— »------~*< ~- a . W 1, , , P» ; ____--.-a-1‘ ‘ "‘ - - -- - --- ~ - --~ -~---~-~. -<»- -- -W _- -4_v .. ..,.-w .- ......__....__...._...__.‘.__ ...»_..._ . ......-...> ....>-....‘. .....__.... ........ _.-4......-_.._“__...-...-__.--)......._‘...... .._.-._ -.., A 21 draw, paint } 1%’ é book sh . z 8 5 ~ ? i B . 34 A ~21’- ? if J; -- -» V. .,......._. c\\\[- Cl '5"?-=1 .1; /1 @~ 1 K 4,; 11% E1 & . I ._. . .._... ..__ , ______________ u . .. . ....,_-...~... .. ;‘_ o... .. .. ,_.,- I‘ )9 '..~... -‘- -* =‘ : 5% ‘Qt E-J ‘$12? II} _| __- 1' i1 — ' _1u Areas of 1 Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity § Confusion ._.\.~. v 4 '1 1 I Similar meaning 1Same pronunciation except for tone \L - _--.-.. .._..--_._. ---...-.~,.~ ..-..,.._<_..-... ....-................. ._. .. i I ii i — V1 1|: I to ‘ 1 _l I 1-1. t- .» .- .. . ......... ..- 1. . ,_ I. . .. ... .. .- _~..,~. .......__-......___.-_.. ._,., ..._..---~ T. .~. .....‘......_.-..-.4... ..._..... ..,.. _. ..__........-.._.._,_..,__,______,__,___, _,_,__ "BUR -La-5-E. English OI‘ , £38” no :3'.z ‘s-.. ""\I __ _..,~.,-A , 21 who? ." I _shui i"__- -__*\. »~+-H»- shei, shui .‘4D . ; ' the present A /~a ‘>sci }"%I%“a- 22 difficult ;¢ 35 » 1 x I -mT”“_” ‘ ‘ *1 71"" "J7 421 live jfv” 1 ;,%; 1 5p¢¢¢h, ga1k, 1 9 /' L L-I I‘ - English SFO 2 for SFC ~ language hué ; hua >/\ 1%» although shéi, sui ----< _-.. .... -- .. . .. l‘ _.....-.Q....... ..~._.....__-.__. ._ _.._._. .. __-___-..._ _. v ‘__.._..._.. ,_ __._...._.-..1..._....._._._._......._. ....._.» ...... .. .-._..... _.._....__... .-..._._...____........._........_.....4. § g J; 1 1 I ~. ; U QE who? 1. ,.{/\_ 21 who? ;? _; %%€F; (distant) from; 15 ’ 1i ~ -- - '-~--— - -- ~- -_ .. . .. .__... ._ ;____... ..._...._..- ._ -_. ...4 .~..-_....-._-.».-_-...._..._4...._.-.. .- I ,-u-1.¢ I 21 appear; now, ,L;f ; £9 » seeL xian 2,-min -- >~ -~:| - ..v ».-.. .-. _4_. 1 nan § shéi, I shui \ ..-- ..._. --1 ‘ ‘BOB LEE.tor é SFC » _.,,___. s 21 i > | i -_._ _:.; —_ ---» ..._.-.._,. ._..,-.. .._ ~. _._...-._.-._.__..-_..__-_—-_--_---_.--.--Q-»..._.q_ 13 : 1 5 _.-._.._-_._ ... ....... 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L i 1 i S _ 1 I _ F 57 "_'I|‘ "' ""' - . _..- __ _ L-2-3% 2 English English L-2-§§ ' for NC SFO for for‘ sacfor ANC NC » SFO 22 A difficult 2 22 difficult ... ....._._..._.__.... .... . . _.-...4...-___.-.._.._-_.___..._._._.._.___ _.._.._ _._..<_. _.. h... _. ._.__..... .__...._____...._._.. .__.-......~ 22 ancemodate; easy [T.f'..I'§ 2.§‘5i1F?§§£>‘£¥ ii "5 J\ - !' ‘Q V -.. 5, . v I / 4 I I nan sui rong Jiu fu \ M- 2 ~ '1 rs2 8‘ 2 4 \ 1/ ~41 ii? w\J J ,,, 8 ll 11 l1, ,/\i -!_2__.?\ V"6~i“{" \ .------) ‘|,_ .J- ‘I LJ Q __ ____..___,_._-~._._ _. .._,._...,.......__._ _._ .-. ... ., . .__ ‘1>“.-'“Yy'§I .. .._ . ..-...- ..... ,,_...__..,-. .. 25 man 2 sky, heaven; i 17 .- 1 h ' tin UNIT IV Review Exercises, Lessons 12:2} 1.211134% +23% 851-; %h9? hhwh 21¢ es, ‘V although (distant) from 15 213 i 1 l 1 _2._~.._.___,-, --..._..h._ 2.-.- __.-..._____;._._.-- ____ i 0 investigate E 20 I 1 2-’... ..>-.. ._ ._. 1 1 I i 53 I-U ' — -| , _ L W 1_ i ' i — ~ Areas of Q Proportional Additional I nsimilarity 1 Similarity Confusion i - . ‘ ,__.._-.----.-.....,-_..._.-_..,..‘. .. , ..._ . -’ - ..__....-l .n_.. . ‘V , . WM ‘S-FR‘-‘ H30 "\r,;‘§ I El ..>-_.,_..._,, . _.-. -.. - _-_..- . . H 'g> 381' lii _____,__,___._.__..____, __.....___...._._-.. .,__._., ___.. .. .-_____,_,_ ..__,_ .l_ _,__. ._____ ,.._.._ __ _ -._..__, ______,_ ._ .._. ._ .... ,..___, __ . _.. . .. .. % 53 | @ i ! - F _ » ; .. ,,___. __ J, . . . . .. .-_..._.o._._...... . Y . .-. . ., ‘; _ -_ <)>>} \§& P %%_lll < ...,, _ ._.-..-_. .... . >_-.-__-..~..~ -v._. _ . no ...z _ 7? -.¢-.~_...,..~., .-._ _-.__,_,_,_. , _,, UNIT IV Review Exercises Lessons l 2 1. N‘eitiafo ni shi she'nmo sni1_1_q_g_ m‘é1 do? (When was that ox bought?) V j2..W3men méi gézi qg. (There's no way we can go.) 45¢ N§ige_i§yénxuéji§ nil shuo Zh5ngguo Qgé. (That IE linguist can speak Chinese.) $2.1 .Y . N\',‘=.\~,3:?-I | ~e_; 1 ‘ .1; "~'a‘ . 59 ' 1 L}. ‘@3f@%)IE é ~‘5zE¥4= s=c'%,%F£ ¢'§$@9. 5- m aw -es, aa é am 2. {aws é;'i;s%§EQ e.??F~?, 57F7§?7€ 353575? 7- 75-—4@ @£@,w%_w@@wx 8.'§&@9'5"Z5& E ?F1=“rfF&~?1 I H §éE in-i HF TLPJ»..-’§l $15; 1F<,%I[£,/5, “Ii 741» .32 >5. “¢*$lk~ I ,"MMh-Wi,i“WN_--MmM_»-_W“Mh“,MhMmMMMm._,mW“_W_. .WW,“h~m.m hhw“.MmMmuMWMw Egg ~ English 3 = English I EggLess.= ; > h , L088-for 3 §§’ No I SEC ggg § for N0 § h 5 src :::i:iIjifii::;i:;:;::;::::::;:ii1§§§§QYfjj:iii:iQM:T::T:§QMQ§QLhwlhhQ@ , ; . , , ‘ /\<‘~, @ J‘ ; ;= 25 belle clock Ii‘ A understand 21 0 clock ”' - é * ‘I ' ' . zhng 1 dhng ‘ ; § if P ~ aI- .- .... .-»- =._... _....., , .. , -_. _.._..”: ,4 m_,-.»..;.._..._._..._... ...,.........___._'._.....-....._.~../_.-.. ..._.._ .‘..-.-....,_..- .........~_._..-_........‘....f..., .._. .. . . ‘. ‘ . * a 4 25 must, have to i’§4‘ §’Q“‘ ? heart 1 2 A bl § xin [7 . i~11». , - " 5:, §P:_t. 5.. 42 1-‘:1 Que . home from here isn't difficult. Ibu can walk. His ', Neige yanjigsheng shuo xueygongke hen géngyi. (That - graduate student says that studying engineering is very easy.) F U3 as:;~\ g\ (Although that scholarly journal is quite difficult to e dread, he wants to try it and see.) F. Jintigg wo méi you g5ng;§. (Today I have no free time.)h ...._ ..._..__.. .__ -.... _._. . _... .. ......v....-._. ...--...---- _- --....,..V> - - < ~ .-. ,------ ~m--.--- -v \ - -- ; céhg zher dao Gab Xiansheng 315 qu hu.gé§. Ni keyi zou ' * home is very close to here.) I I -1-IL j it I — ~ — 1 n-I Ta 315 lg zher hen‘ ,j\in. (To go to Mr. Gao's neige xuébao hen gégnian, Eeshi ta yao shishikan.h Areas of ProportionalSimilarity Similarity .. i. c s UNIm_XM_Wm_ slit 2.. iv yix ’\‘.»‘ ,,__..-..-.. _4._..‘._._l 8%-1*%l I __4_.... __.__ .__ . _ >-.... - | 0 _¢_..4>_-— \ K a ! Additional Confusion ._._._.._ . ..-. .._..__...‘»._..._.._._<-..._..___ .. -- - .._..._...__.._-.._ _ ___ ___,..-¢_... ......_ .. _..._-..._ . \ \ ll - ’\‘./‘ Ii 4; t I A 1 BCR . \; Egg? English V r English < £355.f ' for 1 NC SEC d for 1 Ior NC , SIC or __ . . .,. . . ,..... . ' .._.-._-_....-..>.........-_ . ~¢_ -->.. . ‘.4. . .. 25 time ' 19 get, receive A dé shi c(used in resu1- detativa verb . compounds and adverbs of manner) must, have to dxi '. / ' 25 with, and jZf§% fF2_ very_ ; 4 , g§n hn .._ . . .~.. ......_...._r._._ - . ..-._ _ -_..-_ .._~ I ........ .5 .... . g,k;‘_i_H/-. Q‘¥HT 5/—~@~ - -;_.. __. .. .