wings of change ZOO DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR RAPTOR REHABILITATION CENTERS JAKE BROTSIS MASTER’S PROJECT 2024 DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE OF DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF OREGON 0.0 PREFACEPROJECT OVERVIEW Abstract TABLE OF CONTENTS This master’s project explores the adaptation of zoo design principles to wildlife rehabilitation centers, specifically focusing on the Cascades Raptor Center in Eugene, Oregon. 1. NESTING PREPARATIONS The aim is to create speculative design solutions that 1.0 ABOUT ME | 1.1 TERMINOLOGY | 1.2 VOCABULARY prioritize animal wellness, visitor education, and environmental stewardship. Through extensive research, expert collaboration, and design development, this project presents a 2. FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONS comprehensive vision for the Cascades Raptor Center’s future expansion, demonstrating the potential for integrating zoo 2.0 SITE CONTEXT | 2.1 SITE ANALYSIS | 2.2 COLLABORATION | 2.3 SITE EVALUATION design principles into a wildlife rehabilitation setting. 3. ASCENDING ASPIRATIONS The project includes a comprehensive analysis of the raptor center’s expansion plans and site conditions, proposing 3.0 KEY INQUIRIES | 3.1 RAPTOR MEWS | 3.2 ONGOING EXPLORATION innovative approaches to designing new aviary habitats and 3.3 RESEARCH QUESTION | 3.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK human-occupied spaces. Using the award-winning Eagle Passage aviary at Northwest Trek Wildlife Park as a design precedent, the project explores alternative ways to meet 4. SOARING SOLUTIONS the principles of landscape immersion and animal husbandry requirements while providing an educational experience for 4.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT | 4.1 SLOPE ANALYSIS | 4.2 SITE DESIGN ANALYSIS visitors through interpretive programs. The concept of “flex enclosures” is introduced, offering adaptable spaces that 5. LANDING INSIGHTS allow for controlled movement and rotation of raptors between enclosures, enhancing the immersive appeal and reinforcing 5.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK | 5.1 INTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN | 5.2 INTERPRETITIVE ENGAGEMENT educational interactives. Guided by a conceptual framework centered on Integrated 6. PERCHED REFLECTIONS Habitat Design and Interpretive Engagement, the project 6.0 GOALS REVISITED | 6.1 NEXT STEPS | 6.2 FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES | 6.3 ZOO DESIGN NICHE emphasizes the synergistic relationship between enclosure design and education. By replicating natural habitats and 6.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 6.5 CLOSING REMARKS providing immersive educational experiences, the design aims to foster emotional connections and a deeper understanding of raptor conservation among visitors. This project provides valuable insights for landscape architects and students on designing species-appropriate habitats and educational programs within the parameters and goals set by the client, exemplified by the Cascades Raptor Center. 2 3 NESTING PREPARATIONS 1.0 ABOUT ME | 1.1 TERMINOLOGY | 1.2 VOCABULARY 1.0 NESTING PREPARATIONSABOUT ME career timeline “Washington” just an absolutely awesome bongo “Waldie” “Blippo” the hippo antelope the biggest personality you’ll ever see in a My Story white rhino Before embarking on my journey in the MLA program, I dedicated my earlier career to being a zookeeper. I had the privilege of interning and working at several AZA-accredited zoos nationwide, including Wildlife Safari, Gatorland, Safari West, and the San Francisco Zoo. This experience allowed me to forge meaningful connections with an array of animals, ranging from crocodilians and Komodo dragons to white rhinos, greater kudu, and southern ground hornbills. In the latter part of my time as a zookeeper, my fascination gatorland wildlife safari with the intricacies of designing new enclosures and zoo zookeeper safari westintern 2012-2014 ungulates & birds masterplans began to take root. The meticulous thought and 2012 zookeeper attention to detail required to depict exotic environments of zoo tampa 2016-2019 both ecological and cultural significance and then recreate intern them in a zoo setting through an artistic lens captivated me. 2012 It was this passion that ultimately drove me to transition from san francisco zoo on-call zookeeper zookeeping to the field of landscape architecture. 2018-2019 My focus shifted from working directly with animals to working for them. The prospect of contributing to the creation of environments that enhance their well-being and mimic their ellen trout zoo reptiles zookeeper natural habitats became a calling I couldn’t resist. fresno chaffee zoo 2014-2016 zookeeper volunteer 2004-2011 We had three (amazing) anacondas named: “Annie”, “Connie”, and “Doug” :D You couldn’t spend enough time with our red river hog family. They always wanted belly scratches and to be by your side 6 7 1.1 NESTING PREPARATIONSTERMINOLOGY 236 total aza accredited zoos & aquariums in the united states aza accredited institutes i’ve yet to visit Setting the Standard aza accredited institutes i’ve visited Throughout this project, I am going to casually use the term “zoo”. For clarification, it’s important to explain who I’m referring to when using the term “zoo.” Over the course of my roughly 15-year involvement with zoos, most of my experience has been gained in AZA-accredited zoos. AZA, or the Association of Zoos & Aquariums, is a non- governmental organization that ensures its member zoos meet top-notch standards in animal care, conservation, and education through rigorous accreditation processes. Accreditation involves setting and upholding professional standards and evaluating organizations based on those standards, ensuring that the profession is assessed according to established best practices by industry experts (Marcy, 2020). Of the approximately 2,800 animal exhibitors licensed nationwide, less than 10% are AZA-accredited (About AZA Accreditation, 2018). AZA has been the leading accrediting body for zoos and aquariums for over 40 years, with its standards recognized as national benchmarks by agencies like OSHA and the USDA. Their standards cover all aspects of operation, from animal wellness to guest services, and are continually updated based on scientific advancements (About AZA Accreditation, 2018). Institutions undergo thorough evaluations every five years to ensure adherence to these evolving standards, reflecting a commitment to the highest levels of animal care and management. This is not to imply that zoological organizations not affiliated with AZA necessarily reflect poor animal wellness standards. Other zoological accreditation groups exist nationally and internationally, as well as all zoological facilities adhering to state and local laws and regulations standardized by groups such as USDA and USFWS. However, I have chosen to focus on AZA in my project due to my familiarity with their standards and my trust in them. 8 9 1.1 NESTING PREPARATIONSTERMINOLOGY COMPARING MISSIONS AZA ZOOS Both zoos and wildlife rehabilitation centers share a common mission of educating the public and raising awareness about Zoos serve a vital role in public education about a wide range of wildlife conservation. They often collaborate closely with one wildlife species that many people may never have the chance another towards improving biodiversity and safeguarding to encounter in the wild. AZA zoos actively participate in species extinction. Zoos play a crucial role in inspiring people Species Survival Programs, Global Species Management Plans, to appreciate animals from around the world while also and numerous research and conservation initiatives aimed contributing to the preservation of their genetic diversity. at managing threatened species and maintaining genetically Meanwhile, wildlife rehabilitation centers focus on aiding diverse populations (Marcy, 2020). Without these accredited local wildlife populations and mitigating human impacts zoos, species like the California condor or scimitar oryx would through education and rehabilitation efforts. Both types of have faced extinction. While animals spend much of their lives organizations rely heavily on grants, donations, and community here, they are under the care of highly trained professionals support to sustain their operations and further their who ensure they receive proper diets and enrichment activities conservation goals. for a healthy and fulfilling existence. WILDLIFE REHABILITATION CENTERS Wildlife rehabilitation centers, on the other hand, provide critical care for local wild animals that have been injured or orphaned before they can return to their natural habitats. Unlike zoos, these centers do not breed animals and primarily serve as temporary homes for their patients. Here, the focus is on providing medical examinations, treatments, and physical therapy to prepare injured, diseased, or orphaned animals for release back into the wild (National Wildlife Rehabilitators’ Association et al., 2000). Rehabilitation centers are found worldwide, each dedicated to rehabilitating various species with the ultimate goal of returning them to their natural environments. If an animal is deemed unfit for release, it may either remain in the center’s care or be transferred to zoos and sanctuaries. 10 11 1.2 NESTING PREPARATIONSVOCABULARY KEY TERMS Aviary Mew • a large enclosure in which birds are kept • indoor and outdoor quarters designed to house one or more birds of prey Chute Perching • a contained tunnel system that allows animals to • objects or surfaces within the enclosure that allow the securely move from one point to another raptors to rest, roost, or observe their surroundings from Flex Enclosure Phylogeny • flexible; enclosures that meet the requirements of • the evolution of a particular group of organisms housing multispecies consecutively Furnishing Raptor • the objects within the enclosures that provide comfort, • bird of prey; the word originates from the Latin stimulation, or practical use for the raptors translation “to grasp or seize” attributed to the animal’s talons and beak used to capture and secure their prey Husbandry Rehabilitation • the proper management and care of animals, including • rehabilitate; the action of restoring something that has the regulation of water, food, environment, and breeding been damaged to its former condition ABBREVIATIONS AZA = Association of Zoos & Aquariums CRC = Cascades Raptor Center 12 13 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONS 2.0 SITE CONTEXT | 2.1 SITE ANALYSIS | 2.2 COLLABORATION | 2.3 SITE EVALUATION 2.0 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSSITE CONTEXT distance to crc f rom uo vehicle - 4.8 miles / 10 mins bike - 4.8 miles / 36 mins walk - 4.4 miles / 1 hr 45 mins Cascades Raptor Center Nestled in Spencer Butte Park of south Eugene on Fox Hollow university Road, the Cascades Raptor Center (CRC), a 501c3 non-profit, park stands as a beacon of conservation and education. Founded by Louise Shimmel in 1987, the CRC obtained its official amazon incorporation and relocated to its current 8-acre site in 1990. park Since then, the center has been an instrumental force in promoting environmental stewardship and the preservation of the natural world. Distinguished as Oregon’s sole raptor- exclusive wildlife center, the center remains a vital resource for avian medical treatment and community support. CRC is a well-loved and greatly supported community destination, tugman recognized for its impact on local culture and appreciation for park natural heritage. spencer butte park 16 2.1 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONS STRUCTURESSITE ANALYSIS ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS Fox Hollow R STAFF BUILDINGS oad Structures & Circulation EVENT SPACES Amphitheater Property Bo Spread across 3.7 acres, of the 8-acre property, are the core RESIDENT unda elements of the nature center. This area includes enclosures RAPTOR MEWS ry for residential raptors, a wildlife hospital, a gift shop, and 3 educational spaces, alongside specialized enclosures for REHABILIATION 1 injured birds transitioning back into the wild. These particular RAPTOR MEWS Visitor Outdoor Classroom enclosures are secluded from public view, preserving the birds’ Center Parking natural instincts and facilitating their acclimatization back into Lot the wild. CIRCULATION Wildlife Hospital RR Visitor parking is minimal, with a small parking lot located in the VEHICULAR PATH center of the property, nearest the animal hospital. Overflow parking is available across Fox Hollow Road in the Ridgeline Trail parking lot. Visitors have access to two winding path systems VISITOR PATH that circulate the property to view the raptors. 2 STAFF NATURE TRAIL On the east side of the property lies two yurt structures for administrative personnel. These yurts are currently designated exclusively for CRC staff, with the potential for future inclusion VISITOR ENTRY with the general public. STAFF ENTRY Property Boundary 1 2 3 VISITOR CENTER RAPTOR MEWS FOREST TRAIL 18 19 Property Boundary 2.1 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONS RESIDENT RAPTOR COLLECTIONSITE ANALYSIS EAGLES VULTURES Animal Inventory Aeolus Atticus Celilo Dante Kali Lethe Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Golden Eagle Turkey Turkey Vulture Vulture At the heart of CRC’s endeavors lies their commitment to wildlife rehabilitation. Their wildlife hospital serves as a first point-of-contact for wildlife questions, emergencies, and HAWKS providing medical aid for orphaned, sick, and injured birds of prey. In 2022 alone, the hospital provided care to over 430 birds from across Oregon, marking a cumulative tally of 7,200 birds treated since its establishment. CRC boasts one of the largest North American raptor Apollonia Banjo Eowyn Guapo Newton Taka collections in the Pacific Northwest, housing a diverse Northern Red-Tailed Ferruginous Swainson’s American Swainson’s collection of more than 30 residential raptors. Residential Harrier Hawk Hawk Hawk Goshawk Hawk raptors refers to the birds that permanently reside at the center. Each raptor enclosure, often referred to as a ‘mew,’ is constructed from natural materials and designed to meet FALCONS the needs of all species. These avian ambassadors offer visitors a unique opportunity to observe and learn about different species, their environmental significance, and the conservation challenges they face. Through educational programs, guided tours, and interactive sessions, the center engages thousands of visitors, students, and locals annually, Guillermo Hoku Jake Kaida Kirby Marley Nike Olga Parker fostering a deeper appreciation for their species and ecological Aplomado Merlin Peregrine Saker American Prairie Gyrfalcon Gyrfalcon American roles. Falcon Falcon Falcon Kestrel Falcon Kestrel OWLS Bodhi Cirrus Dmitri Hans Lorax Neville Opa Otis Padawn Barred Owl Northern Eurasian Eurasian Great Great Western Eastern Barn Owl Hawk Owl Eagle Owl Eagle Owl Horned Owl Horned Owl Screech Owl Screech Owl Ra Valentino = Currently Vacant Mew* Burrowing Great Owl Horned Owl 20 21 2.1 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSSITE ANALYSIS EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS EDUCATIONAL F SPACES ox Hollow Road RAPTOR INFO On-Site Educational Programs SIGNAGE Amphitheater Prop 1 ert INTERACTIVE y Bo In addition to visiting the raptors, the nature center provides unda several ways to learn more about both the animals and CRC’s OBJECTIS ry influence in the Pacific Northwest. As guests view each bird, they can read about their biology, distribution, and journey coming into care with the center through hand-crafted Gift Shop Outdoor Classroom identification plaques. 2 Additionally, there are several interactive experiences guests can anticipate when visiting the nature center. These include RR a shaded outdoor classroom setting near the entrance of the center, an amphitheater on the north side of the property nearest the gift shop, and several cutaways in the pathways to facilitate trainer talks with raptors on a glove. These interactive experiences allow guests to engage directly with the birds and their trainers, providing a more personal learning experience. Property Boundary 1 2 AMPHITHEATER OUTDOOR CLASSROOM RAPTOR INFO SIGNAGE 22 23 Property Boundary 2.2 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSCOLLABORATION “The expansion should express the center’s two primary missions: to care for the raptors, and educate the public about these magnificent birds. The spaces created should connect the visitors to the natural environment of the park, and allow access for all to Project Goals the educational programs and experiences. Built elements should be sensitive to the ecosystems in which they reside, and should create In the latter part of the winter term in 2022, I was introduced and enhance the lives of the plants and animals that reside there while to Melissa Green, the Creative Engagement Designer at the supporting the mission of the organization.” Cascades Raptor Center, through Associate Professor Mark Eischeid. Mark, having previously discussed the raptor center’s expansion aspirations with Melissa, saw a connection between these aspirations and my post-graduation goals. primary project goals Following this introduction, Melissa and I engaged in a productive discussion about the ongoing initiatives at the Create new bird enclosures Raptor Center and the potential alignment with my master’s project. Fast forward to the conclusion of the spring term in 2023, I arranged a meeting with Melissa, Julie Collins, One new outdoor gathering space / amphitheater for a group the Executive Director, and Mark. This meeting served as a of 75 people near the visitor center (current admin. building) platform to explore the various projects that the Cascades Raptor Center aimed to undertake in their future expansion. Create an accessible loop trail through the site. Should Their extensive list of expansion projects not only reflects connect the existing areas with new trails and enclosures their commitment to enhancing their facilities but also reinforces their primary mission: providing servitude to wildlife rehabilitation and public education. Recognizing the importance Create educational signage throughout the site. Interactive of aligning my design goals with their mission, I selected learning areas for bird encounters and educational several primary project goals that resonated with both the engagement center’s objectives and my own interests. For me, these chosen projects held the potential to not only further bird of prey husbandry but would also create engaging programming secondary project goals for future visitors. Additionally, I outlined several secondary projects with the aim of exploring additional opportunities, Two new outdoor classroom spaces subject to available time and space. Botanical design and natural landscaping native plantings, pollinator gardens, swallow boxes, mason bee homes, and educational plant species signage 24 25 2.2 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSCOLLABORATION Design Boundary Situated between the primary nature center and the administrative yurts lies an unused 4-acre parcel of land, acquired in 2017 and designated for future expansion. Despite initial progress by CRC and local partners in expansion planning, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought these endeavors to a standstill. Consequently, the 4-acre parcel remained dormant, awaiting future development. This setback presented an opportunity for me to step in and contribute my concepts and solutions, gained from my experience working in zoos, to shape the future of this space. VISITOR