OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .......................................................................... 30 Paranemertes peregrina ....................................................... 32 Tubulanus polymorphus ....................................................... 34 Tubulanus sexlineatus ........................................................... 36 ANNELIDA Polychaeta Arenicolidae Abarenicola pacifica ............................................................. 38 Capitellidae Capitella capitata 40 Glyceridae Glycera robusta ...................................................................... 42 Goniadidae Glycinde armigera .................................................................. 44 Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris zonata ............................................................. 46 Nephtyidae Nephtys caeca ...................................................................... 48 Nereidae Nephtys caecoides ............................................................... 50 Nereis (Hediste) limnicola .................................................... 52 Nereis (Neanthes) brandti .................................................. 54 Nereis (Nereis) vexillosa ....................................................... 56 Ophelidae Armandia brevis .................................................................... 58 Euzonus mucronata ............................................................. 60 Ophelia assimilis .................................................................... 62 Phyllodocidae Eteone lighti .......................................................................... 64 Eteone pacifica ...................................................................... 66 Polynoidae Halosydna brevisetosa ......................................................... 68 Hesperonoe complanata ................................................... 70 Sabellidae Eudistylia vancouveri ......................................................... 72 Spionidae Boccardia proboscidea ......................................................... 74 Polydora nuchalis .................................................................. 76 Terebellidae Pista pacifica ........................................................................... 78 Thelepus crispus 80 ARTHROPODA Crustacea Cirripedia Semibalanus cariosus ....................................................... 82 Balanus crenatus .................................................................. 84 Balanus glandula .................................................................... 86 Balanus nubilus ...................................................................... 88 Tanaidacea Leptochelia dubia ......................................................... 90 MOLLUSCA Isopoda ldotea (Pentidotea) resecata ........................................... 92 ldotea (Pentidotea) wosnesenskii 94 Gnorimosphaeroma insulare ........................................... 96 Ligia pallasii 98 Limnoria tripunctata 100 laniropsis kincaidi derjugini 102 Detonella papiliicornis ..................................................... 104 Amphipoda Ampithoe lacertosa ......................................................... 106 Corophium brevis ......................................................... 108 Corophium salmonis ..................................................... 110 Corophium spinicorne ..................................................... 112 Allorchestes angusta ....................................................... 114 Eogammarus confervicolus ............................................. 116 Traskorchestia traskiana 118 Megalorchestia pugettensis ......................................... 120 Crustacea Caridea Lissocrangon stylirostris ................................................. 122 Crangon franciscorum..................................................... 124 Crangon alaskensis ......................................................... 126 Heptacarpus paludicula 128 Heptacarpus pictus ......................................................... 130 Brachyu ra Pugettia producta ........................................................... 132 Cancer antennarius ......................................................... 134 Cancer magister ............................................................. 136 Cancer oregonensis ....................................................... 138 Cancer productus ........................................................... 140 Rhithropanopeus harrisii ................................................. 142 Pinnixa faba .................................................................. 144 Hemigrapsus nudus ....................................................... 146 Hemigrapsus oregonensis............................................... 148 Pachygrapsus crassipes ................................................. 150 Mac ru ra Callianassa californiensis ............................................... 152 Upogebia pugettensis ..................................................... 154 Anomu ra Pagurus hirsutiusculus ................................................... 156 Petrolisthes cinctipes 158 Bivalvia Clinocardium nuttallii 160 Adula californiensis 162 Mytilus edulis 164 Protothaca staminea ....................................................... 166 Saxidomus giganteus ..................................................... 168 Transennella tantilla 170 Tresus capax................................................................... 172 Macoma balthica .........................................................................174 Macoma inquinata .........................................................................176 Macoma nasuta ...........................................................................178 Siliqua patula ...................................................................... ...........180 Mya arenaria ........................................................... ......................182 Cryptomya californica ................................................ ..................184 Hiatella arctica ...................................................................... .......186 Penitella penita ...................................................................... .......188 Zirfaea pilsbryi ...................................................................... .......190 Bankia setacea ............................................................................. 192 Entodesma saxicola ............................................................. .......194 Collisella digitalis ...........................................................................196 Collisella pelta ........................................................................ ...... 198 Tegula funebralis .......................................................................... 200 Littorina scutulata ........................................................................ 202 Littorina sitkana ...................................................................... ...... 204 Lacuna porrecta .................................................................... 206 Assiminea californica ........................................................... ...... 208 Nucella emarginata ...................................................................... 210 Nucella lamellosa .........................................................................212 Olivella biplicata .......................................................................... 214 Ovatella myosotis ........................................................................ 216 Alderia modesta .......................................................................... 218 Onchidoris bilamellata ................................................................. 220 Pisaster brevispinus ............................................................. ...... 222 Pisaster ochraceus ............................................................. ........ 224 Gastropoda Opisthobranchia ECHINODERMATA Asteroidea Sources of Illustrations Nearly all the drawings are originals, drawn from live specimens. A few figures have been redrawn from other sources. We acknowledge with thanks the use of these drawings: E. L. Bousfield, in Natl. Mus. Natural Sci. (Ottawa) Publ. Biol. Oceanogr. (in press), Allorchestes. W. R. Coe, in Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., 1940, Carinoma. E. C. Edwards, in The Veliger, 1968, OliveIla. H. K. Fritchman II, in The Veliger, 1965, Tegula. R. Gibson, in Nemerteans, 1973, Hutchinson University Library, Paranemertes. E. C. Haderlie, in Light Manual, 1975, University of California Press, Malocobdella. C. Hand, in Wasmann J. Biol. 1955, Haliplanella. 0. Hartman, in Allan Hancock Foundation, 1968, Lumbrineris. R. W. Hiatt, in Pacific Science, 1948, Pachygrapsus. A. Hurst, in The Veliger, 1967, Onchidoris. L. H. Hyman, in The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela, Lineus; and Mollusca, Vol. VI, Littorina, Nassarius; used with permission of McGraw-Hill. R. LeBoeuf, in The Veliger, 1971, Nucella. J. A. McDonald and C. B. Maino, in Abbott et a/, The Veliger Supplement, 1964, Tegula. G. E. MacGinitie and N. MacGinitie, in Natural History of Marine Animals, 1949, Macoma nasuta. Used with permission of McGraw-Hill. W. A. Newman, in Light Manual, 1975, University of California Press, Balanus. C. H. Oonoghue and E. Oonoghue, in Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 1922, Onchidoris. R. H. Pohlo, in The Veliger, 1963, Siliqua. M. J. Rathbun, in U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin, 1918, Rhithropanopeus. W. J. Rees, in Journ. Mar. Biol. Assn. 1938, Aequorea. G. Roesijadi, in Crustaceana 1976, Cancer antennarius. F. S. Russell, in The Medusae of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, Obelia geniculata, Obelia dichotoma. R. D. Turner, in Johnsonia, 1954, Zirfaea. C. M. Yonge, in Phil. Trans. Roy Soc. London, 1949, Macoma. Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates Intended for the biological field worker, this guide has been developed as a descriptive vehicle based on the common important estuary animals. It is not a key. One full page of illustration is given to insure a thorough, visual description of each invertebrate. Facing each illustrated plate is a full page of verbal DESCRIPTION, including size, color, and particular characteristics of each animal. A section on POSSIBLE MISIDENTIFICA- TIONS with other similar species follows. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION, covering the animal range, habitat, salinity and temperature tolerances, usual tidal level and associates is also covered. QUANTITATIVE INFORMA- TION (the anirnal weight and abundance) is given. LIFE HISTORY information includes reproduction, growth rate, longevity, usual food, predators and typical behavior. A representative but not all-inclusive BIB- LIOGRAPHY with a few notes is included for each ani- mal. A space has been left for the user notes (see blue cards in back). The reader will note some blanks, where information is not available. This guide is intended to be "open- ended", and to be updated as new information becomes known. We encourage users of the guide to contact us with additional data or corrections. The guide was designed primarily for use in Oregon estuaries, but it should work well as far south as Hum- boldt Bay, California, and up into Washington. Local Oregon distribution records are included where known. Use of northern California (Light) and Puget Sound (Koz- on) keys has not been totally successful: neither covers our area completely. The reader will recognize the par- ticularly heavy "leaning" on Light Manual, an invalu- able, accurate accumulation of invertebrate information. Interestingly, its invertebrates seem to match Oregon more closely than do Kozloff Puget Sound animals. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie impressive Intertidal Inver- tebrates of California came out just as we went to press and is referred to only generally. It is extremely valuable for current, though not directly referenced information. Tidal heights are expressed in feet, based on the mean of the low low water (MLLW). These general references were used often. and are sometimes given only short citation in the guide: Smith, Ralph, and James T. Carlton. 1975. Light Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central Calif- ornia Coast. Berkeley and Los Angeles . California Press. 716 pp. Ricketts, Edward F. and Jack Calvin. 1971. Ed. J. W. Hedgpeth. Between Pacific Tides. 4th edition. Stan- ford, California: Stanford University Press. 614 pp Kozloff, E. N., 1974a. Seashore Life of Puget Sound. the Strait of Georgia, and the San Juan Archipelago. Seattle London: University of Washington Press. 282 pp. Kozloff, E. N., 1974b. Keys to the Marine Inverte- brates of Puget Sound, the San Juan Archipelago, and adjacent Regions. Seattle London: University of Washington Press. 226 pp. Barnard, J. L., 1954 Marine Amphipoda of Oregon. Oregon State Monograph, Zoology, no. 8. 103 pp. Fauchald, K., 1977. The Polychaete Worms: Defini- tions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series 28:1-190. Hartman, Olga, 1968. Atlas of the errantiate poly- chaetous annelids from California. Los Angeles: Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern Californ- ia, 812 pp. Hartman, Olga, 1969. Atlas of the sedentariate poly- chaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, 828 pp. Hartman, Olga, and Donald J. Reish, 1950. The marine annelids of Oregon. Oregon State Monograph. Zoology, no. 6, 64 pp. Keen, A. M., and E. Coan, 1974. Marine Molluscan Genera of Western North America: An Illustrated Key. 2nd ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. vi + 208 pp. MacGinitie, G. E. and Nettie MacGinitie. 1949. Natural History of Marine Animals. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 473 pp. Morris, R. H., D. P Abbott, and E. C. Haderlie, 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford Press, 690 pp., 200 plates. Packard, E. L., 1918. Molluscan fauna from San Francisco Bay. University of California Publ. Zoo. 14:199-452. Richardson, Harriet, 1905. Monograph on the isopods of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54:727 pp. Schmitt, Waldo L., 1921. The marine decapod Crust- acea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 23:470 pp. Aequorea aequorea a large common hydromedusa (Forskal, 1775) PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Hydrozoa ORDER: Hydroida, Leptomedusae FAMILY: Aequoreidae Description Medusa Stage COLOR-transparent aqua blue with whitish radial canals. SIZE-up to 15 cm diameter4. BELL-relatively flat, except when contracted in swimming; thick, gelatinous, large, rigid; with ring canal around margin and radial canals from mouth to margin (fig. 1). RADIAL CANALS-about 60 6 around bell margin; (fig. 1, 2) simple, not branched in two Gonads are suspended from radial canals. Excretory pores open at the canal bases near the ten- tacles4. GONADS-not finger-like; attached to radial canals (fig. 1). TENTACLES-numerous (over 50) 5; hollow, not branched; on a single whorl around bell margin 12 on ring canal. Can be very long and extended. Have stinging bodies (nematocysts) for protection and food-gathering. MOUTH-part of tubular manubrium large, surrounded by numerous frilled lips (fig. 2). VELUM- a flap of tissue, barely visible inside bell rim; used for swimming4 (Figure. 1). Hydroid stage (polypoid, or attached stage) Very small (fig. 3, 4, 5); simple or slightly branched colonies, with rarely more than two polyps; hydrocaulus (stem) up to 2.5 mm; hydranth with about 20 tentacles, a mouth, and a web with nematocysts. Some stems have gonophores (fig. 5) which re- lease medusae. Tiny planular larvae, embryos from sexual products of the medusa, settle on their sides (fig. 3) and become new polyps (fig. 4, 5).13 Possible Misidentifications Aequorea is very large for a hydroid medusa, and it is the only Leptomedusa with more than 24 radial canals (most have only four)12. The Scyphozoa, or true jellyfish, are large, have fringed mouth lobes, scalloped margins, no velum, and a complex pat- tern of radial canals 12. Some have prominent, pendant oral arms. Very young Aequorea, up to 4 mm, can look very like Polyorchis in shape, even to lacking the numerous radial canals of the adult. "The species are more or less doubtful" thus some writers would call it A. forskalea" or "sp."2 (i.e., Aurelia). The nomen- clature is further confused by separate naming of polypoid stage by early workers, ie. Campanulina". Ecological Information RANGE-in many temperate waters, northern and southern hemispheres; well known in northwest: Puget Sound, British Columbia. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION bays, and nearshore waters. HABITAT--medusae are found floating in the plankton, and often in harbors as well. The attached, or hydroid forms are often encountered in the intertidal 12. Specific information on Aequorea hydroids is not available. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. Cannot tolerate unusual amounts of fresh water, as from storms8. TEMPERATURE-a cold to temperate species. TIDAL LEVEL-medusae are found only floating; hydroids are intertidal. ASSOCIATES small anemone Bucidium aequorea in some- times parasitic on lower side of Aequorea (Puget Sound)8. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-most common large medusa; it can occur in great numbers locally at the right time of year. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-an interesting life cycle, with a good example of alternation of generations: the attached, polypoid colony is delicate and plant-like. From the buds, medusae develop asexually and become free swimming. All medusae from a single colony are the same sex. Medusae discharge sperm or eggs into the water and the embryos produced become planula larvae which settle and develop into new polypoids. GROWTH RATE-very fast. especially as compared to anemones 8; egg to polyp (in lab), less than 6 days13. LONGEVITY-probably only a few months. Found April through September (Puget Sound) 5; (medusae). FOOD-crustaceans and their larvae; polychaetes, ctenophores, medusae, cannery refuse 4. Feeding response mostly tactile. PREDATORS-well protected by nematocysts (stinging cells). Giant sunfish (Mo/a mo/a) eat them, as do some nudibranchs. BEHAVIOR-small polypoid stage needs well-sheltered place to attach. Usual stage seen in floating medusa (figs. 1, 2). Often high mortality after a storm or sudden presence of fresh water8. Medusa is luminescent when stimulated. Bibliography 1. Brusca, Gary J. and Richard C. Brusca. 1978. A Naturalist Seashore Guide, Mad River Press, Arcata, CA. Pp. 49-52. 2. Fraser, C. McLean. 1916. On the development of Aequorea forskalea. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 3, vol. x, pp. 97-104, figs. 1-8. 3. 1937.Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States. Univ. Toronto Press, 207 pp. 4. Hyman, L.H. 1940. The Invertebrates; Protozoa through Ctenophora. Vol. I, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. London. Pp. 382, 396. 413, 416. 420. 445, 448. 450, 495. 5. Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 62-7. As Aequorea aequorea. 6. 1974b. P. 17-8. 7. Kramp. P.L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 40:1-469. Pp. 203-9. 8. MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp. 120. 117-143. 9. Naumov, D.V. 1960. Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR (in Russian). Zool, Inst. Akad, Nauk, SSSR. no. 70. 585 pp.. pl. I-XXX. English translation, 1969, by Israel Program for Scientific Translation. available from U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Clearinghouse for Sci. and Tech. Information, Springfield, VA 22151. 10. Rees. W.J. 1938. Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. vol. xxiii, pp. 1-42. figs. 1-12. 11. Russell, F.S. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles. Vol. I, Anthomedusae. Leptomedusae. Limnomedusae...530 pp. Pp. 337, 342f. As A. forskalea. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 75. 77. 82. As Aequorea sp. 13. Strong, L.H. 1925. Development of certain Puget Sound hydroids and medusae. Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Sta. vol. III. pp. 383-99. Includes A. victoria (= forskalea). Page 6 I Aequorei g aequorea x I !medusa, rather flat, heavy bell with about 60 racial canals wide mouth; over 50 tentacles on ring canal; gonads along radial canals. 2. medusa, dorsal viewmouth with fringed lips actual length . 15 mm 3.planulae, 72 hrs. x 270.66 laterally attached; branch becomes polyp. 4. hydranth,I44 hrs. x 266 3 , 4 , redrawn frotri Strong, (1925). 5 singlel polyp x50, Canwanu/ina: actual length 2mm hydranth web has nematocysts. 6. new medusa, x 50 actual diameter, 1.1 mm 5., 6,, redrawn from Rees, (1938). Obelia longissima a floating dock hydroid Pallas, 1766 PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Hydrozoa ORDER: Hydroida, Leptomedusae FAMILY: Campanularidae Description Hydroid (polypoid form) COLOR-transparent white when young, main stems "horn" colored; old, mature colonies look dirty. SIZE-colony can be up to 60 cm") (fig. 1). GONOTHECA-medusae-producing buds (fig. 2c) also cal- led "gonangia" 8 ; axillary, ie. grow out of the angle between the stem and the hydrotheca; "ovate, smooth, with raised central aperture" HYDROTHECAE-bell-like, large, and deep; margin toothed; borne on long, ringed "pedicels" (fig. 2d, f). STEMS-thread-like, many-branched, ringed at joints, branches alternate, stalks short, (fig. 2). Medusa (sometimes called 0. lucifera) COLOR-clear; some color at tentacle bases, on mouth, gonads. SIZE-when "new", .5 mm; grows to 5 mm 2; full size. 2.5 -6 MM. BELL-very thin, flat; small stomach, no peduncle, rudimentary velum (fig. 3); mouth with four lips. RADIAL CANALS-four; straight; each containing globular go- nads (fig. 3). RING CANAL-narrow; with eight statocysts (balance struc- tures); no ocelli, (fig. 3) TENTACLES-numerous, solid, short; 20-24 in newly hatched medusae; 46-90 in "0. lucifera" (Browne, in Russe117). Possible Misidentifications There are two very closely related species of Obelia. (fig. 4) 0. geniculata has a central zig zag stem, thickened at the joints; its hydrothecae are rather conical, slightly longer than wide, with plain margins and borne on short stalks with 4-6 rings; its gonothecae are axillary (in the joint), urn-shaped, with a raised center, and attached by a short stalk with 3-4 rings (fig. 4a). 0. dichotoma has slender, nearly straight, ana irregularly branched, annulated stems; its branches are often long, giving a "whitish, fuzzy appearance" 3; the colony can be up to 2 cm2. Its hydrothecae are alternate, broad, bell-shaped, the tops are many sided, with slightly sinuated margins; its gonothecae are axillar, slender, smooth, widening from the base, and ending in a "raised, somewhat conical aperture" 9 (fig. 4b). Other hydroids which have stalks, and thecae within which their hydranths can be retracted (fig. 2b) include those of the families Campanulinidae and Phialellidae 10, which are very small and have tubular thecae with a pointed operculum. Other Campanularidae (bell-shaped hydrothecae) include Phialidium sp. and Campanularia sp. both of which have colonies of less than 2 cm in height, and are rarely branched. The genus most closely related to Obelia is Gonothyraea, which does not release free medusae, but retains them within the gonotheca. Cornelius 2 has preferred 0. longissima to Obelia bidentata Clark, the Atlantic species. Ecological Information DISTRIBUTION-worldwide (Obelia sp.); 0. longissima Alaska to San Pedro, California. RANGE-all three closely related species (0. geniculata, 0. dictotoma) are found in northern California and Puget Sound; other species may be present as well, some of them introduced10. HABITAT-hydroids like docks, kelp, and floats in Days; healthy colonies are found on exposed pilings, particularly where water is clean and fast-moving. Medusae are found floating, probably not far from their hydroid parents. They probably are not light de- pendent for vertical distribution Page 8 SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00; an Atlantic species, 0. biden- tata was found to have a wide distribution across the estuarine gradient, down to 0.5 0/00; 0. dichotoma was found down to 12 0/002. TEMPERATURE -found in cold temperate waters; settling may occur in cooler temperatures during the year11. TIDAL LEVEL-most abundant in middle intertidal and lust below. ASSOCIATES asellote isopods, copepods, diatoms, sea slug Eubranchus, nudibranchs Dendronotus frondosus, Phidiana crassicornis (Bodega Bay 11), pycnogonid Halosoma veridintestinale; with medusae: pycnogonid larvae of Anaphia (England). Barna- cle larvae cannot settle where Obelia growth is heavyll. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- particularly common in harbors in northern California"), and in British Columbian. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-like other Hydroida, Obelia has both a sexual reproduction and an asexual one. The medusae are producers of eggs and sperm the larvae of which settle and become hydroids. The production of medusae by the hydroid is apparently tied to lunar periodicity: to the third week of the moon (Elmhirst, 1925, in Russells). The complete life cycle (swimming larvae to hydroid colony discharging medusae): takes one month s . Lab reared medusae are sexually mature six days after emergence (Browne in Russell s). Obelia are present all year, but are most numerous in spring to late summer. Settling of 0. dichotoma (northern California) found in May, June, not in July 9. Another worker (Boyd in Standing s) found settling in winter, spring and early summer, corresponding to low water temperatures. Bud- ding, release of medusae only below 12 (lab)6. Asexual reproduction, budding by the hydroid to form medusae, is the other stage of duplication. GROWTH RATE-several generations possible in a year; 0. dichotoma grow to 2.5 mm in 19 days (from 1 mm): Browne in Russell s . Growth: direct correlation with temperatures of 8-20 6. LONGEVITY-about one month (complete life cycle). FOOD-crustaceans and their larvae, arrowworm Sagitta (England), young fish. PREDATORS- Op i sthobranch Eubranchus eats hydroid buds3 BEHAVIOR noted for quick movements; often found inverted (fig. 3). Bibliography 1. Calder, D. R. 1976. in Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior, ed. Mackie. Plenum Press, N.Y. The zonation of hydroids along salinity gradients in South Carolina estuaries. Pp. 165-174. 2. Cornelius, P F S., 1975. The hydroid species of Obelia (Coelenterate, Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae) with notes on the medusa stage. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Natur. Hist.), Zoology 28:249-93. 3. Kozloff, E 1974a. Pp. 55-7. 91-2 4. Kramp, P L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 40 1-469. Pp. 160, 162-4. 5. MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp 119, 120, 131, 133, 256. 6. Morris, Abbott, Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 46-7. Numerous references. 7. Parker, T J. and W. A. Haswell, 1951. MacMillan and Co. London. Pp. 123-135. 8 Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 96, 123, 219, 298, 349, 356, 366, 461. 9 Russell, F S. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles. Vol. I: Anthomedusae. Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae...530 pp. Cambridge. Pp. 297-303. 10. Smith Carlton, 1975. Pp. 67, 72-76, 77. 11 Standing, J. D. 1976. in Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior, ed. Mackie, Plenum Press, N.Y. Fouling community structure: effects of the hydroid Obelia dichotoma on larval recruitment. Pp. 155-164. 13.0. geniculoto 4. other species (from Russell 1953, after Hincks 1868). b.O. dichotomo I. Obe//a long/Ss/ma x white, many-branched colonies 2.closeup, single branch x 30 a. budsb. hydranth, tentacles retracted.c. gonotheca, showing medusae buds.d. hydrotheca ,( covering young polyp).e.hydranth ,tentacles exfendea. f. empty hydrotheca. PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Hydrozoa ORDER: Hydroida, Anthomedusae FAMILY: Polyorchidae Polyorchis penicillatus a bell-shaped hydromedusa (Eschscholtz, 1829) Description - Medusa COLOR-transparent white with purple eyespots; gonads and other organs variable (yellow brown to purple)5. SIZE-taller than wide: to 60 mm high, 40 mm wide 2; averages over 25 mm wide5. BELL-higher than wide; thin, delicate, not gelatinous. MANUBRIUM- extends from short, pronounced gelatinous gastric peduncle (fig. 1); as long as bell cavity; with four oral lips densely set with nematocysts which form a distinct mar- ginal band (fig. 1). RADIAL CANALS-four, each with 15-25 pairs of short diverti- cula (blind side branches), (fig. 1)3. GONADS-four to eleven (average: eight); sausage shaped, hanging from each radial canal as it joins manubrium (fig. 1). They produce either eggs or sperm. TENTACLES-up to 160, in a single whorl along bell margin on ring canal; not in clusters. Number of tentacles increases rapidly with ages. RING CANAL-simple, contains tentacles; ocelli on extensions at bases of tentacles (fig. 2). OCELLI--pigmented eyespots suspended from ring canal; "abaxial": not on canal (fig. 2). NEMATOCYSTS-stinging organelles (fig. 4) found on manu- brium, each containing a poison sac and a stinging thread. Produced by cnidoblast, specialized cells (fig. 3). HYDROID-unknown. Possible Misidentifications Several other Polyorchidae occur in our area: P mon- tereyensis, a small (to 40 mm high) species with up to 45 gonads on each canal, has 25-30 pairs of lateral diverticula and up to about 80 tentacles6 . P haplus is very small (15-20 mm high), has 20-25 gonads on each canal, and only knob- like diverticula on its radial canals. It has up to 24 tentacles6. Scrippsia pacifica, the largest of the family, is 75 mm high, with a long peduncle reaching halfway down the bell, numer- ous gonads, and about 256 tentacles in 7 ycles some attached on the bell above the radial canal. Other tall, bell-shaped medusae are either very small (like new Aequorea), or have greatly different tentacles or manub- rium: ie. Coryne, "Sarsia", etc. Ecological Information DISTRIBUTION-California to Hawaii 4; northwest waters 3; type locality probably San Francisco Bay. RANGE-in plankton in bays, seasonally, in Oregon. HABITAT- medusae: floating in plankton near the surface: often found in bays, around docks, in summer and into fall. San Francisco Bay: December-April. Polypoid stage: a single hydroid colony was growing on a sponge on the upper sur- face of the rock scallop Hinnites giganteus, in 15 m. of water off Vancouver Is. SALINITY-collected in full seawater: 30 0/00 (medusa). TEMPERATURE-found from cold waters (Vancouver) and temperate waters (San Francisco). A specimen from the Gulf of California is considered doubtful (Bigelow in Skogsberg6). TIDAL LEVEL-Throughout water column. ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-the most common large Anthomedusa in our area. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-like other Hydrozoans, Polyorchis has a two-layered reproductive cycle, involving both asexual and sexual processes. Efforts to raise Polyorchis in the lab have produced planula larvae; these would not settle, however (authors). A single colony of P penicillatus has been de- scribed. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS-Aequorea. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Brinkmann-Voss, A 1977. The hydroid of Polyorchi penicillatus (Esch- scholtz) (Polyorchidae. Hydrozoa. 2. Kozioff, E. 1974b. Pp. 17-8. 3. Kramp, P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 40: pp. 125-6. 4. Mayer, A. G. 1910. Medusae of the World. Vols. I and H. The Hydro- medusae. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. no. 109. 5. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth. 1971. Pp. 96, 228, 363-4. 460. 6. Skogsberg. T. 1948. A systematic study of the family Polyorchidae (Hydromedusae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4):26: 101-124. especially pp. 118-21. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Hydrozoa by J. T Rees C. Hand. Pp. 77, 81.97. Page 10 Po/yore/7/s pen/cactus I. Polyorchis penicillotus x2 actual size of bell 5 cm high four radial canals, each with 15-25 pairs diverticula; long manu brium ; nematocyst-banded lips; 4-11 sausage-shaped gam up to 160 tentacles on ring canal. 4. generalized nematocysts a.undischarged b.exploded 3.cnidoblast Tubularia crocea a floating dock hydroid (Agassiz, 1862) PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Hydrozoa ORDER: Hydroida, Anthomedusa FAMILY: Tubularidae Description COLOR-stem (hydrocaulus) white to light tan: feeding tentacles (proximal and distal) transparent white; gonophores light pink and dark coral: manubrium pale yellow-orange. SIZE-colony in large bushy clusters to 15 cm; stems to 2 cm long "flowers" (hydranth) up to 1 cm when extended. "largest athecate hydroid - (genus), Puget Sound STEM-(hydrocaulus) unbranched, crooked, covered with fine "hairs" (diatoms). HYDRANTH-without theca: suborder Anthomedusa (fig. 2). (Theca is present in Leptomedusan hydroids). TENTACLES-filiform (thread-like), simple, in two whorls: proxi- mal-long, extended feeding tentacles at the base of the hy- dranth, and distal-short, tentacles usually contracted around mouth (figs. 2, 3). Usually close to the same number of distal and proximal tentacles: species crocea. Older specimens have more tentacles than do young ones, which will have only 10 proximal tentacles when "new". MOUTH-(manubrium); simple, circular; on a cone (fig. 3). GONOPHORES-"abortive medusae" or gonomedusae in clusters on stalks (racemes) between the two whorls of tentacles. Within the gonophores develop the planulae which become tentaculate, crawling larvae, the actinulae (fig. 5). ACTINULA-larval stage which attaches to substrate and be- comes new polyp. Up to 10 capitate (knobbed) tentacles contain- ing nematocysts visible inside are manubrium, distal tentacle buds (fig. 5). In T lamyx, tentacles can vary from 6 to 13. Most have 107. Possible Misidentifications The other common local species, Tubularia marina, is a small, solitary athecate hydroid of the outer coast. Its stalk is usually about 2.5 cm. long, it has fewer distal tentacles than proximal ones, and it is less showy than T. crocea, as it does not occur in clumps as the latter does. It does live in estuarine habitats in Puget Sound Other athecate (without a cup-like theca) hydroids often have some capitate (knobbed) tentacles as adults, ie. Cladonema, Hydrocoryne. Of those with only threadlike tentacles, some like Hydractinia and Eudendrium have only a single whorl of tentacles, not two whorls as in Tubularia. Others, such as Turritopsis and Clava have tentacles in scattered patterns rather than in whorls". Other Pacific species of Tubularia in the literature, but about which there is little information, are T. prolifer and larynx (England)7. Ecological Information RANGE-north temperate seas, Atlantic and Pacific (intro- duced to the Pacific from the Atlantic".) LOCAL DISTRIBUTION- Oregon and California estuaries. Coos Bay: South Slough, Charleston, Fossil Point. T marina seems to be a more northern species. HABITAT-likes cold water with good movement; often found on undersides of floating docks. Not bothered by strong light 3. One of the invertebrate organisms most resistant to such poisons as copper (Barnes, 1948, in 7). SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE-responds badly to warm water in lab: loses hydranths. Regression occurs with summer temperatures3. TIDAL LEVEL-low intertidal; subtidal to 40m.6 ASSOCIATES- suctorian protozoans, diatoms (especially in fall. darkening stems; caprellid and tube-building amphipods, isopods, copepods, mussels. A pycnogonid, Anoplodactylus erectus, is parasitic in the digestive tract of Tubularia in south- ern California, distending the polyps abnormally 8 . Some amphipods (Stenothoe) are immune to Tubularia nemato- cysts3 . The colonial Tubularia and its substrate constitute a rich microecosystem on the floating docks. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-colonies can be quite dense under the night conditions of water and movement. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-sexual colonies dioecious. Asexual: new hydranths can grow from stolons (subsurface runners); sexual: actinulae, formed in gonophores. correspond to the medusae stage in other hydroids; these produce eggs and sperm while still attached to hydranth, then crawl away and attach to substrate and form new polyps. There is no swimming stage. One polyp can produce over 100 gonomedusae (not simultaneously) 5. The gonomedusae most distal on the racemes (stalks) mature soonest 3. Mature male gonomedusae are white. the immature have a red stripe s. Each polyp is sexually separate: clusters of polyps will be grouped in the colony by sex because of asexual reproduction from stolons. Release mechanisms for spawning and larvae release are not known 8 , but possibly could be due to a change in light intensity 7 and in water speed. In one area, only one species of Tubularia will be sexually active at a time. GROWTH RATE-two weeks to maturity; 6-8 days from ripe female gonads to liberation of viable actinulae 3. Settlement of actinulae to first generation of new larvae takes 24 days Stolon growth rate: a steady 1 mm/day 3. Settlement of actinulae begins after about 24 hours Easily grown in the lab. LONGEVITY- FOOD-copepods, chaetognaths, portunid zooae, small mysids. siphonophores, eudoxids, salps: rejects pteropods. pycnogonids. PREDATORS- pycnogonids; nudibranchs Cratena and Den- dronotus feed on polyps (England) BEHAVIOR most unusual is the actinula stage. "The colony is the unit, not the polyp"7. Bibliography 1. Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 58-9: T. marina. 2. 1974b. Pp. 15, 17: T. profiler medusa. 3. Mackie. G. 0. 1966. in The Cnidaria and their Evolution. ed. W. J. Rees. Zool. Soc. London, Academic Press. Growth of the hydroid Tubularia in culture, pp. 397-412. 4. 1974. in Coelenterate Biology, ed. Muscatine and Lenhoff. Academic Press, N.Y. Locomotion, flotation and dispersal. pp. 313-352. 5. Miller, R. L. 1976. in Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior, ed. Mackie. Plenum Press, N.Y. some observations on sexual reproduction in Tubularia. Pp. 299-308. 6. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 42-3. 7. Pyefinch, K. A. and F S. Downing, 1949. Notes on the general biology of Tubularia larynx Ellis and Solander. Jour. mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 28:61-82. 8. Rees, W. J., and F. S. Russet, 1937. On rearing the hydroids of certain medusae, with an account of the methods used. J. mar. biol. Assoc. U. K. 22:61-82. 9. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 57, 98, 104, 316, 367f, 460. 10. Russell, F S. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles. Vol. I: Antho- medusae, Leptomdeusae, Limnomedusae..., pp. 75, 79, 83. 