__ __.........._ ............ ._. _. _. \ I '1 1 . -_...__-_. ~..-_. -25 occupation, be correct; ; 19 business to, toward; ;facing .-"\ \ - 25 V toward *i3i it chief, masteri 20 1 V kng zb ; I L "5112 . ic. wnnrr-.. uwmnmrmmmc 1 1C .,v..,."'.,"...<-’I;l- ‘I . -..$..._»..._. . \__]_‘I \’/ . 26 at (time or rt?’ “MM” regular, n 23'place); Ei? T%% constant; should dang chins often c *1 Z’) #4 Areas of Proportional A AdditionalSimilarity Similarity t Confusion i..-__._.._..4_..___--- T I --_--_ . . .. . > ._, . . .7 .- _. . ..»_....._..._,-...- -_ .-v--._--'4--J V----<-----~-~-~-----»~ T - - .._..._. .‘. , . . ..,.5,? % E3 J 1 P | I f 1 ,-.-.._ ---_¢--_-Q.-._..‘___-.._ .,. ._. .~.> _. . __.. .._.. - ., .>....._.-- ~ - ~-- -< —~--—- — 7“ [U § Similar > 2 pronunciation at ' f | ‘ii 1&1 1ER ?F<¥ z E A -“:1: v LL»_ ill-1, r i‘ 2 ; : \ / 5 ' R _..........__ __. .. .‘. __.. . _._ _..... _..-_..__.__. .---_. _-4-.,‘.._¢.._._.,. ____._,,__ , _, ,, ____,,_ _ __.__ ,___..._._ , __ ,__i_r ,. __, _______ ,___} § s \ ‘ I 1'-T13 H- ‘ ! 2 || i V F @ . , X --__._.-_..._.__.___.._-_.-..__. __ -__ 4+‘ i ... in Vi, 7 a W 1 1"?" A 1 1“ _,__ _-..--._-..-, _.. W... .~.._..._..._._.......,....4. _. _ -~ ...._,.:: __,.~“ _ ,_ 4. ._.. ,:;_,___/A. ._ , V-____,_.__..._____._,.........._.._.....~.,\- ., . . . .... ... . . -. ._._.._.._......_..,‘..........~......,.._. 1 a ' - V , i 1_ _ j -1 -1 1 jinn in ' » '3<* W op-n»; any 354 EU Q - r. - -. _a £§§§ ? English ; ‘ English 2" §§§ ’ ; for ; NC SP6 tor A tor‘ NC I NC , SFC src for 26 26 26 27 cooked rice; ’§Z§L T %?é; Iestablishment 28 A . . . each; 45" 11* _.,._.....__ 5 I| \ -L_ I ,4- ; ‘>£Zr 4/Ifevery time '1” g sea, ocean mgi I < I 4 i i % 551 4' \ ' 2 .differ by, ;%§% = tyg beautiful lack I chi 2 mzi \ 4cha . I -p -1"“ L .W4»MMc“ m...vMMwcc M,c_ Y _ , I '_, 2 teach E%’Q’ -dqaix school __.-_ __- —_ _ — ._—_ _ _-._~ — —¢ 7;’ V, _~— V —— _.....~_.-. ._. ...';; —;—_ ,4,-_ //\ 3150 ch xiao jiao\ f I _. ... - .. .._-. . ..-..... . ._.._-¢- ...........___..-...-... -+____.._.....__._. ___._.__ \ 4 I _?.__._____ _.....___¢.._..._..-......__.__.....___-..._._ .. Avl . \_- _-_.....\.. _--~..... _ _..._....... _._ _ ."\ . \ 1./_\ ,.‘_.., I food b ‘ fan ‘ gdn i -- -- -- - --- <- --~--.-~ ..--.. Ei;* A ancient 6 ; 8“ 2 =\* §'Q%~ O,~ ,mT 1\ i I \ I I \ \ n ¥ ____~:' : _..,..._., -....»-.| 21 F 5 #6 >4 1 _; Areas ofSimilarity Ef al >“*?* -\) \/' 5' $5- _-.--BC *“ nub ma» »-| ~ i J iI 0 ~.__.__,_.». 1 ProportionalSimilarity § F f 3 4 » vi -§l~ ><>- QSEI ><‘\ 5.1‘ ><;- "“"""—' ‘ -‘ - -- ~<- -~~> ~'---~- -4 -- -- -------.,.-._.-_..--._-..-.,.¢-».-» ~--- ....... .,... ..- _ . .-.‘... ¢—~ _ l ' ,;_ ? , i n -._-.~—~.._. A -1» 2 I é 1 1 i i 6 1 3 I i i l { 3 l A A \ y F I 1| 5 *1 m Similar i Additional Confusion pronunciation I F-~-__._._,- ..-A-.._..-_.._--_l__,.. . _._ . ._-...,.-. _.._.. _._ A -,-_ __, .-- ._-, _. __ _ 1, -.-.__.-.___...._...._.._..-l._._._ _._ .._ __ , Same lesson ,_!,., CI/L ,-'3; E . @ I .mJ <- ! I EU '. & '2“ ' n, _%i*._§\,_-Y M:-I \ . :1 _ — 1' " , 11 II I L 47 -\- I’ ~for 28 \ 1 v ll 1i EQB 11 h 8 a , = English L°“°' En%o1-8 '3 NC I src NC NC ' for SFC as; if “§?t7 ;v;?$;/ 3 kn°“ 28 28 28 fruit; result Iru Q; nigg >__-#1 ma. ~1- VI s\1<> l I "4/W;#1“ machine; 8 7§Q " opportunity intention 29 J , 1 " JI \ i zhi idea; meaning; j?_ )Q3\ think\...| 1 l I '1 I z I (measurefor lessons how many? l Pi’ ml \J //.\:t\ Q.\,'vq ;'”' I-"C-1'4' I L 9 | 1 1 \ tyi si ~.-- ..,-er f-v E353 A __ _; ¢._'.___;_v-; V 1* -1 at Iv-.—~__ "_~' "'I-"I"'¢"'_"‘*""'“'“"'_" _"~.""'~.'_'_‘ _"_—""-__-'_-u 4" ‘N’ -v _ ._ <[ 4 space between, iéj gég i BimP1@interval 31811 jfén 312m - -." | ¢ 1 1 I I . A I QCR Less.for SFC 22 23 ll 28 29 I _ n:Z P i I48 r 7 7 l Areas ofSimilarity I-—-an--,__-__....____‘_‘_,__,_ _4 _._-<- I ~ v I-I I_- —" 77 in L — \ Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Contusion U ~m *° *@;@ ._.7., * if ' 7: 7 H ' " * ' L ' §““‘ 7 '7 Y“ ' 7 T7‘ 7'71 4?:':'¢=--7 ‘~-w’ ; =7 —-~-7:;7§—--»=~%:~\—-~4~~-~ v--1--------~ --,-. --.--.»~ § ‘ e 1 L § I i 8.L1%ZD/\ i S 1I _ , __._-~..--.‘7 ~ —_~_ —7— —_— _ —— ¢-_ 77 77 -.......~‘ ....._.._...-..--._. ‘ i\ \ F j~—‘—--- ----.--... ....._. ,_ . ‘. _. , ._ .. .._...,..._...‘....:__;7_, 7 i_,‘ I .-.. la .4~A--_... 1 H H| R i ‘. \ ..-- Same pronunciation except for tone E @/§’\ '. rZ<11|1l- E '2,‘ 1 '777'7~_ --¢ --.-__ 777, ;.._ 7777-77 7 7 7 7 - 77 7 7 V V __. _.._\.._.. _n ...._.__§-u. Similar meaning Same lesson -_4 F1- ~ -{ _ V -*=‘*=‘\“—*—- '~=-- 7177" '=:=~ _-’ 7- 71*-'-: 7'7~7e—7‘>~>n-1.-e-e-_~:_—-:~ ~—_~;~|.Q.q4=_—--_——____ _—_,—- ; ;__—_—_7_77¢_ ; — — —---7 7 77 -1 .._ 7__- 7 7 77 ; -7 7 7; .7 7 7_777 7 A 7 .__n .__"I7 680% ——I—-- _ __ uQ—~_—_ Z.- ___ __:\nit V V :v---¢¢»-\- __- 1 1 1 Same pronunciation ‘., I ’ except for tone F5 Fa\ a Same lesson %'-._=i__.__=_,.—-\ ...:.—..-———____—— p-4* -——--' 7 & I I 49 I. _ 4“ 7 — V 1 I BCR ‘ BCR ' ‘ for NC SFC A forfor 1 for NC NC SFC src ¢\. . .,_ I - - . . 1 ._Z..‘ F} 29 space between, r§§ .aY ask 21interval " 1jin wén Jién .p-_-__....-...... ._-.._ _ .-... . >. . . . .__ ._. _.__.‘ >...‘ . _... VI>§ .., v . _ ..__..-_,.. ..._ _ ..._ .....-....\. .._....-. -.< I .2 ‘- ‘= 9‘ -, vi, v 29 guest jf /fQ\ accomodate; 22 ~§3* C7 easy kk r6hg UNIT V Review Exercises, Lessons 2§;2Q QE 2.1n"~»m34@ %@'>M§ 'J~'=»~. 5. m E?/\ Q9 =:1\2,m 4F<4#§. “.2 fmfi 3% is 5'1 kzia H1 Y5 i 3’. 33;; English ; English 3335‘ - 1.12?-r¥'ii&@a,=§. ss? ' *{ ’ D7 50 5. T 4. FE? 1%? <>°} 6 E5! ES ie.'f_’.'-_'___Q_’___'__;. Q... Q__.___.__.i.,_.___--._il__,._~_.._...j-;-;. ;,v\Q > ‘Vb . 4. . n! . .1 meaning of 'zhong biao' (clocks and watches)?) I 2. Ni at a businessman, he was very successful.) (They went with Mr. Qian to a very distant place.) ‘ _7 — in Areas of ProportionalSimilarity Similarity E1 l ~._-._-.-‘Q-.- - 1. p I | 0 I Z . l| 2 1 ‘ é 4 5 1 If UNIT V Review Exercises 4 V Z51 zheige 1?11¢8u _1;:;a‘é1 xiaoxin. (You must be careful this intersection.)’ Tamen g§g Qién Xiansheng dao hen yuande iifang qu le. ¢ s\ 1 5 dang maimairén de shihou, ta hen Qly (D Lessons 2 1. Ni dong 'zh3ng biao‘ de yisi ma? (Do you understand the I 1-4-1 0 In in 1l— I I uni-I , _ Additional Confusion ' 2 ‘L (When he was I ==;.._.._ _ e a 513 I 5.215 aw faiitié 6. a r< »§*'?@; ;& a ax 41. 7. 4% 2 4; $ mp, Me. 8.-1;-Jmk 5% in ¢a=P>‘=’?%. 9. {§_~145];¥¢ 7§%-a’§7$:§. no. .11, fa qa 5 x 12 Wm At/sea "-2; ix I12. f@%'i==.#é&4e2& %$~%?