CENTER CONCEPT CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER MASTER PLAN 26 27 2.2 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSCOLLABORATION Fox Design Boundary Hollow Road While additional parking facilities remain a priority for CRC, I did not select it from their project items list as one of my design goals. However, recognizing the value of the initial concepts developed by Dougherty Landscape Architects, Prop PIVOT Architecture, and KPFF Engineers, I sought and gained erty their approval to incorporate and modify their parking lot Boun design into my proposal. This collaborative approach allowed dary me to integrate their vision with my own, ensuring coherence and continuity in the development of the expansion plans, and would ultimately define the official boundary of my canvas for design. Property Boundary 28 29 Property Boundary 2.3 FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONSSITE EVALUATION Spatial Organization of Enclosures Reimagine Build with Key Takeaways Animal Shows Natural Materials During my site evaluation, I walked the entirety of the site Preserve Improve and took numerous pictures to document my observations. This process yielded several key takeaways that I wanted to In considering what aspects of the site to preserve, Raptor Enclosures - In considering improvements for raptor Circulation Preserve Natural Interpretive investigate further in my research, apply in my design process, several factors stood out. Firstly, I noted the use of natural enclosures, a key focus was investigating the standards of Functionality Character Storytelling Signage or keep in mind to supplement my overall design decisions. building materials for structures, particularly evident in the raptor mews and understanding why they differ from raptor These takeaways formed the basis for my design intentions, construction of the raptor mews. Additionally, the feeling of aviaries in zoos. Additionally, this involved determining best guiding the direction of my project. place in site’s natural character, nestled in a hillside forest, practices for aviary sizes and creating a structured or thematic emerged as another priority. It was important to me to retain organization of enclosure locations with appropriate wayfinding as much of the natural habitat for wild birds of prey and other for guests. wildlife that inhabit the site. Spatiality - Addressing concerns about accessibility and spaciousness, I identified the essential need to create separate circulation systems for staff and guests, accommodating to the needs of both. This approach ensures efficient movement of staff for bird care and maintenance tasks while creating a fluid and uncongested experience ANIMAL RELATED SITE RELATED VISITOR RELATED for visitors as they meander through the site with fewer distractions from adjacent enclosures. An additional consideration was to ensure guest paths are accessible for elderly and disabled individuals. Education - Expanding the scope of educational options for visitors emerged as another priority. I wanted to create an interpretive story that explores the role of birds of prey in the Pacific Northwest and connects with the mission of the nature center. Furthermore, considering how to redesign New Raptor Accessible New the amphitheater to seamlessly integrate with the site’s natural surroundings and evolve beyond the conventional bird Enclosures Trail Loop Amphitheater demonstration format to reinforce the educational objectives. Botanical Design Interactive Learning Areas New Outdoor Classrooms 30 31 PROJECT GOALS DESIGN INTENTIONS ascending aspirations 3.0 KEY INQUIRIES | 3.1 RAPTOR MEWS | 3.2 ONGOING EXPLORATION 3.3 RESEARCH QUESTION | 3.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.0 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSKEY INQUIRIES “an animal cannot be isolated, even conceptually, from Zoo History the particular From the list of project items, I chose to focus on constructing Until the 1970’s, most animal displays lacked reference to environment to new raptor enclosures for several reasons. Apart from the natural habitats or the physical and behavioral needs of animals opportunity to gain in-depth knowledge about enclosure (Coe, n.d.). However, as zoos shifted their focus towards which it has become 1970’S 1994 construction in zoos and its relevance to my career pursuits conservation and animal husbandry, and with the increasing STANLEY PARK ZOO - POLAR BEAR GROTTO WOODLAND PARK ZOO - NORTHERN TRAILS in landscape architecture, one of the primary reasons for this embrace of humanity’s biophilic connection to nature, adapted during eons selection was to understand the standards practiced in raptor advancements in enclosures, such as immersion design, led to mew design. This master’s project wasn’t my first visit to the highly detailed presentations of nature (Mellor et al., 2015). of geologic time raptor center. I have made several visits in the past, instilling a longstanding curiosity about the design of these mews and the without a serious disparity between how bird of prey enclosures are designed in rehabilitation centers compared to zoos. misunderstanding of From my initial perspective, I approached this project with an understanding of how zoos have evolved over the past several its true nature.” centuries, reflecting advancements in the representation of their animals. To illustrate my perspective, a brief recap of zoo evolution is essential. mary akeley Zoos have existed since ancient civilizations such as Egypt and China, initially serving as hunting parks for exotic naturalist & author animals. During medieval Europe, monarchs, monasteries, 1950’S 2020 and municipalities maintained private collections called ST. LOUIS ZOO - SEA LION POOL OMAHA’S HENRY DOORLY ZOO - SEA LION SHORES menageries (Chin & Gusset, 2016). The 18th century brought the Age of Enlightenment, promoting science and logic in society, leading to a scientific focus on zoology. Early zoos were more like museums of living animals, with small display areas as featuring many species as space would allow. The concept of the urban zoo emerged in the 19th century, with a significant increase in zoological gardens open to the public for education and entertainment (Bisgrove, 2022). Enclosures evolved from metal bar cages and concrete pits to grottos and much larger enclosures. 1940’S 2009 BERLIN ZOO - ELEPHANT YARD DALLAS ZOO - GIANTS OF THE SAVANNA 34 35 3.0 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSKEY INQUIRIES Design Contrast Animal enclosures serve as the zoo’s natural voice, providing the most effective means to communicate their message to the public (Coe, 1994). This message, promoting empathy and fostering positive changes in public attitudes toward wildlife and our role in nature, stands as one of the most significant contributions these institutions offer (Association of Zoos & Aquariums, 2023). If zoos have come to recognize that well-designed enclosures can effectively communicate the essence of both the animals and their natural habitats, then it was crucial for me to understand why raptor mews are designed in stark comparison. Understanding this disparity could inform my exploration of how their framework could be translated into my enclosure proposals. 36 37 3.1 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSRAPTOR MEWS mew design & function: Mew Overview 1. natural history Managing raptors in rehabilitation centers is a multifaceted endeavor governed by regulations at both state and federal levels. These centers must adhere to standards outlined in the 2. furnishings Animal Welfare Act overseen by the USDA and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act by the USFWS to maintain permits essential for their operations (United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2024). Moreover, organizations like the International Wildlife 3. stages of Rehabilitation Council and National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association have established minimum standards, informed rehabilitation by current knowledge and best practices in biology, medicine, behavior, and natural history (National Wildlife Rehabilitators’ Association et al., 2000). While the scope of these regulations is vast, my research was directed towards uncovering the design philosophy and planning of raptor mews. To provide effective care for raptors, I identified three key factors that shape the design of these mews: understanding raptor rehabilitation centers operate within a the birds’ natural history, incorporating this knowledge into complex regulatory framework, governed by state interior furnishings, and integrating these conditions into and federal laws. Additionally, various wildlife the stages of rehabilitation. Understanding these factors rehabilitation associations set their own standards based on current scientific and medical knowledge. not only informs the functionality of the enclosures but also contributes to the animal’s eventual release back into the wild. CRC’s governing groups & memberships: International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council CALIFORNIA RAPTOR CENTER 38 39 3.1 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSRAPTOR MEWS mew design & function: Natural History 1. natural history Understanding the natural history of each species and their habitat requirements is crucial for designing effective atenclosures tailored to individual patient’s needs. Each 2. furnishings it species has specialized requirements for survival and failure b to account for these requirements can lead to high stress a h levels, prolonged healing times, and even death (Caudell & al Riddleberger, n.d.). To successfully rehabilitate wild patients, 3. stages of ur it’s essential to minimize both psychological and physical at stress (Mannas, 2016). Enclosures play a dual role in providing rehabilitation n secure containment and acting as temporary habitats for to ce patients to fully recover from injuries. Patients utilize the same in blen adaptations in human care as they do in the wild, so creating an s resemw at environment that closely resembles their natural habitat allows e rior i e habit them to employ these adaptations for learning, maintaining, or v int ural recovering species-specific behaviors (Mannas, 2016). of na t raptor rehabilitation centers operate within a complex regulatory framework, governed by state and federal laws. Additionally, various wildlife rehabilitation associations set their own standards based on current scientific and medical knowledge. CRC’s governing groups & memberships: MEDINA RAPTOR CENTER International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council 40 41 3.1 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONS f rpro o e RAPTOR MEWS eathw eria l at natural bark m ruct ion perching st mew design & function: con visual barrier from Interior Furnishings neig1. natural history hboring raptors Each element of the enclosure, from materials and furnishings to structural integrity, highlights the importance of thoughtful planning to meet the general needs of multispecies use. 2. furnishings For stability and predator-proofing, it is advised for the construction of cages to use treated lumber and vinyl-coated rap perching water sour wiring (Moore, 2014). The setup should allow the bird to Astroturf w ce;pool or b observe the natural world, be suitable for year-round use, and 3. stages of owl feature visual barriers from other raptor enclosures (National Wildlife Rehabilitators’ Association et al., 2000). In terms of rehabilitation interior furnishings, it is crucial to prioritize the animal’s well- being, ensuring choices that promote both comfort and safety. These choices include providing access to shade or sun, nest ghts & angles boxes, and various perch types (Mannas, 2016). Raptor foot fla perching at v arious hei health remains a constant concern, so various perching options ro p t & like wall-mounted branches made from natural materials or ck s erc c h our covered in AstroTurf are favored, as well as substrates such and s is ng e as wood chips, gravel, or river rock to safeguard the bird’s traptor rehabilitation centers operate within a um footpads (Moore, 2014) and provide ease of maintenance. pcomplex regulatory framework, governed by state s Living trees are typically discouraged due to enclosure and federal laws. Additionally, various wildlife ease of limitations. rehabilitation associations set their own standards disinfection based on current scientific and medical knowledge. aggregate substrate CRC’s governing groups & memberships: ALASKA RAPTOR CENTER International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council 42 43 3.1 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSRAPTOR MEWS mew design & function: Stren ion gt at h Stages of Rehabilitation 1. natural history Behaviorial When an injured or orphaned raptor arrives at a rehabilitation Training center, it undergoes a progression through three types of enclosures as part of its recovery journey. These stages, 2. furnishings ordered as holding areas, behavioral training, and pre-release flight conditioning, are tailored to the specific needs of the raptor species, with enclosure sizes guided by the Minimum Standards for Wildlife Rehabilitation (National Wildlife 3. stages of rehabilitation Rehabilitators’ Association et al., 2000). Throughout each process stage, attention is given to applying those principles of natural rehabilitation history and providing suitable interior furnishings to aid in the Holding Flight bird’s recuperation. Conditioning Holding mews offer injured raptors a space to recuperate and acclimate after recovering from injuries in indoor environments. These areas feature perches at varying heights to facilitate movement and assist in the bird’s physical recovery. Behavioral Trea training mews provides raptors an area to practice or regain t Rraptor rehabilitation centers operate within a me skills necessary for survival. This allows rehabilitators to complex regulatory framework, governed by state nt assess the bird’s physical capabilities, ensuring their readiness and federal laws. Additionally, various wildlife for release. Pre-release flight conditioning mews involves rehabilitation associations set their own standards based on current scientific and medical knowledge. training raptors to increase stamina and muscle mass (Moore, 2014), optimizing their readiness for release. Flight paths with CRC’s governing groups & memberships: perches only at each end encourage sustained flight rather than short hops, promoting stronger flight abilities. Wild If the raptor makes a full recovery, it will be fit to return to the wild. However, complications can arise during the recovery process that may deem the animal unfit to be released. In these situations, there are several placement options that can take place for long-term, permanent care. Either the rehabilitation center can opt to keep the animal in their care, becoming a residential raptor used for training and educational purposes, or it can be relocated to other facilities such as zoos International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (Moore, 2014). CHINTIMINI WILDLIFE CENTER 44 45 Recuper Relocate elease ing en cyn ide Re s l ica Me d 3.2 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSONGOING EXPLORATION Design Contrast Upon reflection, it became evident that while there are established housing standards for mews aiding in the recovery of temporary raptors, there became a lack of consistent criteria for permanent, resident raptors. It’s important to note, that the information previously discussed about the design and function of mews, was specifically identified for recovering raptors. Despite extensive research, I found limited information regarding housing standards for raptors intended to reside permanently in rehab centers. These findings prompted the question: why does there appear to be an absence of standardized housing criteria for residential raptors at rehab centers? Unlike those relocated to zoos, resident raptors at rehabilitation centers lack enclosures reflective of their natural habitat. While there are well- documented standards for mews designed for rehabilitating raptors, the absence of a shift in housing standards for resident birds requires further investigation. This raised an interesting discussion for creating a new enclosure format for residential raptors, one that continues to prioritize the animal’s wellness while providing educational value through their representation in nature. 46 47 3.3 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSRESEARCH QUESTION Inquiry Focus In light of these observations, I formulated my research question to explore potential solutions in my design proposal. This question aims to investigate how principles from zoo design can be effectively adapted to the Cascades Raptor Center. RESEARCH QUESTION WHICH PRINCIPLES FROM THE FIELD OF ZOO DESIGN CAN BE EFFECTIVELY ADAPTED FOR USE IN WILDLIFE REHABILITATION CENTERS, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER? 48 49 3.3 ASCENDING ASPIRATIONSCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ANIMAL RELATED SITE RELATED VISITOR RELATED Enclosure Design & Education As indicated by my research question and informed by the selected project goals, I developed a conceptual framework centered around enclosure design and education. These two pillars form a symbiotic relationship, where advancements in one area naturally complement and reinforce the other. By expanding the center’s enclosures in line with current trends in zoological design, we not only reflect the natural living conditions for resident raptors but also create a dynamic platform for impactful educational experiences. These educational experiences, in turn, contribute to shaping a more informed and empathetic understanding of these animals in human care. The synergy between enclosure design and education is essential for creating an effective strategy that not only enhances the raptor center but also aligns with the goals outlined in their expansion proposal. 50 51 SOARING SOLUTIONS 4.