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 18, 23, 66, 72, 82. Page 12 4. gonophores, x 30 a.showing racemes (stems) b, with developing marginal lappets, 5. actinulde x 30 I mm TUbIlierit g crocea I. colony x 4 actual polyp height c. 2 cm, 2. hydranth, x 1 actual diameter 3mm two whorls of tentacles, distal and proximal; gonophores between whorls. Anthopleura artemisia (= Evactis) a burrowing anemone (Pickering in Dana, 1848) PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Anthozoa, Zoantharia ORDER: Actiniaria TRIBE: Thenaria, Endomyaria FAMILY: Actiniidae Description SIZEost around 25 mm diameter, 60-70 mm long; largest observed (California): 90 mm long, 25 mm column diameter. This specimen 20 mm long, 25 mm crown diameter, 15 mm column diameter. COLORral disc can be red, brown, gray, black (solid or con- centric patterns); this specimen: brown disc, tan spots, light tan mouth. Tentacles brightly colored and/or patterned: red, white, black, blue, or orange; species artemisia.8 This specimen: "day glo" and pink tentacles, pink spots on oval disc. Column: top (distal) third black, brown, or gray shading to white or pink at proximal third (this specimen: gray). Verrucae on collar tend to be white-tipped.Mesentery insertions can be visible on bottom third of column, showing as vertical white lines (not on this specimen). Acrorhagi white (fig. 2). SHAPEan be quite elongate (not figured); long column, with tubercules near top; slender, tapering tentacles; broad flat oral disc. Prominent collar and acrorhagi (spherules). A. artemisia can also contract into a crevice with only its crown showing. When contracted, it forms a low round-topped pillar(fig. 1). Adherent shell and debris are typical of this solitary species. BASEircular to irregular; well attached to substrate; often wider than column; no physa (bulb) at base. COLUMNan extend to five times diameter; well-developed collar; longitudinal rows of verrucae, especially on uppermost (distal) third of column (fig. 1), rarely any verrucae on proximal third of column: species artemisia. COLLAR (PARAPET)ell-developed, separated from ten- tacles by deep fosse (groove) in which there are acrorhagi (spherules). Collar covered with compound verrucae (fig. 3). ACRORHAGI (SPHERULES)ound, hollow white in- conspicuous structures in fosse, just under tentacles (fig. 2, 3): genus Anthopleura; contain nematocysts. VERRUCAE (TUBERCULES)ounded, wart-like structures; adherent, collect shell, debris for protection; also contain cinclides (pores) (see fig. 4, A. elegantissima). Verrucae on col- lar (where they are compound, with 3-6 vesicles each (fig. 3); well-developed, in longitudinal rows on upper third of column, sparsely spaced and single in middle third of column; usually none on lowest third of column: species artemisia? Verrucae near acrorhagi sometimes white-tipped. MESENTERIESnterior vertical partitions; up to 24 pairs in some adults; often irregular due to asexual longitudinal fission. Mesenterial insertions often visible on proximal third of column in elongated specimens, as white lines (not shown). NEMATOCYSTS (CNIDAE)iny stinging cells; many kinds, dif- fering in size, distribution from other species (not shown). ACONTIAthread-like defensive structures expelled through column wall); none. TENTACLESumerous, slender, tapering; about 1 as long as oral disc diameter; rarely; more than 5 orders.Arrangement sometimes irregular due to longitudinal fission of animal. ORAL DISCroad, usually flat, about 1 1 when expanded. Radial lines (mesenterial insertions) (fig. 2). Open central area (tentacle-free) sometimes with radial pattern. LIPSot ribbed; do not protrude above disc surface; usually with siphonglyphs (ciliate grooves) but can have 1 or 3. Mouth commonly an elongate slit (Fig. 2). Possible Misidentifications There are other more common estuarine anemones (Metridium, Hatiplanella, etc.), but none of them have acrorhagi inside the fosse at the collar edge, or adherent tubercules on the column. Anthopleura species have both of these, as well as a well-developed pedal disc (base), and a flat broad oral disc with a clear central area. Anthopleura xanthogrammica is usually an open coast species, large, green solitary and unicolored; its column is completely covered with verrucae (they are not in rows). It is found occasionally in the lower reaches of the most marine estuaries. Anthopleura elegantissima, the aggregating anemone, can be solitary, like A. artemisia, and is often found in like habitats, i.e. rock substrate with sand and mud over the rock. A. elegan- tissima has verrucae in longitudinal rows on the entire column. not just on the upper part; the column is green or whitish, not black or gray fading to pinkish. The tentacles in elegantissima are pink, white, purple, blueish or green, not brightly colored red, orange or patterned, as in A. artemisia. A. elegantissima, when solitary, is usually larger than A. artemisia, which never has symbiotic algae in its endoderm. A. artemisia is the only species of the genus whose verrucae do not extend down to the base. Small artemisia can be confused with Metridium when con- tracted, for their bright tentacles are hidden and they are plain gray or greenish. Ecological Information RANGElaska to southern California; possibly Japan. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay Pigeon Point. HABITATn estuaries, attached to a solid substrate, often in a crevice or pholad burrow; column often buried in mud or sand, with only crown exposed; withdraws into its burrow when disturbed or at low tide. Also on pilings, floats, and on open coast. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVEListribution centers around mean lower low water but also found occasionally quite a bit higher. ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE Life History Information REPRODUCTIONexual: separate sexes; gonads borne on directive mesenteries attached to siphonoglyphs, asexual reproduction by longitudinal fission. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODmall crustaceans. PREDATORSot one of the preferred foods of coelenterate predator Aeolidia.9 BEHAVIORetracts completely into "burrow" when dis- turbed. Bibliography 1. Francis, L 1973 Intraspecific aggression and its effect on the distrIbunon of Anthopleura elegantrssrma and some related sea anemones. Biol. Bull 144:73-92. 2 Hand, C H 1955. The sea anemones of central California Pat t H the en domyanan and mesomyaroan anemones. Wasrnann J Bioi 13 37-99 Key. p 46, pp 61-8 3 Hyman, L H 1940 The Invertebrates Protozoa through Ctenophora. Vol I, McGraw-Hill, N Y. and London. Pp 5661 4 Kozloff, E 1974b. Key, p 25 5 Morns, R.H., D.P Abbott. and E. C Haderlie, 1980 Intertidal /n vertebrates of Caleforno Stanford Press. 690 pp 200 plates Pp 59-60, pi. 22 6 Powell, D.C. 1964 Fluorescence in the sea anemone Anthopleura artemisia - Bull. Amer. Littoral Soc. 2 17 7 Ricketts and Calvin. 1971 Rev. Hedgpeth. P 289 8 Smith and Carlton, 1975 C Hand on Anthozoa. Pp 86-91 9 Waters, V L 1975 Food preference of the nudibranch Aeoltdia papillosa. and the effect of the defenses of the prey on predation. The Veliger 1574-92 Page 14 I. contracted specimen x 4 actual diameter (base) 25 mm algae, shell adhere to verrucae on upper third, sand particles near base; column gray: many verrucae on upper third, sparse on middle third, none near base. base AnthopIeura orternisia 2. Anlhop/eura oriemisio x 4 crown width 25 mm; brightly colored tentacles, slender, tapering, about 5 rows ., broad oral disc; lips not grooved, mouth a long slit; 1-3 siphonoglyphs. acrorhagi: round, white, under tentacles. base------- 4. verrucae, mid-column x 12 simple, sparsely spaced; none near base.3. verrucae, acrorhagi (collar) x 12 verrucae compound; acrorhagi round, white, in single row in fosse under tentacles. Anthopleura elegantissima (Bundodactis) the aggregated anemone Brandt, 1835 PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Anthozoa, Zoantharia ORDER: Actiniaria TRIBE: Thenaria, Endomyaria FAMILY: Actiniidae Description SIZEmall to medium-sized: a large specimen about 65 mm diameter. Crown can be to 90 mm across (solitary specimens); aggregated individuals common size about 25-40 mm. Usually larger in bays than on open coast.This specimen 35 mm high, 45 mm disc diameter. COLORentacles tipped with pink, purple or other colors; this specimen with white, green, maroon tentacles. Disc green with maroon radial lines (this specimen). Column usually green: genus Anthopleura": green caused by symbiotic algae cells. Collar green, acrorhagi white (figs. 2, 3). Puget Sound forms often red and green. SHAPEtrong collar, broad flat disc, slender pointed ten- tacles; column with longitudinal rows of tubercules, attached shell and debris. Body walls soft, thin.Becomes a hemi- spheric glob when contracted (fig. 3) BASEttached to substrate; well-developed pedal disc. Genus Anthopleura Outline circular to very irregular: species elegantissima. Base usually same diameter as column. No physa (bulb) at base. COLUMNwice as high as diameter when extended; herni- spherical when contracted. Entire column covered with round verrucae (tubercules) in longitudinal rows: species elegantissima. VERRUCAEimple tubercules, adherent: collect gravel, shell, debris. Tubercules on collar are forked, compound (see A. artemisia, fig. 3). Verrucae in rows, not densely packed, become fewer toward base ("limbos"). COLLAR (PARAPET)trong: well-developed fosse (groove) (fig. 2). ACRORHAGI (SPHERULES)ound, hollow bodies covered with nematocysts; inconspicuous at top of column just outside tentacles (fig. 2): genus Anthopleura. DISCroad, flat, with radiating lines (mesenterial insertions); large central area tentacle-free. Disc slightly wider than col- umn, or of similar width. MOUTHips may be swollen or flush with surface of disc. Lips not ribbed. TENTACLESore than 24; pointed; no oral inner ring of ten- tacles. Tentacles about as long as diameter of disc (fig. 3) usually more than 5 orders (rows) present. CINCLIDEStemporary or permanent pores at tips of ver- rucae): many, on column (fig. 4). MESENTERIESertical body partitions: from 6 in young specimens to more than 24 pairs in mature adults. Visible at high magnification as vertical lines on column, particularly near base. Can be irregular, due to asexual fission (not shown). ACONTIAthread-like defensive structures expelled through column wall): none. NEMATOCYSTSeveral kinds, in tentacles, column, acrorhagi, actinopharynx and filaments (not shown); see Metridium Possible Misidentifications The genus Anthopleura can be distinguished from other estuarine anemones (Metridium, Haliplanella, Diadumene) by their acrorhagi inside the fosse under the tentacles, and by the verrucae on their columns. Anthopleura always have a well- developed pedal disc and a flat, oral disc with a clear central area. Two other species of Anthopleura occur here: Anthopleura xanthogrammica is a large open coast species occasionally found in the most marine parts of our estuaries. It is very large, solitary (not aggregating), with uniformly colored disc and tentacles (not pink-tipped or with radial lines on the disc). The tentacles are in 6 or more rows.Its verrucae com- pletely cover the column (they are not in rows). Anthopleura artemisia has tubercules on the upper 2/3 of its column only; the column is white or pink below and usually gray or black above; its tentacles are brightly colored and patterned (red in Coos Bay). A. artemisia is more likely to be found bur- rowing in a sandy or muddy substrate than A. elegantissima, which can live close by. Other sand-dwelling anemones might include Flosmaris, a southern form, which is elongate and has a translucent or white column. Most other elongated or tube-dwelling forms, i.e. Cerinatharia, are not intertidal in our area. Ecological Information RANGElaska to southern California. Page 16 LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: Pigeon Point. HABITATn rocky substrates, often in full sun, where it ag- gregates in beds of up to 60 ft.,100,000 animals. Often in sand, but attached to underlying rock. Can survive in polluted waters:8 SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVELrom 0 to +4.5 feet above mean lower low water level. ASSOCIATESreen algae (zoochlorellae) and dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in gut tissue; amphipod in digestive cavity. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEost abundant anemone on coas 6 : most abundant Anthopleura in Coos Bay. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONexual: spawning in September (San F ran- cisco).1Asexual: longitudinal fission, producing aggregations of "clones" common to this species (all are similar in coloration and sex. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITYeputed to be very long lived"; especially suc- cessful as an aquarium animal. FOODargely crustaceans: copepods, amphipods, isopods." Food preference seems to be genetically determined. PREDATORSeastars; nudibranch Aeolidia papillose attacks the column. BEHAVIORnemones at edges of clonal groups will "attack. neighboring (and different) clonal individuals with their acrorhagi, causing wounds, a corridor between clonal groups is thus maintained.Symbiotic green algae may aid anemone in modifying phototaxisand in averting starvation.Anemones. contract, inflate, expel nematocysts or detach and move when column attacked by nudibranch Aeolidia Bibliography 1. Buchsbaum, V M 1968 Behavioral and physiological responses to Ham by the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissana as related ro its alua symblotes Doctoral thesis, Biological Sciences, Stanford Stanford, Calif 123 pp. 2 Childress. L 1970 Intraspecific aggression and its relation to the disbar,- bon pattern of the clonal sea anemone Aranopleura elegantissrisa Doc- toral thesis Biological Sciences. Stanford Univ , Stanford. Calif r 23 op 3. Ford, C E 1964 Reproduction in the aggregating sea anemone As thopleura elegantissima Pan Sci 18.138-45 4 Francis, L 1973 Clone specific segregation in the sea anemone An thopleura elegantissima. Biol. Bull. 144:64-72 5 1973b Intraspecif lc aggression and its effect on the distribu tion of Anthopleura elegantissima and some related sea anemones Biol Bull 144 73-92 6 Fredericks, C. 1976 Oxygen as a limiting factor in phototaxis and in in- terclonal spacing of Anthopleura elegantissima 7 Hand, C H. 1955. The sea anemones or central California Part 2 The en- domyarian and mesomyarran anemones. Wasrnarin, J Biol. 13:37-99. Pc 54-61 Indispensable. 8. Howe, N R 1976 Behavior evoked by an alarm pheromone in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Doctoral thesis Biological Sciences. Stanford Uri_ Stanford, Calif 99 pp 9 Jennison, B.L.1975 The effect of increased temperature on reproduction in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissirsa 10 Kozloff, E. 1974a Pp 144-5. 257 11 19740. Key p 25. 12 Morris, R H., Intertidal Invertebrates of California Stanford Press: 690 pp., 200 plates. Pp 58. 9, pr 21 Good bibliography. 13. Muscatine, L 1961. Symbiosis in marine and freshwater coelenterates. pp. 255-68. in Lenhoff and Soorms, 1961, The biology of Hydra and of some other coelenterates. Coral Gables. FL Univ of Miami Press, 467 pp. 14 1971 Experiments in green algae coexisten t with zooxan theliae in sea anemones. Pan. Sci 2 13-21 ts and C. Hand. 1958 Direct evidence Ica the transfer of materials horn symbiotic algae to the tissues of a coelenterate. Proc Nat Acad. Sci 44 1259-63 16. zooxanthellae. Phototaxis. Bid Bull 147 630-40 19748 Modification of sea anemone behavior by symbiotic zooxanthellae. Expansion and contraction. Biol. Bull 147-641-51 18. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 Rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 421, 44, 76, 198, 242. 464. 19 Smith and Carlton, 1975. C. Hand- Class Anthozoa: pp 86-91. 20 Trench, R.K. 1971 The physiology and biochemistry of zooxanthellae symbiotic with marine coelenterates Proc. Roy. Soc. London 8177:225-64 21, Waters, V.L. 1975. Food preference of the nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa and the effect of the defences of the prey on predation. The Veliger 15:174-92. Anthop/euro e/egantissima I. I shell and debris adhere to verrucae; clones: uniform. 3. Ai thopleuro elegont:ssirno x 2 solitary form actual height 35 mm, crown width 45 mm; tentacles short, pointed, in about 5 rows, pink, green and white; collar green; collar green/white, with vertical rows of verrucae. 2.oral disc (part) x (2 radial lines from mouth to tentacles; white marginal spherules inside collar. tentacle acrorhagi 2 mm , -1) 4. verrucae (tubercules) x 12 Haliplanella luciae (= Sagartia luciae) a small piling anemone (Verrill, 1898) PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Anthozoa. Zoantharia ORDER: Actiniaria FAMILY: Haliplanellidae Description COLOR-variable: usually green with vertical orange, white or yellow stripes, but can have a brownish or olive column; pink or orange gonads may be visible on the lower column; mesenteries appear as dark vertical lines: tentacles usually colorless, can be gray to light green with white flecks (nematocysts); oral disc transparent, can appear dark because of dark interior, lips dark gray. SIZE-largest, fully expanded: 31 mm high. 22 mm diameter, average (California): 15 mm high, 11 mm diameter. SHAPE tow and cylindrical with many fine long tentacles (fig. 1) BASE-distinct "pedal disc - , circular, attached to substrate. COLUMN-smooth, tapering, usually a low cylinder, with 4-48 (often 7-19 5) vertical stripes: dark mesenteries showing through, surface smooth: "cinclides", portholes through which acontia can protrude, can be visible to naked eye; column often scarred by longitudinal fission (asexual reproduction)2. CAPITULUM--(top of column): separated from column by parapet (collar) (fig. 2); transparent, usually light green, without cinclides: tentacles around the even margin. PARAPET-collar (fig. 2): noticeable only when anemone is fully extended. MOUTH dark; ribbed (corresponding to number of mesen- teries); 0-3 siphonoglyphs (none figured). ORAL DISC-(area surrounding mouth, fig. 4): with radiating rows of white flecks on endocoels 2; margin plain, not frilled or lobed; large area of disc tentacle-free. (Endocoels are the spaces between the pairs of septa (fig. 4). MESENTERIES-vertical internal partitions (usually six in this species) visible as dark vertical lines; usually more mesenteries distally than near base 2. Gonads appear as thickened bands on rnesentery filaments. TENTACLES-up to 100; retractile, smooth, not capitate (knobbed), only one kind. No oral ring of tentacles; short and blunt when contracted. Typically with two pairs of "directives", close to the ends of mouth, but this can vary 2. Can have up to 18 "catch" tentacles, short, blunt and opaque, near mouth.l ACONTIA-threadlike defensive structures which are dis- charged through column wall when animal is disturbed. NEMATOCYSTS-stinging organelles: several types present: three kinds on the acontia (fig. 5): Haliplaneilidae2, Possible Misidentifications Metridium senile, a large anemone also found on floating docks, is deeply frilled and lobed, with short tentacles. The anemone most likely to be confused with Haliplanella is Diadumene franciscana, which can be cream to light green with white stripes. It has one pair of directive tentacles (expanded, long, retractible and pointing toward the mouth), and they are yellow at their bases (Haliplanella are clear). D. franciscana usually has two siphonoglyphs, has pink lips, a rough col- umn, and often an irregular base. Its parapet is poorly devel- oped compared to Haliplanella. The Puget Sound Diadumene is not green but orange, yellowish, grayish, red- dish, cream or brown. Other Diadumene species are not greens. If the specimen is orange striped "it can only be H. luciae"2. Ecological Information RANGE-cosmopolitan: Europe, New England coasts. Asia. Pacific coast: Puget Sound south to California: probably introduced from Asia with oyster spat (Carlton in 8). DISTRIBUTION-Oregon estuaries: Coos Bay: Charleston docks, South Slough. HABITAT-"on or under rocks or on pilings in estuarine situations; never found on the outer coast. SALINITY-"euryhaline" 7 adapts to variations in salinity. TEMPERATURE-cold and temperate waters; "eurythermal"? also found in the Suez Canal and Pt. Aransas, Texas Con- traction and encystment can occur with exteme high temper- atures (East Coast).1 TIDAL LEVEL-shallow waters. ASSOCIATES Metridium; also found on Mytiius edulis with its accompanying fauna. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can completely cover surface of log or piling. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-can be sexual or asexual. the latter by longitudinal fission of the column or pedal laceration s Its success is largely due to its ability to colonize quickly3. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- small crustaceans and annelids3. PREDATORS San Francisco Bay, the opisthobranch mol- lusc Trinchesia sp.8. BEHAVIOR-Catch tentacles, used only for stinging, not feed- ing, serve to keep anemones separate. Bibliography 1. Carlgren, O. 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactaria, Coralimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kongl. Svenska Vete.-Akad. Handl. Fjarde Serien. I(I):1-121 2. Hand. C. 1955. The sea anemones of central California. Part HI. The Acontiarian anemones. Wasmann J. Biol. 13:189-251. Pp. 190, 210-222. 3. Hausmann, L. A. 1919. The orange-striped anemone (Sagartia luciae Verrill). An ecological study. Bio. Bull. 37:363-371. 4. Hyman, L. H. 1940. The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Vol. I, McGraw-Hill, pp. 566f. 5 Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, pp. 24-5 6. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 63. 7. Ricketts and Calvin. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp 261. 464. 