-"ii. 1;.1<1x-=33 543$ ’Hr<=&4aJs“£<%. {J 52 I Ma Xiansheng di #3 shu5 ta shi sh£y§ji§. (Mr. Ma told me that he was an industrialist.) 6. W3 gén neige d'i_g_g_{_’_1 meii you lafiwkg. (I have no contacts with that landowner.) W3 Qangrén chéngching gen ea tan tiar. (Naturally I chat with him often.) Gao Taitai ninian dao Dizhong H51 qu. (Mrs. Gao goes to the Mediterranean every year.) Zhei liangge Meiguo daxue chabuduo. (These two American colleges are about thesame.) \ V I \ - an10. Ta zai neige xuexiao jiao shu? (What school does he teach at?) - / V \ \, 1 v(r)-;- \ . Ta hen xihuan zai neige xiaogggg*ch1 gag. (He really likes to eat at that small restaurant.) l2. Ta gggsu wo ta shi kaoggxuejia. (He told me that he was an archaeologist.) 15. T5 zhidao zub che bug§ zuo chuan hao. (He knows that going by boat is better than going by car.) L ' I I s55“ l i 14. 19 §c»:= r 9% .L %%, '%;%4a¢ F»? sits ti :15.§j»_- P <»> -=\ (75 rung ‘E2 QB is /1~%¢&,% 1% as 13.9.3Lessfor NC 52 1@.3;~§;1@+1§i@9%‘=/i?» r.,1);y;: W31 11%?-E‘? "F575'3/E d‘ 5 ._......_.>__ \ v 1 ! § BL smmnmggwv 55in“?3 wZ N . 1w¢;§_ »- §cm —-\\ 7'" 19+ (Thcs- ZJB '1-1./V41, smssv/I 7§@:‘1§/\. £0 41"} m~ %=~ M Ban. / English j g j English 3 ———for 1 N0 I src @ s for 1 Lggfi no : = src ~ SFC _..-.4». E 1 ~ 3 straight true, real § 69? I _ , .. ... ..-. .~.._____ .,_ ».--V. 7---4--V --E--~ ~---—~---->~—-~-------f-~-~~-—-~---~~"'"" ' " ‘ “" ‘"" '""'"""""‘ '"'“""""“" "" I 1 qr’- F . 54 s 1 _ 1 ' ' J _ I I 1 nun -nu 1 — I 14. R§g§ ni jintian shang §§, qing AZ wen Bai Xiansheng hao. (If you go to class today, please say hello to Mr. Bai for me.) 1 I'v...v \ vi--lvs 15. Ni gei ta maide neige xiao feiji, jikuai qian? (How much was that small airplane you bought for him?)% |16. Woixiang tide jijian néh you yigi. (I think his opinions are very interesting.) l\I17. Tade chuan rongbuxia suoyoude gren. (His boat cannot »accomodate all of the guests.) 1e. Zheige zn6ng1§§Q(r) de £1 shi ;;g;;1X de. (This middle character is written in simplified form.) 19. Qing QEQ, nei liangge en; de zh5ng1i§g(r) 5%“ shénmo ' dongxi? (Excuse me, what is in between those two cars?) I ,_ _ --_.- _._~_.- ~->_.....' 7 —_ V _..._ .. '_~...~~ ‘ W — V ~ 77; — —___ ___. -._.. —~ _..........-_-.....,.--..._....._.-_-._-..._...-...._.--_-....»..... ..._._~-.~-_..._i_.._-__-._.-. -._l.. Areas of Proportional ; AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion -..___,..._-._...___~.._4._._'_.- .._- ..__,....'...-. .... .-‘-.........>._..._.......-._‘-.._........._........ .,._-~....~l_....,....-..._...._............_.....-_.. ..__...__.._..._.... ..~..-. ....>........_...-._ .. . ......___._ ..- ._.._..._.._..__..._.._.._._..,.. ...,.... .-».. .- ..... .._. ‘...._..~.-.¢- _... -. .- . __.> ~ .-_- _ ... - . ..»....<..~»¢-.... ‘ ...-~....-<.~. ->_--.-.-.....__.... ....< .. .... \ . 5 ‘ Same lesson F"*+ E _ LInhu-q_-| ' |_ I-I ' I-IIII II 1-' -"-_"" v _"' 1 55 BCR for N05 ‘L_ < 1 E355. § Englishfor NC W, __ . . >.. .......,....¢~.. -....|~..\..,-HM, V -14% -.@--.. ..._. - ».-.~.\-__._____h r__.,_..¢_-__ ... . -~... ..--... - . .v Q.‘ .-. 1 1 -_.._.__ NC ’ I‘. _ -_---.. —__ » __ .. - 55 5 borrow; lend § 55%? . i ‘ - 1 5 313 L. ,..-.._.. . ._ _-.. . . .. _._ .__. . .- _. »-~- ---» 4 v ' ~ - 55 introduce ‘e! / e shao 1 , 4 ',n,_:.__e- e,__ ..__...._ -..__,.-__..___.--»...._._-.....- 1 I 55 j finished "'-'3?’ A 5 , W311 _ = =2;-——-.- \§- v~I"II9 55 sound 4%; §~nd=1\O"I-db _.-~;-.-__- \ \ - I 1 » | ~ > I —P F-“B11=h EL?-3?.S" gig for * 5 src ~ » v 4-’ 521;‘ an! i . v i » > a I I I i 1 n #- atake; wrong >§\50\% > W‘2'mt" M-e__..,€,e begin » l I v \ | 1 §,__..._,... ; _~ .. ‘_.__-_..:.-;—_-_...._...... .. .-.>._ *4 Q0 IAN.‘ 5 V \ 1 K 1 1 \ I I 1 I R v » aw-an \ vunlv-' H 0 '<.vw~0~'-~"' , yin § yi i 130 kao n <11! 31% IE? \‘_, 1\ 1 -Q-._._.._.~_. _+~_.__ ‘-.__.__ r.. *2\i s~0 \ I i t l i ! l i F i \ ,. r ,_,_____._-....._.k.. _ . ?. > 1 Yuan dynastdollar ._.._ +... 1 E 3 , intention rt 5 " * Mf"fff"'" "'"'*"““*“w_'fe ' ' n examine;. i 2 1 i \ s __.\,.4_ I ‘Y examination i . . . .. .- » '1 Y 54 moreover §% § jifl 3 older sister I ¢~_ 52 "T 35 29 idea; mean1ng;? 28 10 \.‘<>:| 5 I i 117 I I -J\ 11% E7 ii $3 £3 iv »-:!rv - 7(“ 1 7T ,.1-¢ ~,_,_,, .». _i_____€-Q’.-q. ____n_iEd;iMn_nonW_ 5 Eli! ‘> [J53 _Wn_+~._M. r l Q v I .__n_...-.+~_ ir S P I_-1] _ Ii Inn 1 I I Areag Qf Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity n Confusion ......_. 7 A V I V _ - _.-.‘_——_——— --V-;> -.».-~- -.---..m..---.._ ._-.,.__...--......... . ._ - ..-‘ .- ...._.,.. ..._. ........~.-..._..~_.‘ | I -.;.i._.._,_... ._...._....._... ._._ .._ .. . .__.._ »- . _..... .- .._.-- - ...~ -..-»~ ~—_'_' '_-~ ~__—;i ' -_7~~_-;—.-4.<__—=__— — _-- _-——— » — — _— ~..-_-~ -_-~-av--4---—----~---1---—~» -»-*---~ § Same lessoni Y \ _— ,-_...__.._. _, - A ’ 1 —, .. ’ _ > '_ ' '_:,:~' ——_~...- _ ._ iL ____\,~.. .. hf 2 1 J* ML‘ \ .v1 .- *u“i Ev E1 Ia ; an .,~‘f _?‘“"!’"_?'vI D--42,,‘ \) Ll J 5 2‘ 1 I H \ | 1 i I E 1 1 0 E 1 '. A L___i_-i_""-um-_i“-mi___ ii n__- ___in n;nnn4_w_MMw _.,Wm”_*mm.mW_ _ _ I \ -;___-_..-Q»-.i.. 5 pronunciation \ ;~;LA-ck. ['._T.*_.'__~_if.:T_.__T:.f:.'.__:_>_i'_“_v§"_:.',‘_'-ft.“.7I :._'.::.“;_.§l T. .Q:.M;_“Q IL . IQ.L'.l.i_'_':_iQ::.l::1:Q:@ T:Ql:i_~_‘_:.-:Q..l__IL.*'- k A j T [E Similar — ~ — __._ _ _ .__~.- . _.. v_.-_ ---‘. V--..»._~__ .._.. _.-. -~_.--»»>-_¢.---.-..-.-~.._-._-.~_-.-_-_-.~-.-.»---I >.,.. . -1 _-..--.-..< ~.¢...-- 41$ - --»~\~<.-.-Q-.>-->-~ ---¢»-...._.....--»-4--_1-...--..--'_.-.-~.. - 1 I ‘i "‘ ’ I Similar pronunciation _. -+ B ! ' 57 ~ L non ' ' . ggg L33-5° Engigsh l no ! src i Engiish \L°°for NC 7 § 2 SEC 2 tor no r » src i I héi _ ‘-'___'__ A,=:_:;;_ ....- . _..........i..........._.-;..i..- -_ .. .._ -- ~ 4 - » » ‘ » » » 1 ‘ \ \. "l) T 1:’-» -- .-.v~w ' 55 child ,2 ix 5dgQ i should g 26 ; gii 1 ; - _.- :_»__...__‘- ..--._-__—-—--_;__.—.-.~.-_.-_. .....4.-_-..._._. ._,..... ._ ... - .. .- . - -_» ‘ . I 14 .I . v-...§ , _,- ' " ' ‘\ x .».' ,,‘,_~ \ ; 55 mother Yff" “git”; each; i 26 J 4 5 every time i 1 . m A mei f § | } Y I... .. . . . ..._ _...__. _.._._,__ _______________,_ _______ _ _ _, _ _ . 4 .. I . v,» _. 35 mother gfi ‘xgy sea, ocean 14 \ c . ~ ,. mn . h§i L bi __ i _ __'—__ —-—:»--..._--.-..&.-. .. .. _.» . . - 5 . 35 prominent; wm ;¢‘ .(verb suffix ‘ 27 write (books) 3% K V indicating A zhn zhe doer of an xaction) w ~ A r \\ I.» 1 * 55 younger brother Liiel, (ordinal 17/g: "f; i prefix) i di di S I 3 i is ' . e.._; . 