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT | 4.1 SLOPE ANALYSIS | 4.2 SITE DESIGN ANALYSIS 4.0 SOARING SOLUTIONS professional influence timelineDESIGN DEVELOPMENT december CRC specifics designing for raptors Design Process accreditations & research accreditations Transitioning into the design development, I envisioned & research engaging enclosures that would be paired with informative programs, to educate and inspire visitors to become january conscientious and compassionate advocates for the birds of prey native to the Pacific Northwest. zoo design Throughout this journey, I was accompanied by leading experts, practices aviary former colleagues, and close friends, who provided invaluable dimensions feedback to inform the final outcome of my design. These people ranged from fellow landscape architects and engineers to those associated with zoos in chief operation managerial, aviary architecture & architecture curator, and zookeeper roles. Some locally based and others design logistics nationwide. Not only was it influential to hear their best practical solutions but it was fun to connect with people who all share common goals in these merging sectors of design and february mary polites zoology. ignacio lopez buson eagle habitat Moving through the design process, I remained guided by the design chosen project goals and informed by my design intentions secondary to test and implement optimal solutions towards realizing holdings these concepts. My objectives were to create enclosures mesh netting mimicking natural habitats tied to the theme of the Pacific best practices Northwest. The design of these enclosures would not only flex habitat design meet the husbandry needs of the raptors but also adhere to a set of research-based criteria developed from my study of zoo design principles. Additionally, it was important to be mindful march of how visitors would move through the entirety of the site, flex habitat determining where interpretive and interactive programs would grading & application take place, and considering the impact of construction on the construction existing landscape. These efforts culminated in a speculative blueprint with expanded attention to animal wellness and visitor experience, while maintaining ecological integrity. arica duhrkoop-galas animal show programming enclosure design april 54 55 4.1 SOARING SOLUTIONSSLOPE ANALYSIS Hillside Constraints optimal expansion area The majority of the change takes place on the south portion of the design boundary. Upon analyzing the slope of this area, it became clear that constructing any structures on the hillside would require extensive grading. This posed a challenge to my design intentions which was crucial to maintaining the site’s character. After conducting multiple analyses with a maximum grading limit of 5%, I concluded that the top of the hill offered optimal opportunities for expansion with the least amount of environmental impact. slope analysis process maximum 5% grading primary construction region 56 57 4.1 SOARING SOLUTIONSSLOPE ANALYSIS bat box swallow boxes Evergreen Exploration Trail Instead, the base of the hillside would serve as an entry point, welcoming visitors from the parking lot. This deck would then connect to a moderately elevated boardwalk, winding through the forest and showcasing its natural beauty. This nature trail not only preserves much of the forest but also addresses one of the secondary project goals in providing natural landscaping and homes for local wildlife such as swallows, mason bees, and bats. Additionally, this nature trail would feature plant interpretive species identification plaques and interpretive signage focused on forest ecology. By designating this extent to the signage mason bee site’s ecological systems, we reinforce the raptor center’s house mission to promote appreciation for the natural world in the Pacific Northwest. The boardwalk leading to the summit of the raptor aviaries gradually reveals glimpses of the birds amidst the forest soundscape, creating a ‘hide and reveal’ experience enhancing visitor anticipation and excitement. pollinator planting 58 59 4.2 SOARING SOLUTIONSSITE DESIGN ANALYSIS Thematic Organization Following the trend seen in zoos, where animal enclosures are organized into thematic regions such as zoogeographic or taxonomy, I’ve structured the expansion around the phylogeny of raptors. Divided into accipiters (eagles and hawks), falcons, and owls, this framework allows for flexible rotation of raptors within their designated aviaries, catered to the specific needs of each group. Additionally, each individual aviary features a secondary holding, serving various functions such as providing nightly quarters, facilitating medical procedures, and the shifting of several birds. Lastly, this framework will further improve guest navigation, providing clearer wayfinding to their desired bird encounters. 60 61 4.2 SOARING SOLUTIONSSITE DESIGN ANALYSIS animal educative encounters experiences Fox Hollow Rd Structures Adjacent to most aviaries are secondary trails leading to viewing platforms, offering new viewing experiences for Boardwalk guests. These platforms range from covered shelters to Entry open gathering spaces with outdoor seating. While direct bird viewing and interactions with staff offer richer experiences, each platform features interpretive media and educative elements. Evergreen Exploration Trail Parking Lot Falcon Secondary Holding Columbia Visitor Chasers Cascadia Center Habitat Theater Viewing Deck Viewing Shelter Gathering Space Pacific Eyrie Deschutes Owl Owl Darters Secondary Secondary Holding 1 Holding 2 Northwest Eagle Hawk Viewing NocturnesSecondary Secondary Shelter Holding Holding 62 63 4.2 SOARING SOLUTIONSSITE DESIGN ANALYSIS Circulation In January 2024, Eugene experienced a severe ice storm, impacting the raptor center. While all raptors weathered the storm unharmed, several mews suffered irreparable damage. Fortunately, swift efforts were made to recover the displaced raptors. The loss of these mews presented an opportunity, in the midst of the design process, to seamlessly attach the existing property with my expansion proposal, without disrupting its current infrastructure. january 2024 ice storm impact 64 65 4.2 SOARING SOLUTIONSSITE DESIGN ANALYSIS CIRCULATION EXISTING VISITOR PATH STAFF PATH Circulation PRIMARY VISITOR PATH I established two types of trail networks: one designated for visitor movement and the other optimized for staff efficiency. SECONDARY Visitor trails offer a more spacious and fluid experience, VISITOR PATH allowing visitors to observe raptors, at their own pace, while immersing themselves in the surrounding forest. A dedicated trail for trainers to and from the secondary holdings, TERTIARY ensures the streamline movement of animal husbandry VISITOR PATH and maintenance related tasks. Each trail network ensures functionality without impeding on the other. PARKING LOT 66 67 LANDING INSIGHTS 5.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK | 5.1 INTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN 5.2 INTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT 5.0 LANDING INSIGHTSCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN Integrated Habitat Design & Interpretive Engagement The conceptual framework, guiding my design decisions, habitat planning avian architecture landscape immersion developed into two pivotal concepts. Initially defined as enclosure design and education, these developed into: Integrated Habitat Design and Interpretive Engagement. These concepts represent the cornerstone of my approach to elevating both the raptor living conditions and the visitor experience. This chapter touches on the influences that shaped these concepts, how they were translated into my proposal, and the significant benefits they offer to both raptors and visitors, all while aligning with CRC’s mission. caring capacity northwest trek concept overview scaling configuration baldie blueprint guiding principles species selection site application flexible innovations INTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT static interpretation dynamic interpretation 70 71 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - HABITAT PLANNING MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR WILDLIFE REHABILITATION: BIRDS OF PREY limited activity unlimited activity EAGLES HAWKS FALCONS OWLS (W x L x H) (W x L x H) W. Screech E. Screech 3’ x 6’ x 8’ 8’ x 8’ x 8’ Caring Capacity Kestrel Merlin N. Hawk 6’ x 6’ x 8’ 8’ x 16’ x 8’ In determining the optimal enclosure sizes, I consulted the Barn Owl 3’ x 8’ x 8’ 10’ x 30’ x 12’ Minimum Standards of Wildlife Rehabilitation manual, which provides housing guidelines categorized into three activity Goshawk groups: Restricted, Limited, and Unlimited, corresponding Red-tailed Barred Owl to housing per each stage of recovery. These standards 10’ x 50’ x 12’Swainson’s 3’ x 6’ x 8’Great Horned are determined based on the animals’ size and flight styles N. Harrier (National Wildlife Rehabilitators’ Association et al., 2000). I used the Unlimited Activity parameters as the baseline exhibit Bald Eagle Gyrfalcon size, with the intent to expand further. Given the constraints Golden Eagle Peregrine of limited building space and my intent to preserve the site’s Ferruginous 8’ x 10’ x 8’ 20’ x 100’ x 16’Prairie character, I prioritized striking a balance between construction Turkey Vulture needs and site preservation. Instead of maximizing the number of aviaries, I focused on providing ample space for raptors with greater spatial requirements. Determining the appropriate spatial needs American Kestrel Bald Eagle aviary size is delicate; it requires offering sufficient space for comparison: Size: 8-12 in. Size: 28-40 in. the animal(s) while ensuring ease of bird accesibility by the trainers. While this process is typically a collaborative decision small raptors vs. Unlimited Activity Unlimited Activity Space involving administrative personnel, animal handlers, and design Space Req: Req: professionals, I made informed choices based on consultations large raptors 8’ x 16’ x 8’ 20’ x 100’ x 16’ with zoo experts, analysis of other zoo aviaries, and relevant research. Area: 128 sq. ft. Area: 2,000 sq. ft. Volume: 1,024 cubic ft. Volume: 32,000 cubic ft. 16’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 100’ 20’ 16’ 16’ 72 73 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - HABITAT PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS EAGLES HAWKS FALCONS OWLS MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR WILDIFE REHABILITATION 16’ min. 12’ min. 16’ min. 12’ min. CALIFORNIA FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICES 24’ min. 24’ min. 16’ min. 24’ min. GLOBAL FEDERATION OF ANIMAL SANCTUARIES 10’ min. 10’ min. 10’ min. 10’ min. Scaling Configuration NORTHWEST TREK WILDLIFE PARK 40’ max. 20’ max. Similarly, establishing suitable aviary heights entailed “you can never really navigating a lack of consistent standards across organizations. very “helpful” quotes taken from various “use your best go too high for the “use common Referencing various sets of minimum standards revealed judgement” birds. it’s all very sense” disparities in height recommendations. Like the aviary size sources when determining subjective” determination, this decision aimed to achieve a balance aviary heights between providing ample space for the animals and trainer accessibility to the bird(s). Ultimately, I selected aviary heights based on a median range derived from these standards and the natural flight elevations of each group. Aviaries for high- flying raptors such as eagles and falcons were designed taller, aligning with their hunting behaviors at greater altitudes, while those for low-flying species like owls and hawks were kept at slightly lower heights. eagles falcons hawks owls 74 75 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - HABITAT PLANNING Species Selection The thematic choice to organize aviaries according to raptor phylogeny serves several purposes. First, it allows each aviary designated for a specific raptor group to be tailored to meet the particular requirements of that group, including building materials and interior furnishings. For instance, an owl aviary is designed specifically for owls, rather than accommodating a mix of raptor species. Second, caretakers have the flexibility to either permanently house specific raptors in these aviaries or rotate them periodically, such as on a monthly basis, with birds utilized in live educational presentations. This rotation strategy ensures that raptors participating in educational shows have opportunities for rest while mitigating stress levels associated with frequent shifting on and off display. Lastly, educational signage accompanying each group’s aviary provides comprehensive information, minimizing the need for frequent signage changes if birds rotate. targeted species at crc EAGLES HAWKS for proposed aviary habitats Bald Eagle Golden Eagle Red-Tailed Ferruginous Hawk Hawk OWLS FALCONS Great Barn Owl Peregrine Gyrfalcon Swainson’s American Horned Owl Falcon Hawk Goshawk 76 77 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE Aviary Overview AVIAN The aviary template has seen a variety of forms, evolving throughout the history of zoos. Today, this template can not only house birds, but are often used to display big cats and primates. ARCHITECTURE QUEENS ZOO - AVIARY When selecting the structure and appearance of the aviaries at CRC, it was important for me to find a precedent that harmonized with the natural landscape of Spencer’s Butte and would allow me to visit firsthand. LONDON ZOO - SNOWDON AVIARY SAN DIEGO ZOO - AFRICAN ROCKS AUCKLAND ZOO - TE WAO NUI MUNICH ZOO - GIGANTIC AVIARY 78 79 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE Northwest Trek Wildlife Park Northwest Trek Wildlife Park is a 723-acre wildlife park located near Eatonville, Washington, managed by Metro Parks Tacoma. The park exclusively cares for North American wildlife. Its primary attraction, the Wild Drive tour, takes visitors through a 435-acre free roam expanse displaying their ungulate species. Additionally, guests can explore the park on foot, encountering bears, big cats, otters, wolves, and birds of prey on a self- guided walking tour. 80 81 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE Northwest Trek’s Eagle Passage In 2019, Northwest Trek unveiled Eagle Passage, an entrancing wooded aviary emulating the rainforests of Mount Rainier, housing four bald eagles. The aviary, nestled amidst lush foliage, features high airy netting, ingeniously attached to living Douglas firs. A central tunnel walkway allows visitors up-close encounters with the bald eagles while providing safe passage for the birds between habitat sections. To capture the look and feel of Mount Rainier’s rainforests, old snags, nursery stumps, and other vegetation were repurposed from across the park inside the aviary. The excellence in this in-house-design was recognized in 2021 when Eagle Passage received top honors in the National Exhibit Award category from the AZA. 82 83 1 L702 3 L702 2 L702 LEGEND 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS LINE TYPES EXTENT OF WORKINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE PROVIDE MIN (4) CONNBRACKETS PER CABLE -EXISTING TREE CABLES MAY SHARE PROPOSED CONTOUR COMMON BRACKETS EXISTING CONTOUR RADIUS BRACKET PASS MULTIPLE CABLES PLACEHOLDER EXISTING BUILDING FOR FULL BRG THRU BRACKETS AS REQ'D AGAINST TREE TRENCH DRAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT PLACEHOLDER Wings of Change 1" NOTCH EASE EDGES TO CLOSED SLING EYE WITH VEHICULAR LANE MINIMIZE CABLE MECHANICAL SPLICE Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas2"MIN WEAR (LOOP OR THIMBLE) PAVEMENT PATTERN JAKE BROTSIS 2" PROVIDE HARDWOOD COORD MAX CABLE MIN BRACKETS AT 10" OC SLING SKEW ANGLE 2" AROUND TREES FOR WITH CABLE MFR ABBREVIATIONS MIN CABLE SUPPORT -ADJUST QUANTITY AS REQ'D TO ADEQUATELY PLACEHOLDER Baldie Blueprint SUPPORT CABLES - TW TOP OF WALLPROVIDE MIN (4) PER DO NOT LOCATE CONNCABLE CONTRACTOR COORD HORIZ SLING AROUND PLACEHOLDER 3" BRACKET LOCATION TREE TO MATCH MESH BRACKETS IN AREAS BW BOTTOM OF WALL MIN AND SPACING TO AVOID EXHIBIT CABLE WHERE VERTICLE CABLE CABLE RUB/DAMAGE MOVEMENT MAY OCCUR PLACEHOLDER TOP OF BENCHIN ORDER TO MINIMIZE TB CABLE RUB/DAMAGE BB BOTTOM OF BENCHPLACEHOLDER I drew inspiration from Northwest Trek’s Eagle Passage for BS BOTTOM OF STEP PLACEHOLDER several key reasons. Firstly, Eagle Passage resourcefully HP HIGH POINT PLACEHOLDER utilizes existing trees on the property without harming them. LP LOW POINT PLACEHOLDER Mesh and cables are attached using a unique block-and- block SYMBOLSB&L OcCoKl &l aCOrL LcAoRn CnOeNNcEtCioTInON s SeEcCTtIiOoNn bBlLoOcCkK && CcOoLLlAlRa CrO cNNoEnCnTIeOcN tPiLoAnN plan PLACEHOLDER collar system that allows the trees to grow uninhibited. By scale 1”S C=AL 1E’ 1" = 1' scSCaAlLeE 1"” == 1' 1’ TREE TRUNKPLACEHOLDER utilizing the existing trees, it minimizes tree removal during 1/8" THICK PLACEHOLDER CONICAL CAP construction, fosters a design harmonious with nature. STAINLESS STEEL CLEVIS PLACEHOLDER SIZED TO DEVELOP FULL CAPACITY OF CABLE PLACEHOLDER TOP OF STEEL 4" Secondly, galvanized steel posts, strategically positioned STAINLESS STEEL TURNBUCKLE PLACEHOLDERSIZED TO DEVELOP FULL CAPACITY OF CABLE for added stability, are coated with polyurethane rubber PLACEHOLDER 1/4" TYPICAL W.P. AT CLEAR and meticulously textured to mimic natural tree bark. This COLUMN PLACEHOLDER additional aesthetic further enhances the immersive appeal. PLACEHOLDER RUN CONN PL OFFSET PL'S AS REQ'D Furthermore, the transition from vinyl-coated wiring to hand- 3" RADIUS TYP MESH ENCLOSURE CABLE - THRU COLUMN FOR WELDING PLACEHOLDEREXHIBIT MESH OMITTED FOR CLARITY (1" CLR MAX) woven “invisible” mesh netting ensures both unobtrusive PLACEHOLDERCONN PL 1/2" x 6" CLOSED SWAGE SOCKET Drawn By: JWB REQ'D AT MESH SIZED TO DEVELOP FULL 1/4" TYPICALCANTILEVERED PLACEHOLDER Checked: viewing and secure containment for the birds. CABLE CONNS STRENGTH OF CABLE COLUMN Project #: CONT 1/2" DIA ROD PLACEHOLDER Date: 03/18/2024 CANTILEVERED 1/2" WELDED TO PIPE COL PIPE COLUMN FOR MESH CONN PLACEHOLDER PHASE Lastly, similar to the resident raptors at CRC, the four bald 100% DD PLACEHOLDER eagles at Northwest Trek—Salish, Sucia, Sequoia, and 1" GAP SCALE PLACEHOLDER 1"=1' Cheveyo—suffered injuries in the wild and recovered under the SHEET TITLEPLACEHOLDER MESH human care of other wildlife rehabilitation centers, nationwide. ENCLOSURE DETAILS Due to their permanent injuries, they were deemed non- steel SpToEsEtL PcOaSbT lCeA BcLoE nCnONeNcEtCiToIOnN sSEeCcTtIOioNn sStTeEeElL PpOoSsTt C AcBaLbEl CeO NcNoEnCTnIOeNc PtLioAnN plan SHEET # scale 1”S C=AL 1E’ 1" = 1' scSCaAlLeE 11" = 1'releasable and relocated to living at this zoo. The successful ” = 1’ L300 transition of these eagles from residing in mews to a zoo aviary mirrors the potential role envisioned for the proposed aviaries at CRC in accommodating their resident raptors. 