8 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 23, 86-9, 92. 9. Stephenson, T A. 1935. The British Sea Anemones. H. 426 pp. The Ray Society. London. (As Sagartia luciae). 10. Williams, R Catch tentacles in sea anemones. Occurrence in Han- planella !uciae (Verrill) and a review of current knowledge a. NaaJ, 9241-8 Page 18 Ha/Wane/kJ luclae 2.smal I anemone, lateral view x 3 (extended) capitulum parapet C)3 pedal disc L Halip/one/la kiciae x 4.5 actual eight I cm up to 100 clear,tapered tentacles; low, cylindrical column attached to substrate; oral disc with tentacle-free area column smooth,green,striped white,yellow or orange. margin not frilled or lobed. 4. oral disc, x 9 radiating white endocoels;large tentacle-free area dark, ribbed mouth.N 33 3, contracted anemones, x 8 tentacles completely retracted. 5, nematocysts L .1 01 mm from acontia x too from Hand,1955, p. 215. Nematostella vectensis a solitary marsh anemone Stephenson, 1935 PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Anthozoa, Zoantharia ORDER: Actiniaria FAMILY: Edwardsiidae Description COLOR-white; transparent when expanded; internal color can depend on food. SIZE-column (fig. 1) up to 15 mm long; can be up to 2.5 mm in diameter at base near bulb. Crown of tentacles up to 8 mm diam- eter. Column at tentaclesbase about 4 mm5. SHAPE-radially symmetrical, consisting of a tall cylinder and a crown of tentacles. Aberrant forms, i.e. two headed, tentacleless, are found as well13. TENTACLES-retractile, cylindrical, tapered, not "capitate": knobbed. Number 12-18, usually 16 11; can be as many as 204. 6-7 outer (exocoelic) tentacles longer than inner (endocoelic) ones, and are often reflexed down column; (they can be longer than column). Inner tentacles can be raised above the mouth (fig. 1), and can have white spots on their inner edges 3. Nemato- somes can be seen moving inside the tentacles. COLUMN-long, cylindrical, worm-like, transparent. The eight mesenteries are visible through its walls. PHYSA-a swollen, bulb-like burrowing structure at the base of the column (fig. 1), which replaces the pedal disc of other anem- ones. It is covered with rugae (ridges) which secrete mucus and aid in digging and climbing12. ORAL DISC-no inner ring of tentacles or siphonoglyphs, only a single ventral siphonoglyph12. MESENTERIES-vertical partitions (eight in this species) below gullet, visible through column. Gonads appear as thickened bands on filaments 8 (fig. 3). Eggs are produced from these filaments. The mesenteries can be green. brown, black, etc.; depending on food12. NEMATOSOMES- rather mysterious spherical, ciliated bodies, sometimes found in the coelenteron (digestive cavity) and in tentacles (fig. 2). Their function is not known. Possible Misidentifications This is the only species of the genus Nematostella known in the temperate northern hemisphere. N. polaris, a similar Arctic anemone, lives under conditions which N. vectensis could tolerate, but they are not believed to be the same species 5. There is certainly no other very small, muddwelling burrowing anemone in our area which could be confused with N. vectensis. Flosmaris grandis is another elongate, mud-burrowing, translucent anemone, but it is usually very large (to 46 cm), has over 24 tentacles, and instead of a physa, has a basal disc attached to something solid. Diadumene sp. are often long and pale. but have pigmentation of some sort and don burrow. Only N. vectensis of these anemones has nematosomes. Ecological Information DISTRIBUTION-north temperate shallow estuarine pools: England, New England, northern California. Type locality- Isle of Wight (where it probably doesn exist now, due to de- struction of habitat)12. RANGE-in Oregon: five sites in Coos Bay: South Slough, near downtown Coos Bay, mouth of Coos River. HABITAT-soft muds of Salicornia marshes; pondweed masses (New England: Ruppia, Cladophora, Chaetomorpha 18, Coos Bay: in Enteromorpha, Vaucheria. Sensitive to pollution13). SALINITY-can tolerate a wide range: from less than 50% seawater to over 100% in Coos Bay s it has been found at from 8 o/oo to 38 oo: an osmoconformer, it is very adaptable to salinity changes TEMPERATURE lives in a wide range (northern California): 0-300 05 . Has been kept for long periods in the lab at 21-22 C. Coos Bay (South Slough) range 6-18 7. TIDAL LEVEL-Nematostella is generally found in salt marsh tide pools above + 3 ft. ASSOCIATES- plants: Distichlis, Salicornia, Enteromorpha, Vaucheria, diatoms; invertebrates: nemerteans, polychaete larvae, harpacticoid copepods, ciliates, sphaeromid isopods, gammarid amphipods. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-probably has separate sexes; gonads on mesenteries produce gametes; planula larvae settle as new polyps; no medusoid stage. Asexual reproduction also possible (by elongation of column, constriction, and breaking off of a transverse section) 8. Animals found with developed gonads summer and fall 13. Egg production can be induced in lab by lowering salinity (Crowell, in 8). Egg to planula: 3 days: to four knobbed juvenile, 5 days.14 GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-kept in lab for up to five years FOOD--like other anemones, it is an active predator, using ten- tacles with stinging nematocysts to capture prey. Diet largely snail Hydrobia (New England. Nova Scotia) 4 ; harpacticoid copepods; only anemone known to eat insect larvae4. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-usually buried to tentacles, but also found ex- tended over the mud. Can move by short. peristaltic-like move- ments, or by throwing itself 8. Secretes mucus "tube - to protect its epidermis3. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-a rarely occurring animal, it can be very abundant over a small area where it does occur. Bibliography 1. Bailey, K. and J.S. Bleakney, 1966. First Canadian record of the brack- ish water anthozoan Nematostella vectensis Stephenson. Can. Fld. Nat. 80:251-2. 2. Carlgren, 0.1949. A survey of the Ptychodactaria, Coralimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kongl. Svenska Vete.-Akad. Handl. Fjard Serien, 1(1): 1-121. 3. Crowell, S. 1946. A new sea anemone from Woods Hole, Massachu- setts. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36(2): 57-60. As Nematostella pellucida. 4 Frank, P.O. and J.S. Bleakney. 1978. Asexual reproduction. diet and anomalies of the anemone Nematostella vectensis in Nova Scotia. Can. Fld. Nat. 92:259-63. 5. Hand, C. 1957. Another sea anemone from California and the types of certain Californian anemones. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47-411-4. 6. Hyman, L.H. 1940. The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora, Vol. I, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. and London. Pp. 556f. 7. Inouye. S. 1976. Tolerance of salinity fluctuation by the estuarine sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Unpublished research project. Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston. 8. Lindsay, J.A. 1975. A salt marsh anemone. Marine Aquarist 6(81:43-8. 9. Madsen, Karen. 1978. A descriptive study of a salt pan ecosystem. Unpublished student report. 41 pp. Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston. 10 Smith and Carlton. 1975. Key. pp. 86-7; 88,92. 11. Stephenson, TA. 1935. The British Sea Anemones, II. 426 pp. The Ray Society, London, Original description. 12.Williams, R.B. 1975. A redescription of the brackish-water sea anemone Nematostella vectensis Stephenson, with an appraisal of congeneric species. J. Nat. Hist. 9:51-64. 13 Nematostella vectensis in Norfolk. England, and its world distribution. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc. 23(51:257-66. 14. Authors. Page 20 Nematosiella vectensis 4. dorsal view, tentacles retracted x40 planula Nematostella vectensis x 10 cylindrical column; physa with rugae; 12-18 transparent tentacles, white spotted; actual size 11 mm, 2.crown of tentacles x 30 usually 16 white-spotted tentacles; nematosomes visible;mouth cone-shaped. 3. mesenteries (seen through column wall) x 30 5. development 8 vertical partitions; filaments contain eggs. , 2 cm Metridium senile fimbriaturn a piling anemone (Verrill, 1865) PHYLUM: Cnidaria CLASS: Anthozoa, Zoantharia ORDER: Actiniaria FAMILY: Met ridiidae Description COLOR-white when young: adult can be brown, orange. tan. Because of asexual reproduction, all animals in one area may be same color. SIZE-piling specimens average about 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter (tentacles); can be up to 6 inches; subtidal animals can be "10 gallon" sizes. COLUMN-stout, compact in young specimens, often long in old ones; usually over 5 cm long s ; not striped. A parapet (collar) is seen beneath the crown of tentacles (fig. 2). BASE flat, attached to hard surface. TENTACLES fine. short. not knobbed. Number of tentacles in- creases with age: old ones can have hundreds 5 . Tentacles ar- ranged in lappet-like groups or lobes 5 (fig. 1). Can have up to 18 "catch" tentacles, short, blunt and opaque, near mouth4. ORAL DISC-very little tentacle-free area around mouth. Siphonoglyphs (ciliated grooves) vary from 0-3, one usual MESENTERIES-vertical body cavity partitions: 3-15 pairs: not visible, as animal is opaque. ACONTIA-threadlike structures. found in lower part of mesen- teries. which are discharged through lower column wail when animal is disturbed. They are probably used for defense2. NEMATOCYSTS severalkinds present; (fig. 3a, b). Contain a toxin with a protein fraction, dialyzable material with aromatic arnines1 Possible Misidentifications Anthopleura artemesia, an estuarine anemone with a white stalk, can be confused with young Metridium. It lives in fine sand however, not on pilings, and when extended, its tenta- cles are pink or green, and heavy. The only other local species of Metridium is M. exilis, a small, open coast animal with fewer than 100 tentacles, and a yellow, orange or red column 7 . No other anemone besides M. senile in the area has over 200 tentacles. M.s. fimbriatum is the name given the Pacific Ocean specimens Ecological Information RANGE-circumpolar, northern hemisphere; harbors and bays or Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; Pacific Coast: Sitka to Santa Barbara, California type locality: San Francisco Bay LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-protected pilings in larger Oregon es- tuaries: Coos Bay. HABITAT-likes bare, shaded pilings; can also attach to dead shells. tunicate Styela, kelp crab Pugettia, barnacles6. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00, Coos Bay; at 27 0/00, Puget Sound (communication, R. Boomer). Tolerates brackish con- ditions: to 68% seawater in San Francisco Bay TEMPERATURE-temperate to cold waters Metabolic rate often positively correlated with temperature: acclimates well,10 TIDAL LEVEL-can tolerate limited exposure found between 00 and --1.0 to low water on pilings, especially in surnmet3 Flourishes well subtidally. even in deep water do 60 fathoms) Most abundant at slightly above mean low low waterLargey specimens are "well out from shore1 ASSOCIATES-in Puget Sound: Halplanella luctae. a Japanese anemone: on protected pilings, sea star Pisaster, tunicates Styela, Ciona, and Cnemidocarpa6. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"common on pilings, floats, and jetties of bays and harbors, as well as subtidally" 7 . Especially abundant in dark quiet corners9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-sexual: oviparous. separate sexes, dis- charges eggs or sperm from mouth into water. Sperm have wedge shaped heads; eggs are pinkish, about 0.1 mm diam- eter 10; planular larv ae settle as young anemones. Asexual reproduction: by "pedal laceration", small amount of tissue is left on substrate as anemone moves about; each small clump forms new anemone. Other asexual reproduction may be by "longitudinal fission", laceration, and budding Asexual re- production accounts for the often irregular siphonoglyphs and septa (mesenteries), which make M. senile a poor choice for lab use2. GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY-survives well in small aquaria with running sea- water. FOOD--an active predator and carnivore. it eats very small or- ganisms. unlike many anemones which manage larger L)1 ey3 Also eats algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and Desmarestia viridis5. Large specimens may be exclusively microplankton feeders while small ones closer to shore eat macrofood and perhaps some plankton PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- In dense groups of small animals, catch tenta- cles, used only for stinging, not feeding, serve to keep anemones separate. 4 At low tide they can be seen on the sides of pilings hanging "fully relaxed and pendulous"6. Bibliography 1. Hand. C. 1955. The sea anemones of central California. Part HI. rm-f acontiarian anemones. Wasmann J. Biol. 13:189-251 Pp. 190-206. 2. Hyman. L. H. 1940. The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Vol. I, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. and London. Pp. 5661. 3. Kozloff, E., 1974a. Pp. 67-8, 114, 165, 257, P1. II. 4. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 62-3. 5. Perkins, Eleanor, 1977. Metridium senile: A clonal formation analysis. Un- published student report, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston 6. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth. 1971 Pp. 18. 260f, 289, 352-4. 369. 465. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 86-9, 93. 8. Westfall. Jane A. 1965. Nematocysts of the sea anemone Amer. Zool. 5131:377-93. Page 22 Metticfrum senile fimbriatum 8 cm I. Metridium senile fimbriolum ,dorsal view large subtidal specimen many small tentacles in lobe-like groups; column stout, not striped; base flat, attached; oral disc with obvious lips actual diameter 24 cm 3 (generalized) nematocysts a. undischarged b.exploded 4. smal I piling specimen x actual size 6 cm 2. subtidal specimen, lateral x I Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin,1898 PHYLUM: Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) cLASS: Enopla ORDER: Hoplonemertea, Monostylifera FAMILY: Amphiporidae Description COLOR-solid. opaque white; sometimes pale reddish or yel- lowish tinge, or pale yellow, flesh-colored; brain area pinkish, intestinal canal brownish tinge4. SIZE-mature at about 25 mm; usually 25-50 mm; very slender4. HEAD--not strongly differentiated from rest of body. ELLI-- many, small; in two groups on each side of the head anterior to brain: also an elongated anterior group of 6-15 ocelli along the mar g in, and a posterior, internal group of about the same number, (but it can be up to 30); fewer in younger animals (fig. 2). MOUTH-anterior to brain: class Enopla; opens into probos- cis pore (not figured)6. PROBOSCIS -very long: contained within sheath (rhynchocoel) almost as long as body: genus Amphiporus; armed with one stylet: suborder: Monostylifera, in which the proximal end of the basal segment is rounded and wide (fig. 3) 6 ; with three pouches of accessory stylets. (The proboscis must be everted or the worm dissected to see the stylet and pouches.) BODY--soft, elongate, non-segmented: Nemertea; long and slender, especially for the family Amphiporidae; slightly flattened posteriorly (fig. 1); no caudal cirrus (tail). Possible Misidentifications Other Hoplonemerteans (free-living Enoplans without a sucker disc at the posterior), with a central proboscis stylet (suborder Monostylifera), can be divided into five families. The Ototy- phlonemertidae have no ocelli; the Emplectonometatidae have a short proboscis, usually numerous ocelli, and the mouth and pro- boscis pore usually united; the Prosorhochmidae have a very long, slender proboscis and usually two pairs of large ocelli. The Tetrastemmatidae usually have four ocelli. Most Am- phiporidae are relatively short and broad s ; A. imparispinosus is unusual in this respect. There are as many as 17 species of Amphiporus in the Pacific Northwest; (five are included in the Puget Sound keys). A. formidabilis is the only other slender species, and it has 6-12 pouches of accessory stylets, not 2-3. It is also much larger than A. imparispinosus: 10-30 cm 12 . The other three species are rather stout and more strongly colored: A. rubellus is a uniform red or orange with no pattern and 10-20 ocelli on each side of its heads. A. punctulatus is a dark brown, irregularly blotched on its dorsal surface, and with a lighter head marked with two dark spots. A. bimaculatus gets its name from the same sort of strong spots (which are not ocelli) on its light-colored head. Its general coloration is homogenous, not blotchy as in A. punctulatus. A. bimaculatus secretes great quantities of mucus when dis- turbed A variety of A. imparispinosus (A. similis, Coe, 1905) varies only by having two pouches of accessory stylets not three s . It is often found with the typical form. Because of the many identifying characteristics which are internal and not visible, it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish among Nemerteans without dissecting them. Ways in which the worms flatten, contract, and coil are useful as aids to identifica- tion of live specimens. Ecological Information RANGE-northeastern Pacific from Siberia, Bering Sea, south to Ensenada, Mexico: found at very many collection sites genus rare in the tropics. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION CoosBay: several stations in South Slough; HABITAT- "among algae. mussels, and other growths on rocks and piles" 5 . can be on very exposed surfswept shores. also under stones, among shells in red alga Corallina van- couyeriensis." SALINITY TEMPERATURE- latitudinal range would indicate a wide temperature toleration; ie. 50-70 (San Pedro, Calif.) to just above freezing (Bering Strait). TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal and below: down to 50 m6. ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-one of the most common Amphiporus species." Life History Information REPRODUCTION--- dioecious (separate se;:es) 4. (some Hop- lonemertes are hermaphroditic): eggs and sperm released at same time. GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY- FOOD- predatory, killing prey with armed proboscis; secretes a toxic slime 2 which kills prey before ingestions. PREDATORS--- BEHAVIOR--can swim or roll up spirally: genus Amphiporus4. Bibliography 1. Bacq, Z. M. 1936. Le poisons des Nemertiens. Bull. Acad. r. Belg. CI. Sci., ser. 5, 22, 1072-9. 2. 1937. L"amphiporineet la emertinepoisons des vers nemertiens. Arch. into. Physiol., 44, 190-204. 3. Barrois. J. 1877. Memoire sur lmbryologie des Nemertes. Annls Sci nat., ser. 6, Zool., 8, no. 3, 1-232. 4. Coe, W. R. 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard, vol. XLVII, pp 233-8 (genus). 247-9, species. Pls. 16, 25. 5 . 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north, central and northern South America. A. Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 2 (13): 247-323. Pp. 300-1. Also good keys to suborders and families, pp. 277-8, genera, 294-5, species, 297-8. 6. Correa, D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (ser 4) 31:515-58, Pp. 542-4. 7 Gibson. R. 1973 Nemerteans. Hutchinson University Library 224 DC 8 Griffin. B B. 1898 Description of some marine Nemerteans of Puget Sound and Alaska. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 11. pp. 193-218. Origins, description p. 210 9 Jennings. J. B and R. Gibson. 1969. Observations on the nutnt of seven species of Rhynchocoelan worms, Bio Bu;I 136 (31 405-33 10 Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key. pp 35-8 11 Morris. Abbott Haderlie. 1980. P 88. 12 Smith and Carlton. 