1. we <~‘vi UNIT VI Review Exercises, Lessons Q1-§§ 1%*@¢:;t 13%- nli 1 . * 1 --L I 1 * I 1 1I . H . 53 _..--.,~-~ -~-»~------—-.-~.. . .. .. In , | , _1 --J '1 In 1 , _ in -.<__M“~_______1 WA Areas of Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion Similar ; F"? A pronunciation nu|- $°" , , -»-I 7 ,~- ; ’T" in-~-~_,',:; a, ~17“ e...‘.--.....-._._... - , ,;; <~ ,~ <4"-I 7, -I _;, ,._l___.;_A~*,, 1- - %k i I v -,3/". 1 *3‘ r ’,_,-.___.._._. . _. . r... ... ._._.. . ... __ __, __ T ___ _,_,_.-._._ __._....‘ _.,_, ,___ I I CW \ \ ¢ in759 I ‘H 8 s,. r i »->..._--\--v---—-...._. ..._- . _ . . ......_.,,.._.,,._.. N»-..-.. . >~ .. -. -_--~¢.-..__.-»......»-__.-~....- .- .._. _..._.,._._...__. ?. __.._..._ ._ ._ \ 5; Similar j pronunciation I .. - 4 ' ~ 1 ‘$1 ¢_ n ' + ,._+,_ {L} -.....- ..»-.'_-.--_~._....-__,..--..-_. - ...‘ . ...~_._, ‘_ ....,-.... . a - - . _..._...-..,..- .. .. $.11}, <\ ‘-~I>>,Y.:.: n 22%‘ u é Same 3 F pronunciation\ I R ~i l . ;' .. ....- a.,.,..,..-._-. . .. .._,.-...> so __ _,__+_._.v...__....-...-_._ ....__>....4....-...;......_r.. .. ...- . UNIT VI Review Exercises Lessons 1 1. W5 jig de sh bu cuo. (The book I borrowed isn't bad.) } | i i 2 / ~ - 59 . .l T5. in -2-go; $9 ii i ,1 $3. $3‘; @7132/;>1$1F74|\ 9.3 -e.&t-1998? 1-5;, 1:2, 1:2 ’F>%% 3.. F? ‘£5 gm 31 4+ C“ "W i¢%% ' \-\\ )0» 75;",-EYAA 1M~7;f- 9% gi1 -Q Q¢ IIH ~3\ $3 ZN-‘ <>> n.Bh~ >lm+ 15$ €'l¢ [EH5 jg; 3'5 11; TE] vt-Ag 1§._L-. @ab7<-31¢-“=3 7 ;3=Si 691515 ‘F 45$ 5% “St, 5155-?» 1‘:-i @ * m§iw%1*%QWAi€ @% 60 1 _ 1 1 -_ —— l — In Ii " Ii , TE shuo ea jianz u zhidao neige ran shi shei. W6’ ‘- \ P'\ [@- 0’ xiang ta shuo de hua shi zh3 (He says he simply E", does not know who that person is. I think what he says is the truth.) v ._ I / U \ I ... / / Wo kaighi gei ninen Jieshgo Mao Xiansheng de shihou, wo I xiang ta hen buhaoyisi. (When I began to introduce Mr. I Mao to you, I think he was very embarrassed.) zn‘e1 bén shT1 shi z\ai. Yuan’ onéo 1:13 de. Ni ‘DZ sh l§an_vég U V \ I I /. V \le yihou, qing ni gei wo kan. (This book was written in the Mongol Dynasty. After you finish reading it, please I give it to me to read.) | .. v Q ..- y \ iTade Meiguo kouyig zhen you yisi. (His American accent is very interesting.) . W6'xi§ng neige lggrén g§§deshang Xibgi Daxuez (I think that old person will pass the Northwestern University entrance exams.) wae ,j_;_L_‘é,-11¢ mfdén xué Faweln, éirgié’ xue’mi£1a’1y1‘{. (Not only does my older sister study French, she also studies Malayan.) %___ _ 1 '10. '1 109850for * §8r NC A -$55 i>‘@'>£#>%J=>#*~ #113 /.@ HZ +13; -#1 *5: 2° _-\ 6* 4H! \- Et° =»1> ~¢\ E* 2»? >< 593 A English j B11811“ nzsz. T Z O U1 W O ____ _ ____ ___,.1... ._.._.. -.._ 37 notation, record; era 4 I i ! i E X 1;1l'"”5f"IiI:f:I:.l:.-_a ee,_ITNI?1e!.Ii_ ( ‘ 6 1 i L I .A...._._.... \1 A' 311*‘ CJ» Phi(‘U C2 I I 9 lama, 5% 32 ;r&f1,f-=%"%4;§ '?€ 7- for SFC already 6 ~ A Lyi ! ._.n: ..e~.-..____...v._._.__......_.{.~.... ; g J537 ; garden i {kl} ', 1yuan i > ! 1 I &I‘ /__\ H "'9'- w>> 9*‘ O5 I-' 0 PW _.. ., -..... -... ......_ _..-.------.-_..-,...,_... -. ._- r. .. . \ DJ O R1 ~ for 5 SFC ..__ ~._.__.._.. . -4 ..‘..._..... .0... .. ..~.. _ .. _.__,,_ __,_._ ...... .................._..._....-.-- ....._,,. ..,..-..»-5.... .--. -.. MW ,.v.. _ . - ._-¢- ¢ . 1‘ H I \ ‘F I-' \J'\ 25; § g = " e 1| 5; ‘R3 . ._,! ,> 1; . ii - ' 62 ~— L I pin 1: |-1 < hi |-In \ / ~" -. 1" \ '8. Neige hgizi yingggi ting hue. (That child should be obedient.) V 9. TE g§qin.g§itian ggi ta zuh zhngtsn chi.’ (Her mother makes lunch for her every day.) v‘V‘ \ v ‘10. W0 fugg shi Shenghgi rén. (My parents are from: Shanghai.) 11. Neige m1e_gr_1_§ de _2@zuo he/n ygumiing. (That'soholar's i literary work is very famous.) ‘A ' I ‘\ V \\ \ \ I12. Ta Qidi be Q; er ke nianwan; 10¢ (His younger brother finished studying the second lesson.) e __V,_‘ _, ., I V, VF __ e ~___ ~;< ~ '~ '_ ~ ;:______-_ 4*~_, —~_;_ v~__,; ~ ,:: ; _:.,_ —:'._~w—_=-u.--.'_‘::. I . 1! I i Areas of Proportionale ‘ AdditionalSimilarity Similarity 5 Confusion ‘ I §Wo_ “is_QiiHi L h UTTfVIInflei r ‘T__-¢~ I1 \ H4 ‘ “ C“ } \\\ \- . 1 ‘ 1 _‘ _ . . ,,. _, "A ~..-...--...__,__,___.__~_.,_ _...-._....,....___,_';._......__:,~ _ _ — F » _ 7 .< M Y — —— —— ~~~———{_ V ~"~ '— ~' , ‘ Same pronnneiationik ioxcept tor tone 1 - ' - -0 E Fan ._.. __ i ' ii Efffffff I 1 39 E { i U4 \o nQ’! B> “C!r> w< \ I _ 5 | 9 3 1 _ _ —_ I§§§ English ‘ fortori NC NC yesterday tn5 “"§'r\‘?’ \1\ _-______;_-i__ ima,f v _i"e~mw-eM,.lwMm"p,we,_-epk_“WuM-e. . i ~ ( NC 3 Z110 ‘ ., . ., ...».. ‘...¢ 1 zub __T__,_,A heal, treat, manage I __,,,,,_.,- - ‘ _. 4.._..; ._. . ,.,.,,...,...-..,. ....... .~.-. _-...-.~......'_._~..,~. -1. .. 4~4>r , .. .. -. --,.-—'" __;_~__~.:~ 1- 2 I L; .~ A h » 1 i $ n I \ I| | K 4. I i . 1 . i 40 . 1 i 1 H ,1-.— r'l‘;2_L—t0tT‘_*-‘$_i__’,, a _..A,._ 2.. _, ,- ,-_ ,._ ,_.__a.....~,_,,,. 4. .._--_._..e..........--.-........__......_..,.a...-.........,..-.--.,.. I | 3 \ ‘. .1,-00-,_',,,.<... ". “"' ! n lieh —- SFO 3 Eager i Lggg‘ SFC ¢ src do, make begin, %ca11 on, visi §J/~ e /5; place; ~] i method f n fang 41 41 ' 40 ¥ Y I 5 i E 1 _.‘.,4.__<,_,.__ reason, i j#§? iii" (Chinese) I \ u principle, § v" § ’ mile take notice of (a person) {Minna pe;, Mei ,,| , i ' 11 li ; ' . 1 look for ',j%j€ i%%é g IT me i E i 5 bring to E completion A ;£gi ‘w I‘ e bi zhao Vwe \ I g“”if:*: W\' i seek > V 1 - - ’.- - _-~, .‘ .1...‘ ......c¢...i§.4_.,_-,_._,,,.____-__.,,,_,~,,_,.._ __,,_.._,.__.__,,i_.,__,.‘_.,._,__,.__, ,,. _,,__,, ,_,,,_,_,_.,__.,_4l,, ____,,,._‘,__.____,__,,._,_ ,,,,__,_,___,_.__ _,._,,_____.,_.._,,_,,‘.,.,_,,¢,,__ ; A 9 ;_ 1 China | . 65 J ' 1 K118 i ‘@ 4 -,__ ,_ 1 __, __,e__, _~________.\: __,____,._,_,_,._ _ ..“g-l}“l~—+““‘Q_0§I“* . | 1 I 1 1 1 » § ! ._.~_~,_, v 1 4 .,,_ \ 1 \ \ 2 _4L 4 ..»».4... | \ -»<\.. 5 1 I 1 \ u ‘i @ BCR ii 32 1 4 w < f 53 I 4 a , .. , .~.. M % i 20 I 1 } 4 16 V | 4 I .au~>..._......~,.,..,~->-..- ---»—— 16 | 5 WJ_ 1 1 — Iit I i _ Areas of Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion ,,_._---.-- - ._... .. ...t. . ,» ... .. /E [U I BF ‘VF ..-..f.-.....__.._..._.____-. 5 ‘> ‘ > \ > \ > } _. ..~. ....~..-.~....... -........-....-...,.....~..-~.~_.~.-~ V-» _--M--»4~.--¢.., ._~_...... .-._.. <...... -., ~... . . s. _. } 4 ¥Bame pronunciation except tor tone a 1 an _ai _ 11..._..__.a-4:_...._-_._...-......__._____.....-.._..-,.,,..\...,.V... 1. .. , A K E7 E3 ...¢-.- >-..-\¢-. ....