84 85 2 MESH ENCLOSURE FRAMING PLANSCALE 1" = 20' 33"" 33"" 33"" 10" MAX CCAASSCCAADDEESS RRAAPPTTOORR CCEENNTTEERR EEAAGGLLEE EENNCCLLOOSSUURREE 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE Varied bark sleeve coatings chosen based on aviary habitat resemblence or site specific trees in the desired construction Site Application location Informed by this precedent, I utilized Northwest Trek’s aviary blueprint as a guiding framework for the design of each aviary within this expansion. After establishing the base size and location of each enclosure, I identified suitable fir and pine trees on the property, using information provided by local site surveyors. This allowed me to expand each enclosure accordingly to ensure spatial comfort for the raptors, while also considering accessibility for trainers. Similar to the approach taken at Northwest Trek, steel posts would receive a bark coating treatment, offering the flexibility to customize the appearance to mimic different tree species. “the good building is not one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the building was built. ...it is the nature of any organic building to grow from its site, come out of the ground into the light.” frank lloyd wright architect & desigher 86 87 abies grandis thuja plicata acer macrophyllum pinus ponderosa 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - AVIAN ARCHITECTURE Varied bark sleeve coatings chosen based on aviary habitat resemblence or site specific trees in the desired construction Site Application location Conversations with Nets Unlimited informed the determination of mesh size for each aviary, with large raptors issuing 3” mesh in 1/16” steel cables, while moderate sized species would utilize 2” mesh in 1/16” cables. Additionally, varying the mesh sizes would ensure unobstructed viewing for visitors while maintaining security for the birds and structural integrity for the aviaries themselves. For example, the roof to each aviary could be one inch larger to prevent fallen debris damage and the sides of each for non-visitor viewing, could be one inch smaller to reinforce security and prevent wild animals from trying to access the enclosures. “the good building is not one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the building was built. ...it is the nature of any organic building to grow from its site, come out of the ground into the light.” frank lloyd wright architect & designer 88 89 abies grandis thuja plicata acer macrophyllum pinus ponderosa 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS 1) Flamingo pondINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION LANDSCAPE 2) Hoofstock & ostrich 3) Lion canyon4) Barbary sheep mountain 4 3 Landscape Immersion Overview IMMERSION 2 The concept of landscape immersion originated in the early 20th century with Carl Hagenbeck’s innovative enclosure format at Tierpark Hagenbeck Zoo in Hamburg, 1 Germany. Hagenbeck’s enclosures replicated ecological and geographical habitats native to the animals on display (Meuser, 2019). Subsequent enclosures were elevated above those in the foreground, separated by concealed moats, ha-ha’s, and pathways, creating the illusion that viewers were observing the “Borrowed landscapes” is a planning strategy animals coexisting in a single habitat. This simulated habitat where enclosures are elevated above those transcendence would later extend beyond the animal barriers in the foreground, creating the illusion that and into the visitor space, unifying the simulated environment viewers are observing the animals coexisting in between people and animals, and thus defining landscape a single habitat. immersion (Coe, 1994). This concept gained momentum in the 1980’s, after being beautifully exemplified in Woodland Park This method is still heavily utilized today, Zoo’s Northern Trails, subsequently influencing the direction of as seen below. enclosure design practices. TIERPARK HAGENBECK ZOO ASSINIBOINE ZOO PARK - JOURNEY TO CHURCHILL 90 91 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION “animal enclosures are the zoo or aquarium’s natural Landscape Immersion Overview voice, the best From an animal wellness perspective, immersion design means available emphasizes the importance of recreating species’ natural environments to better meet their needs (Coe, 2005), to communicate thus enhancing their overall well-being. Similarly, from an educational perspective, immersion design theory asserts that our message to the learning is triggered by emotional responses (Andersen, 2003). These responses stimulate higher levels of motivation to public.” learn and engage with the subject, leading to deeper cognitive outcomes. To further extend the immersive experience in the visitor -jon coe space, I designed with reclaimed wood from trees removed during the expansion, and living trees, not only into the habitat zoo landscape architect design but also as the primary construction material for built structures. DENVER ZOO - PREDATOR RIDGE 92 93 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION guiding principles to landscape immersion The plants are to The animals should be chosen and be located at or arranged according above the visitor’s to the shown animal Guiding Principles eye level species’ natural habitat To design within the landscape immersion framework, designers have evolved the principles initially inspired by Carl Hagenbeck and further refined by the impactful practices pioneered at Woodland Park Zoo. While many of these No complete view The visitor should be principles offer valuable objectives, some were not applicable into the enclosure or “cross views”; given the opportunity for this project. For instance, it becomes challenging to visitors cannot see to discover the maintain the directive of “concealing enclosure boundaries to each other from animal within the enclosure create the illusion of boundless space for the animal” in the different viewpoints context of designing a fully enclosed, three-dimensional space (an aviary). In response, I curated my own set of guidelines from landscape immersion principles relevant to the constraints of my project, influencing decisions regarding both animal and Attention to the human spaces. Aligned with landscape immersion principles, animal’s necessary Animals of identical escape distance; habitats should my goal was to create impactful first impressions, imprinting be accomodated memorable experiences that connect visitors to the authentic arrangement of in neighboring ambiance of the raptors’ natural habitats, reflected in the diverse, freely selectable retreats enclosures restored mixed hardwood forest of Spencer Butte Park. The visitor is already Enclosures should engaged in the be situated to enclosure thanks allow guests to to the immersive see animals from designs before they several viewpoints see the animals interspersed with views of other interrelated animals Landscape Immersion foundations: 1) Nature is the model; copy nature (not other zoos) Viewing structures Architecture should should have 2) If we would teach respect for nature, we must present resign in favor of designated the animals and/or pathways, leaving the nature respectfully landscape primary circulation paths 3) Demonstrate landscape as appropriate habitat and ecosystem 4) Immerse visitors in the simulated or restored natural landscape dominated by animals 94 95 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Guiding Principles Animal Habitat Guided by the foundation that “Nature is the model”, the selection of a habitat type serves as the foundation for replicating elements from the chosen landscape within the enclosure. This approach ensures that the created landscape is respectful and aligned with natural habitat systems. Additional furnishing items, informed by raptor mews, would be incorporated to accommodate the animals’ preferences and husbandry requirements. These would include varied perching perching of types, with color appropriate perch wraps, and nest boxes. different size, height, & angle snag tree snag tree broken tree woody debris log jam f low-growing allen tree conifers Landscape Immersion foundations: 1) Nature is the model; copy nature (not other zoos) 2) If we would teach respect for nature, we must present slow-movingriver shore nature respectfully 3) Demonstrate landscape as appropriate habitat and ecosystem boulders / varied 4) Immerse visitors in the simulated or restored natural perching surface material landscape dominated by animals eagle habitat elements 96 97 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS suggested plantingINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Trailing Oregon Blackberry White Oak Grand Fir Oceanspray Snowberry Bracken Fern Guiding Principles Human Habitat In creating a seamless transition between human and animal spaces, the landscape appears continuous on both sides of the barriers, effectively making the visitor space an extension of the animals’ habitat. This approach fosters a sense of shared environment sensation, where visitors and animals coexist harmoniously. everything else Landscape Immersion foundations: 1) Nature is the model; copy nature (not other zoos) 2) If we would teach respect for nature, we must present nature respectfully 3) Demonstrate landscape as appropriate habitat and ecosystem 4) Immerse visitors in the simulated or restored natural landscape dominated by animals human habitat elements 98 99 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS habitat layoutINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION The plants are The visitor The animals should be to be chosen should be located at or above and arranged given the the visitor’s eye level according to opportunity to discover the Guiding Principles the shown animal species’ animal within natural habitat the enclosure Site Layout site layout Additionally, the site layout was also guided by other principles to improve both visitor and animal experiences. Cross-viewing is eliminated, ensuring that viewers cannot see each other from Animals of identical habitats different overlooks, thus preventing the animals from feeling should be accomodated in surrounded by people. Viewing platforms are strategically neighboring enclosures located along secondary pathways, leaving primary circulation paths free from obstruction. Known as “borrowed landscapes”, viewing areas are placed so that visitors can enjoy can spot other raptors in the backdrop, creating an experience true to The visitor is already engaged in the enclosure thanks to the nature. immersive designs before they see the animals Architecture should resign in favor of the animals and/or landscape No complete view into the enclosure or “cross views”; visitors cannot see each other from different viewpoints Viewing structures should have designated pathways, leaving the primary circulation paths Enclosures should be situated to allow guests to see animals from several viewpoints interspersed with views of other interrelated animals 100 101 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Viewing Structures Adjacent to the aviaries, the viewing structures offer more than just a platform for observing the raptors; they serve as integral components of the immersive experience, harmonizing with the surrounding landscape. Using the natural form of both reclaimed and living trees, each becomes an essential element of the architectural framework. Seen from afar, these structures seamlessly blend human and animal spaces, extending the aviary habitat and merging with the backdrop to form a cohesive forest. By integrating the sights and sounds of the landscape foreground with the tactile presence of the structural trees, this creates a multisensory experience, nurturing a deeper connection between visitors and the environment. This design creates a shared experience, reflecting the principles of landscape immersion by creating an intersection between human and animal spaces. 102 103 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTSINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Flex Habitats To push the concept of landscape immersion further, zoos have begun designing flex enclosures. Short for flexible, flex enclosures assist in the controlled animal movement between enclosures via a system of chutes, operated through animal training procedures (Coe, 1995). While these enclosures are common for mammals, my proposal explores their application for free-flight raptors. This design aims to capture the essence of an animal’s home range, giving them more choice and activity in their environments. JACKSONVILLE ZOO - LAND OF THE TIGER DUBLIN ZOO - ORANGUTAN FOREST 104 105 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS time frame (a)INTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Flex Habitats Flex enclosures, or rotational habitats, serve several purposes. Primarily, it offers a form of environmental enrichment by exposing animals to new surroundings, alleviating boredom, and promoting physical exercise (Meuser, 2019). Secondly, it assists animals in regaining behaviors characteristic in migration, hunting, or territorial movement (Coe, 2004). Lastly, it enhances the visitor experience, allowing guests to observe more active animals portraying behaviors more reflective of time frame (b) nature. While no enclosure can fully replicate the space and environmental complexity animals experience in the wild, the managed “time share” concept of flex enclosures aims to significantly increase both space and complexity for animals within the constraints of available space (Coe, 1995). time frame (c) 106 107 5.1 LANDING INSIGHTS various tree prototypes brachiating chute bridgeINTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN - LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Flexible Innovations Inspired by my experiences as an avid bird watcher, where I often spot birds perched on the branches of towering trees, these stylized trees are designed to mimic the natural form and characteristics found in various forest typologies of the Pacific Northwest. Crafted from milled and cured wood sourced from the site, these installations are securely fastened to the bridges of each flex chute. Serving not only as visual barriers for the rotating raptors, but also as points of fascination for visitors, these tree-like structures invite curiosity as guests approach. As visitors traverse the thoroughfare between each aviary, these installations, complemented by native plantings, aim to evoke the feeling of walking through a forested holloway. Each chute bridge is constructed with brachiating beams to create the illusion of looking up into a tree canopy, offering glimpses of the birds perched above. This enchanting encounter not only enriches the visitor experience but also serves as a poignant reminder of the vital ecological role that trees play in supporting our biodiversity. 108 109 eagle chute system hawk chute system 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT INTEGRATED HABITAT DESIGN Interpretation Overview Interpretive programs utilize a range of communication habitat planning avian architecture landscape immersion methods designed to inspire meaningful connections with wildlife and the natural world. They go beyond merely presenting facts; they strive to reveal deeper meanings and relationships, potentially influencing visitor attitudes and understanding (Andersen, 1991). At the raptor center, interpretive programming will continue to play a crucial role in educating and engaging visitors. caring capacity northwest trek concept overview scaling configuration baldie blueprint guiding principles species selection site application flexible innovations INTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT static interpretation dynamic interpretation 110 111 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT STATIC INTERPRETATION Interpretive Initiatives This engagement focuses on two core components: 1. Static Interpretation This includes signage, interactive displays, and wayside posts that provide foundational knowledge about key issues related to birds of prey. The goal is to connect the interest of the reader, through engaging visuals, in way that encourages care, empathy, or an emotional response. 2. Dynamic Interpretation Raptor shows and encounters allow visitors to witness these birds’ display species-appropriate behaviors first-hand. Demonstrations use the power of personal interaction and SMITHSONIAN’S NATIONAL ZOO - THE BIRD HOUSE BRONX ZOO - CONGO GORILLA FOREST storytelling to create more emotionally engaging experiences, creating lasting impressions. DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION FRESNO CHAFFEE ZOO - WINGED WONDERS BIRD SHOW 112 113 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT INITIATIVES DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION STATIC INTERPRETATION INFORMATIVE Interpretive Initiatives SIGNAGE SCULPTURAL By synergistically combining static and dynamic interpretive programs, the raptor center can provide a multi-faceted, INSTALLATIONS educational experience catered to diverse learning styles and preferences. Ultimately, these interpretive initiatives WAYFINDING strive to create a greater appreciation for raptors by engaging visitors intellectually and emotionally. Through both initiatives, the raptor center can empower visitors to become raptor advocates and environmental stewards. 114 115 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT - STATIC INTERPRETATION “we will conserve only what we love, we will love only Interpretive Signage what we understand, realm of the raptors masters of the sky Interpretive signage is crucial in zoological institutions for engaging visitors and delivering impactful topical messages we will understand through illustrative media and storytelling. The most effective interpretive signs respond to the the visitor’s immediate only what we are guardians of the sky raptors’ vital duty experience, shifting attitudes and perceptions. By actively collaborating with interpreters during enclosure development, taught.” designers can ensure the enclosure elements align with the intended or embedded messages. A series of interpretive displays have been strategically installed along the visitors’ pathway. Titled “Realm of the baba dioum Raptors”, these signs provoke thought and care about a variety forestry engineer of issues related to raptors, ranging from environmental impacts to their ecological and cultural significance. The goal is to instill an emotional reaction that lingers, motivating visitors to become active participants in raptor agency and other environmental efforts. The integration of interpretive signage within the visitor’s journey enhances the educational experience provided by ‘Realm of the Raptors’. Visitors gain not just knowledge, but a profound appreciation for why protecting sky sculptors these remarkable birds is so vital. These signs elevate the unveilning raptor attributes eco-watch realm of the raptors taking flight for overall guest experience, providing meaningful takeaways that masters of the skyraptor conservation supplement their visit. falconry’s legacy ancient bonds with raptors mythical wings raptors’ symbolic ascension silent killers raptor perils exposed climate shifts raptors facing the winds 116 117 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT - DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION Habitat Theaters Zoos have a long history of utilizing animal shows to provide visitors with dynamic and intimate experiences with wildlife. Traditionally, these shows involve moving animals from their enclosures to participate in shows or keeping a separate collection solely for show purposes (Edney et al., 2023). . Recently, the emergence of habitat theaters have begun to gain traction, serving as the intersection between animal enclosures and amphitheaters. (Martin, n.d.). In essence, habitat theaters aim to showcase animals’ natural behaviors within their simulated environments, offering visitors a more authentic and immersive experience. The inspiration behind habitat theaters stems from the idea that observing animals behaving naturally in their enclosures can be a form of live entertainment in itself (Edney et al., 2023). DENVER ZOO - TOYOTA ELEPHANT PASSAGE 118 119 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT - DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION Cascadia Habitat Theater My proposal, the Cascadia Habitat Theater, looks to integrate the traditional bird show format with the habitat theater concept. Graded into the existing landscape, this theater seats up to 100 visitors providing a panoramic view of the Spencer Butte forest. To further capture that feeling of place in the landscape, the aviary habitats appear to emerge into the staging area, creating a unified experience for the visitors. Secondary holdings provide flexibility for trainers to shift raptors from across the nature center to align with show themes and objectives. The Cascadia Habitat Theater not only provides a space for showcasing animals’ natural behaviors but also serves as a platform for educational programming. Beyond its role as a venue for raptor shows, the Cascadia Habitat Theater serves as a secondary outdoor classroom, expanding the educational offerings of the raptor center. habitat theater section habitat theater grading plan 120 121 5.2 LANDING INSIGHTSINTERPRETIVE ENGAGEMENT - DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION Cascadia Habitat Theater Through engaging presentations and close encounters, visitors are immersed in novel ways to learn about raptors and their environments. Through dynamic interpretation, the theater engages, inspires, and empowers audiences, demonstrating the power of entertainment as a vehicle for education. The habitat theater serves as a dynamic platform for education, entertainment, and conservation, harnessing the transformative power of raptor shows to inspire and advocate for environmental actions in the greater Pacific Northwest. “i believe that education is all about being excited about something. Seeing passion and enthusiasm helps push an educational message.” steve irwin conservationist & wildlife educator 122 123 PERCHED REFLECTIONS 6.0 GOALS REVISITED | 6.1 NEXT STEPS | 6.2 FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 6.3 ZOO DESIGN NICHE | 6.4 CLOSING REMARKS 6.0 PERCHED REFLECTIONSGOALS REVISITED Fall Term ANIMAL RELATED SITE RELATED Project Evaluation VISITOR RELATED As this project draws to a conclusion, it’s important to revisit how my design solutions align with my initial goals. Initially, my focus was evenly split between enclosure design and education, with the environment as the core link. However, as the project evolved, my attention and interest began to shift more towards enclosure design. Despite this shift, my designs remained committed to creating enriching experiences that Research offer educational value, all while respecting and enhancing the Process natural environment on the site. Each aspect of the proposal, from the refined raptor habitats to the visitor programs such as the habitat theater and exploration trail, have been crafted Winter Term to strike a balance between functionality and environmental wings harmony. Through these initiatives, my proposal has created a deeper connection between humans and nature, ultimately of contributing to the mission of the Cascades Raptor Center. change Design Process Spring Term 126 127 project evolution 6.1 PERCHED REFLECTIONSNEXT STEPS “One new picnic/family area near play space” Future Phases While this proposal addresses the goals that resonate most with my interests, it represents merely the first phase of the raptor center’s ambitious expansion plans. “One new natural play space for K-6 kids” In future phases, CRC could explore ways to integrate their remaining project goals into the existing, now vacant, conditions of the site. The former amphitheater could become a children’s playground or the existing parking lot could be transformed into a vibrant pollinator garden, educating visitors on native plant and pollinator communities. “Bioswales & rain gardens to catch runoff and debris” Numerous opportunities remain for creative solutions including future collaborations. I encourage other students to take on these challenges, offering fresh perspectives and innovative “Pollinator garden ideas to further enhance the raptor center. This collaborative & interactive learning” spirit ensures the raptor center remains dynamic and adaptive, continually embracing new ideas and approaches towards their eventual expansion. “Increase capacity of wildlife hospital” “Build new accessible restroom facilities” 128 129 6.2 PERCHED REFLECTIONSFUTURE OPPORTUNITIES artificial cultural hand-drawn rockwork landscape immersion concept art Additional Insights I’d like to personally touch upon some design strategies that were not addressed in this project but are significant in the realm of zoo design. If I had more time, I would have liked to have explored the following: Artificial Rockwork - Incorporating artificially themed environments, crafted by skilled artisans using materials like shotcrete and non-toxic paints, allows zoos to go even further to recreate accurate representations of animals’ natural habitats. These installations not only expand the possibilities of enclosure design but also greatly enhance the immersive experience for visitors, transporting them into the animals’ domains. Cultural Landscape Immersion - Creating landscapes that resemble real locations and integrating cultural elements into both animal and human environments offers valuable opportunities for multicultural education. Research reveals that the more authentic and real a location is captured and the more engaging the themes are explored, the stronger the connection can be forged with audiences. Hand-drawn Concept Art - I was hoping to take this project as an opportunity to do more hand drawn renders. Renders such as these onscreen, are part of what inspired me to enter landscape architecture and pursue zoo design. While digital renders are essential and commonplace, hand-drawn sketches add a more personal touch and can capture the initial vision more intimately. DUBLIN ZOO - ORANGUTAN FOREST HANNOVER ADVENTURE ZOO - YUKON BAY WORK BY ANDY LEACH - SHR STUDIOS 130 131 6.3 PERCHED REFLECTIONSZOO DESIGN NICHE as of 2024, all landscape architecture firms specializing in zoo & aquarium design in the usa (there are other international firms, too) Designing for Wildlife To you, reading my masters project, if you have found my masters project intriguing and would like to more about how landscape architecture plays a role in shaping zoos, then I encourage you to explore the incredible work zoo specialized firms are doing. They play a crucial role in directing modern zoos and aquariums, improving visitor perceptions, and promoting conservation efforts. This project only scratches the surface of the litany of principles and creativity zoo design has to offer, but I believe everyone will find this niche to be creatively engaging and impactful, not only for the animals, but the generations of people who experience your work. 132 133 6.4 PERCHED REFLECTIONSCLOSING REMARKS Gratitude On a personal note, this project has been more than just an academic endeavor for me. It has been a transformative THANK YOU! journey. As a kid, I spent hours playing a computer game called Zoo Tycoon and always dreamt of building zoos when I grew up. When I couldn’t see a path to designing zoos, I chose the next best thing, becoming a zookeeper. To be here now, merging my passion for animals with my enthusiasm for design, is truly a dream come true. The relationships I’ve built with animals and now the opportunity to design spaces, with Studio Hanson Roberts, means so much to me. This project, and my time in school, have been pivotal in making this dream a reality and I am deeply grateful for the support I’ve received and the friendships I’ve made. Thank you all for sharing in this journey with me. 134 135 images cited acknowledgements Sources Page 19: Page 65: Page 105: Brotsis, Jake. (2024). Personal photographs. (2024). “Winter Storm Damage”. Photograph. Retrieved from https://www. (n.d.). “Orangutan forest”. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/ Zoological Professionals Design Industry Professionals University of Oregon facebook.com/100064820827596/posts/772075274963160/?_rdr. DublinZoo/photos.Page 21: Cascades Raptor Center. (2024). Retrieved from https:// Page 79: (n.d.). “Land of the tiger”. Retrieved from https://www.jacksonvillezoo.org/. Julie Collins Aaron Rubin Gregg Leicester Instructors Advisors cascadesraptorcenter.org/meet-the-birds/. Maher, Julie. (n.d.). “Queens Zoo”. Photograph. Retrieved from https:// Coe, Jon. (n.d.) “Animal Rotation”. 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Brotsis, Jake. (2023). Personal Photograph. Phoenix, AZ Retrieved from https://structurae.net/en/products-services/. (2019). “The Winged Wonders Bird Show”. Retrieved from https:// Nikki Dzialowy Erika Defer Mark Eischeid Page 35: (2020). “Auckland Zoo Aviaries”. Photograph. Retrieved from https://lsaa. www.facebook.com/fresnochaffeezoo/posts/the-winged-wonders- Facilities Manager Animal Department Pivot Architecture Rob. (2011). “Polar Bear Pit, c.1965”. Photograph. Retrieved from https:// org/index.php/projects/large-fabric-structures/94-auckland-zoo-aviaries. bird-show-schedule-varies-throughout-the-year-for-march- Northwest Trek Wildlife Park Assistant Manager & 44 W. Broadway #300 Mary Polites www.flickr.com/photos/45379817@N08/5469689361. april/10156325966737894/. Director of Research Eugene, OR Winston, Anna. (2015). “Frei Otto: a life in projects”. Photograph. Retrieved (n.d.). “Northern Trail”. Photograph. 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Fresno Chaffee Zoo Dougherty Landscape • Caitlin Jeffs • Phoebe Chuang Page 91: Wainwright, Oliver. (2019). “Have zoos had their day?”. Photograph. Architects • Cameron Coronado • Sarah Goldstein (n.d.). “Elephants at the Berlin Zoo before the war”. Photograph. Retrieved (n.d.). “Yukon Bay”. Retrieved from https://danpearlman.com/en/work/zoo- Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/27/ Ronnie Kerestus-Reeves 474 Willamette #305 from https://theelephantgate.weebly.com/. hanover-yukon-bay/. • Giff Glastonbury • Sarah Phillips have-zoos-had-their-day-architecture-barbaric-sci-fi Curator of Bird Show, Eugene, OR (n.d.). “Greater Sacramento Zoo Master Plan”. Retrieved from https:// Outreach & Animal Welfare • Holly Phares • Ted Myers (n.d.). “Giants of the Savanna”. Photograph. Retrieved from https://clrdesign. Meuser, Natasha. (2019). “Animal Paradise in the Hagenbeck Zoo”. 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The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy. https://joncoe.net/zoo-theory/exibit-trends/ 138 139 APPENDICES 7.0 APPENDIX A | 7.1 APPENDIX B | 7.2 APPENDIX C | 7.3 APPENDIX D 7.0 APPENDICESAPPENDIX A CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER NORTHWEST TREK WILDLIFE PARK EAGLE EXHIBIT DESIGN BALD EAGLE ENCLOSURE PRECEDENT: EAGLE PASSAGE 32275 Fox Hollow Road CAPSTONE PROJECT Wings of Change CAD Documentation - Eagle Aviary Design Eugene, OR 97405 11610 TREK DRIVE EAST EATONVILLE, WA 98328 Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas JAKE BROTSIS Appendix A provides an opportunity to more clearly showcase all my CAD documents that contributed to the design of the eagle aviaries. While samples were included in Chapter 5, section 5.1’s “Integrated Habitat Design,” some were reduced in size to fit alongside other graphics on the same page or had bits of information removed to balance with the graphics they were overlaid on. While I believe I presented my work effectively in the primary master’s project, I also feel these documents would benefit from being presented in their original form and given their own pages. The following pages contain the CAD plans and sections created for the eagle aviary in addition to the viewing structures, chute bridge, and wooden tree sculptures, and can be referenced back to Chapter 5, section 5.1’s “Integrated Habitat Design.” KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS CL CENTERLINE CONN CONNECT, CONNECTION CONT CONTINUOUS COORD COORDINATE DIA DIAMETER EA EACH Drawn By: JWB EQ EQUAL, EQUIVALENT FTG FOOTING Checked: HORIZ HORIZONTAL Project #: MFR MANUFACTURER PL PLATE Date: 03/18/2024 REQ'D REQUIRED PHASE 100% DD SCALE NA SHEET TITLE COVER SHEET SHEET # L000 142 143 CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER LEGEND LINE TYPES RIDGELINE TRAIL EXTENT OF WORK PARKING LOT PROPOSED CONTOUR EXISTING CONTOUR PLACEHOLDER EXISTING BUILDING 3 L702 CAPSTONE PROJECT CAPSTONE PROJECT TRENCH DRAINWings of Change PLACEHOLDER1 1 - Wings of ChangeFOX HO STPEroEf.LA rEicDa GDuEh rPkoLoANTLL p-GalaEsRO L300 L301 Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas VEHICULAR LANE W EXISTING L400 ROAD TREEP PAVEMENTROPERTY B PATTERNOUNDARY LINE JAKE BROTSIS JAKE BROTSIS RAISED PLANTER RAISED PLANTER BIKE RACK 3 MESH ABBREVIATIONS L300 EXHIBIT PLACEHOLDER TW TOP OF WALL PLACEHOLDER BW BOTTOM OF WALL PLACEHOLDER TB TOP OF BENCH 2 BB BOTTOM OF BENCHCOVERED VIEWING PLACEHOLDER 8'-8" 1'-7" 5'-9" 3'-5" 2'-9" 27'-2" L301 STRUCTURE BS BOTTOM OF STEP PLACEHOLDER 170'-0" EXISTING TREE HP HIGH POINT PLACEHOLDER BRIDGE CHUTE; LP LOW POINT SHIFT DOORS PLACEHOLDER 1 SITE SECTION - PEDESTRIAN PLAZA PROPOSED SEPARATING PARKING LOT STEEL STEEL EACH ENCLOSURE SCALE 1" = 10' COLUMN COLUMN SYMBOLSNATURE TRAIL PLACEHOLDER ENTRYWAY FO - - TREE TRUNK NATURE TRAIL X L500 L501 PLACEHOLDER HOLL EXISTINGOW TREE PLACEHOLDER ROAD STEEL COLUMN PLACEHOLDERSTEEL COLUMN FALCON PLACEHOLDER ENCLOSURE HABITAT THEATER ADMIN EXISTING BUILDINGS TREE PLACEHOLDER AMPHITHEATER PLACEHOLDER VIEWING EXISTING 1 STRUCTURE TREE 1 SCHOOL BANNERL200 STREET LIGHT PLACEHOLDER L702 PLACEHOLDER EXISTING STEEL EDGE TREE PLACEHOLDER PLANTER EXISTING PLACEHOLDER GATHERING Drawn By: JWB STEEL TREE Drawn By: JWB SPACE COLUMN Checked: Checked: SECONDARY MEW; PLACEHOLDER Project #: TWO MESH HOLDINGS Project #: WITH 3' HALLWAY SPACE Date: 03/18/2024 Date: 03/18/2024 PLACEHOLDER PHASE PHASE PLACEHOLDER 100% DD 1 MESH ENCLOSURE 100% DDSCALE 1" = 20' PLACEHOLDER 18'-0" 8'-6" 20'-0" SCALE SCALE VEHICULAR LANE 1"=60' 1"=20' PLACEHOLDER 361'-10" PROPERTY BOUNDARY LINE SHEET TITLE SHEET TITLE PLACEHOLDER MASTER PLAN MESH VIEWING STRUCTURE OWL ENCLOSURES ENCLOSURE 2 SITE SECTION - PAVED STHRAEWEK ETN CWLOISDURTESH EAGLE ENCLOSURES SHEET #SCALE 1" = 10' SHEET # L100 L200 144 145 FENTON HALL CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER DESIGN SITE CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE TYKESON HALL 1 1 L702 L702 3 3 L702 L702 2 2 L702 L702 LEGEND LEGEND 1/8" THICK CONICAL CAP LINE TYPES LINE TYPESSTAINLESS STEEL CLEVIS SIZED TO DEVELOP FULL MESH ENCLOSURE EXTENT OF WORKCAPACITY OF CABLE STEEL CABLES PROPOSED CONTOUR STAINLESS STEEL TURNBUCKLE SIZED TO DEVELOP FULL 2 EXISTING CONTOURCAPACITY OF CABLE MATERIALS TOP OF STEEL 4" - PLACEHOLDER EXISTING BUILDINGPLACEHOLDER EXISTING TREE WOOD WALL CAPSTONE PROJECT CAPSTONE PROJECT TRENCH DRAIN PLACEHOLDER Wings of Change PLACEHOLDERWings of Change LOG BEAMS VEHICULAR LANE -7" Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas32' RADIUS BRACKET Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-GalasPASS MULTIPLE CABLES (10'-0" SAG) PAVEMENT '-0" 3/4" DIA 6 x 19 WIRE ROP E FOR FULL BRG THRU BRACKETS AS REQ'D 0 4 PATTERN1 JAKE BROTSIS AGAINST TREE JAKE BROTSIS SYMBOLS - EASE EDGES TO CLOSED SLING EYE WITH 3" RADIUS TYP MESH ENCLOSURE CABLE - 1" NOTCH MINIMIZE CABLE MECHANICAL SPLICE ABBREVIATIONS STEEL POST EXHIBIT MESH OMITTED 2"MIN WEAR (LOOP OR THIMBLE) FOR CLARITY PLACEHOLDER 2" TW TOP OF WALL EXISTING TREE CONN PL 1/2" x 6" CLOSED SWAGE SOCKET PROVIDE HARDWOOD REQ'D AT MESH SIZED TO DEVELOP FULL MIN BRACKETS AT 10" OC PLACEHOLDER BOTTOM OF WALL CABLE CONNS STRENGTH OF CABLE BW2" AROUND TREES FOR MIN CABLE SUPPORT -ADJUST QUANTITY AS PLACEHOLDER TOP OF BENCH STAINLESS STEEL MESH TB AT CHUTE TUNNEL CONT 1/2" DIA ROD REQ'D TO ADEQUATELY (2" MESH - 3/32" CABLE) CANTILEVERED 1/2" WELDED TO PIPE COL SUPPORT CABLES - BOTTOM OF BENCH PROVIDE MIN (4) PER PLACEHOLDER BB PIPE COLUMN FOR MESH CONN CONTRACTOR COORD HORIZ SLING AROUNDCABLE 3" BRACKET LOCATION TREE TO MATCH MESH BS BOTTOM OF STEP MIN AND SPACING TO AVOID EXHIBIT CABLE PLACEHOLDER G) CABLE RUB/DAMAGE " SA HP HIGH POINT0 " ( 5'- 1" GAP 31'- 3 G) PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER -0" SA LP LOW POINT '-0" (5' 11 G) SA PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER" (5'- 0 AG ) " S SYMBOLS 2 (5'-04' PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER -9" ) (10 SA G '- -0" 0" ' SA TREE TRUNK(5 (1 0'-3 " 0 ) '-0" G SA )G G PLACEHOLDER3 A ) 1 STEEL POST CABLE CONNECTION SECTION 3 EXISTING TREE CABLE CONNECTION SECTION PLACEHOLDER '-0" S (5 SCALE 1" = 1' SCALE 1" = 1' 3/4" D PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDERIA ( 65 x' - 10 9 " W S IRA E R PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDERG O) PE 26'-11" 17'-7" (10'-0" SAG) PLACEHOLDER PROVIDE MIN (4) CONN PLACEHOLDER BRACKETS PER CABLE - 3/4" CABLES MAY SHARE DIA ) PLACEHOLDER COMMON BRACKETS PLACEHOLDER 6 x G19 SA W 0"IR ' - E ( 10 PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDERROP OP E E E R( -0" 1 " 0' IR' -0 -' 0" 9 W PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER3 4 SA 1G x (5 ) A 6'-0 I" D S "AG 3/ 4 PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER 17 )'- AG)9" 6 x 19 WIRE RO PE (10'-0" S " 3/4" DIA0 " '- PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER35'-7 13 " HAND-WOVEN STAINLESS STEEL 1/4" TYPICAL W.P. AT CLEAR0 1'- MESH AT EXHIBIT SIDES COLUMN3 (3" MESH - 1/16" CABLE) HAND-WOVEN STAINLESS STEEL PLACEHOLDER COORD MAX CABLE PLACEHOLDERDrawn By: JWB MESH AT EXHIBIT ROOF Drawn By: JWB SLING SKEW ANGLE (4" MESH - 1/16" CABLE) WITH CABLE MFR Checked: PLACEHOLDER Checked: PLACEHOLDER RUN CONN PL Project #: OFFSET PL'S AS REQ'D Project #:THRU COLUMN FOR WELDING Date: 03/18/2024 PLACEHOLDER (1" CLR MAX) Date: 03/18/2024 PLACEHOLDER DO NOT LOCATE CONN BRACKETS IN AREAS PHASE PLACEHOLDER WHERE VERTICLE CABLE PHASE PLACEHOLDER MESH ENCLOSURE FOUNDATION PLAN MESH ENCLOSURE FRAMING PLAN 100% DD 1/4" TYPICALCANTILEVERED MOVEMENT MAY OCCUR1 100% DDIN ORDER TO MINIMIZESCALE 1" = 20' 2 SCALE 1" = 20' PLACEHOLDER COLUMN CABLE RUB/DAMAGE PLACEHOLDERSCALE SCALE 1"=20' PLACEHOLDER 1"=1' PLACEHOLDER SHEET TITLE SHEET TITLE PLACEHOLDER MESH PLACEHOLDERMESH ENCLOSURE ENCLOSUREDETAILS SHEET # SHEET # L201 2 STEEL POST CABLE CONNECTION PLAN 4 EXISTING TREE CABLE CONNECTION PLANSCALE 1" = 1' SCALE 1" = 1' L300 146 147 2 MESH ENCLOSURE FRAMING PLANSCALE 1" = 20' 45'-7" 20'-6" 37'-9" 39'-6" 3/4" DIA 6 x 19 WIRE ROPE (10'-0" SAG) (5'-0" SAG) (5'-0" SAG) (5'-0" ( 5 S'- A0 G" )SAG) (5' ( -5 0' "- 0 S" AS GA )G) (5'-0" SAG) 3/4" DIA 6 x 19 WIRE ROPE (10'-0" SAG) (5'-0" SAG) CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE 3" 3" 3" 10" MAX CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE ) '-0" SAG PE ( 10 G)RO A AG) IR E " S 0" S x 19 W 0'-0 (10 '- 6 (1 OPE 3/4" DIA OP E R IRE R W WI RE 9 6 x 1 0'-0" SA G) A (1 x 19 " DI PE 63/4 WIRE RO DIA 4" DIA 6 x 19 3/4 " 3/ AG ) S '-0 " (10 PE " SAG) RO (10'-0 IRE SAG ) 19 W 0'-0 " 1 G) 6 x OPE ( IA R " S A /4" D IRE '-0 3 x 19 W 0 A 6 (1 DI P E 3/4" R O REI G) W -0" SA 19 ' x PE (10 6 IA E R O IR ) " SAG 4" D 9 W (10'- 0 3/ 6 x 1 ROP E A E " DI 9 W IR 3/4 DIA 6 x 1 3/4" " 9'- 0 '-0 " 13 '-2"42 " 20'- 0 " 15'- 0 1 L702 3 L702 2 L702 LEGEND LINE TYPES CL COLUMN AND FOOTING EXTENT OF WORK 1" CLR 2 - BACK FACING PROPOSED CONTOUR FRONT FACING STEEL COLUMN EXISTING CONTOUR INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE STAINLESS PLACEHOLDER EXISTING BUILDING RECLAIMED TREES FOR STEEL MESH STRUCTURAL SUPPORT; CAPSTONE PROJECT TRENCH DRAIN FORKED OR PILLAR FORM CAPSTONE PROJECT Wings of Change PLACEHOLDER 2" TYP Wings of Change Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas VEHICULAR LANE Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas PAVEMENT PATTERN CONT 1/2" DIA ROD JAKE BROTSIS FOR MESH CONN JAKE BROTSIS BASE PL 1" x REQ'D W/ (6) ASTM GRADE ABBREVIATIONS 50 ANCHOR RODS 3/4" CHAMFER PLACEHOLDER WOOD RAILING TW TOP OF WALL T.O. PLINTH ELEV 1/2" DIA CONT CONN PER (2) #3 TIES AT STAINLESS MESH MFR PLACEHOLDER BW BOTTOM OF WALL TOP OF PLINTH STEEL CABLE PLACEHOLDER TB TOP OF BENCH 4'-0" BB BOTTOM OF BENCHPLACEHOLDER BS BOTTOM OF STEP PLACEHOLDER T.O. FTG ELEV HP HIGH POINT PLACEHOLDER 3'-6" LP LOW POINT1'-0" 20'-0" COVERPLAECEDHOL DVERCONT GRAVEL 1 IEWING SHELTER ELEVATION - DESIGN ASCALE (N/A) SYMBOLS2" "MOW STRIP" PLACEHOLDER CLR ALONG PERIMETER OF EXHIBIT TREE TRUNK PLACEHOLDER (16) #5 VERTICLE EA SPACED AROUND AUGER ANCHOR PER 3'-0" LONG FOOTING MESH MFR AT 4'-0" MAX GROUND APRON PLACEHOLDER WOOD PANEL ROOF WITH DUCKBILL ANCHORS EQ SPACED BETWEEN AUGER ANCHORS PLACEHOLDER 12'-0" RECLAIMED LOG BEAM 2'-0" 10'-0" PLACEHOLDER 2 MESH ENCLOSURE FOOTING SECTION PLACEHOLDER #4 HORIZONTAL AT 8" ON CENTER SCALE 1" = 1' PLACEHOLDER WOOD PANEL CUT TO ALLOW EXISTING TREE TO PROTRUDE THROUGH; SAME CONCEPT PLACEHOLDER FOR DECK PANELS PLACEHOLDER 11'-9" PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER Drawn By: JWB 10'-6" RECLAIMED TREES TO ACT ASChecked: PLACEHOLDER STRUCTURAL SUPPORT Drawn By: JWB Project #: HOWEVER RETAIN FORM/ Checked: BRANCHES & BARK Date: 03/18/2024 7'-6" PLACEHOLDER WOOD PANEL WALL OR Project #: STACKED LOG ROUNDS Date: 03/18/2024 PHASE PLACEHOLDER OPEN SPACE CONCEPT; EMBED PL 1" x REQ'D - 100% DD NO WALL MATCH DIMS OF BASE PHASE PLATE ABOVE PLACEHOLDER SCALE MINOR RAISED DECK TO 100% DD 1"=1' ALLOW ROOM FORPLACEHOLDER EXISTING TREE BASE DOUBLE NUT THREADED SCALE RODS AT EMBED PLATE 8'-6"SHEET TITLE N/A PLACEHOLDER 3" CLR MESH 15'-0" ENCLOSURE SHEET TITLEVIEWING DETAILS STRUCTURE STEEL POST FOOTING SECTION SHEET #1 COVERED VIEWING SHELTER SECTION - DESIGN A COVERED VIEWING SHELTER ELEVATION & AXON - DESIGN B ANALYSISSCALE 1" = 1' L301 2 SHEET #SCALE (N/A) 1 SCALE (N/A) *DIMENSIONS EQUAL TO DESIGN A L400 148 149 1'-0" MIN 6" 3' - 0" EMBED 2' - 6" 2'-0" CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE 1 L702 3 L702 2 L702 LEGEND LINE TYPES 10'-0" EXTENT OF WORK 1'-0" 6" PROPOSED CONTOUR EXISTING CONTOUR 6" PLACEHOLDER EXISTING BUILDING 6" 9" 1'-2" 1'-0" CAPSTONE PROJECT TRENCH DRAIN Wings of Change PLACEHOLDER CAPSTONE PROJECTWings of Change Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas VEHICULAR LANE Prof. Arica Duhrkoop-Galas PAVEMENT PATTERN JAKE BROTSIS JAKE BROTSIS 3A" BBREVIATIONS PLACEHOLDER TW TOP OF WALL PLACEHOLDER VARIOUS INSTALLATIONS IN DESIGN SITEBW BOTTOM OF WALL PLACEHOLDER TB TOP OF BENCH BB BOTTOM OF BENCHPLACEHOLDER 3" BS BOTTOM OF STEP PLACEHOLDER HP HIGH POINT PLACEHOLDER LP LOW POINT PLACEHOLDER SYMBOLS HAUNCH BLIND PLACEHOLDER 15'-0" TREE TRUNK 24'-0" END LAP PLACEHOLDER 6" WOOD POST 23'-3" TREATED WOODEN PEG PLACEHOLDER OR THREADED LAG BOLT PLACEHOLDER BOLT THRU POST METAL STRAP PLACEHOLDER POST ANCHOR 18'-6" MIDDLE LAP CROSS LAP PLACEHOLDER CONCRETE FOOTING PLACEHOLDER 6" PLACEHOLDER WOODEN BEAM CONNECTION METHOD: LAP JOINTS TENONPLACEHOLDER PINNED BLIND PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER Drawn By: JWB 1'-6" Checked: PLACEHOLDER Drawn By: JWB Project #: Checked: Date: 03/18/2024 PLACEHOLDER Project #: PHASE COMPACTED Date: 03/18/2024 PLACEHOLDER AGGREGATE 100% DD 2 MORTISE PHASE PLACEHOLDER- SCALE 100% DD N/A THROUGH TENONPLACEHOLDER SCALE SHEET TITLE N/A PLACEHOLDER 1 EAGLE CHUTE BRIDGE PLAN EAGLE CHUTE BRIDGE 1 TREE INSTALLATIONS 2 WOOD POST FOOTING WOODEN BEAM CONNECTION SHEET TITLE SCALE 1" = 2' SCALE 1" = 3' SCALE 1" = 1' METHOD: MORTISE & TENON JOINTS TREE SHEET # INSTALLATIONS L500 SHEET #L501 150 151 CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE CASCADES RAPTOR CENTER EAGLE ENCLOSURE 7.1 APPENDICES   1 figure 1APPENDIX B horizontal chute angled chute Zookeeper Facebook Groups no bridgefigure 2 planar bridge (fly through) During my time as a zookeeper, I joined several private On page 143, I detailed my reason for reaching out to the Facebook groups for fellow zookeepers around the world, groups and provided several options for each figure. I gathered including “Zookreepers” and “You Know You’re A Zookeeper a total of 56 responses from all groups, with each person ZOOKreepers When.” After leaving the field, I joined another group called responding to both figures. Private group · 19.9K members “Once A Keeper, Always A Keeper,” which is for former Invite Joined zookeepers who have transitioned to other careers. These In figure 1, everyone agreed that the horizontal chute was   1 groups have played a significant role in my development as a the best option for the chute between each aviary. Reasons young zookeeper and have continued to be useful since I left against the angled chute included difficulties in cleaning and About Discussion Featured Members Events Media Files perch hopping 1 perch hopping 2 the field. They have helped me stay up-to-date with the latest the challenge birds would face flying upwards in the chute. news and trends in animal husbandry and have provided a Write something... About platform to share expertise and knowledge in areas I may be In figure 2, the majority of respondents preferred the planar A group for animal care workers, keepers, trainers, etc to network with other animal care workers etc. fun topics unfamiliar with. bridge for allowing raptors to move between aviaries. Although i l d t i i d i h S the Cascades Raptor Center stated that all their residential During the design phase of the raptor expansion, I encountered raptors were capable of flying, zookeepers from the Facebook several decision-making obstacles. To overcome these, I groups pointed out that I could not be certain if these birds reached out to each group to gather opinions about design (or future birds) were strong or weak fliers. A planar bridge strategies that would be most effective and applicable to my would be easiest for all birds. Additionally, raptors might want 56 total responses project. While I considered the majority opinions to guide my to inspect the chute before entering it, and a bridge would decisions, the final proposal was unique and specific to my allow them to get comfortable more quickly compared to other intentions. options. Perch hopping was not recommended, as birds might You know you're a zookeeper when figure 1 not want to leave the artificial trees once they enter the chute, Private group · 21.1K members Referencing Chapter 4’s “Sourcing Solutions,” in section making it strenuous for both the animals and the trainers. Invite Share Joined 4.0, there is a Facebook logo in my Professional Influence 100% chose horizontal Timeline with an annotation that reads “flex habitat design.” I My use of the Facebook groups was strictly for gathering   1 reached out to the groups with several questions about best information on the best options and supporting reasons for Discussion Featured Members Events Media Files chute practices for designing covered chutes for free-flight raptors. my design choices. The design of the bridges in my master’s As explained in Chapter 5, section 5.1’s “Flexible Innovations,” project was entirely my creation and was not influenced by Write something... flex habitats are common for mammals in zoos but have not individuals in these groups. I used these groups several other been designed for free-flight birds yet. Gathering opinions on times to answer questions, but nothing was as notable or figure 2 the options I proposed was crucial in pushing my designs in the significant as the flex habitats were, which is why I haven’t right direction. included those instances. 85% chose planar bridge 15% chose perch hopping 0% chose no bridge Once a Keeper, Always a Keeper Private group · 2.0K members entirely Invite Share Joined 152 153 Discussion Featured Members Events Media Files Write something... 7.2 APPENDICES **Depending on the route visitors take into the expansion, these two signs serve as both the APPENDIX C welcoming and closing messages to the interpretive story. The welcoming side faces the parking lot and backside to the same sign, the closing side, faces the expansion** Realm of the Raptors - An Interpretive Story realm of the raptors realm of the raptors masters of the sky This master’s project was ever-evolving. While I always had a My research suggested the “3-30-3” rule, which reflects masters of the sky rough idea of what I wanted to accomplish and what I wanted how much time, on average, a visitor should spend reading to get out of it, the specifics and my choices were always interpretive signs: Welcome to the Realm of the Raptors, masters of the sky! changing. 3 seconds to hook the visitor (theme) 30 seconds to review if hooked (sub-themes) In this journey, you’ll witness the incredible prowess of these expert hunters and As stated in Chapter 6, section 6.0’s “Goals Revisited”: discover their essential role in our ecosystem. From their powerful talons to agile flight, 3 minutes if very interested (message) “Initially, my focus was evenly split between enclosure design these master hunters play a vital role in maintaining nature’s balance. and education, with the environment as the core link. However, I began to write each sign, creating themes, sub-themes, and as the project evolved, my attention and interest began to a message for each. My intent was to come back later in the Uncover the challenges faced by these magnificent creatures, exploring past and present shift more towards enclosure design.” winter term, or early spring term, to further synthesize each environmental impacts that jeopardize their existence. Witness their resilience and learn sign before creating the graphics. However, I both ran out of how human actions can make a difference in ensuring the survival of these incredible Initially, my plan was to create interpretive signage for visitors time and my workload was redirected to other projects higher birds, admired and revered for centuries as symbols of strength, freedom, and courage in to provoke thought and care about various issues related to on my priority list. Nonetheless, I still spent a considerable raptors. This included creating graphics and a story for each amount of time researching the information and putting various human cultures. sign to be featured in the primary master’s project. As the together the skeleton of each sign. It would be a disservice to project evolved and my interests shifted, I ultimately only had myself to not include what I had written in this appendix. Enjoy these birds and allow the Realm of the Raptors to inspire a deeper connection to time to reference the signs and their locations on the site plan, the wonders of the sky. as seen on page 117. Perhaps my interpretive story rough draft will yet become useful in the future or could serve as a jumping-off point for However, at the start of the winter term in January 2024, I others who may read this appendix. embracing raptors began to write the story for each interpretive sign addressed in my master’s project. I researched how to create an effective The following pages contain the (unfinished) signs, without a reflection on harmony interpretive story and the guidelines for balancing text their graphics, that would facilitate the interpretive story for embracing raptors information with graphics, in addition to the preferred amount the “Realm of the Raptors” in the Cascades Raptor Center’s of text on each sign. expansion proposal. a reflection on harmony As you conclude your journey through the Realm of the Raptors, we invite you to reflect on the enduring lessons from these majestic birds. Let their resilience inspire compassion, fostering a deeper connection to the wonders of the sky and the delicate balance of nature. In our collective actions, we hold the power to protect and preserve the realm of raptors, ensuring a harmonious coexistence with these extraordinary animals. Embrace the call to empathy and conservation, for in understanding and appreciating the challenges faced by our birds of prey, we embark on a shared journey towards a sustainable future for all. 154 155 sky sculptors unveiling raptor attributes guardians of the sky From binocular vision and powerful beaks to diverse hunting techniques, these birds are true sculptors of the sky. Uncover their signature characteristics and unique abilities, a raptors’ vital duty mesmerizing showcase of the artistry inherent in these magnificent creatures. Sitting atop the food chain, as apex predators, raptors serve several ecological roles in anatomy sustaining healthy ecosystems. From regulating prey populations to controlling diseases and acting as environmental indicators, raptors demonstrate their crucial necessity in to be effective hunting, raptors have adapted keen eyesight to spot prey from preventing ecological imbalances. great distances. Some, like eagles and falcons, see up to eight times greater guardians of the sky than humans. Strong beaks and talons are used to grip, tear, and consume raptors’ vital duty their prey. indicator species specialized traits as indicator species, play a vital role in monitoring ecosystem health. They are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and their behaviors raptors showcase remarkable abilities such as incredible speeds during flight, can reflect the delicate equilibrium of nature. The potential disappearance as seen in the peregrine falcon reaching up to 200 mph when diving. While others, of raptors could lead to environmental problems such as prey collapse. like the owl, have specialized feathers for silent flight and can rotate their Additionally, serving as ecological barometers, raptors act as an early heads up to 270 degrees. warning system for chemical and pollutant levels. versatile hunting techniques hunting techniques can range based on species and environment. Some soar and population regulation scan the ground for movement, like eagles and vultures. Others, like hawks and raptors play a vital role in regulating prey species’ populations, contributing to owls, perch and wait for prey, and some, like falcons and harriers, chase prey in ecological services through scavenging and preventing the spread of diseases. the air or on the ground. sky sculptors unveilning raptor attributes communication rodent control various vocalizations such as screeches, whistles, hoots, and chirps communicate raptors significantly impact rodent populations, showcasing effectiveness presence, mood, intentions, and warnings. Body language includes postures, compared to rodenticides. Their contribution to agricultural and environmental gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions, can indicate dominance, submission, health is invaluable. aggression, affection, or curiosity. scavengers & nutrient cycling nesting & mating rituals forming lasting bonds, raptors mate for life or several seasons. Courtship specialist scavengers like vultures fulfill a critical role in nutrient cycling and displays involve aerial acrobatics, gift-giving, and duets. These skilled architects disease control. Their acidic gut secretions aid in limiting the spread of disease construct nests on high reaches like trees, cliffs, or buildings, using materials associated with carrion. such as wood debris, feathers, fur, or bones. Incubation lasts for several weeks, with parents taking turns feeding and protecting their young until they are ready to fledge and become independent. 156 157 climate shifts falconry’s legacy raptors facing the winds in an ever-evolving world, researchers have begun to investigate how climate change is reshaping ancient bonds with raptors raptor physiology and their habitats, migration patterns, and posing challenges for nestlings. Join us in understanding the pressing issues faced by these majestic birds in the era of climate shifts. Falconry, a time-honored practice fostering a profound partnership between humans and raptors, spans over 4,000 years. From its winter food supply origins as a means of obtaining food, it has evolved into a meaningful climate change is reshaping the west coast ecosystem, impacting the food supply for tradition associated with camaraderie. Delve into the demanding wintering bald eagles. Warming temperatures accelerate salmon carcass decomposition, techniques that build a profound bond between falconers and these reducing the availability of a crucial food source. Additionally, the acceleration of snow magnificent birds. peak melt has risen water levels and stream turbulence. This diminishes salmon carcass availability on stream banks, causing a notable decline in the food supply for bald eagles. the exact origins of falconry are uncertain, but is believed to have originated in Central altered migration times Asia and the Iranian Plateau. Spreading through cultural and trade connections to various regions, the practice was utilized in East Asia, North Africa, Europe, and eventually, in the climate change has altered the migration times of various birds of prey, such as eagles and 16th century AD, to a significant part of the world. hawks. The duration between spring and fall migration has increased by up to 30 days since the early 1970’s, resulting in these species spending more time in their summer grounds. originally a means of obtaining food, falconry has acquired other values over time and This shift brings challenges, including potential exposure to adverse weather conditions has been integrated into communities as a social and recreational practice and as a way if they arrive too early in the spring or depart too late in the fall. Additionally, earlier of reconnecting with nature. Today, falconry is practiced by people of all ages in many migration contributes to premature breeding, egg laying, and chick hatching, increasing the countries, transmitted from generation to generation. The modern practice of falconry risk of nest failure due to food scarcity caused by inclement weather. focuses on safeguarding raptors, habitats, conservation agencies, as well as the practice itself. changes in behavior this rewarding practice, requiring exceptional patience, skill, and an in-depth red-tailed hawks have undergone alterations in response to climate change. A growing understanding of a raptor’s behavior, begins the moment the bird becomes a participant. falconry’s legacy number opt not to migrate or migrate shorter distances, leading to a shift in their winter ancient bonds with raptors The falconer, with unwavering dedication, meticulously gains the bird’s trust, fostering a range. This change may disturb ecological balances, impacting predator-prey relationships bond of profound respect and understanding. Building trust emerges as a critical aspect in their summer territories and causing prey overpopulation in their traditional winter of falconry training, where the raptor learns to trust the falconer and feels at ease territories. in their presence. The falconer, patient and gentle, allows the bird to approach on its terms, creating a bond that enables effective collaboration. Leveraging the raptor’s nesting vulnerability innate instincts, carefully crafted training techniques unfold to establish a symbiotic partnership. increased heavy rainfall due to climate change, poses a threat to raptor nestlings. Vulnerable to rain when their parents are hunting, nestlings may lose vital insulation, becoming hypothermic and facing mortality. As heavy rainfall frequencies rise, the survival of these birds, hangs in the balance. climate shifts raptors facing the winds 158 159 eco-watch taking flight for raptor conservation Becoming stewards of the skies requires collective effort. Explore the ways you can actively participate in raptor conservation, from responsible waste management to supporting organizations dedicated to safeguarding these silent killers majestic birds. Every action taken is a step toward preserving their habitats and ensuring a harmonious coexistence with the natural world. raptor perils exposed Explore the historical challenges faced by birds of prey as we unveil eco-friendly disposal the detrimental impact of chemical contaminants, such as DDT, and proper waste disposal is vital for raptor conservation. Even biodegradable items, when discarded improperly, can attract prey animals to roads, leading to collisions with birds of prey like Red-tailed hawks and owls. Responsible waste witness the remarkable recovery stories of species like peregrine management helps maintain a safe environment for raptors. falcons and bald eagles. native plant advocacy urbanization poses challenges to raptors, and planting native species in gardens can make a significant impact. Native Decades ago, the widespread use of pesticides, notably DDT, sent shockwaves through plants attract prey animals, reduce the need for harmful pesticides, and contribute to healthier ecosystems. Supporting the avian world. Thin eggshells imperiled Peregrine Falcons and Bald Eagles, leading biodiversity through native plants is a step toward ensuring raptor habitats thrive. to a staggering population decline. The 1940’s and 1950’s witnessed DDT’s inadvertent sustainable pest management impact, as falcons fed on contaminated prey, elevating DDT concentrations in their bodies. The consequence was devastating—frail eggshells, nest failures, and a 90% decline in toxic pesticides and rodent traps can harm raptors through the food chain, as insects consume the poison, small raptors Peregrine Falcon populations. eat the contaminated insects, and the cycle continues. Opting for non-toxic solutions allows raptors to fulfill their natural ecological role as pest controllers, preventing the unintended consequences of harmful chemicals. Avoiding the use of rat poison supports the natural hunting skills of raptors, providing a simple and humane way to manage rodent DDT is a chemical compound initially developed as an insecticide. Its toxicity and stability populations sustainably. make it persist in the environment for extended periods, yet it easily dissolves in fatty eco-watch substances, leading to accumulation in animal fat. Bioaccumulation is the process through safe ammo, safe raptors taking flight for which these toxic substances travel through the food chain, becoming highly concentrated raptor conservation lead, commonly used in hunting ammunition and fishing tackle, poses a threat to raptors. Switching to copper-made in predators at the top, posing a significant threat to birds of prey. bullets and tackle helps safeguard eagles and other scavengers from lead poisoning. Responsible choices in sporting gear contribute to the well-being of our native raptors. In the face of crisis, conservation efforts emerged. Scientific findings led to a ban on DDT, and captive breeding programs played a pivotal role in restoring falcon populations. carbon footprint consciousness The remarkable recovery saw Peregrine Falcons, once on the brink, now flourishing with mindful daily choices can significantly reduce your carbon footprint, benefiting not only the environment but also over 2,100 individuals across their range. Similarly, Bald Eagles faced a perilous decline, silent killers raptors. Simple actions like using energy-efficient appliances, carpooling, reducing single-use plastics, and supporting dwindling to 417 nesting pairs by 1963. Yet, dedicated conservation efforts spurred their raptor perils exposed renewable energy initiatives contribute to a sustainable future for both humans and birds of prey. Your conscious recovery and resiliency. decisions today shape a healthier tomorrow for the skies we all share. wings of support Supporting raptor-focused organizations through memberships, donations, volunteering, and participation in educational programs is crucial for raptor conservation. These organizations play a pivotal role in research, rehabilitation, and awareness, contributing to the protection and restoration of birds of prey and their habitats. 