1975 Pp 113-4.117 Page 24 I. Amphiporus imparispinosus x 20 actual length 30 mm body long and slender, head not set off from body; solid color, whitish; dark intestinal area; no caudal cirrus. Amphiporus imparispinosus x 200 3. sty let and base (proboscis)basal segment rounded. (from Coe, 1905) mm 2. head x 35 ocelli grouped.along anteriormargrn, interior. (from Coe, 1905) Carinoma mutabilis a ribbon worm Griffin,1898 PHYLUM: Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) CLASS: Anopla ORDER: Paleonemertea FAMILY: Carinornidae Description COLOR-- homogeneous (dorsal and ventral the same); anterior a solid white mottled with brown pigment 8: head milk white, not translucent: intestinal region cream or brownish; internal organs show as transverse dark lines: dark yellow or orange in the male, reddish in the female (fig. 1). SIZE-great variation: from 2.5 cm to 50 cm; few over 20 cm on the California coast, and average size much less 3: largest diameter: 3-5 mm. HEAD-shape changes constantly; can be rounded or emarginate: is wider than neck, and not distinctly marked off from the body. No ocelli, no cephalic grooves order Paleonemertes. MOUTH-just behind brain: class Anopla. PROBOSCIS-no stylets (can be seen only when proboscis is everted): pore (opening to rhynchocoel) almost terminal. BODY-soft, elongate, nonsegmented: phylum Nemertea. Thickened, rounded anteriorly; very flattened posteriorly (fig. 1) and slightly from behind head; tends to coil posteriorly 3: no caudal cirrus (tail). Possible Misidentifications C. mutabilis is the only species of its family on the Pacific coast. The Tubulanidae, another primitive nemertean family. are similar in having no ocelli or cephalic grooves: they however, do not flatten posteriorly as does Tubulanus polymorphus. There are no other free-living, solidly colored nemerteans lacking caudal cirrus, ocelli and cephalic grooves in the northwest. One Heteronemertean which might cause confusion is Baseodiscus punnetti, which has many very minute eyespots, and slight, oblique cephalic grooves; it can retract its head, however, which Carinoma cannot, and it does flatten posteriorly. One of the difficulties of identifying nemerteans is that they are differentiated partly by interior muscle layer arrangements which are not visible superficially. Ecological Information RANGE-worldwide (Europe, New England, Magellan Straits3): genus Carinoma, but only three species. This species: from British Columbia to Gulf of California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-in Coos Bay, several stations: South Slough, Pony Slough, North Spit. HABITAT-sand, sandy mud, clay, wharf pilings7. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE-latitudinal range would indicate a wide temperature toleration. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal and below (to 40 m5). ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- Life History Information REPRODUCTION-sexually mature in August. California and Puget Sound3. Dioecious (separate sexes): many eggs released at once, fertilized by male sperm. GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY- FOOD-a predator. capturing prey with eversible proboscis. PREDATORS BEHAVIOR- - Bibliography 1. Coe. Wesley R. 1901. Papers from the Harriman Expedition. 20. the nemerteans. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.. 3:1-110 P. 20. 2 1904. The Nemerteans. Harriman Alaska Exped.. 11:1-220. P. 115. 3 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo" Harvard. vol. XLVII. pp. 144-53. pls. 12-15. 4 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north, central and northern South America. A. Hancock Pac. Exped.. vol. 2 (13):247-323. P. 257. pl. 25. 5 Correa, D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (ser 4) 31:515-58. P 526. 6. Gibson. R. 1973. Nemerteans. Hutchinson University Library, 224 pp. Numerous references, large bibliography. 7 Griffin, B. B. 1898. Description of some marine Nemerteans of Puget Sound and Alaska, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 11. pp. 193-218. Pp. 204-5. Original description. 8. Koz!off, E. 1974b. Key, pp. 35-6. 9. Morris. Abbott Haderlie. 1980. P 86. 10. Smith and Carlton pp 113-4. 116 Page 26 Ca rinoma mutabi/is Connomo mutobills X3 actual length 27cm head changes shape constantly; no ocelli or cephalic grooves; internal organs show as transverse lines; body thickened anteriorly, flattened posteriorly, coiled. (from Coe, 1940). Cerebratulus califomiensis a ribbon worm Coe,1905 PHYLUM: Nernertea (Rhynchocoela) CLASS: Anopla ORDER: Heteronemertea FAMILY: Lineidae Description COLOR-pale orange, posterior with transverse white stripes, white head and tail areas. Can vary to yellow or brown. SIZE-to one meter or more, this specimen 3.5 cm. HEAD-with deep cephalic grooves (fig. 1), no eyes; medium sized proboscis with sticky surface. BODY-anterior, firm, rounded: posterior-with transverse stripes. flat, ribbonlike, sharp edged for swimming. CAUDAL CIRRUS-thin, tail-like appendage (fig. 1). Easily lost in collecting. Possible Misidentifications Among Nemerteans which are slender, free-living and without strong pigment patterns or contrasting dorsal and ventral surfaces, only Micrura alaskensis has cephalic grooves and a caudal cirrus. But it lacks the flattened posterior section for swimming, and its cephalic grooves are shallow, its head pointed, and it has no transverse bands. Several other species of Cerebratulus exist, especially farther north but they are all large, dark in color, and only one, C. montgomeryi has the white tipped head of C. californiensis. Ecological Information RANGE-Gulf of California to Puget Sound. DISTRIBUTION--several stations South Slough of Coos Bay. HABITAT: SUBSTRATE-"sand and mudflats of bays and harbors",12 8 mud or sand; South Slough of Coos Bay: mud, chips. SALINITY- TIDAL LEVEL-mid-tide or lower. ASSOCIATES- polychaetes, tanaidaceans (Leptochelia), amphipods. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- Life History lnforamtion REPRODUCTION-mature sexually July. Monterey 2: some nemerteans are noted for regeneration from one small piece into a new, small worm.9 Development includes a larval stage. LONGEVITY- GROWTH RATE- PREDATORS- FOOD-preys on polychaetes Bibliography 1. Coe, W. R. 1905, Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard, Vol. XLVII, original descrip- tion, p. 201-3. 2. . 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north, central and northern South America. Allan Hancock Pacific Exped. vol. 2, No. 13, pp. 247-323; p. 274, pi. XXIV. 3. 1943. Biology of the nemerteans of the Atlantic coast of North America. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 35:129-328. 4 1944. Geographical distribution of the nemerteans of the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new species. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 34:27-32. 5. Correa, D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proceedings of the Calif. Acad. of Sciences. vol. XXXI. No. 19. pp. 515-558. Note, p. 532. 6. Jennings, J. B., and R. Gibson, 1969. Observations on the nutrition of seven species of rhyncho-coelan worms. Biol. Bull. 136:405-443. 7. Kozloff, 1974a. Key, pp. 35-38. 8. 1974b. pp. 206, 212. 9. McGinitie and McGinite, 1949. pp. 160-4. 10. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 87. 11. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 273. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, list, figures, references pp. 113-120. 13. Wilson, C. B., 1900. Larval development of C. /acteus, including oogenesis, spermatogenesis, maturation, fertilization, segmentation, gastrulation. pp. 121-158. Quart. J. Micro. Sci., London XLIII. Page 28 transverse stripes sharp edged 1. Cerebratu/us col/Torn/east x 15 actual size: 3.5 cm (small) color : pale orange; white stripes, head and tail. NEMERTEA AN OPLA Heteronemertea Cerebratu/us californiensis Lineus ruber (0.F. Muller, 1771) PHYLUM: Netnertea (Rnynchocoele) CLASS: Anopla ORDER: Heteronemertea FAMILY: Lineidae Description COLOR-solid, no pattern, reddish brown, dark brown, or greenish brown, commonly paler ventrally. SIZE-large for a nemertean: to 20 cm; "about 8 cm long, 1 mm wide 4. Mature at 10 cm8. HEAD--deep cephalic grooves: order Heteronemertea: head slightly wider than body, oval, snake-like13. ELLI- rows of four to eight small ocelli (eyespots) on each side of the head: (4-5:4). PROBOSCIS-very long, unarmed (with stylets): class Anopla: not visible-coiled inside cavity (rhynchocoel), and everted to catch prey. BODY soft, contractile, non-segmented: phylum Nemertea: elongate, without a posterior sucker or a caudal cirrus (tail): con- tracts by thickening and shortening, doesn coil: species ruber. Possible Misidentifications L. ruber is the only member of its genus known from Coos Bay. Several other species do occur in the northwest: L. rubescens, a small (10-15 mm) species from Puget Sound, usually has only 2-4 eyespots on each side of its head, and white spots at the tip of the head above and below 11: it is pinkish, some- times with a blue tinge: it is not included in the primary California key13. L. vegetus, known to have extraordinary regenerative abilities; can be red like L. ruber (or green, or brown 11); can have faint light lateral longitudinal lines. and faint rings around the body ll . It has the same number of eyespots as L. ruber, and is chiefly dis- tinguished from it by its regenerative powers and its ability to coil in a spiral, which L. ruber does not do. It is included in the Puget Sound key, while L. ruber is not, it extends south to Mexico4. L. pictifrons. about 12 cm long, and 3 mm wide, is soft and flat- tened. with a head which is narrower than its body. It is deep brown or reddish all over. with a paler posterior end, it has numerous yellow rings and longitudinal yellow lines, as well as two orange spots on the snout 4. Its range is from Puget Sound to Mexico4. L. bilineatus is dark brown or olive with a yellow or white stripe and no transverse markings: low-water mark and below, range: Europe. Africa: local distribution-Alaska to San Diego4. L. torquatus is dark reddish brown or purple with a single narrow whitish band connecting the posterior ends of its cephalic furrows: it is intertidal. and occurs from Alaska to San Francisco, California4. L. flavescens is small (8-120 mm), yellowish, pale yellow and orange. or ochre with pale head margins. and 3-7 irregular red, purple or black ocelli. the largest being most anterior: it is more southern and in deeper water. Systematically, the Lineus group of viridis, sanguineus. pseudo-lacteus, and ruber, is considered as a "complex-7. As with other nemerteans, many of the identifying charac- teristics are internal, rather than external and visible. Ecological Information RANGE-circumpolar. also South Africa: Pacific coast Alaska to Monterey Bay. California4. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION Coos Bay: several stations in South Slough, Airport Island. HABITAT-a wide range of habitats in bays as well as on the open coasts: beneath stones, among algae, in sand and mud13 habitat determined by substrate, predator density, angle of slope (Eason, in, salt marsh pools 8: bay muds. SALINITY-can tolerate great changes 3: down to 8 0/00 (Remane 1958, in s); typically found in brackish water 13. Very sen- sitive to toxic substances. strong chemical changes6. TEMPERATURE--a wide range of toleration possibir , car sur- vive seven days at variations of troni() -a,0;( TIDAL LEVEL--intertidal, but also found down to 10 meters ASSOCIATES-- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"uncommon" (northern California) 4 , but best known and most widespread nemertean on the Atlantic coast: also common in Britain8. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-sexes separate: worms come together in pairs during season, secrete a mucus layer into which female deposits her eggs (fig. 4); male fertilizes them as they are laid. Embryos have a larval stage within this gelatinous mass. and so avoid the usual planktonic larval stage of most marine nemer- teans, emerging as a crawling stage 8. L. ruber is not adept at the asexual fission managed by some other of the genus. particularly L. vegetus. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-living or dead oligochaetes, polychaetes. small crust- aceans: detects prey chemotactically up to 8 cm away 6. Feeds mostly at night 9: can withstand long periods of starvation.9. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-movement sluggish; creeps over substrate. can move on water surface, but can swim. Doesn have superior regenerative properties of L. vegetus. Bibliography 1. Coe, W. R. 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. vol. XLVII. Pp. 161-174. As L. viridis, pp. 162-3. 2 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north. central. and northern South America. Allan Hancock Pan Exped., vol. 2, no. 13. pp. 247-323, pis 24-31. P. 268. 3. North America. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. 35. pp. 129-328, pls. 1-4, text figs. 1-79, 4, Correa, D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proc Calif. Acad. Sci., (ser. 4) 31:515-58. Pp. 527-58. Pp. 527-8. Good bibliog- raphy. 5. Friedrich, F. H. 1935. Stien zur Morphologie. Systematik and Oekologie der Nemertinen der Kieler Bucht. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. N. F.. vol. 4. no. 3. Pp. 293-375. Anatomy. 6. Gibson, R. 1973. Nemerteans. Hutchinson University Library, 224 pp. Extensive bibliography, pp. 197-214. See also Balfour Willmar, 1967, Fisher Cramer. 1967: Jennings. 1960: Ling. 1969. 1970. 1971: Vernet 1966. 1970. Gontcharof 1, M. 1951. Biologie de la regeneration et de la reproduction chez quelques Lineidae de France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie. ser. 11, vol. 13. pp. 149-235. pls. 1-7. 8. Green J. 1968. The Biolgoy of Estuarine Animals. University of Wash- ington Press. Seattle, 401 pp. Especially pp. 75-6. 130-1. 9. Hyman. L. H. 1951. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhyn chocoela, Vol. II. McGraw-Hill, 550 pp. Pp. 459-531. 10. Jennings, J. B. and R. Gibson, 1969. Observations of the nutrition of seven species of Rhynchocoelan worms. Biol. Bull. 136(3):405-531. 11. Kozloff, E. 1974b. Pp. 35-6. Key includes rubescens, vegetus, not ruber 12. Ricketts and Calvin. ed. Hedgpeth. P. 153. 13 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 112-20. Page 30 Lineus ruber 2. head, lateral view x20 deep cephalic grooves. I. Lineus ruber x 5 solid, brownish, lighter ventrally; head snake-like; 4-8 pairs ocelli; body contracts, thickens, doesn coil; no caudal cirrus. a. capsule 3. egg string from Hyman, 1951,af ter Schmidt,I934. Paranemertes peregrina "the wanderer" Coe,1901 PHYLUM: Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) CLASS: Enopla ORDER: Hoplonemertea, Monostylifera FAMILY: Emplectomenatidae Description COLOR-dark dorsally, including head: brown, purple or olive green: lighter ventrally: white or pale yellow: midventral section sometimes lighter than the rest: no lines or other patterns, except V-shape behind head. SIZE-more northern specimens (var. alaskensis) larger than southern ones (var. californiensis): 40 cm vs. 10 cm 2: long and slender HEAD usuallytruncate, a little larger than body: no cephalic grooves; striking markings: a narrow V-shaped marking just back of the head (sometimes quite faint), a pair of white transverse lines on the lateral margins 2 (fig. 2). PROBOSCIS-eversible. usually enclosed in sheath (rhyncho- coel) halt to three quarters body length: genus Paranemertes: whitish; one short, straight stylet (order Monostylifera). with spiral grooves (southern variety): fig. 4. Stylet can be .09 mm long in iarge specimen 2. Two (californiensis) to four (alaskensis) pouches of accessory stylets, each pouch with 6-10 stylets (fig. 3). Proboscis can be everted with fresh water or dilute acetic acid." MOUTH infront of brain; united with proboscis pore: subor- der Monostylifera, (not figured). OCELLI-two groups on each side of head, of 5-12 large ocelli in an irregular row: the same number of small ocelli is found in an irregular group near the brain (fig. 2). BODY-elongate, contractile, non-segmented; Nemertea; soft loct muscular: can lengthen and shorten easily 8: no caudal cirrus (tail). Possible Misidentifications There are five genera of the family Emplectonematidae on the Pacific coast, all of which have a short proboscis, numerous ocelli, and a long, slender body: Carcinonemertes is parasitic on crabs; Emplectonema is very slender with 12-14 eyes in each of two rows; Nemertopsis and Dichonemertes have only four ocelli3. Of the four known Pacific species of Paranemertes, none is as common as P. peregrina: P. pallida has been found only in Alaska. P. carnea with six accessory stylet pouches, is whitish, pink or flesh-colored, and is reported only from Alaska to Puget Sound. P. californica, pale gray or orange anteriorly and gray or salmon posteriorly, which exterior pigmentation is often ob- scured by its green digestive tract, has not been found north of Monterey Bay. Ecological Information RANGE-4000 miles: Bering Sea to southern California: widely distributed in many habitats. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-in Coos Bay, several stations: Bar- view, North Slough, Haynes Inlet, Kentuck Inlet, South Slough, Charleston.12 HABITAT-found under a great variety of conditions: rocky shores, mussel beds, seaweeds, coralline algaes, mudflats. Avoids bright light. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal and below. TEMPERATURE-the wide distribution range would indicate a tolerance of very cold to temperate conditions. ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common in many habitats: a maximum aver- age density of 14 worms/m 2 , usually less 15. Easily the most common mudflat nemertean at Charleston. Life History Information REPRODUCTION of single or gelatinous clusters of many eggs can be found in the warmer months 3 . Spawning in spring and summer; eggs take up to 6 months to mature. Eggs hatch third day. Females may outnumber males in some populations (Washington) Roe, 1970 in." GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY-to 13/4 years; may spawn 3 times. FOOD-diet consists almost entirely of nereid worms. although it Polydora; prefers the small, timid Platynereis bicanaficulata which lives in tubes in Ulva (Puget Sound); also eats Nereis vexillosa. Some Syllid poly- chaetes are partly immune to Paranemertesvenom 4. PREDATORS-crabs will eat nemerfeans only if very hungry and after first cleaning off the mucus with their claws (Eason in5). BEHAVIOR-a diurnal feeder. P. peregrina is well known as a voracious, aggressive hunter. It conducts its haphazard searches when the tide is out and nereids are unable to escape on cloudy days (it stays in on rainy days!) It has a temporary burrow_ to which it retreats on its slime track 8. Its predatory attacks involve little chemoreception, its p roboscis wraps around the nereid, emits a venomous mucus (the toxin anabaseine 15), which stuns the prey for just 20 minutes". withdraws and draws the prey into its mouth. Worms of a great length can be eaten by P peregrina, but not those of a large diameter. Bibliography 1. Coe. W. R. 1901. Papers from the Harriman Expedition. 20, the nemer teans. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.. 3:1-110: p. 32. 2. 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard. vol. XLVII pp. 220-4: pl. 1. 16. 17. 3 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north. central and northern South America. A. Hancock Pac. Exped.. vol. 2(13:247-323. Pp. 277-8, 284 (keys). 286. 4. Correa. D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.. (ser. 4) 31:515-58_ Pp. 537-40. 5. Gibson, R. 1973. Nemerteans. Hutchinson University Library, 224 pp. Extensive bibliography. 6. Hyman, L. H. 1951. The Invertebrates; Platyhelminthes and Rhyncho- coela, vol. II. McGraw-Hill. NY. pp. 498. 500-1. 7. Kern, W. R. 1971. A study of the occurence of anabaseine in Para- nemertes and other nemertines. Toxicon 9:23-32. 8. Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 237-8. 9 1974b. Pp. 35-7. key. 10 MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp. 162-3. 11 Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 87-8. 12 Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 1970, Coos Bay Invertebrate Survey Unpublished Charleston. 13 Ricketts and Calvin. ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 153, 240, 468 14 Roe, P 1971. Life history and predator-prey interactions of the nemertean Paranemertes peregrina Coe. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Wahsington. 129 pp 15. Roe, P and R. Gibson, 1970. The nutrition of Paranemertes peregrina (Rhynchocoela: Hoplonemertea). Rio. Bull. 139:80-91 and 92-106. 16. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 113-5, 118. Page 32 4. centra I stylet and base showing spiral grooves. (adapted from Coe, 1905 and Gibson,1973) Poranemertes peregrine I. Paronemertes peregrine x 6 actual size 8 cm long, slender; dark dorsal ly; no cephalic grooves or caudal cirrus; solid color, no patterns; narrow V-shaped marking behind head. accessory stylets 3. stylet area, proboscis (everted) central stylet and two pouches of accessory stylets. (from Coe, 1905) ocel ocelli transverse 1mm 2. head, dorsal view x 25 a pair of transverse lateral white markings; two groups of 5-12 ocelli near anterior edge, two groups farther back; light ventral color shows at edges. Tubulanus polymorphus an orange ribbon worm Renier,1804 PHYLUM: Nemertea, Rhynchocoela CLASS: Anopla ORDER: Paleonemertea FAMILY: Tubulanidae Description COLORsually boldly colored: red. brown, or orange: solid, no patterns, no dorsal or ventral color differences. SIZEarge, up to three meters when extended: long and thin: very soft HEADather broad. set off from body, flattened, no ocelli, no cephalic grooves: order Paleonemertea But with lateral trans- verse grooves (fig. 2a), not capable of being completely with- drawn into bodyb. MOUTH long slit-like opening (fig. 2c); behind brain, separate from proboscis pore s (fig. 2c) just behind trans- verse furrows. PROBOSCIS---eversible (usually coiled inside rhynchocoel (cavity): short: sheath usually one third body length: without stylets, pore almost terminal (tig. 2c). BODYoft. elongate, non-segmented: phylum Nemertea: cylindrical, can be flattened posteriorly (fig 1). Possible Misidentifications The genus Tubulanus is slender, soft, extensible_ without ocelli or cephalic grooves 4, and with flattened head with transverse lateral grooves. Seven other species of Tubulanus are found on the Pacific Northwest beaches. T polymorphus can be distin- guished from the others by its large size and strong color, lack of pattern and free-living habit. Some of the other species are pellucidus, a small (to 2.5 cm). white translucent tube-dweller estuarie cingulatus. deep brown with white rings and four long stripes: to 15 cm: subtidal and lower: sexilineatus. to 50 cm, chocolate brown with white rings and 5-6 long lines: a tube dweller captstratus, slender and brown, up to one meter. with many narrow white rings and three long lines: a tube dweller. Two other species are subtidal, or southern. Ecological Information RANGEleutian Islands south to Monterey, California. Europe and Mediterranean coasts. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONore exposed parts of Oregon es- tuaries, as well as rocky outer shores, where it is very obvious. Coos Bay: Charleston, Barview, Pony Slough. HABITAT under heavy boulders, among mussels, in mud on both open coast and in bays. It is the common large red nemertean of the outer coastal rocky intertidal. SALINITY- TEMPERATUREound in cold and temperate waters. TIDAL LEVELntertidal 4; low intertidal and subtidal zones.6 ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCErather common 4; quite common on the outer coast. Oregon. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONexually mature in July, August e. can produce great numbers of eggs which are often used for experimental studies3. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOOD predator. PREDATORS- BEHAVIORan be found at low tide searching for food Bibliography 1. Coe, W. R. 1901. papers from the Harriman Expedition. 20 the nemerteans. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.. 3:1-110. 2 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard. vol. XLVII. pp. 109-111. as Carinella rubra. 3 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north, central and northern South America. Hancock Pac. Exped.. vol. 2(13):247-323. Pp. 254-6. 4. Correa, D. D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.. (ser 4) 31:515-58. Pp. 519-21. 5 Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, pp. 35-6. Morris. Abbott Haderlie. 1980. P 85 7 Smith and Carlton. 1975 Pp 113-5. 116 Page 34 Tubulanus polymorphus I. Tubu/anus polymor hus x 4 actual length 25 cm body soft, cylindrical; can be flattened posteriorly; color solid orange red or brown; no pattern;head flattened,without ocelli or cephalic grooves. C. 2. head x 30 O. dorsal view, showing transversegrooves; no ocelli or lateral ceph r b. lateral view showing flattening,transverse groove; C. ventral view, showing proboscis pore, long, slit-like mouth, grooves. C. Tubulanus sexlineatus the six-lined ribbon worm (Griffin, 1898) PHYLUM: Nemertea CLASS: Anopla ORDER: Paleonemertea FAMILY: Tubulanidae Description SIZEverage length 20 cm; can extend to 1 meter 7; (this specimen 25 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide). COLORrange to dark brown ground with many regular horizontal bands and 5-6 longitudinal lines. One of these is mid- dorsal, two dorso-lateral. Two are ventral, dividing ventrum into 3 parts (fig. 2b). (If six lines are present, the sixth will be a faint mid-ventral line.) Horizontal bands begin at the tip of the head; only about half of them continue down through the lateral edge to the ventrum (fig. 3). Bands sometimes very wide in midsec- tion.6 BODYoft, elongate, non-segmented: Phylum Nemertea. Cylindrical, can be slightly flattened posteriorly: Order Paleonemertea (Heteronemertea are often flat, ribbonlike; see Cerebratulus). HEADlunt, not snake-like: Paleonemertea. Often flattened dorsoventrally; disc-like, wider than trunk, from which it is separated by a constriction (fig. 2b). Distinct dark cephalic fur- rows extend from subterminal proboscis pore (figs. 25, 2c), but no lateral cephalic grooves are present: Order Paieonemertea. (For lateral grooves, see Lineus ruber, fig. 2). No ocelli: Order Paleonemertea. Head not completely retractible into body. MOUTHirectly behind brain: Class Anopla 7; not connected to proboscis pore; situated ventrally just behind transverse grooves (fig. 2b). LATERAL TRANSVERSE GROOVESust above constriction which separates head from trunk (fig. 2b). PROBOSCIS--short, without stylets: class Anopla (not figured); proboscis sheath less than 1 boscis pore subterminal (fig. 2b). LATERAL SENSE ORGAN (NEPHRIDIOPORE) fiat, shallow, orange-colored pit in lateral area just next to fifth horizontal ring: family Tubulanidae 2; (fifth ring is wider than any more posterior ring (figs. 1, 3). POSTERIOR ENDlattened, light-colored around anal pore; no caudal cirrus (fig. 1). TUBEong, white, rather transparent, papery; open at both ends (fig. 4); secreted by worm epidermis. Possible Misidentifications The brown color of T. sexlineatus, with both vertical and horizontal markings, is quite distinctive, especially in nemer- teans without ocelli or lateral cephalic grooves. There are several other species of Tubulanus in our area. Those with possible confusing surface patterns include: Tubulanus cingulatus, which is deep brown with white rings, but has only four longitudinal lines, not 5-6; it is subtidal; Tubulanus capistratus, is slender and brown with many nar- row white rings but only three longitudinal lines; it is up to 1 meter long; Tubulanus albocinctus is deep red with many narrow white rings, but without any longitudinal lines. Ecological Information RANGElaska to southern California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: spoil islands of lower bay. HABITATn tubes among algae, mussels; under rocks and on pilings. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo salt water. TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVELntertidal; collected at about + 1.0 ft. ASSOCIATESound with terebellids, polynoid polychaete Halosydna brevisetosa. Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE rather common". Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODredatory on polychaetes. PREDATORS BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Coe, W.P. 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard. XLVII. pp. 86-7. plate I. as Cannella sexlineatus. 2 1940. Revision of the nemertean fauna of the Pacific coasts of north. central and northern South America. Hancock Pac Exped vcp 2(131:247-323. Pp. 254-6 3. Correa, D.D. 1964. Nemerteans from California and Oregon Proc Calf Acad. Sci.. (ser. 4) 31:515-58 Pp. 519-24. 4. Kozloff. E. 1974a. P. 72. 5. 1974b. Key, p. 35. 6 Morris. Abbott Haderlie. 1980 P 85 7. Smith and Canton. 1975 Pp 116-7 Page 36 Tubulanus sex/Meatus 2.a. head,dorsal view x 20 flattened,eyeless; constriction betweenhead and trunk; three longitudinal lines; lateral transverse grooves just anterior to constriction. 3 3 I.Tubulanus sex/ineolus x 4 actual length 25 cm delicate, extensible posterior flattened; 5-6 thin white longitudinal lines, many regular horizontal rings on brown ground. 4.part of tube x 4 whitish,clear, papery. 4th ,transverse groove , posterior 2b. head, ventral proboscis pore subtermina I ; mouth posterior to transverse grooves. 2 c. lateral view cephalic -furrow; no ocelli. Abarenicola pacifica the lugworm, or sand worm Healy and Wells,1959 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: FAMILY: Arenicolidae Description SIZE-often over 10 cm long, 1 cm wide: present specimen small: 4 cm (South Slough of Coos Bay), west coast family average 6 "(15 cm).13 COLOR- head. abdomen orange. parapodial areas. branchiae red PROSTOMIUM- non-retractile. naked. eyeless (fig. 2). PROBOSCIS-"a large. eversible sack -4 with mucus glands. (fig. 1). BODY CHARACTERISTICS-divided into three sections: 1) anterior of six setigers, without branchiae and with strong chaetigerous annuli: 2) medial branchial region (setigers 7-19: 13 prs. large branchial gills), 3) posterior apodous, achaetous, Epidermis "very thick. strongly aeroloated-1. PARAPODIA--noto- neuropodia segments 1-19. reddish, well separated (far from ventral line), (fig. 3). NEPHRIDIOPORES-naked (without hoods). five pairs, on segments 5-9 (fig. 2): sometimes difficult to see. BRANCHIAE--prominent. thickly tufted. segments 7-19 (13 pairs), with bunched setae. ESOPHAGEAL CAECA onelarge anterior pair, 3-6 smaller pairs13 : seen by dissection only (fig. 4). Possible Misidentifications Other Arenicolidae have the same bushy gills in the middle third of the body: only genus Abarenicola has well-separated neuropodia. a non-retractile prostomium, more than one pair of esophageal caecae, and five pairs of nephridiopores. Both Arenicola marina and pusilla have been found in Oregon estuaries. Other Abarencola are A. (clapareddi) oceanica, which has hooded nephridial pores and 7-9 smaller pairs of esophageal caecae; A. vagabunda, from Puget Sound, (but possibly from Oregon") is usually larger, and dark brown; it, too, has hooded nephridial pores, and from 11-18 smaller esophageal caecae. Its burrows, less permanent than A. pacifica, are found in deep sand, and may be more sub- tidal5. Ecological Information RANGE-Humboldt Bay. California, to Alaska. Japan. Holotype: Pug et Sound. DISTRIBUTION-a north Pacific form: most common lugworm in Puget Sound area intertidally 5 . Found in Coos Bay from estuary mouth to Coos River mouth (marker 15). and at Sunset Bay outside " HABITAT-SUBSTRATE-builds a substantial L- or J- 8 shaped tube in sand and mudflats: mixed, gravelly sediments: mud and chips (South Slough of Coos Bay). Tolerates a muddier, less permeable, more poorly sorted sediment than does A.c. fc/a but does not live in very sott mud. TUBE-firm, mucus impregnated. up to 40 cm, with typical fecal castings at tail end: head end is collapsed as worm consumes mud4 Water is pumped through burrow by worm. SALINITY-does not live in waters of low salinity. or in heavily polluted anaerobic conditions. 12 but is a conformer. and can tolerate a wide range of salinities: (lower limit: 5006 seawater)". TEMPERATURE- Quantitative Information ABUNDANCE-often to 50/sq. meter s : very dense in specialized habitats. Probably second most abundant macroscopic animal in Coos Bay 12 . up to 100/sq. meterm Life History REPRODUCTION eggs and sperm discharged from nephridio- pores. into water. while both sexes are in their burrows Fertiliza- tion occurs in female borrow, where eggs accumulate into a tube. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-detritus, picked up from surface by mucus of proboscis (fig. 1), digested out of sand and mud, which is defecated PREDATORS man. for fish bait: birds, fish. Bibliography 1 2. Hartman. Olga. 1969. Atlas of sedentariate polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, Univ. South. Calif_ L.A.. 828 pp. P. 409. 3. Hartman. and Reish. 1950. Family characteristics. other genera. local distribution. pp. 38-39. 4. Healy. Eugene A. and G. P. Wells, 1959. Three new lugworms (Areni- colidae. Polychaeta) from the North Pacific area. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 133:315-335. Thorough taxonomy. biology. 5. Hobson. K. D. 1966. Ecological observations on Abarenicola species (Polychaeta) of the North Pacific. M. S. Thesis. Univ. Wash. 75. pp. 6. 1967. The feeding and ecology of two North Pacific Abarenicola species. (Arenicolidae. Polychaeta). Bio. Bull. 133:323-354 7. Hylleberg. J. 1975. Selective feeding by Abarenicola pacifica with notes on Abarenicola and a concept of gardening in lugworms. Ophelia 14:113-137. 8. Kozloff. 1974a. key, p. 105. 9 . 1974b. pp. 234-5. 10. Okuda. S. 1938. Notes on the spawning habits of Abarenicola clap aredii Levinsen. Annot. Zool. Jap. 17:577. (Specimens actually A. pach Pica: Wells. 1969). 11 Oglesby, Larry C.. 1973. Salt and water balance in lugworms (Poly- chaeta: Aremocolidae). with particular reference to Abarenicola pacifica in Coos Bay. Oregon. Bio. Bull. 145:180-199. 12 Porch. L. L.. 1970. Polychaetes of Coos Bay. 21 pp. In "Coos Bay Estuary Report - . unpublished, available at Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston. Oregon 97420. 13. Ricketts and Calvin. 1971. Ecological notes. pp 340-41. 14. Smith and Carlton. 1975. pp. 226. 227: key. list figures. 15 Wells. G. P.. 1963. Barriers and speciation in lugworms (Arenicolidae. Polychaeta). In: Speciation in the Sea No. 5. J. P Harding and N Tebble. eds.. pp. 79-98. The Systematics Association. London. Page 38 ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Arenicolidae Aborenicola pacific the lugworm proboscis everted, showing mucus glands. neuropodium esophagus large caeca actual size: 4 cm small caeca .e nineteen setigers; color: orange head, abdomen; red parapodial areas. three body sections: medial one with branchiae, nephridiopores exposed nephridial pores (without hoods), setigers five to nine fan-like gills, thirteen pairs. esophageal structure (dissection) one pair large caecae, three to six pairs small caecae. 4. notopodium ePhridiopoie Capitella capitata a thread worm (Fabricius, 1780) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Capitellidae Description SIZE-20-100 mm long, 1-2 mm wide. COLOR-dark red or brownish. BODY-earthworm-like cylindrical, slender, threadlike, without obvious parapodia or peristomial appendages. Lacks a circulatory system." Body divided into thorax of nine segments, abdomen of about 90 segments 6 ; posterior is a simple flange. (Fig. 1: drawing done from somewhat com- pressed specimen.) PROSTOMIUM-a depressed triangular lobe, 6 without eyes, ap- pendages, palps, etc. (fig. 2). PROBOSCIS-eversible, but rarely seen everted. PARAPODIA-biramous (neuropodium and notopodium), with- out branchiae (long, gill-like structures); first seven thoracic setigers with long, fine setae in both notopodia and neuro- podia,2 (fig. 2). Setigers 8 and 9 with long yellow spines in noto- podia (male, fig. 4a), only stout hooks in neuropodia; abdominal parapodia (from setiger 10) with hooks only in both branches (fig. 2). SETAE-ail simple (not jointed): anterior parapodia (first seven thoracic) with long, fine capillary spines (fig. 5a); abdominal segments (and 8th and 9th neuropodia) with stout hooks with transparent hoods (fig. 5b). 8th and 9th neuropodia (male) each with two stout yellow copulatory spines (fig. 4a). GENITALIA-males with lateral generative pore between setigers 7 and 8; two yellow copulatory spines in each noto- podium of setigers 8 and 9 (fig. 4b). Females with middorsal pore between setigers 8 and 9 6 (fig. 3). Possible Misidentifications There are other mud-dwelling genera of Capitellidae; Capitella is the only one with hooks as we!! as capillary setae on the last two thoracic setigers, 6 as well as genital spines on setigers 8 and 9. C. capitata is the only species with setae on the first segment.Three subspecies of C. capitata are included in Hartman, 1969 6 ; they are not likely to be found in estuarine intertidal situations. Other fairly common Capitellidae in Oregon estuaries are Mediomastus californiensis, with a thorax of 10 setigers, not 9, only capillary setae on setigers 1-4 (not to setiger 7 like Capitella); it has long-handled hooks on setigers 5-10; Heteromastis filobranchus and H. filiformis has 11 setigers in the thorax, of which the first five have only capillary setae, and the 5th to 11th have hooks. H. filobranchus has spaghetti- like filamented branchiae on its posterior parapodia, H. filifor- mis lacks these branched branchiae. Ecological Information RANGE-chiefly northern: western Canada to California6; cosmopolitan.15 LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-in Coos Bay: South Slough, several stations; North Spit, Barview. Netarts Bay, several stations,16 HABITAT found in fish wastes, sulfurous sediments, etc. where it may be a pollution indicator, if found in great numbers and in the absence of many other invertebrate species. 3 12 (This does not hold true in Coos Bay, where it is not found in the polluted areas, (but Heteromastis is11). Found in vertical, dirt-encrust- ed, black, membranous tubes 14 ; in the mud of Salicomia marsh channels, Coos Bay." No real preference for sub- strate, but likes quiet intertidal conditions3. SALINITY-can tolerate low saline conditions l ; collected at 14 o/oo, San Francisco Bay, where it is reported to prefer saline conditions.3 TEMPERATURE-cold waters to tropics, more commonly in temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL-collected at .-4. ft.; particular about depth. not substrate. Also found down to 30 fathoms.3 ASSOCIATES-Coos Bay: other polychaetes-Abarenicola; Mediomastis (Netarts Bay); tanaids (Leptochelia), am- phipods.; pea crabs Pinnixa.1 Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- common; cosmopolitan in mudflats 15 : if found in great numbers in an area with few other invertebrates, heavy pollution of the habitat may be indicated. 13 Found in great beds of many acres on the Berkeley, California mudflats.14 Life History Information REPRODUCTION specialcopulatory setae (fig. 4): definite separate sexes. Active all year (California) with mild peaks summer and winter. Males transfer spermatophores (packets) to females which can store them until eggs are ripe. Eggs laid. early development occurs in female tube. Larvae emerge in 5 days as metatrochophores, or hatch in 7-14 days as juveniles. Sexual maturity attained within 1 month at 20 . 11 GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-a direct deposit feeder. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Berkeley, E. and C Berkeley, 1952. Annelida Polychaeta sedentana. Canad. Pac. Fauna. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 9b(2)-I-139. P 100. 2. Fauchald, K. 1977. Genera: key, pp. 31-3. 3. Filice, F.P. 1959. The effect of wastes on the distribution of bottom in- vertebrates in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Wasmann J. Rol 17(41-17. 4 Grassle, J.F. and J.P. Grassle. 1974. Opportunistic life histories and genetic systems in marine benthic polychaetes J. Mar Res 32(2)253-84. 5 Hartman, 0. 1947. Polychaetous annelids. Pt. 7 Capitellidae. A. Hancock Pac. Exped. 10:391-481. Pp. 404-5. 6 1969. Pp. 353, 359, 361. 7 and Reish. 1959. P. 39. 8. Jagersten, G. 1972. Evolution of the Metazoan life cycle a comprehen- sive theory. New York Acad. Press. 282 pp. 9 Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, p. 111. 10. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 466-7. 11 Porch, L.L. 1970. Polychaetes of Coos Bay, 21 pp. Unpublished student report. Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston, OR 97420. 12. Reish, D.J. 1955. The relation of polychaetous annelids to harbor pollution. U.S. Pub. Health Rpts. 70:1168-74. 13. 1957. The relationship of the polychaetous annelid Capitella capitata (Fabricius) to waste discharges of biological origin. In U.S. Public Health Serv. Biol. Problems in Water Pollution. Cincinnati, pp. 195-200. 14. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Ed. Hedgpeth, Pp. 322, 473. 15 Smith and Carlton, 1975. P 225. 16. Stout, H., ed. 1976. The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon, 247 pp. SOS-NSF Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Pp. 58-124. Page 40 COP/163//0 CCIPiligiC Cop/tell capitate lateral view dark red body,threadlike, with 9 thoracic and about 90 abdominal setigers; actual length 20 mm, width I mm; prostomi um a depressed triangular lobe, without eyes or appendages. x4 9 2. prostomi um and anteriorsetigers, lateral view x 30 setae begin on peristomium; biramous parapodia,no branchiae; all setae simple thoracic: long, slender; abdominal: stout, hooded hooks. 4.genital area, maleG. dorsal view,showing two copulatory spines on each notopodi um, setigers 8 and 9, b. lateral view, generative pore between setigers 7 and 8. 5. setae Q. long, fine capi lastout, hooded Ilary seta (thorax); hook (abdomen). a. 3.genital area, female dorsal view, showing genital pore between setigers 8 and 9. Glycera robusta the large proboscis worm Ehlers, 1868 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Glycendae Description SIZEhe largest of the Glyceridae, up to 700 mm s, this specimen, from South Slough of Coos Bay500 mm (20 inches), 20 mm diameter, can be up to 300 segments4. COLORark red; can be yellow brown. BODY bi annulate segments. Family lacks a separate cir- culatory system; coelemic fluid contains hemoglobin6. PROSTOMIUMonical with ten biannulate (two per seg- ment) rings, the first being a third of the total length (fig. 2); four small terminal cirri; no visible eyespots, no antennae. PROBOSCIS large.. powerful, can be 26 mm long 4, four terminal black jaws: simple surface papillae. (fig. 3). PARAPODIAiramous, notosetae simple. neurosetae com- posite (fig. 6); parapodia with two post-setal lobes; branchiae like shall blisters 8 (fig. 4); preacicular lobes are equally bifid, like ventral cirrus (fig. 4). ANAL ENDapering, narrow; with a pair of small cirri (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications The other proboscis worm family, the Goniadidae, have bodies divided into three parts by different types of parapodia. They, however. have two jaws. not four. and a row of denticles on the proboscis. Five other species of Glycera in our area are: C americana, with four-lobed parapodia and branched. re- tractile branchiae5, G. capitata, another large species (but only up to 100 mm), with two presetal parapodial lobes. and one post-setal lobe. but no branchiae: G. convoluta has a single non-retractile branchia. and 14 to 16 annulations in the prostomium; G. dibranchiata has two finger-like branchiae, one above and one below the setal lobe; G. tenuis has but one presetal parapodial lobe on its posterior setigers and is only 80 mm when mature. Ecological Information RANGEapan; Washington to southern California, but not in Puget Sound Keys, (Kozioff). DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: many stations in the bay including South Slough. Fossil Point, and outside in Cape Arago sands. HABITATubstrate: "beds of black mud -7 ; gravelly sand4: sand and cobble sediments 8 ; blood well-supplied with a coelomic cell hemoglobin and body wall with abundant myo- globin.9 SALINITY TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVELntertidal and shelf depths4. ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE Life History Information REPRODUCTIONn summer, epitokous stage6. LONGEVITY GROWTH RATE FOOD PREDATORS BEHAVIOR burrows very quickly with proboscis. Bibliography 1 2. Hartman. Olga, 1940. Polychaetous annelids. Part H. Chrysopetalidae to Goniadidae. Allan Hancock Pac. Exped. 7:173-287. 3. 1950. Goniadidae. Glceridae and Nephtyidae. Allan Han- cock Pac. Exped. 15:1-182. 4 1968. Key. pp. 611-612: description, distribution. p. 627. 5 Hartman and Reish, 1950. pp. 19-20. 6 Morris. Abbott Haderlle. 1980 G americana P 459 7. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 342, 473. 8. Smith and Carlton. 1975, pp. 194-197. 9. Terwilliger, R. C., R. C. Garlick and N. B. Terwilliger, 1975. Hemoglobins of Glycera robusta: structures of coelomic cell hemoglobin and body wall myoglobin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 54B, 149-153. Page 42 pare robust ) inches) z. prostomium ten bi-annulate rings, four small terminal cirri. .)., : .._, ...,,,,.j.,;,..:;:.,..:,..,, ,,.. i 4 (/ ..-=."-7.1;T:";-": T:;, - :::: ::- : 1:7:17.: . - - - " : : -- i, il 1. ,:.-:-.A.;..,::.-.-.--:-.--- - -.. ,:-..-,:,,, fo..--;..: ,.., ,, . r. , 1 ;,.t.:; ..,;:. ,,,...1(7f.`:: .. ...t I . -il:c,.. ..-.. . ventral cirrus \14111%, post-setal pre- be -71 setarlo . \`\v St- . , .,bronchia , ,. f,7 4. an anterior parapodium equul ly bitid pre-ecicular lobes; biramous, notosetae simple, neurosetae composite; blister-like branchia; ventral cirrus; two post-setal lobes. 5. composite neurosetu ----- 3. proboscis, evertedpapillae four terminal blackjaws, simple surface papillae. Glycinde armigera proboscis worm Moore, 1911 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Goniadidae Description SIZE-3 cm. COLOR-pale orange, slightly iridescent. PROSTOMIUM- an annular cone with eig ht to nine annulations, ending in four small antennae, fused with peristomium (fig 2). PROBOSCIS -"large, powerful", 11 chitinized spines, circle of denticies, two large. toothed jaws (fig. 3). Used for propulsion? BODY CHARACTERISTICS-divided into three regions: anterior (27-30 segments) with uniramous parapodia (fig. 4a) a transi- tional area (47 + segments) in which notopodia gradually devel- op: posterior area (25-60) with biramous parapodia (fig. 4a): 100-144 segments. PARAPODIA- both dorsal and ventral cirri are conical to fingerlike; dorsal not incised; pre-setal lobes of 25th parapodia are heart-shaped (fig. 4a). Possible Misidentifications Closest to G. polygnatha, whose anterior dorsal cirri are in- cised (fig. 4b), and whose proboscidial armature is lacking ven- trally" (p. 195, fig. 154). Other similar Goniadidae are Goniada brunnea, large, dark brown, and with distinct chevrons on the sides of the proboscis: Glycinde picta, from British Columbia north has 5-6 yellow, simple hooded hooks on elongate dorsal cirri, presetal lobes of 25th parapodia narrow distally, not heart- shaped. Other "proboscis worms - : family Glyceridae--all parapodia similar: proboscis with four horny jaws with supports. Ecological Information RANGE-Western Canada to Panama. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION off Reedsport, Depoe Bay, Oregon 20-74 fms South Slough of Coos Bay, intertidally: (dredged from stations 1-6 South Slough of Coos Bay10). HABITAT: SUBSTRATE-"muddy mixed sand flats" 6, inter- tidally: mud, eelgrass. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-"low intertidal to 275 fathoms -6 : South Slough: + 0.5 feet. ASSOCIATES-other polychaetes, amphipods grass shrimp, barnacles. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-widespread but in low numbers in Coos Bay1 Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS LOCOMOTION-very active; proboscis used in burrowing and feeding. Bibliography 1. Berkeley, E. 1927. Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. III, Leodicidae to Spionidae. Contrib. Canad. Biol. 3:405-422, 1 pl. Page 412. 2. . of Vancouver Island, Alaska. and Bering Sea. Canad. Jour. Res. 20:183-208. 6 figs. Page 194. 3. Hartman. Olga. 1940. Polychaetous annelids. Part II. Chrysopetalidae to Goniadidae. Akan Hancock Pac. Exped. 7:173-287. Page 4. 1948. The Polychaetous annelids of Alaska. Pac. Sci. vol. H. No. 1, Jan. pp. 3-58. Brief description. p. 29. 5. . 1950. Goniadidae, Glyceridae and Nephytidae. Allan Han- cock Pac. Exped. 15:1-182. pp. 49-51. 6. . . . 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from California. Los Angeles: Allan Hancock Found. University South. Calif., 812 pp. Thorough description. map. p. 643. 7. Hartman, Olga, and Donald J. Reish. 1950. The marine annelids of Oregon, Oregon State College Monogr. Zool.. Corvallis. 6:1-64. Brief description, distribution notes, p. 21. 8. Kozloff, 1974a. Brief key, p. 107. 9. Moore. J. P. 1911. The polychaetous annelids dredged by the U.S.S. Albatross off the coast of California in 1904. Euphrosynidae to Goniad- idae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. vol. 63. pp. 234-318. 7 pls. Original description. pol. 63. P. 307. 10. Porch. L. L. 1970. 11. Smith and Carlton. 1975. Family key. p. 164: specific key. list. figures. pp. 194-5. 12. Williamson, K. J., D. A. Bella. et al. 1977. Environmental Impacts of Dredging in Estuaries. Oregon State University. Corvallis. Record p. 523 ff. Page 44 (47+Se ento POLYCANNELIDA HAETA op. Goniadidae (cD^ o 4, Gyancle orm/gero se 0,-, a proboscis wormgbe oce. /0i. I, vtycince ormigera x 15 actual size: 3 cm 100-144 segments color: pale orange, slightly iridescent; darker under parapodia (interior blood). 2. J. proboscis prostomium d eversible eight or nine annulations two toothed jaws, basal eyes (distal not shown)) circle of denticles. yellow , no chevrons. 4 b. gn dorsal atha cirrus-N., arapodi a dorsal and ventral cirri conical. ofG. p anterior anterior: dorsal incised.dorsal cirri not incised. dorsal 4.a. Lumbrineris zonata (Johnson, 1901) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Lumbrineridae Description SIZE-"often exceeding 20 cm" 16-20 cm 4 , this specimen (South Slough).16 cm. COLOR-light red orange, highly iridescent. PROSTOMIUM-simple, bluntly conical. eyeless (fig. 2). BODY SEGMENTS-first two achaetous. apodous: more than 200 segments body smooth, elongated, cylindrical. earthworm- likel no ventral groove (fig. 1). PARAPODIA- small anterior: limbate setae, simple falcigers, no branchiae: postse- tal lobes shorter than presetal lobes (fig. 3): posterior: postsetal lobes only slightly longer than presetal: simple falcigers, with mullidentate tips, yellow acicula (fig. 4a, 4b). Possible Misidentifications Five local Lumbrinens1 seven in Puget Sound none red orange, iridescent like L. zonata. L. luti, with yellow acicula, is very small (under 5 cm) and has very long posterior postsetal lobes; L. latreilli, pale red to brown also has yellow acicula; some of its anterior parapodia have composite hooded hooks. Others with long posterior postsetal lobes are L. erecta, on which these lobes stand erect, and which is iridescent bronze, and the rare L. japonica. reddish-brown and iridescent. and with black acicula. L. bicirrata. also found in Oregon 5. has bilabiate posterior parapodial lobes. black acicula, and like L. zonata, naked first and second body segments. L., near sarst, is very like L. zonata, except for its long postsetal lobes on the posterior 4 parapodia. Ecological Information RANGE --Alaska to western Mexico, intertidal to 46 fms, DISTRIBUTION-most common lumbrinerid in northern California 10: common in Puget Sound and in Coos Bay area intertidally in mud, and in mussel and barnacle beds and rocks (outer coast); in holdfasts and mudflats of protected outer coasts1 HABITAT: SUBSTRATE-mud and chips (Metcalf tide flat, South Slough): eelgrass areas9. SALINITY-found in area that varies 10-30 o/oo for surface water (Coos Bay). TEMPERATURE-found in area that varies 8-18 for surface water (Coos Bay). TIDAL LEVEL-high intermediate. ASSOCIATES-other polychaetes. Abarenicola, amphipods, ;anaidaceans. Quantitative Information ABUNDANCE--most common lumbinerid in northern California and in intertidal or northeast Pacific a : common in seaward half of Coos Bay9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTHRATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- ingests mud for detritus: no animal remains in L sp guts PREDATORS- LOCOMOTION- an active burrower, but does not build perma- nent burrow (as some Lumbrineris do) Bibliography 1. Banse. K. and K. D. Hobson. 1968_ Benthic polychaetes from Puget Sound. Washington. with remarks on four other species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 125:1-53. 2. Fauchald. K.. 1970. Polychaetous annelids of the families Eunicidae Lumbrineridae. Imphitimidae, Arabellidae. Lysaretidae and Dorvil leidae from western Mexico. Allan Hancock monogr Mar Bioi 5 1-335 3. Hartman, Olga. 1944, Polychaetous annelids. parts 5-8. Hancock Pacific Exped. vol. 10. pp. 1-535. pls. 1-63. (pp. 146-71. 4. . 1968, p. 777. 5. Hartman and Reish. 1950. p. 24. 6. Johnson. Herbert P. 1901. The Polychaeta of the Puget Sound Region. Boston Society of Natural History. vol. 29. No. 18. p. 381-437. plate 9. Original description. as Lumbriconereis zonata. 7. Kozloff. 1974a. p. 108. 8. 1974b. Seashore life of Puget Sound. the Strait of Georgia. and the San Juan Archipelago. Univ. of Washington Press. Seattle. 282 pp. 28 plates. p. 235-6. 9. Porch. L. L. 1970, Polychaetes of Coos Bay. 21 pp. In -Coos Bay Estuary Report - . unpublished. Available at Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston, Oregon 97420. 10. Ricketts and Calvin. 1971. ed. Hedgpeth, pp. 140. 169. 321. 11. Smith and Carlton. 1975. pp. 202-3. 156. Page 46 ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Lumbrineridae I umbrineris zonoto 7. 5x actual size: 16 cm over 200 setiersi color . prostomium, ventral bluntly conical,eyeless. first two segments: no setae or porapodia. 3. anterior parapodiurn imbate setae; no branchiaes short post-setal lobes, 4. a posterior parapodium SY" \doe 9 - r3oe with multidentate falcigers.b. simple falciger enlarged; (from Hartman,I968, p.777). Nephtys caeca a sand worm (Fabricius, 1780) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Nephtyidae Description SIZE-to 20 cm long, 10-15 mm wide. COLOR-pale pink; can be light to dark green or brown no pigment patterns. Iridescent proboscis. PROSTOMIUM-pentagonal, flattened, no pigment pattern; with four small simple (unforked) antennae; eyeless (fig. 2). PROBOSCIS-when everted: globular, with 22 rows of paired distal papillae forming a crown-like structure; also 22 rows of subdistal papillae with five small papillae in each row (fig. 1). Proximal (basal) surface of proboscis rough, and covered with minute wart-like papillae (fig. 1). PARAPODIA-fleshy flaps extending laterally off the segments: biramous (two-lobed): family Nephtyidae. Each lobe with a notopodium and a neuropodium, each broad and rounded; post-acicular lobes becoming "foliaceous" posteriorly(fig. 5). INTERRAMAL CIRRI-long, recurved, between the two para- podial lobes (figs. 3, 5). SETAE-fan-like bunches of neuro- and notosetae on the parapodial lobes. Post-acicular setae (fig. 5) long and fine, with single lateral barbs (fig. 4a); preacicular setae short and with transverse bars (figs. 4b, 5). BODY-90-150 segments long, slender, quadrangular in cross-section. Possible Misidentifications There are many other species of Nephtys in the northwest. The chief intertidal species are N. caecoides, averaging slightly smaller than N. caeca, with dark bands of color pattern on its anterior end, and a shiny pro- boscis, not a rough one. It is probably the closest mor- phologically to N. caeca, but is usually a more southern species; it is one of the most common sand worms in Califor- nia.The two worms overlap in Coos Bay." N. californiensis is a large, pale sand worm, usually found in coarse, clean sand in marine environments, rather than in bays. It has a unique "spread eagle" pigment pattern dorsally on its prostomium. N. parva is a small, pale mud dweller without a prostomial pigment pattern except for one dark spot. It has a proboscis with a smooth proximal end without an unpaired median papilla. On the third segment of its body is a pair of eyespots; the interramal cirri begin on the fourth setiger, and are short and only slightly recurved 2 . Its long postacicular setae are transversely serrated, with many fine spines. It is found in California bays, but not in Washington. N. ciliata, from Puget Sound (and not found in California) has a rough proboscis; it has a fingerlike dorsal papilla on its proboscis. N. cornuta cornuta has branched second prostomial anten- nae; N. cornuta franciscana is a small subtidal species (to 7.5 mm) with only 21-28 segments, branched second prostomial antennae, and eyespots on setiger three. N. assignis is found below two fathoms, and has expanded parapodial and interramal cirri which begin on the sixth setiger. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to northern California; type locality, Green- land; Arctic and circumboreal. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: many stations; especially South Slough. Distribution much like that of the polychaete Lumbrineris zonata. HABITAT-sand, mud or mixed sediments; with eeigrass, likes more mud than Lumbrineris." SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. Can tolerate low salinities, i e. freshwater of stream beds." TEMPERATURE-a coldwater animal doesn extend far into California. TIDAL LEVEL-found at + 0.5 feet. ASSOCIATES-barnacles; the large polychaete, Pista pacifica. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-not common. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-can move rapidly through loose sand: makes temporary burrows. A good swimmer. Bibliography 1. Banse. K. arid K.D. Hobson, 1974. Benthic errantiate polychaetes of British Columbia and Washington. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Canada 185 Pp. 73-4. 2 Dales, R.P. 1967. Annelids. 200 pp Hutchinson S Co Ltd Lo-don Pc 13, 28. 92. 134. 3 Fauchald, K. 1977. Pp. 96-7. 4. Hartman, 0. 1938. Review of the annelid worms of the family Nephtyidae from the northeast Pacific, with descriptions of five new spec es. Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. 85:143-158, list. p 144. 5 1948. The polychaetous annelids of Alaska. Pacific Science: Honolulu. vol. 2(1).24-5 6 1950. Polychaetous annelids. Goniadidae Glyc.er!dae. Won -tyidae. Hancock Pac. Exp. 15:1-181. P 95. 7. 1968. P 575. 8. and D.J. Reish 1950. Pp. 18-9 9 Kozloff. 0 1974a. Key. p. 109. 10. MacGrnitie, G.E. 1935 Ecological aspects of a California marine estuary Amer. Midi. Nat. 16(5).629-765. 11. Porch, L.L. 1970 The polychaetes of Coos Bay. 21 pp. Unpublished stu- dent report, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston, OR 97420 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp. 197-8. Page 48 V 7-- A , I,.-N ._ subdista e 27t,,rY,/ -.Iv,.L ) , I papill Neohtvs caeca proximalwarts 0 46 ,1 D rostomiumvb_ . g o -"F.. ventral ik 5 h -% Ni1/4_ do I rsal APP VTillte ? setiger 5 mm 4K 004 -71i( it:ifituithiriminummo interramalcirrus 41 44110 notopodiumWAP(,7rieuropodium dorsal 3. anterior parapodia, lateral view x 30 interramal cirri begin on 5th setiger;parapodia bl lobed: neuro - and rotopodia 2. prostomium, dorsal x 30pentagonal, eyeless; four small antennae. 4. setae, tips a. a long,barbed postacicular seta,b. a transversely barred preacicularseta (notopodial), 5. 90th parapodium x 30 biramous; postacicular lobes large, foliaceous;recurved interramal cirrus beginning on fifth segment.long,finenoto- and neurosetaei shorter, barred pre-acicular notosetae. a. distal preacicular setae _ interramal _ cirrus_ /Vephtys caeca x 4 proboscis everted, lateral view actual length 12 cm;toI50 segments;everted proboscis with 22 rows of distal papillae; subdistal papillae: 22 rows of 5;proximal proboscis surface rough; body: cross section rectangular. prostomium Nephtys caecoides a sand worm Hartman, 1938 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Nephtyidae Description SIZE-to 10 cm; width 5-8 mm segments, about 120. COLOR---a strong pigment pattern on prostomium and first few segments (fig. 2) persists through preservation. body usually steel- to dark gray. BODY-trim, stiff, slender in appearance rectangular in cross section first segment incomplete dorsally(fig. 2). PROSTOMIUM-four small simple antennae on a trapezoidal "head (Fig. 2). PROBOSCIS-globular, with 22 rows of papillae at the end (distal), and 22 rows near the end (subterminal); distinct medial unpaired papilla (fig. 3). PARAPODIA-bilobed: family Nephtyidae; both noto- and neu- ropodia are rounded in the posterior end of the animal (fig. 5b). The acicular lobes are incised in the middle of the animal (fig. 5a). INTERRAMAL CIRRI-beginning with the fourth setiger (seg- ment with setae), and continuing to near the end of the worm, there is a recurved cirrus between the parapodial lobes (fig. 5). In juvenile specimens, this can be nearly straight. 