< ._ ‘,- , Similar pronunciation ._a_ ___;........_...._ ..--....__--_~.~-. _. .._..... ..- ...- - .. ..-.. .‘- ~. 23% 2§A- $‘.___.-_-._..<_~.._ ...'.._..‘...,. ......-_.-...+_,_._ .--.._.._..__.,.-_. . . l. \L\ A-ax >@ iv --~..,-... ii. E. +' 1 4 '1 i I 1 \ \ ._-,-W X ,.--.~_.-.0»- - ._.._., 5. x IE1 W » v i i . | 1 : _ --na_.-..... ...- '—_ _____ _i;_—__—_ -..‘. __.,..-.~<'-.~.- ._.......».., Same pronunciation except for tone -\. ,._.-,-~__...-.._. .. ._ ._.. -.-.---»¢.-.--..-_... -..~-_.\_4..._---.@ ...,» Same pronunciation ---—------W ,_.‘...._......._...___...._...__..~.._..._ ._ __ - ....- _ _.. ~._.... _....___.'.--..........__..,._... - -.-.._..........._.._...._....._..._..... ...,_._ -$31..’ ._-_ __,,_,‘_ __._,__, iii iii . a l H a — ' 1 I ~65 _ 1' l I I I I ‘ I IBCR 1 I ~ BC I En§£~8h no src I mggsh or .. I I Or - 41 live (at) 4. _._ . . .....___._ . -. _._ _._,_ .-_..., . _ .. .._ #1 ~ live (at) bind together V bear fruit 41“ -\0‘ . » ..»_.-a" ' , Hr,- \ ., ..~s_.. zh ‘Q 1%.. , I '\ _~.¢' 733-’ "B&}'IN‘. I I I 1 7 \ \ \ zhu ;wang zh 41 . I \\\ I v v I I \ 2 I €jf_ ?_:; I chief, master I a . wang zhu 2t@~ Cldd . I v rI H ;.__ ,-, , .-...-.._... .. ..-. ..._v-....__ .. _, ._....-_.._....;. _... ..._ . ,. .. ... .~.4...,.._4 44 . - a I king; I #1 *(a surname) 41 live (at) "pf ; i%_‘ff_ toward i L; '~;—- — \--I-A ~ ~ — I 7 - »_; I _~ ,,_,_, ......,.‘_ .._.,._..._.-..-.,..-....._,.......r-'_<,-; _~,_» ,-..< ;;~_—; --- '7 ,_ -- an --wv-~=-~_-—--us--v ‘7_iI">\I\1'w4an1P-wIa-I ' 1- I w-.---o ---~--n~--»~'--»- I I I I I I I -......--_ _._..~_.. -N.”‘- .__..-.-._...->_¢_ -.._v . ..l _ ._4 .. I ..,.-_..._._.4 ~ _, . _ . ,_ . I ._..-.-.-.-_.$ I I introduce ? 51 I 1 II \ ‘ I J13 hn \ I 1 to knot, jie Ishao » I ' I I I I » I I ’Ll : marry ; begin I .-_-.___.-._~.~_.___.~_~ -_. -_...__..~- ....~_....-_.....-...-.....,-___..-.%-<._..-,»_-V--.-_...;... .... ..- _~.....I._.-._---........._..-_,....I.- .._ 4.,‘ I. é-“r |-I-( I i I I Isa: ' 66 V ' ' I L1; —\H’ -9-_-___...__.-._.--... . ..___ ,,____ < --\. - 13$ \ § 1 '_~.-.._‘..‘ 1 5}; l 5 I I v Z 1 \-g 11 1 i . i ‘#5 .23 % I 1 | Y I 1 ~ \ . ..... ...._ _?‘__“..,., _,, _k___"_:2=;>‘_ >4’ I. U - I 1 E I .. 3. A , k \ \ ~ 1i \ w ‘ 1‘ > 1. ii 1 \ f .__._..._.45 § i’ J i Areas of 3 Proportional Additional Si-1'15-1&1‘?!-*5? Similarity = Confusion -.... -...4 .. \A . .. ...,,,.._..,.. -. \\~.<.. , Same lesson .,...~._.._..n ~‘*—§l!:J o_, , ,___ _,__ _ --. .__.._ . -.._..__o____._._.-.- .....-._...--._..._..n _.. T. ... .. . . -,...-. . ..-..... ..,..~...n. ’ E» ‘ I ‘ l .. .-.- ---....,. _.--.~....¢..-~_---.-~-.-,...-...-. .....,,.. .,_ __ ,__,_,__~ Same pronunciation ..4..-_~- o-.. --“—_,-_v-. 1 4 except tor tone __...__......._._o _.n.. .. ...._.._~__, ,,A______,_________ »—--+~--- - - K, __;¢_o._-.--, T I_"' 7 __<_..'_... ,_ 1' +55 ! » I 4 | F 1 I I | n v‘ 1 ’ g of; as A i F i 1 1.-_.._.... ~....,_._<- J . . R a / ' w —- ' 7 - V 1 Egg § English '? forfor 3NC L NC -w-...._.-..»._-.~.._.. ‘-........\‘...,. .-_ .-.... - - . . . .. .._ ~ 41 1 discuss l 1 1 1 ; § -.__._f,_f..T-,._._'..._.-.,._- _ . . 3% > ii? $ . 31$ , .¢u -4 %°"F‘3 |- [67 I Leas ‘ ‘ R § SEC § for i for i E SFC i SFG é 2 1 3 Q %. ....- ..] . . _. A . ... ,. - . - 1 dit, compile 9 11‘m ‘min i u @ ' § ‘ r ; 2 i UNIT VII Review Exercises, Lessons Q2-41 1.;;£1F7:7#1F1iE.%L,4;}/g»\ A/\ at 7§E9’:El/EH. 2.1w,1F7@§@-1' $12 51%??? 99 11;/< 1'1 §.=¢ae 1&1? r/\'-@ 2589 is »,.§§§igi£_;\?.Ei3,_1‘§_lE 5-s 1 “'3\ ><\~ 2;; W -1137 @j@'§%'-'é'7'5''=3. £19951’ smm-11 2%. I‘ .68 , \ 7_~ u--:1 — ,1 I " ' I $11 I _ 1 Areas of ? Proportional AdditionalSimilarity m Similarity Confusion _ --._,. ‘ \ , \ ._q...~._ ,._._....-. -“av .. ._.-_. . .. ._.,_..__,_.... .-,...........<-¢-~-~——- —:~ — :1 ~ ~:-___—_'...;v—; _;— .~..--_ _~.~.:'—¢¢_»_——= 1.. : — — — -~~;:>_-.-...»- ——-—--~------ ---\ --- -_--- --- .. . s i . . .,. .-‘.....,..4.. ...-...._.=> a 1--. e ',~,-. e *~;~_»:_¢_,- -;;—¢-~ a ,4 ,1, _—_:_>, —t* _"_' .,.,».. 1 :::::; 1 1 UNIT VII Review Exercises, Lessons 12-41 v -‘\ ~ \\'/V v‘. \1. Women kai neige jinianhui yilai yijing you sige yue le. (It's already been four months since we had that memorial service.) 2. Tamende ygégzi li womende bu tai yuan. (Their garden is not too far from ours.) ‘ worked for eight hours.) #. Zhing Xiansheng yao Eaiggi xue zhengghixué. (Mr. Zhang wants to start studying political science.) 5. Ma Si Yuan dao yige Xi§§gg guojia qu fangwen. (Ma Siyuan is going to make an official visit to a Western country.)6Ji"""’I‘. ngli de jia 1i zher you wul_ lu. (The manager's house , is five miles from here.) 5. ggétian ea gj§ le Bags zhongtou de shi. (Yesterday he l 7 1 l i i I _ j 1 iInna $1 I-I V .69 '7. 9. ; I 12 15 X 10. * I _. _,______ T 1&9‘?/‘-15$ B‘T";i‘5* Ix 1.1”/E'. % E-9‘:if1T-‘i¥3?*7F§Z 8.1% M #;:,1»¢-,¢ £4 +1.; F4 @ 5'5-. ? iiiz; —-i£%,#vFr;*r/t,%i>%1i駢@ 75'. 11 97$. .$':%* myQ> ' -_\(3 :5 ‘~11: =-> Zt§ n L_;\§-[Q Znb mr» 4-xi >l~ =2» L‘ >~ 5?; 1439? 5§ i 5575 El Hm 3:5- \é“> ‘~ -<~\ ff:;g E51 16».-§f% $1 §,_§,-r~§; -rt? Ki ‘:6 $5 3%} 4%,1mr?.@5-1: :32 ' i 5 r70 1 é 100 1 . I7. E§de péngyou shichang V ' \ ' stantly looking for work.) '8. TE Qiye yihou, ta yao dao Zhongggé Mfnguo qu. (After he l graduates, he wants to go to the Republic of China.) 1 1 wan; dong zou yili 15, 55 Jiushi we zh de difang. (Go I east for a mile and there's the place where I live.) I l T5 gh zai ner de ggyin shi féngqian hen shgo. (The I I main reason why he lives: there is because the rent is I very little.) 12. W6 ggi tamen Jieshao (After I introduced them, they imediately wanted to getl I married.) 15. T5 jie 18 hgg yihou, jiu kaiggl xue snéndixu6.1e. (After he got married, he began learning sociology.) | - .. .. -l4.'Shibao'de zhbian tiantian aéi xi! yfge enégg. (The gl chief editor of the ‘Times’ must write an editorial every day.) Xiansheng gh zai n5}? (Where does Mr. Wang live?) zhao gongzuo. (My friend is con~ | l V \ yihou, tamen mashang yao jiéhn. .. V\ \ ... .__. _ \.=-..... "' U . 71 ‘* Boa ~ 2 L'é'§'§. Engggsh tfor . NC -.. .. .. . . . ‘l___i.._...--_._-..~__-- ._....... .....- ... 4... _ b F _i___.__.__.._.'>.__.--.-.'.__._.>_... ._- ~- - matters, V clothing) 3 I-‘“""" '“"“"""‘”““""""""‘“" ' ‘" (suffixindicating progressive action) verb suffixindicating accomplishment) 1+3 ; old, past; I @ cause > (resultative zhao Z Q ‘ svc . . LqlVIII] ian 2 geng ' 1 _I‘-'0-= ‘ -4 , , . | ian niu shi geng \’ 5 ‘-Quw- ' §_ /I 1 zhe § cha cha ._.. ., l I ‘2,~§2§l ‘§¢CH’. NC l 3 i » | lglih ‘ L-Egg:BCR £01‘ l SP0 5 §§€ l e 2. _. 