160 161 **CUT FOR SPACE: Additional, work-in-progress, signs that were created but removed due to lack of space in the expansion proposal.** mythical wings persecution shadows raptors’ symbolic ascension a raptor’s struggle Learn about the cultural significance of birds of prey across diverse mythologies, folklore, and symbolism, uncovering the profound connections between these magnificent creatures persecution, arising from fear, hatred, and superstition, manifested as deliberate harm to birds of prey. From and human beliefs throughout history. the 16th to the 20th century, incidents of poisoning and shooting were driven by concerns over livestock attacks and competition for small game. During the height of persecution between 1850 and 1900, bounties incentivized the killing of birds of prey to protect domestic farm animals. This disturbing practice persisted until 1960, spiritual representation involving shooting eagles out of the sky using small planes and helicopters in the American southwest, birds of prey have been venerated and respected in various cultures, each species resulting in the death of more than 2,000 eagles. holding unique significance. For instance, some tribes in the south of Australia believe that each man is represented by a bat and each woman by an owl, safeguarding raptors highlighting the mystical connection between humans and these birds. today, comprehensive legal protections safeguard our feathered friends. Laws such as the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Lacey Act, the Airborne Hunting Act, and the mythological association Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna make it illegal to capture, birds of prey hold significant representation in the mythologies and folklore of poison, kill, harm, disturb nests, trade, or possess raptors. These legal measures reflect a commitment to diverse cultures. In ancient Egypt, the falcon was associated with Horus, the god preserving and ensuring the well-being of birds of prey for generations to come. of the sky, while in ancient Greece, the eagle symbolized Zeus, the king of the gods. Native American cultures revered the hawk for its associations with vision, leadership, and spirituality. habitat dilemma symbolism & symbolic roles raptors’ altered realm Hawks, in particular, have played significant roles in human symbolism. Linked Modern agricultural practices make the environment consistent, leading to reduced plant and habitat with power, freedom, and nobility, hawks are seen as messengers between humans diversity. This transformation affects both predators and prey in adapting to diminishing trees and expanding and the spirit world in Native American cultures. The hawk’s ability to soar high, agricultural fields. Although raptors that hunt in open areas have adapted to this changing landscape, their swoop down for prey, and see from great distances symbolizes foresight and counterparts dwelling in forests face greater challenges in adjusting to the transformed environment. victory. In many cultures, the hawk is also regarded as a symbol of freedom and mythical wings independence, representing the ability to rise above life’s challenges. raptors’ symbolic ascension Habitat fragmentation heightens the issue, creating small, isolated spaces that hinder feeding, nesting, and mate-finding. Agriculture, forestry, and pollution contribute to environmental degradation, decreasing prey literature & media influence populations and influencing a raptor’s territory size. Scarce prey forces raptors to expand territories, Birds of prey have carved a notable presence in literature, art, and symbolism, increasing competition and, in some cases, leads to starvation. serving as motifs, metaphors, or allegories. In J.R.R. Tolkien’s ‘The Lord of the Rings,’ eagles ally with the forces of good, highlighting their mythological Habitat loss, driven by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, logging, and mining, stands as a significance. Similarly, in J.K. Rowling’s ‘Harry Potter’ series, owls play the significant threat to raptors unable to adapt. The broader spectrum of environmental degradation not only role of messengers and companions for wizards and witches, exemplifying the enduring inspiration these birds provide in modern literature and entertainment. diminishes prey populations but also reshapes the intricate dynamics of territories, competition, and human interference. 162 163 7.3 APPENDICESAPPENDIX D Slide 12 – Educational Programs Slide 16 – Evaluation Takeaways Slide 19 – Key Inquires (cont.) The raptor center also offers several on-site educational After several visits to the raptor center, I gathered valuable If zoos have come to recognize that well-designed enclosures programs to teach visitors about their raptors. Guests can takeaways to help inform the basis of my design intentions, can effectively communicate the essence of both the learn about each animal’s natural history and personal story further structuring my project goals. animals and their natural habitats, then it was crucial for me to through hand-crafted identification plaques. Interactive understand the rationale behind raptor mews in rehabilitation experiences include an outdoor classroom adjacent to the First, it was important to retain the site’s natural character centers. Understanding this could inform my exploration of how Presentation Script parking lot, an amphitheater by the gift shop, and spots and preserve as much habitat as possible for the local wildlife. their design approach could be translated into my enclosure designated for trainer talks with the birds. Second, to continue building with natural materials, as evident proposals. Slide 1 – Title Page AZA is an accreditation organization ensuring high standards Slide 9 – Cascades Raptor Center by the raptor mews. in animal care, conservation, and education. Less than 10% Slide 13 – Collaboration Slide 20 – Raptor Mews Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you all for being here today. of the roughly 2,800 animal exhibitors nationwide are AZA- The Cascades Raptor Center, nestled in Spencer Butte Park Additionally, I wanted to understand the standards of raptor Your presence and support mean the world to me. accredited. While there are other accreditation and federal in south Eugene on Fox Hollow Road, has been a beacon In the winter of 2023, Mark Eischeid introduced me to Melissa mews compared to zoo aviaries and how that would influence To effectively care for injured raptors brought in to groups that provide animal wellness standards, I have chosen of conservation and education since its founding in 1987. Green, the Creative Engagement Designer at the Cascades my proposed designs. rehabilitation centers, three factors were identified that shape Slide 2 – TOC to focus on AZA due to my familiarity and trust in them. Officially incorporated in 1990 and relocated to its current Raptor Center. Our discussions about potential projects led to the design and function of mews: understanding raptor natural 8-acre site, the center promotes environmental stewardship a meeting with Julie Collins, the Executive Director. Together, In terms of spatiality, I wanted to rethink circulation that was history, integrating this knowledge into interior furnishings, Wings of Change has been a labor of love and I’m excited to Slide 6 – Comparing Missions and the preservation of the natural world. Serving as Oregon’s we explored the raptor center’s plans to expand in the accessible for all visitors and provided efficient movement and incorporating these practices into each stage of the show you all how I have merged my passion for animal care with sole raptor-exclusive wildlife center, it provides vital resources upcoming future. for staff. I also wanted to address the spatial organization of rehabilitation process. the principles of landscape architecture. Second, lets clarify the difference between zoos and wildlife for avian medical treatment and community support, raptor enclosures. rehabilitation centers. having treated over 7,200 sick and injured raptors since its Julie provided me with an extensive list of all the project items Slide 21 – Raptor Mews (cont.) So, without further ado, let’s get started. establishment. the raptor center is planning to undertake in their expansion. And finally, I began considering what kind of interpretive Zoos play a vital role in public education and conservation, This expansion reflects the center’s commitment to enhancing signage would be most effective in this expansion. I also Understanding each species’ natural history and habitat Slide 3 – NESTING PREPARATIONS actively participating in research initiatives to manage Slide 10 – Structure & Circulation their facilities and their role in wildlife rehabilitation and public wanted to explore how zoos have reimagined animal shows and requirements is vital for designing mews that meet threatened populations around the world. Animals are cared for education. I selected several primary projects that piqued my how those ideas could be actualized in a new amphitheater. multispecies needs. Patients rely on the same adaptations in Slide 4 – About Me by trained professionals and receive daily enrichment activities Spread across 3.7 acres are the core elements of the nature interest most. These chosen projects held the potential to not human care as they do in the wild, so reflecting their natural for a healthy existence in permanent homes. center, including a wildlife hospital, a gift shop, educational only further bird of prey husbandry but also create engaging Slide 17 – ASCENDING ASPIRATIONS habitats aids in recovering species-specific behaviors. Prior to enrolling in this MLA program, I was formerly a spaces, and enclosures for both residential and rehabilitating programming for future visitors. Additionally, I outlined several zookeeper, working at a variety of zoos nationwide and forging Wildlife rehabilitation centers provide critical care for injured raptors. Rehabilitating raptors are kept out of public view to secondary projects for potential inclusion, subject to available Slide 18 – Key Inquiries Slide 22 – Raptor Mews (cont.) meaningful relationships with a range of animals from alligators or orphaned local wildlife, preparing them for release back into preserve their wild nature. time and space. to rhinos. the wild. They focus predominantly on medical treatment and My decision to construct new raptor enclosures was primarily For security and repeated use, mews should be constructed rehabilitation. Visitor parking is minimal, with a small lot located nearest the Slide 14 – Design Boundary driven by my curiosity about the standards used in designing using weatherproofed natural materials. Furnishings should During my time as a zookeeper, I developed a deep interest in animal hospital. Overflow parking is available across Fox Hollow raptor mews, especially when compared to aviaries in zoos. prioritize the animal’s well-being, offering choices for comfort designing enclosures and master planning zoos, drawn to the Both institutes share a mission of conservation and education, Road in the Ridgeline Trail parking lot. Two winding trail systems Acquired in 2017 for future expansion, the 4-acre parcel and safety. Raptor foot health is a constant concern, so challenge of recreating ecologically and culturally significant often collaborating with one another to improve biodiversity provide circulation for visitors to view the birds. between the primary nature center and administrative yurts, Approaching this subject, I reflected on the advancements providing a variety of perching options and substrates is environments within the zoo setting. It was this interest that and safeguard species. On the east side of the property are two yurts designated saw expansion plans halted by COVID-19. Despite this setback, zoos have made in animal representation. For much of history, essential to safeguard their delicate footpads. ultimately drove me to transition from zookeeping to landscape exclusively for administration and staff. this provided an opportunity for me to merge my concepts enclosures lacked references to the animals’ natural habitats. architecture. No longer working with the animals, but for them. Slide 7 – Vocabulary gained from my experience working in zoos with solutions Yet, as attitudes began to focus to conservation, animal Slide 23 – Raptor Mews (cont.) Slide 11 – Animal Inventory proposed by local partners. husbandry, and embracing a biophilic connection to nature, Slide 5 – Setting the Standard In this presentation, I’ll be using certain terms that are relevant zoos began reflecting highly detailed, representations of With an understanding of the design criteria behind to understanding the context of my project. While I won’t The raptor center houses a diverse collection of more than 30 Slide 15 – Design Boundary (cont.) their animal’s natural habitats. Today, thoughtfully designed constructing raptor mews, next we can see how mews Before proceeding, let’s clarify some terms used throughout define each term here, I’ve done my best to clarify each term residential raptors. Residential raptors refer to the birds that enclosures serve as powerful communicators, effectively function in the rehabilitation process. Patients progress this presentation. within its relevant context. permanently reside at the center. Offering one of the largest Visiting each office, I gained approval from Dougherty conveying messages to the public, promoting empathy, and through three types of mews: holding, behavioral training, and North American raptor collections in the Pacific Northwest, Landscape Architects, PIVOT Architecture, and KPFF Engineers shaping attitudes towards wildlife and nature as a whole. flight conditioning mews. Each of these stages is specifically Whenever I mention the word “zoo”, I will be referring to AZA- Slide 8 – FLEDGLING FOUNDATIONS each raptor enclosure, often referred to as a ‘mew,’ is to incorporate their parking lot proposal into my design. After tailored to support the raptors’ recovery and prepare them for accredited zoos, where I’ve gained the majority of my 15 years constructed from natural materials and designed to meet the replicating and modifying their parking lot, I officially defined their eventual release back into the wild. of experience. needs of all species. These birds actively participate in weekly the boundary of my canvas. training sessions and interact with people in public encounters In cases where rerelease is not possible, options for long- on and off property. term care include permanent residency at the rehab center as residential raptors or relocation to other facilities such as zoos. *Note: Presentation script does not align with booklet slides. Slides created for presentation were altered to match with presentation narrative. 