45 convenient; /‘§f ; 523 f still, then '“ \ 7 c- 5 still more , -L 45 (measure for { f "f" ; OX, ¢0W 45 history ' éé $53‘ § Still,/ still more\ ‘*5 @1522?“ ancient I i I s a _._.._.___ .__‘___ 5 1 26 2 26 26 I 21 \ <3F — I | § | Similarity Similarity 5! Confusion I o 4% ii ' I ’-F V L or 4”?’ ’% 9'3 5'5 A 7‘ [B o r "";i""" Areas of g Proportional 5 Additional ---.---..-.-.-__.___.--.._.....-....... r ._ ......._..,i._.v_............._,»....._....‘\......-___..--....._.........J». ...... -... Y ..............-..,,............... - . ... §___ _..‘..»..._ . .... _ .. . ........,-...-'<¢~.-‘,-¢—-.-_o---—-——-o-u-v-_»v-¢vw-o-—o--.._-unn.~¢-~-~--.-I-Iva-\-<.q~¢~_., ‘.¢»- ¢-nu-~-¢. -~..~¢---4~4-pi,‘--_--.-.--,A 1» - -- . , .4 | b ‘ 1; ....__.., 7 _.__ 7 7 .. __....-..._...',~_,_ 2.. ~__~ —~ —_ i .. ¢- _ »- l"$V_ - ' \ 4 \ I \ _-._-__r-‘v ._-_-1-..-Q»;=.:_~\¢ -.—_=_¢~_-,-~__~_—__—-—:-1;Ar- i1 4-, ..._ ,. .___ ..... .. 4... ._... _...;_:< ......_.._ ~-; — ,7 —__-7¢,,,,...».=~;1'~?-W; ,_—_ —_ ~ A— — _ ‘.= — ~ l Y‘I 1 I .~.>. ,..--..._..-v--._ I ( Q P I v \ , . i \ + E7 ' 1Same pronunciation * except for tone $41 3* ~ I : | —‘-I -i—nin -n_-n-I ' '* -1 II '25 ...._._4>< ## ‘ _ an I-4 4 I I I 1 2 ift; mention J I i | I ‘_.__....- ii Ra Pg?” \ 1 I 5 ; I it I I #4 44 its * l ~» E » \ government § Q- department, g Uh I Aaau ministry K p 0 I a § ' r -............... .-..5_.. .‘.. _.... ... . .. .. ,,_ .. . 5 I = - \ § . -n, ,......, |___ .. 1 4 1 \ P » ,_...- '1 ; Y |\ f P ti 1 ti i subject, topic institution, §]37e Q 71;J 3 finiBh9¢ 00111"b g ' L-4 4# \ If Iyuan ; wan 1 ..... ,_-,-.- | A p_.__ ‘_.,c,,n. our_e._.rn.,.._.....r..._-._..._e._.i._.”+., ._,--- XI r ‘ i r _ , 1-we institution; court to plant § zhongé 2 1 3 I I \44 I ‘l i v \ E yu yuan _| 0 -'0 ”\Z;;§ he;1 ‘coo’ V I i \ \| ; I \ ! 5 \ 2. : a 1 i § 1 s Yuan do asty'dolr ’ \ ___A_ _; __ _____ ___ __: ,__,___ ‘_____,__ _,____ ___,__,H___,_?,,,_______ __ _, _. ,._,_._.._..-n - ._... .~ > i » - - ~\ -<-~~~ "‘ " . bell; clock; o'clock < I \ l \ 41+ ,. i x kind, species 3 zhongi ; 2 \ I Q l s’ Q1 O( 0% to plant zhongg 4 Z s ? { r 1 A _,,¢,_,___ __ ~_..,L.._...-._‘ ~» W»---»---~ I understand i I i L i,“H,W” in:m"-i~wwmim“wM. 1 i he?»v Lkind, species § zh§ng§ zh6ng§ 2 \V i 7 ,1 i 5 BCR ___ * 11 h "-" ' 1'°°B'& En:-sh A no src " Eager-8 ,I’§°°‘£0? N3 5 a SFC ‘ or N° s ‘ 31?- 44 q 4 35 .,_.!..,,_ ..._‘,.,, ... I 29 £25 | la u 3 21 F 11:’: _u7 Wm1"\1 I I in ===:~__ Y I 74' Y 0 ->_..._.. . ..4. .. . . ... ___ . ..r_ . . ..., ...e_.. ~......- .... ..~. .._._v.... -_..>. ... ~ -.- .--<---~ . '4-.X’ "'--_ -.- V .__¢j \ I i U : db- ""713 IEEI \ ".2" Q 7"!" 2 7"-M7‘, i7L "~"'/1 J _._.,.. . . . _._._ __. .,.._._ v .. . __ ...._.-- ..._.__ 4*-_-....-_.__-.-.-___-.-. ,_.-,..-..._ .._..-.._»...-¢_.~_.._...._‘.,_... .-..,» _........_.....,----.~..._.....-...-_.__. - .._ .~iii7LL F'>%2 ii» ,,2--- - . ¢ £§__ [1:] ‘"3? ‘.3'i\ Pg? \HD' l§_§3F\- 4 . 47* _§, +** ' sa _:_ - ~ E?" f‘ \‘ .-...- ' .11 ww‘ A -. ;? ~ . \ ;.' .... \‘ . -..< . .. . . _.. _- ._ W-.-o..._~--...-.-.r ..-._...._. ...~.....-...__._..---- ---~--------~ -----~-~ Areas of Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion 1 B Ifw ‘ ame pronunciation < 5 8, E_ ' Sana lesson4'1; E , I v ,»_ . __;_ ~p"; ~ F i ./‘ U a 1 1 .._--.-.-.-..__._. ....-_.-. ....._._,., ._..... _ .,~..~.<~.. .~......-__.._. .. ..._....,.._...__... _. ~ , . .». . , .. ‘.,.¢»--- ...,,..<.--¢-m-»_... -- .-A - 1 <. ~..._»-.- ...._-- ... ._ ....4.--.--.-..-. ».-.._- .... -.. ..-._ _- . Smme pronunciation I except for tone Same pronunciation except for tone i —_ - - n. A.Q _WRsrc _CTOFM57 Burs”M5 %“’! 5_‘‘INii‘ ‘Fl,__fK‘»‘\“7?:'7 ‘N1);‘Ii6,I‘||‘h_‘_"r___ _ W WNM _WM _W‘MWh_Wne_y ireWe1.,ma lugM“VWe _%_M“OWh * U6a __ne_ ‘ wmWMm _ L'5;F_,K:"'z+'I__(§;i£1!ijgiyl‘g{,|_I§;lz_§\kI'\__‘+T' §__ §:_l‘ 0_ __ _'>w CWM:g_‘uK_&AMW_E6_”+INWIm_M My__ ____'Z‘wW1, HH\_MUL _ EWl_ C\.___WviA N_HZWE3MPuJTziu _/MM“W‘ Kd __A_ N>Z _ __i _”x ".“}___Il|,__|I:__':Vl{__E;:‘'I3‘i;[‘P_"_;!l}I§}5§ ZnE‘;‘i£X;'_E__ _(T_lag‘X,i+__:Ifi _’ H*mum _eWH8“ mw“WHM__”_it ____M 1%“M__mW AML,m‘M1HR__ e_8 _S8_ _ V_ L‘l_“_:1‘‘_|:V_lAr_%_"$\ §‘_;2’I\VfE1i ly‘_' _W_WNR5%_ mi”we"__a_% l_‘MfN%IIpllil|__| _IM ll-iIII IIfA__1| E I K 76 Areas or Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Similarity Confusion 0 -p__-.‘__... ._..._.... ..- ..._ .. . .. ... . . mi“ cm cm ‘ I n1 \ x » ! . n .. -. ¢_. ,...-‘Q ---.~¢¢-4.>-....“».1---¢»--¢..¢-p--..,¢_.u~»-- .v~..-Q-..~.-. .~-A...-.-_..-.~..,.. -nu---->\-w-»--»-‘4,-..= won. ~---.¢¢-r --<- --.—~_ __.-1.. E1» Q § Same pronunciation A ; except tor tone V i I 1 z~ * i\\\ L4 , _ . . I _~. - rv ~-_.» -~-->.~..¢-..4~»~‘,---___.¢~._..--<~->--.<...-...v~..~_.--.--..-.‘...“.1 Z, 5 E) E . . .. .._ -... .,.i. .. ._.._..- .v.-....... ...,)(.-i......,....-,__:._ "1 ~77 --__.r-,,~ I ~, ;-,- ,~,- -I , .,A_»~. »- - »e<»,@ [1] '_,-_.._' --I _ —— — —-;—— :11; -~ _.. ..-.._.. ._....- ..f.-.¢i..>-.-.\ U ..¢..‘.-.. -—---@¢-.-_-Q--.-..,.~--~.~-_ ,_ .~>~.-._..a»--gm».-..._.~...._“_... H-... .. _- .. _~..~.. ._-...‘......r .~o~. id.--_,.. .- __-.. .. _.. .. ._... . .‘-...- ..-. 4. ... Q -..>.-~ .._ ....v-. ..i MI?‘ . ... ~40-'< . . . _ ..» _. - .--..»-..-.--...»»+-.~_.~.~-...-\..- > . . .. 3.1.. 11» .. ... .. . > W... . . . ....¢ _,- ' | o. ' P - . 0 w E %__§_(___ i U "“' .'\ km >m\| (D aw X} kn: -_ :1 ii? 777 - -I in ‘_- ‘_ ._ I ...|I* ... . _.._. ‘BCR ‘ ¥ i e 6 . BCR ’ *6 Y English 1 ; En$11Bh -—- Z _ forfor 7 .NC 1 NC ;...._./......A, ..,_ __,__ ,,,_,__ ' T 1 ' 46 3 to notice, ‘pay attention 46 to notice pay attention keep in mind H? 6‘I k- r § '1 . ,1pay attention to SFC zh § zhh \ vb zhu wang zh wang ‘ V wang I . ,_ ..._. znh - zh \ ,_, ,,..- -- .1 Q ii,(76 1 k 46 1 to notice, 35} ‘ Efl Q chief, master to I ‘ > \ 1 ! 1 live (ate) 46 to notice, i§# 6 Jfl king; pay attention tot 6 (a surname) ' \ 1 ' toward ~¢*~'\ ?' 47 to record; Y : 5 ; * self, oneself 13* i, \ tor \ 1 ‘ -P !-'i I 9 | i . § 6| , ,mr M 5+‘ 6 1 2 . ; src lo - - 6 6 11"-~V'v<-$~~-“_'5'¢"i7-“_.“i""1, J @ 1 I 6 25 > v r \ , . geo I X - \!'\ \ v O ._ 5 '/ r ; 5 vi .1\>lMin:M-§£hYQz»\<)um. $2 5 ,1 'a Ir ‘F __ ova L p, Areas of ’ Proportional AdditionalSimilarity w».->---_.~4.._-.-~@ Similarity Confusion “I [D»..l--. - é§ Same pronunciationiii ; \\)5 ____r. » \’/ A \ ___.._..._. -7 . _ _ . _.__..._,.......u_.-._-‘¢>--_.-..- _..-...>-.-..._-._.._..’..... .....4__...._.. _ -.~ 5E- '4'-. ¢_h~¢ 2 n--_»~.__...... .. ,.- .. . ....‘_ _, .._ .._.‘......... - . .-.- -__--..---..._.--.._.,_..-......... v >_-.-_ -. - .-.»- ‘u3; I / §" L.L|- (Q H, ii —--Q--— -_-- v- .. _ .._ ¢ -> .. -_ .. ,. --... .¢.-.--_ .._..-_.-.~..\-, .\.. ‘..-..- .- \r, H. Z u.-my-1 _..- --rd >“' rs‘? ~_...L i Same pronunciation except for'tone -.-..‘_...._... ., . __.-. ._.._ .. . ... ,. ... (‘LlL -3;.-'. T3 U ( 4 Same pronunciation ' except for tone "_ BCR”_ . A Eng5:38. for OI‘ Q NC * keep in mind 47 heavy; weighty, serious 0 i » 5 ‘ ‘.7 I ‘Iv47 2 to record; < L [J 9 \ \ 47 I to record; §?§ keep in mind Y’%~ A NC \ ,;,, ry- ZLi ji J1 J1 47 (inliggtht) _§f§§ ;§@F pass through g 25 we g . ~ ~»- 'Pf". K--3-».Li_, \~Q\ a-.¢n up “ zhong zhng ~ kind, species 3 .‘1 . . .. _‘_e__. .. _ _ . 2 . . _ -. _____. ..__ ..._. . ..____‘.-.. .. ..._._..‘_.__..,..._._._.._,.._.,...»... w» , 4# zhong i to plant us-. _~ . _.-.._ _-4. ..__.__..-.- __._._ ._... ....__-_.V_ .. ... .. 47 ‘heavy; weighty, serious 5%? , ,1 \_ ~ 1"“. N) ..-‘ ’ I '5‘If V *0‘ M zhong zhong -L._. . §@.e*;- 47 heavy; weighty, serious 4” > ‘ zhong ‘dong t‘Yj{ understand ; 21 be11- clock; 25 ' o'clock E 1 ‘I :u';: 1 . “E I \ ~ | 80 _ I’ _:::pi To _ _ , _ I Areas ofSimilarity £451, nu|- [*4 .__.._..._.......I 1 Proportional AdditionalSimilarity Confusion [II i . v | Same pronunciation »-5,--,3 L \'\5\ ;:<~ H31 #3:; if ii I IRE] IHEIW x 1 i \ 1» I .4‘v—-¢ I : * ' _>_-_ _ _- _ :—— ;_-..¢=; ' t-¢....'__;_--Y ¢;_->:_- ~ =_ 1 : -:_—_-_ __: 1_:_~-—-_—=7 '1 Q-T-o-~:_-:;. ~v.~4._-»---Qnvu-_.. . .-- -;-1» U.» -_ »~¢~- '-- ..| , 44 All quip E.-J ‘ Q-0-Q» 4 ... . ._ -..'-.__. -...v <_.. .»».-_..¢..“-_».4 ... ....._...---».c~--..--“-..-..-- .-.u.~._¢. .>..-->. . - .--. -.<. . . -. \-. - . -1-~--.¢-u»-¢ -. ... Similar pronunciation ___....¢-. _-... -_- _ - .. _.. ._...__..__,,\ .... ....‘........- ..-.. _~¢.=-4» .--__ .--..~.. 0......-.\ ,_-W’:-,_ —=-_— A,-v.~.---.;_—:=:~¢,— ;; ~- ,~ , i 1 I u I ,.-.‘ | 5 P ~-—~~.-1-_.».. . ..,........> . .1 .. ~. ,. - Same pronunciation(though sometimes with different tone) ->-_.»._.._-..-.-..-_..__-..-..~-_-~----....-.4--. -- ¢ -.-. a.~_%@~»e--‘an-aw-un-a-wont-n-av-~qu-z\--1-<-v~4..¢--<-W ¢~v<\lU~nKQ ~-q-Q--qr-M."-.~vu.4--~|...v., -V .». .¢ ¢-n—ID S El if ii‘ § T — Same pronunciation except for tone -P-__,-_.‘.. .....,_ , , - -\.‘--...¢-»-.~'-v i I i i I 1 81 for BOR ‘ 22.13E355. English , \ English §Le8afor i NO SFC for f ' NC ; l , SF° , $5 | , ‘I f fair i . - .. .~.......\,... . ’ - . \ 47 capital 1 L(of a country) '}‘ 1 ns g__...._-__ _.....>_._...-._....-...._ _. \/> .-__. f. An _ _..~. _ QIA 47A face (literal 1 and figurative) i mian 4 A I . - 7—'-."_.'."'”,"".‘”"'_"" >'."“'f i. . ' W ff“ 9-‘ C --\ -.2} IJ »\ EH- ><\ CB Z.» i 9’ 7‘3B@l+ *7FT'§$>5<"F’é 3 -.-~.._4' - \ . ,,__..--.¢¢ 1 --- ...~-I § J _._.4_ .‘__...__. - . ___. _ . ? I k i , >_-§__ .. _, _.-... NC -.__,_____.§,____.._-......-.._..._.._..____A _l___..--.-. ...._... ~--_..;j.._. __>. .. . . %~1é# ' I \ 1 ; ping g ban ‘~I—s- 'Fl“: Jiu was G \... -a \ I '81‘ @\=¢ g‘. -—____\ #7 §lavel, flat; Y j¥L‘ ?'?“” Q half» 8°mi | l 1 only, just; : immediately (1 surface; f [EL] E 0/ and; and Yet , , AI .. > ,. , /___ A!‘ ,/--A ~ /K £53; ,2\1<. 135x57 £7'3Z"L-| {1>’i’F~ I j¢;-_;tb#2;1¥i»<,{<%- _.._>.-..-.~— 3 i I 5 i 1 i V“ 1 1 I ! .-_¢-- - ,- <5i-T 3‘ >~. 1 Q L.’ it ‘Ix Ef- u 5 §. 2:, 'i< K. 55’ ‘. 1 Z’ wmw ,7—v.~‘-w."- ».C. . E v F .<>i_.. _ --.\/ ....1_- ‘ U »J~ r3’"1' 5. znéibén 15 ~{:1 + ~f|~ \/ ?§*7'C [f”jYf_ ___o m‘.“__mW,W“I~.”.-.Iho I2% Pi 82 Areas of , Proportional 1- Additiual oimilarity Similarity { Coniusion I I .. , I I ! I ---~+--—-—- ,\ --._._.____.-_...._...- _ ... UNIT VIII Review Exercises Lessons 4 -4 ianf . . . 7’ P-C kw 3 $3 1. N! znbde b \ an b{"wo taitai zuode gang hg0Chl¢ (Your home cooking is even better than my wife's.) V 2. Mai neitiao shuigié y8h shénmo tiaojian? (What condi- tions are there is selling that water-buffalo.) bi neiben gang nib. (This historys book is even better than that one.) 83 ‘ 8.ja;,,#£ W? pi ;g1g?.ir*1» 9. 3;: 7'-L $5 9'?B§’/1'5? 715 Péa-. Z: "$15 §fL;'§ $x7§'?&é7 5. ;j7)@ ([5] 34K $ £Z£'5 '-"*'5‘7'§%' 97' 6. 77 9§/kg» Ta E9125. E‘ '//>\ Bi-t/T7§é’7'$="F1€ *1! E"7@' W 11%;; %*< 1; 15 1% 1? 1': ii %<» 11. $5 7F I'\_T-=:_ 1&9)? 37)} If. Si >+a1 c7_~I> F} \<-*/ 9°24’, U1‘ <.>~ >\ 15% 1 — i i 1 _. I Pv-,.¢1v,;..,.»_.. .<.-.1-,-,_¢..,;.”=¢-4»v1»'1$¢< as, @143 t 5.4% aafax 3’. 15.%|31@1r.T.¢+§i1’F$é9A+1w5, rm, 44; % '5/F 4% Q9 Bi 4'? 34? £52 ii 5- 5‘:-*Z~. % l8..£;ti E \ —-5 as 86 O “ \ _ \15. Shi ta zili shuo de, jintian zaoshang you yige 14. 15. 16. 17. Tade mgdi shi xu natural science.) jinianhui. (He said himself that there would be a memorial service this morning.) Y I ‘ \ \ / V . ‘ YN1 bu bi zuo fan, yinwei wo yijing ziji zuo le. (You don't have to cook, since I already cooked myself.) Neige zai waitou zuh shi de réh yé'y6u hgochu ye you dganchu. (That man who is working outside has both good points and shortcomings.) W5 bu zhidao ta you nenmo duo de duanchu. (I didn't u know he had so many shortcomings.) ,} \ 0 \ \ _' 0 \ VW8 Jibuzhu ta ghg de difang, yinwei ta gaosu wo de shi- hou, lives, because when he told me I wasn't paying attention.) E1 says \\ ox lg» gx W o\2 ¢\ O (His goal is to study ~ wo mei zhyi ting. (I can't remember where he Xiansheng shuo ni dgi zhuyi sisheng. (Mr. Wang that you must pay attention to the four tones.) U 87 1 _ i , -ini 1 i I I ii i I l 19.. wt Eu --\ C‘ Q*.§- *1! Hm *~\F F15 %w;;wMm@gr@@iI m%T%%i@i@i% 1%, 9'7 ;‘-*5 \w ~>\ n1:1\+ V~‘%i >3‘ 21. H; Ea, M» T 75- W /{E7 22.1»a;@~?Bit%; ¢‘£$Li'c;P”%‘ E7 41? ¥% \~H Emu 2;. M, 41, zr ~:;y-T» it. T T. _\U_'.. Ti.‘ _____ E ._~ 2*+- -g’. 1 1”; +451», 511 - 75 . . E 1'.” -7:: "1' ' (/ 25_ 1]}; I ).j_ ZR . _,_ — 1: Z 's~ l-‘$1 £3? @ . 88 r»-.1-, -5 ‘r '.*~‘-"rs F :- ~.__,.—-WW n _ i 19. Wo shuo ta yinggai gang dong zou, k Shl ta mei gggyi wode hna. Suoyi, ta wangle zenmo zou le. (I said he should go east, but he didn't pay attention to what I said; so he forgot how to go.) i 20. Ta bu zhuyi xiansheng de zhgyin shi ta bu xihuan tade jiofa. (The main reason why he ignores the teacher is that he doesn't like his teaching methods.) 