164 165 Slide 24 – Ongoing Exploration Slide 27 – SOARING SOLUTIONS Slide 36 – Slope Analysis Slide 40 – Site Design Circulation Slide 45 – Scaling Configuration Slide 49 – Northwest Trek (cont.) Upon reflection, it became evident that while there are Slide 28 – Design Development As you can see, the majority of the expansion occurs on the In January 2024, Eugene experienced a severe ice storm, Establishing suitable aviary heights involved navigating In 2019, Northwest Trek introduced Eagle Passage, a bald established housing standards for mews aiding in the recovery south side of the site. Slope analysis revealed that building on impacting the raptor center. While all raptors remained variations in height recommendations across different eagle aviary mimicking the rainforests of Mount Rainier. Eagle of temporary raptors, there became a lack of consistent Transitioning into design development, I received invaluable the hillside would necessitate significant grading, presenting unharmed, swift efforts were made to recover the displaced organizations. In the end, I selected heights based on a median Passage’s outstanding design earned it top honors in the AZA’s criteria for permanent, resident raptors. Despite extensive feedback from a diverse range of experts, a challenge to maintaining the site’s character. Multiple raptors that lost their mews. The loss of these mews range derived from these standards and the birds’ natural flight National Exhibit Award category in 2021. research, I found limited information regarding housing analyses, limited to a maximum 5% grading, determined that presented an opportunity, in the midst of the design process, elevations. Taller aviaries were designed for high-flying raptors standards for raptors intended to reside permanently in rehab Slide 29 – Design Development (cont.) the hilltop offers optimal opportunities for expansion with the to seamlessly attach the existing property to my proposal, like eagles and falcons, while those for low-flying species like Slide 50 – Baldie Blueprint centers. least amount of environmental impact. without disrupting its current infrastructure. owls and hawks were kept at slightly lower heights. including landscape architects, engineers, and zoo I took my aviaries’ inspiration from Northwest Trek’s Eagle This prompted a critical question: Why is there a gap in professionals in various roles from both local and national Slide 37 – Slope Analysis (cont.) Slide 41 – Site Design Circulation (cont.) Slide 46 – Species Selection Passage for several reasons. Firstly, it resourcefully utilizes standardized housing for resident raptors? Unlike those backgrounds. living trees, attaching the aviary’s mesh and cables to a unique relocated to zoos, resident raptors at rehab centers appear Instead, the base of the hillside would serve as an entry point I established two types of pathways: one for visitors and the The decision to organize aviaries by raptor phylogeny serves block-and-collar system, which does not impact the tree’s to lack enclosures reflecting their natural habitat. While Slide 30 – Design Development (cont.) for visitors, led by an elevated boardwalk winding through the other for staff. Visitor paths offer a more spacious and fluid several purposes. It allows each aviary to be optimized to meet health, offering a design solution harmonious with nature. there are well-documented standards for mews designed forest, showcasing its natural beauty. This trail serves a dual experience, allowing visitors to explore the area at their own the requirements of that particular group, instead of catering for rehabilitating raptors, the absence of a shift in housing Engaging with these individuals not only provided practical purpose by creating and preserving habitats for local wildlife pace. A dedicated path for trainers to and from the secondary to all species. Trainers can choose to permanently display Slide 51 – Baldie Blueprint (cont.) standards for resident birds requires further investigation. solutions while offering educational opportunities that align with the holdings, ensures the streamline movement of animal specific species or rotate them periodically with other species This discussion prompts consideration for developing a new center’s mission in promoting appreciation for the natural husbandry and maintenance related tasks. Each pathway at the center. Lastly, educational signage accompanying each Secondly, disguising stability poles with an artificial bark enclosure format for resident raptors, one that continues to Slide 31 – Design Development (cont.) world. ensures functionality without impeding on the other. group’s aviary provides comprehensive information, minimizing coating increases the immersive appeal while hand-woven, prioritize the animal’s wellness while providing educational the need for frequent signage changes if birds rotate. “invisible” mesh netting ensures both viewing clarity and bird value. but also developed personal connections for future The boardwalk leading to the raptor aviaries gradually reveals Slide 42 – LANDING INSIGHTS security. collaboration within the intersecting fields of design and glimpses of the birds amidst the forest soundscape, creating a Slide 47 – Avian Architecture Intro Slide 25 – Research Question zoology. ‘hide and reveal’ experience enhancing visitor anticipation. Slide 43 – Conceptual Framework Slide 52 – Baldie Blueprint (cont.) Moving into Avian Architecture, the aviary template has seen In light of these observations, I formulated my research Slide 32 – Design Development (cont.) Slide 38 – Site Design Analysis Now, let’s dive deeper into the conceptual framework guiding a variety of forms, evolving throughout the history of zoos. Lastly, the successful transition of their bald eagles from question to explore potential solutions in my design proposal. my design decisions. Initially defined as enclosure design and Today, this template can not only house birds, but are often former raptor rehab centers to Eagle Passage highlights the This question aims to investigate how principles from zoo Throughout the design process, I remained guided by my Following the trend seen in zoos, where enclosures are grouped education, these developed into: Integrated Habitat Design used to display big cats and primates. potential role of my proposed aviaries for CRC’s resident design can be adapted to the Cascades Raptor Center. project goals and design intentions, aiming to implement into thematic zones, I’ve organized the expansion around the and Interpretive Engagement. These concepts represent the raptors. optimal solutions while testing and refining concepts. phylogeny of raptors. Categorized by accipiters, which are cornerstone of my approach to expanding both the raptors’ When selecting the structure and appearance of the aviaries at Slide 26 – Concept Framework eagles and hawks, falcons, and owls, this framework allows living conditions and the visitors’ experience. Let’s first begin CRC, it was important for me to find a precedent that fit within Slide 53 – Site Application Slide 33 – Design Development (cont.) for flexible rotation of raptors within their designated aviaries. with integrating habitat design’s part one: habitat planning. the natural landscape of Spencer’s Butte and would allow me Informed by the selected project goals and design intentions, Additionally, each group features a secondary holding, serving to visit firsthand. Utilizing Eagle Passage’s blueprint as a guide, I enlarged I developed a conceptual framework centered around The objectives included designing enclosures that met the various functions such as providing nightly quarters and Slide 44 – Caring Capacity each aviary based on suitable conifers adjacent to their enclosure design and education. These two pillars form a habitat requirements of the selected raptor species. trainer access into the aviaries. Lastly, this framework further Slide 48 – Northwest Trek construction locations, keeping in mind, spatial comfort for the symbiotic relationship, where advancements in one area improves guest navigation, providing clearer wayfinding to their To determine enclosure sizes, I consulted the Minimum raptors while considering trainer accessibility. naturally complement the other. Aligning with current zoo Slide 34 – Design Development (cont.) desired bird encounters. Standards of Wildlife Rehabilitation manual, which categorizes Northwest Trek Wildlife Park near Eatonville, Washington, design principles, we can create naturalistic living conditions housing guidelines into three activity groups based on bird spans 723 acres and is overseen by Metro Parks Tacoma. Slide 54 – Site Application (cont.) for resident raptors while fostering impactful educational Additionally, careful consideration was given to visitor Slide 39 – Site Design Analysis (cont.) size and flight styles. I used the Unlimited Activity parameters Focused solely on North American wildlife, it features a guided experiences that contribute to a more informed understanding circulation, placement of interpretive programs, and minimizing as the baseline, with the intent to expand further. Given the tram tour through a 435-acre free-roam area for ungulate Additional steel posts were disguised with a bark-like coating of these animals in human care. The synergy between the impact of construction on the existing landscape. Adjacent to most aviaries are secondary trails leading to constraints of limited building space, I chose to focus on species and a self-guided walking tour, encountering the for immersion and mesh sizing was determined based on raptor enclosure design and education is essential for creating an viewing platforms, offering new viewing experiences for raptors with greater spatial requirements instead of maximizing remainder of their animal collection. size and visitor viewing location. Varied mesh sizes ensure effective strategy that aligns with the goals outlined in CRC’s Slide 35 – Design Development (cont.) guests. These platforms range from covered shelters to open the number of aviaries. unobstructed viewing for visitors while maintaining security for expansion proposal. gathering spaces, each featuring interpretive signage and the birds and structural integrity for the aviaries themselves. These efforts culminated in a speculative blueprint with interactives. expanded attention to animal wellness and visitor experience, while maintaining ecological integrity. 166 167 Slide 55 – Land. Immersion Concept Overview Slide 60 – Guiding Principles (cont.) Slide 66 – Flexible Innovations (cont.) Slide 72 – Static Interpretation Slide 76 – PERCHED REFLECTIONS Slide 81 – Future Opportunities (cont.) Finally we arrive to landscape immersion. The earliest example Additionally, the site layout was also guided by other principles As visitors approach these flex enclosures, they’ll encounter A series of interpretive displays have been installed along the Slide 77 – Goals Revisited Cultural landscape immersion integrates cultural elements of landscape immersion originated in the early 20th century to improve both visitor and animal experiences. Cross-viewing these wooden sculptures mimicking the character of various visitors’ pathway. Titled “Realm of the Raptors”, these static into both animal and human environments, providing valuable with Tierpark Hagenbeck Zoo’s innovative enclosure layout. is reduced to prevent the animals from feeling surrounded by forest typologies in the Pacific Northwest. Securely fastened interpretive signs evoke consideration about a variety of As we come to the end, let’s briefly revisit how my design opportunities for multicultural education. By authentically Enclosures replicated habitats native to the animals’ natural people. to the chute bridges, these sculptures serve as both visual issues related to raptors, ranging from environmental impacts solutions align with the initial goals. capturing the essence of a real location and exploring engaging environment, and were separated by those in the foreground, barriers for the raptors and points of fascination for visitors. to their ecological and cultural significance. The goal is to themes, stronger connections can be forged with audiences. creating the illusion that visitors were observing the animals Slide 61 – Guiding Principles (cont.) instill an emotional response that lingers during their visit. Initially, my focus was evenly split between enclosure design coexisting in a single habitat. This concept later extended Slide 67 – Flexible Innovations (cont.) These signs elevate the overall guest experience, providing and education, with the environment as the core link. However, Slide 82 – Future Opportunities (cont.) into the visitor space, unifying the simulated habitat, and thus Viewing platforms are located along secondary pathways and meaningful takeaways that supplement their visit. as the project evolved, my attention and interest began to shift defining what is landscape immersion. situated at eye-level with aviaries. As visitors move between each habitat, they experience the more towards enclosure design. Despite this shift, my designs Simply put, I was hoping to take this project as an opportunity feeling of walking through a forested holloway. The brachiating Slide 73 – Dynamic Interpretation remained committed to creating enriching experiences that to do more hand drawn renders. Renders such as these Slide 56 – Land. Immersion Concept Overview (cont.) Slide 62 – Guiding Principles (cont.) beams of each chute bridge, create the impression of looking offer educational value, all while respecting and enhancing the onscreen, are part of what inspired me to enter landscape into the tree canopy. These designs not only enrich the visitor Historically, zoos have incorporated animal shows to offer natural environment on the site. Through these initiatives, I’ve architecture and are still the preferred approach for visualizing This practice not only prioritizes animal wellness by recreating Lastly, using the “borrowed landscapes” concept, viewing experience but also highlight the significant role trees play in visitors up-close interactions. Typically, these shows involve aimed to create a deeper connection between humans and animal habitats in zoo LA firms. their natural environments but can also elicit emotional structures are placed so that visitors can spot other raptors in supporting biodiversity. moving animals out of their enclosures or keeping a separate nature, ultimately contributing to the mission of the Cascades responses that lead to improved cognitive outcomes. To the backdrop, creating an experience true to nature. collection solely for show purposes. Recently, the emergence Raptor Center. Though these elements remained unexplored in this project, I’m further align with this concept, I used living and reclaimed trees Slide 68 – Interp. Engagement of habitat theaters have begun to gain traction, serving as the excited to dive deeper into these and refine the skills gained from the expansion as the primary construction material for Slide 63 – Guiding Principles (cont.) intersection between animal enclosures and amphitheaters. Slide 78 – Next Steps during my master’s project as I begin my new career with built structures, extending the immersive aesthetic. And finally, we arrive to interpretive engagement. Interpretive The inspiration behind habitat theaters stems from the idea Studio Hanson Roberts this summer! Utilizing both reclaimed and living trees in the architectural programs are designed to generate connections with wildlife that observing animals behaving naturally in their simulated While this proposal addresses the goals that resonate most Slide 57 – Guiding Principles framework, each viewing structure seamlessly blends human by going beyond facts, instilling deeper meanings to potentially environment can be a form of entertainment in itself. with my interests, it represents merely the first phase of the Slide 83 – Zoo Design Niche and animal spaces, by extending the visual boundaries of the shape visitor attitudes. At the raptor center, interpretive raptor center’s ambitious expansion plans. I curated my own set of guidelines, taken from landscape aviary and merging with the backdrop to form, what appears as, programming will be vital for educating and engaging visitors. Slide 74 – Dynamic Interpretation (cont.) Studio Hanson Roberts is a landscape architecture firm immersion principles, to shape decisions for both animal a cohesive forest. In future phases, CRC could explore ways to integrate specializing in designing zoos and aquariums, with projects and human spaces. My goal was to create impactful first Slide 69 – Interp. Engagement (cont.) My proposal, the Cascadia Habitat Theater, looks to integrate their remaining project goals into the existing, now vacant, spanning across the globe. Their work is driven by a passion for impressions connecting visitors to the authentic ambiance Slide 64 – Flexible Innovations the traditional bird show format with the habitat theater conditions of the site. engaging people with the natural world and fostering a thriving of the raptors’ habitats in Spencer Butte’s mixed hardwood This engagement focuses on two core components: concept. Graded into the existing landscape, this theater coexistence with wildlife. forest. To push the concept of landscape immersion further, zoos seats up to 100 visitors providing a panoramic view of the Numerous opportunities remain for creative solutions including have begun designing flex enclosures. Short for flexible, flex First, static interpretation, including signage, offers Spencer Butte Forest. To further capture that feeling of place future collaborations. I encourage the students entering Slide 84 – Zoo Design Niche (cont.) Slide 58 – Guiding Principles (cont.) enclosures assist in the controlled animal movement between foundational knowledge about birds of prey through compelling in the landscape, the aviary habitats appear to emerge into their final year to take on these projects, offering your own enclosures via a chute network, operated through animal visuals that elicit passive responses to the immediate the staging area, creating a unified experience for the visitors. innovative ideas towards CRC’s eventual expansion. For everyone here, I encourage you all to explore the incredible First, selecting a habitat model serves as the foundation training. While these enclosures are common for mammals, my experience. Secondary holdings, linking each aviary, allow trainers to rotate work zoo design firms are doing. They play a crucial role for replicating features from the ideal landscape within the proposal explores their application for free-flight raptors. different raptors based on show themes. Beyond its role as a Slide 79 – Future Opportunities in shaping modern zoos and aquariums, improving visitor enclosure. This approach ensures that the simulated habitat is Slide 70 – Interp. Engagement (cont.) venue for raptor shows, the Cascadia Habitat Theater serves perceptions, and promoting conservation efforts. There’s so respectfully represented while meeting the animal’s husbandry Slide 65 – Flexible Innovations (cont.) as a secondary outdoor classroom, expanding the educational Before we conclude, I’d like to touch upon other zoo design much more I wish I could talk about related to zoo design that requirements. Second, dynamic interpretation featuring raptor shows, offers offerings of the raptor center. strategies that were not addressed in this project. If I had more I unfortunately do not have the time to disclose, but I believe Flex enclosures promote physical exercise, alleviate boredom, educative entertainment, creating emotionally engaging time, I would have liked to have explored the following: everyone will find the zoo & aquarium design niche to be Slide 59 – Guiding Principles (cont.) and expand the visitor experience by showcasing more active experiences that leave lasting impressions on visitors. Slide 75 – Dynamic Interpretation (cont.) creatively engaging and impactful, not only for the animals, but animals exhibiting behaviors similarly seen in migration, Slide 80 – Future Opportunities (cont.) the generations of people who will experience your work. Second, to create a seamless transition between the human hunting, or territorial exploration. While no enclosure can fully Slide 71 – Interp. Engagement (cont.) Through dynamic interpretation, the habitat theater engages, and animal spaces, the habitat blends continuously on all sides replicate the space and environmental complexity animals inspires, and motivates audiences, demonstrating the power Artificial rockwork allows zoos to go even further to recreate Slide 85 – Acknowledgements of the aviary, making the visitor space an extension of the experience in the wild, this managed “time share” concept aims Combining both static and dynamic interpretive programs of entertainment as a vehicle for education. As a dynamic accurate displays of animals’ natural habitats. These hand- animals’ home, alluding to the shared environment sensation. to increase both within the limitations of the site. enables the raptor center to offer diverse educational platform for educating all age groups, the Cascadia Habitat crafted works of art not only expand the possibilities of And speaking of work, I would like to acknowledge the experiences tailored to various learning styles. These Theater utilizes raptor encounters to encourage environmental enclosure design but also greatly enhance that feeling of being incredible support and guidance I received throughout my work initiatives aim to deepen visitors’ appreciation for raptors; action in the Pacific Northwest. transported to the animal’s natural environment. on this project. advocating for raptor conservation and environmental stewardship. (Acknowledging support was spoken spontaneously) 168 169 Slide 86 – Closing Remarks On a personal note, this project has been more than just an academic endeavor for me. It has been a transformative journey. As a kid, I spent hours playing a computer game called Zoo Tycoon and always dreamt of building zoos when I grew up. When I couldn’t see a path to designing zoos, I chose the next best thing, becoming a zookeeper. To be here now, merging my passion for animals with my enthusiasm for design, is truly a dream come true. The relationships I’ve built with animals and now the opportunity to design spaces that enrich their lives means so much to me. This project, and my time in school, have been pivotal in making this dream a reality and I am deeply grateful for the support I’ve received and the friendships I’ve made. Thank you all for being here today and for sharing in this journey with me. Slide 87 – Works Cited Total Runtime: 30-33 minutes 170