21. Ta ziii shuo ta.1ibuzhu neige zi. (He said himself he can't remember that character.) ,, \\22. Tade riji shi zai jiyuéh sing: nian faxian de. (His diary was discovered in 400 A.D.) 25. ma zjging bé neige jnzi iixialai le. (He already jetted down that sentence.) .. __ § ..24. Dni ging gongye, ta yidiar jiggyan ye mei you. (He doesn't have any experience at all regarding light ind'l.15tI'y0 D / 8 -» \ \ -- \925. Neizh ng gongye shi zhong gongye. (What sort of industry is heavy industry?) 5 u as 28 3‘/"F 97?/\ *5)‘ ’¥*fT*@%i?l1""1P/3?-§<”~1' 291m2£.1b1;-@M“;§;gz§M>i2:r:§_:=;J'. §01‘>{<"713z' |§%J’. 1 #2;-§1@1<§j#&i:. 7&7‘ 'rf1-f-=r;§-IN/3 1*%#vF/izt-2 M 1%‘, .- Q ‘ 90 M JL J 28. Duqggg de keren dou dui ta shuo: ”yi1u.g§g5'an.” (Host 2 . Ta c6ng Béigigg niléi 1e yZn$u, gig $61 w6 aX'a£hnnuh Neige da zhagg h§n.gg§gg,' (That big clock is heavy.) ' Ta bi dghg wei-shenmo neijian sh} nenmo gh§Qgyao. (He doesn't understand why that matter is so important.) -Q \ \ a \ " an I \ I t ' ‘ r of the guests said "Bon Voyage" to him.) le. (After he came back from Peking, he gave me a phone call.) TE bdan zue eue le, éiqig ye mél ygh mianzi 1e. (Not only did he make a mistake, but he also lost face.) __ ~ 1 1 | " J V.. CQKGLUSIONS The booklet which has been presented here is an A example or how Similar Form Characters can be arranged in a convenient form which is useful to students of Chinese. By studying this booklet in conjunction with Qggiggigg Chinese Reader by John DeFrancis, not only can the student's recognition of certain individual characters be reinforced, but the student can see some of the ways in which Chinese characters are confused for one another. It is hoped that beginning students will gain some insight into how the various components are arranged in characters and how similar-looking characters may be similar, as well as dis- tinct from one another. The use of SFC's to produce a character contrast booklet for BCR has been the immediate goal of this thesisi . but once this has been accomplished, other possibilities y for the use of SFC's in teaching Chinese become evident. (1) Character contrast booklets could be devised, for inb ‘ stance, as supplements to other beginning reading texts in Chinese, such as Read Qginese by Fang-yu Wang; or for use in conjunction with higher-level texts, such as the other books in the DeFrancis Reader series, namely Intermediate Chinegg Reader and Advanced Chinese Reader. (2) Similar Form Characters could also be used to teach simplified y - ' ' I-1'" I-I-1-nail _- ‘ -_,— F , I ?~ \ 3:. 92' \ A. f ~ 4' * /' ' ' - ’ , - 4 --I II "' 7* 7 4' '—"' ‘R E icharacters, many or which are quite similar in torn and often confusing to the student; or any other desired set or characters. (5) Even the present SFC booklet for §Q§ could be expanded at some time to include additional material for ‘student use, such as sample word combinations or phrases for each character in the SFC pairs. This would give the student an additional reference point for the recognition .of individual characters. (4) Other kinds of materials ‘could be developed using SFG's tor teaching Chinese, such ias contrasting SFC's on transparencies for use in opaque projection, using SFO's along with individual characters on flash cards, and so on. Having now engaged in a study of how characters are composed of various common strokes and components, and how this common stock of subunits may lead to similarity among characters and thus character confusion, I have become increasingly interested in the areas of character perception, recognition, discrimination, and reading. I would like, at some time, to investigate further one or more or these areas. I am interested, for example, in studying how the reader visually perceives the character, that is whether in terms of the whole character, components, strokes, parts oft strokes, or some combination of these. I would like to study in greater depth the structure of characters and components; as well as the various reasons why students may confuse certain characters, such as the similarity of com-; _| F In Inns: 1 i1 n—r' 1 i"—'l| 1-: _ J __ 93 L in i _ _~ V_-- ,-' 1 _ _ i’ 1 I — ponents or their spatial arrangements, similar character pronunciation, etc. "Another area of possible further study is the axpar- s imental determination of those characters which are most commonly confused by students. This could be done by the e recording and analysis of errors which students may make in reading selected passages in Chinese. (I have already discovered, through preliminary observations, that a student can indeed misread a character because it is similar in form to a character he has previously studied.) Finally, there his the study of the recognition of the character by itself as versus its recognition in words or phrases, or in the larger context of sentences or paragraphs, and the intlue ences these processes may have on one another. b I i-in —r -, ,-",_ , —4, . 1 * 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Astor, Captain Wally G., U.S.A.F. "A Phonetic-InductiveApproach to Chinese Character Recognition.” Journal 1of the Chinese Qgggggge Teachers Association V (Hay ‘N Chan, Shau Wing. Chinese Reader for Bezinners ‘withExercises in r. =- 0 -In vers y: = ‘o - In vers y ' ess 1942.O Ching, Eugene and Nora. "Teaching the Writing of ChineseCharacters." Journal of tae Chinese Language TeachersAssoo§Q$ion_ e ruary : ' . DeFrancis, John. Be inni Chinese _New Haven: YaleUniversity Ptess, E655. DeFrancis, John. Be inni Chinese Reader. Parts I and II.New Haven: Yate Untversity Pfess, I966. DeFrancis, John. Index Volume. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1970. DeFrancis, John. Intermediate Chinese. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, I955. Fenn, Henry C., ed. Chinese Characters Easil Confused. New Haven: Institute of Far Eastern Ianguages, YaleUniversity, 1955. 9 Harvard University Press. Mathews‘ Chinese-E lishDictionary. Cambridge: Harvard Universtty Ptess, 1943. Shang Wu Yin Shu Kuan. Chi Ch'u Han Yii. g EW BX(Elementary Chinese). Part I. Peking: Shang Wu YinS 11 1.18.11, 0 Su, Kendall L. Symbolic Regresentation of the ChineseWritten Lan a e. ar . esearc epor 0.E21-EZCIQU-ti. Itlanta: School of Electrical'ggggneering, Georgia Institute of Technology, November Wang, Fred Fangyu. Mandarin Chinese Dictionar Chinese-English. South Crange New Jersey: Seton Halln versity Press, l96é. '# : J -so 3 94 __ - '* -_ r if ,1! 11- I-Ii -I i _ ’ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ggg: Begéggégg Chinese Reader by John DeFrancis Less.: Lassen NC: New Character \ SFC: Similar Form Character 95 ’ ,,