5 The inter- ramal cirrus is larger than the dorsal cirrus, except in the last nine segments.8 SETAE-three types: a bunch of short, slender barred setae (preacicular) fig. 4b); simple, capillary barbed setae (fig. 4c) (post-acicular); and short, barbed setae (fig. 4a). Possible Misidentifications Worms of the family Nephtyidae can be distinguished by their rather rectangular bodies (in cross section), well- developed bi-lobed parapodia and interramal cirri, four small prostomial antennae, and eversible globular proboscis with ter- minal rows of papillae. There is some confusion in the Nephtys caeca group: sev- eral species are distinguished from each other by very fine morphological details. The other closely related species of Nephtys include N. caeca, slightly larger, iridescent, with no prostomial pig- mentation, a rough proboscis with no unpaired medial papilla, and interramal cirri beginning on the 5th or 6th setiger, not the 4th. This is a northern species, rare in California. N. califomiensis, while very like the other two of the N. caeca group, is found mostly on the outer coast, or if in bays, only in very clean coarse sand. It has a "spread eagle" pattern of pigmentation on the lower end of the prostomium, a smooth proboscis usually without a medial papilla, soft silky flowing setae. and interramal cirri beginning on the third setiger. Three other Nephtys species, not so easily confused with the above, are N. cornuta, whose second antennae are forked; N. punctata, much like N. caeca in size and form, 6 but with interramal cirri beginning on the 8-10th setiger, and with in- cised acicular lobes in the anterior parapodia; N. parva, colorless except for a dark spot in the middle of its prostomium 8 , and a smooth proboscis proximally, no me- dial papilla, eyespots on its third setiger, and interramal cirri beginning on the 4th setiger; N. ciliata, a Puget Sound polychaete, has a rough proboscis with an unpaired medial papilla at the end, and long setae. Ecological Information RANGE-western Canada to southern California; type locality, Tomales Bay, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: many stations, especially South Slough. Distribution very close to Lumbrineris zonata but occurs in sandier mud.12 HABITAT-mud, sand, and mixed sediments of bays and lagoons; eelgrass flats 6; not found in areas with large amounts of silt.Likes a fine, stable substrate. SALINITY-distribution more a function of protection from exposure, than of salinity. 4 Can tolerate low salinities, (i.e. freshwater stream beds).12 TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal; also found at littoral depths (one specimen from 25-58 fathoms 9). Densest populations at Bodega Bay at + 1.04 feet and at -1.70 feet MLLW.4 ASSOCIATES-Nephtys caeca has much the same habitat:2 Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-one of the most common nephtyids in Califor- nia"; San Francisco Bay at densities of 130/m 2 10 ; greatest density at Bodega Bay: 32/m 2 4 ; most commonly found in nephtyid in Coos Bay. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-a carnivore. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-very active, a good swimmer and burrower. Bibliography Banse, K and K.D. Hobson. 1974. Benthic errantiate polychaetes of British Columbia and Washington. Bull Fish. Res. Board Canada. 185. Pp. 72-5. 2. Berkeley, E. and C. Berkeley. 1948. Annelida. Polychaeta Errantia Cana- dian Pac. Fauna, pt. 9. Pp. 1-100. Pp. 49-50, 53-4. 3. Clark, R.B. 1962. Observations on the food of Nephtys Limnol. and Oceanogr . 7(3):380-5. 4 and E.C. Haderlie. 1962 The distribution of Nephtys califoc niensis and N. caecoides on the California coast. J. Anim. Ecol.. 31 339-57. 5. Fauchald. K. 1977. P. 97, key to genus. 6. Hartman, 0. 1938. Review of the annelid worms of the family Nephtyidae from the northeast Pacific, with descriptions of five new species Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. 85:143-58. Original description, pp. 148-9. 1950. Polychaetous annelids. Goniadidae. Glycendae, Nephtyidae. Hancock Pac. Exped. 15:1-181. 8. 1968. P. 577. 9. and D.J. Reish, 1950. Pp. 18-9. 10. Jones, M.L. 1961. A quantitative evaluation of the benthic fauna off Point Richmond. California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zooi , 67:219-320 11. Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, p. 109. 12. Porch, L.L Polychaetes of Coos Bay. 21 pp. Unpublished student report. Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston. OR 97420. 13 Ricketts and Calvin. 1971. Ed Hedgpeth P. 294. 14. Smith and Carlton. 1975. P 197. Page 50 antenna Nephtys coecodes first segment 2 parapodium prostomium , dorsalflattened, pentagonal; eyeless; four small antennae; first segment incomplete dorsally. strong pigment pattern. Nepthys caecoides x 4 actual length 12 cm; 115 segments crocc section rectangular biramous parapodia. medial papilla m 3 proboscis,everted x 12 22 pairs distal papillae, a small unpaired medial papilla; 22 rows subterminal papillae, five to a row; proximal surface smooth. interramal cirrus incised lobe-- 4. paropodio , medial (a.) and posterior (b.) x parapodial setae 0. b pre-acicular setae: transversely barred-, C. post-acicular seta: single lateral barbs. 3 1-i b. biramous, well separated; long, recurved interramal cirri begining on setiger five; noto- and neurosetae in fan-shaped fascicles (bunches); acicular lobes incised. lids a mussel worm (Johnson, 1903) ( =lighti Hartman 1938) YNereidae Nereis (Hediste) limnicola ( = Neanthes limnicola) PHYLUM: A np noei Description SIZE-25-45 mm long this specimen 25 mm; width 2.5 mm to 4 mm without parapodia; 45-82 segments. COLORale, translucent: pale yellow green (this specimen, Coos Bay). RROSTOMIUMrapezoidal, wider than long, with a longi- tudinal depression (fig. 2b). OCELLIour, large: family Nereidae (fig. 2b). ANTENNAE small frontal pair, separated at their bases (fig. 2b). PALPI pair of stout, cylindrical processes, with small hemi- spherical palpostyles at the distal ends (fig. 2b). TENTACULAR CIRRIour pairs, family Nereidae: second of dorsal pairs longest (fig. 2b),1 others, including a more ventral pair, quite short for a nereid. PROBOSCIShen everted, shows horny jaws with teeth (figs. 3a,b), and conical paragnaths. In genus Nereis. paragnaths oc- cur on both oral and maxillary rings. whose sections are num- bered for identification (the even-numbered areas occur in pairs). In this species Area I usually has one tooth: Area !I has the largest teeth, about 12 in a crescent: Area III has a broad patch of 20-25: IV has broad crescents of 30-35: V usually has no paragnaths VI has three small points. Areas VII and VIII have two continuous rows: (figs. 3a,b). PARAPODIAiramous, with a distinct notopodium and neuropodium (figs 1, 5). Both branches also have medial triangular lobes, or ligules, the notopodral riddle is always smaller than the neuropodial one. The paraoodial lobes are conical, not leaf-like or globular as in the family Phyllodocidae. (A parapodium should be removed and viewed under a high powered microscope (100x) for certain identification). NOTOPODIA or dorsal lobe) fig 5. only one kind of setaomogomph spinigers (fig. 4a), notopodial lobes at posterior end of animal are normal. not elongate, but smaller than anterior lobes 3 NEUROPODIAventral lobes of parapodia) fig. 5: contain several each of three kinds of setae: homogomph and het- erogomph spinigers, and heterogomph falcigers (fig. 4a,b,c) There is also a single, unusual faiciger in the upper bundle of the neuropodium. It has its appendage completely fused to the shaft (fig. 4d), and is the sole indicator of the subgenus Hediste. SETAEll composite, subgenus Nereis (Hediste) has only one kind of seta in its notopoora: homogomph spinigersong, sharp composite spines (spinigers) with even bases (homo- gomphs) fig. 4a The neuropodia have two kinds of spinigers, homogomph and heterogomph. (uneven bases, fig. 4b). They also have heterogornph and homogomph falcigers, blunt, short, curved setae with uneven bases (fig. 4c) N. (Hediste) hmnicola has one special fused falciger in the supracicular neuropodium (figs. 4d. 5)I( Differentiation among these setae must be made with a high-powered microscope after placing the parapodium in glycerin or mounting medium, on a slide.) ACICULAeavy. black spines al the base of each parapodial lobe (fig. 5). CAUDAL CIRRIwo: styliform. as long as last seven seg- ments (fig. 1).3 TUBEuilds thin, pale brown, loosely constructed tubes in vertical burrows Y-shaped, mucus-lined." Newly hatched young build protective tubes of sand grains and mucus " Possible Misidentifications The prostomia of nereid worms are quite alike, with four eyes, a pair of frontal antennae and biarticulate palps, and 3-4 pairs of tentacular cirri. , The genus Nereis has subgen- era Hediste (with 1-3 fused falcigers on the supra-acicular bunch of posterior neuropodial setae) Neanthes (with only homogomph spinigerous setae in the posterior notopodia, a trait it shares with Hediste but without the fused falcigers): Nereis sensu stricto with homogomph falcigers as well as spinigers in its medial and posterior pa rapodials (based on Kinberg. 1866). Other writers use a new definition of Neanthes. The genus Nereis is further distinguished by having only con ical paragnaths on both proboscis rings, and biramous para- podia with composite setae.Other closely related species of Nereis include Nereis (Neanthes) brandti with a great many cones on its proboscis, rather than a few like N. (H.) limn/cola. It is very large and green, and occurs in more saline areas than does N (H) limmcola its posterior notopodial lobes are broadly expanded and leaf-like. It is sometimes considered to be the same species as N. (N.) wrens (see desorption N. brandti). Nereis (Neanthes) sirens, a very large (50-90 cm), cold wale, form, has small eyes, massive parpi, and large, leaf-like posterior notopodra. Nereis (Neanthes) succinea has very enlarged posterior notopodial lobes, on which the dorsal cirrus is carried distally, not dorsally. It has a heteronereid form, N (H.) iimnicola does not. N. succinea is thought to be a more southern form (although it has been reported from Netarts Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor, sometimes synonymized with N. (H.) 1 is an Atlantic form with a different reproduc- tive life; it has fused falcigers in its posterior neuropodia. It is reddish brown with a pale ventrum.. Nereis (Nereis) vexillosa, olive green or brown, is found abundantly in mussel beds and rocky substrates. It has long, strap-like notopodial lobes on its posterior parapodia. It has a swarming or heteronereid form. Ecological Information RANGEalinas River, California, north to Vancouver Island, B.C.9 Type locality, Lake Merced, California.. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay estuary: South Slough, Charleston, Cooston, Kentuck Inlet, Coos River mouth. HABITATn isolated populations in loose burrows in sand and clay/sand banks; likes soft mud; in channels with Salicomia." Not limited much by substrate; can survive in mud if not entirely dry., TEMPERATURErom cool and temperate waters; warmth af- fects reproduction. does not cause fatalities (30). SALINITYdapts to a wide range (115% down to 2% salt water") but is usually found in areas of reduced salinity (LC. Oglesby, personal communication). In Coos Bay, usually 90% of seawater, or less in interstitial water; highest salinity in which found: 25.2 o/oo. Can survive in unstable environment (Salinas River).12 TIDAL LEVELhallow water. ASSOCIATES--Salinas River: isopod Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis, amphipods Corophium spinicome, Anisogam- marus confervicolus. Does not overlap with other Nereis species vexillosa or brandti (Coos Bay, 1970 study). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE abundant at Cooston, east side of Coos Bay (L.C. Oglesby, communication), irregularly distributed in shallow water (Salinas River, California)" Tends to occur in isolated populations. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONiviparous; hermaphroditic, no copulatory organs. Animals spawn in burrows; some adults survive spawn- ing." Eggs self-fertilized internally: larvae escape from coelom at a size (about 20 segments) to withstand osmotic en- vironmental conditions GROWTH RATEeveral hundred eggs may be produced. and develop in coelom by typical spiral cleavage. Rapid growth leads to ciliated trochophore larva. Birth is by rupture of the body wall of the parent." Total development time 21-28 days. Breeding in late winter through spring and summer, when high temperatures and salinity suppress sexual activity., LONGEVITY- FOODlgal and diatomaceous scum", and detritus from the surface of the bottom. PREDATORS - BEHAVIOR ree-living, constructs burrow somewhat Y- shaped and mucus lined." Worm is above fork of Y: can escape down into burrow during dry periods. Can swim well." Newly hatched young immediately build protective tubes of sand grains and mucus." Bibliography 1 Hobson 1974 Berithm errentiate polychaetes or British Columbia and Washington. Bull. Fish Res. Board Canada, 185 111 pp Pp. 56-71 As neres (Neanthes) limracola 2. irputchinson_ 9 P 1967 Anne/Ids 2nd ed. Hutchins L0,110 200 pp 3 Hartman. Olga 1938 Brackish and fresh-water Nereidae trom the north- east Pacific. with the description of a new species from central California U. D pubi. Levi.. 430179-82 N light, original description 4 040 Polychaetous anneiids Part II Chrysopetal p lee to Gorrodidae Hancock Pac. Exped. 1-156 5 1944 Polychaetous annelids from California, two new genera. nine spp. Hancock Fac. Expel 10(2)239-306 6 1968 Pp 497. key to genera. p 52t, key to species. Only Neanthes diversico/or. p. 527 7. and D.R. Reish 1950 Pp 15-6 Does not include N. Ifronlcola 8 Johnson. H P 1903. Fresh-water Nereidae from the Pacif is Coast and Hawaii, with remarks on freshwater Polychaeta in general. Mark Anniver- sary Volurrne. N C. Henry Holt. Pp 205-22, 2 pls. Original description of Nereis larmcola 9 Koaloff. E 19745. Key pp 109 110 1 Aphroditidae lnrough hrochochaetidae 5 Nat Mus Butt 227 1-356 For nomenclature. family Nereidae . 11 Smith. R I 1950 Embryonic development in the viviparous nereld Polychaete Neanthes ilghtl Hartrnan. J Morphol . 87(3)417-65, 38 figs 12 Neanthes lighti in the Salinas River estuary . 105(2)335,7 1958 On reproductive pattern as a specific characteristic among nereid Polychaet es. Syst. Zoo/ 7(2)60-73 1959 The synonymy of the viviparous polychaete Neat/ft/es !gbh Hartman (1938) with Nereis- Ifrnmcola Johnson (1903) Pac. Sci , 13,349-50. 15 Smith and Carlton. 1975 Pp. 190-3 As Neanthes 16. Stout. Heather, ed. 1976 The natural resources ana human utilization of Netarts Bay, Or., NSF Grant EPP 75-08901, Oregon State University, Cori lairs, Or 247 pp Page 52 Nere ral is Nediste) limnico/o \ tentacular cirri 2. prostomium x 30 p arapodium a. lateral to ve groove b. dorscti tentacular Cirri ur pairs; antennae: one small pair; palpi : one pair, with palpostyles ocelli : four prostomium trapezoidal , groo d_ I . (Hediste)limnicola x 8.5 typical Nereid tentacular cirri; body 25- 45 mm long, 45-82 segments; pale, translucent. cauci.al cirri two 4. b.ventra I paragnaths area DI: 20-25 Et: crescent,30- 35 2tE: continuous rows 1:1 O U. dorsal, (and head) conical paragnaths on oral and maxillary rings; stout jaws paragnaths area I:usually one II:about 12 large V:usually none y r! 3 small. dorsal cirrus 5. ligule _ notopodial lobe dorsal 40et homogomph and he terogomph spinigers neuropodial lobe ventral , aciculum ligule4. setae C. homogomph spiniger b. heterogomph spiniger C heterogomph falciger d. fused falciger ventral cirrus 5.0 60th parapodium x loo biramous: notopodiurn (dorsapand neuropodium (ventral); all lobes conical;smal I dorsal ligule; Nereis (Neanthes) brandti a clam bed worm (Malmgren, 1866) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Nereidae Description SIZEtokous or sexually immature individuals up to 185 mm long, 166 segments; epitokous, or "heteronereids" to 520 mm long, 18 mm wide, 230 segments. 4 Rather wide for length (Fig. 1.). COLORsually a dark iridescent greenbrownish or blueish, with a paler ventrum.4 BODYather wide for length (fig. 1); flattened dorso-ventrally; extremely active. PROSTOMIUMhort, broad; not as long as peristomiurn (fig. 2).4 PALPIt sides of prostomium; thick at bases, each with a small style (fig. 2). OCELLIour: family Nereidae 5 ; in trapezoidal arrangement (fig. 2). TENTACULAR CIRRIour pairs, second dorsal pair longest.4 ANTENNAEwo: short, conical (fig. 2). PROBOSCISorny jaws with six to eight teeth; many conical paragnaths in all areas of both oral and maxillary rings: most important species characteristic.In area I: three cones in tandem; area II, Ill, IV: each with many cones in dense patches; V: one, sometimes none VI: a median row of 4 to 5 large cones; VII, VIII: each with a broad band of many cones" (at least 4 to 5 rows: species brandti (figs. 3, 4). PERISTOMIUMirst segment, asetigerous: a long ring, longitudinally ridged (fig. 2). PARAPODIAegin on second segment; biramous: family Nereidae 5 ; posterior notopodial lobes broadly expanded, leaf- like. All other lobes small (fig. 6). DORSAL CIRRUShort; inserted half way along dorsal (notopodial) lobe (fig. 6). NOTOSETAE medial and posterior notopodia with composite spinigers only" (fig. 5). NEUROSETAEoth composite spinigers and short shafted falcigers (fig. 5). (Subgenus Neanthes lacks the special fused falciger in the upper bundle of the neuropodium.) CAUDAL CIRRUSwo slender cirri (Fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications N. brandti has been at times considered a subspecies of Neanthes virens, the large, coldwater form. This latter species, however, has only a few paragnaths on its proboscis rings, (ie. 2-3 rows in VII, VIII), not many as in N. brandti (4-5 rows in VII, VIII). The prostomium of N. virens is small and triangular; its eyes are small and on the posterior half of the prostomium. It has short antennae, and massive palpi. Nereis (Hediste) succinea has very enlarged posterior notopodial lobes, with the dorsal cirrus attached at the end of the lobe; its distribution is possibly too southern for Oregon estuaries. Nereis (Hediste) limnicola dark green; its posterior parapodial lobes are not expanded like those of N. brandti. Other common nereid worms include the very abundant Nereis vexillosa, found in many diverse marine environments, especially in mussel beds. It has greatly elqpgated, strap-like notopodial lobes in the posterior parapodia. And like all representatives of the subgenus Nereis, it has homogomph falcigers on its posterior notopodia as well as on its neuropodia; Nereis (Neanthes) has only composite spinigers on its posterior notopodia, not falcigers. Other species of Nereis in Oregon estuaries include N. eakini, from rocky habitats, with a long prostomium. and pro- boscis rings covered with small round paragnaths: the bright green N. grubei (= mediator) with greatly expanded posterior notopodial parapodial lobes and no paragnaths in area V of the proboscis. N. procera is subtidal in sand, has tiny eyes, a very long body, and unusually inconspicuous paragnaths on its proboscis. Ecological Information RANGEortheast Pacific to southern California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: South Slough, Charleston. HABITATariable: found in sand bars, stiff mud, Enteromor- pha beds 9 ; l than in pure sand; disappears near sulfite-polluted areas:2 SALINITY saline areas near seawater. 2 TEMPERATURE -- TIDAL LEVELow and below tidal lirnits 4 burrows deeply in sand. ASSOCIATES--- Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE-- most abundant nereid (Coos Bay, 1970), otter most abundant in eelgrass beds.12 Life History Information REPRODUCTIONrovides observers with one of the mos spectacular displays of nereid swarming l The sexually mature (epitokous) animals swim wildly at night on the water surface, their medial parapodial lobes having developed and swollen for swimming. After expelling sperm and eggs, the distended worms will die. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODastings similar to the lug worm Arenicola, but smaller, contain seaweed. Immature worms appear to eat Ulva, Enteromorpha, although their relatives are predaceous.9 PREDATORS BEHAVIOR--- very fast swimmers speeds of 50-80 mm/sec. recorded. Bibliography 1 Columbia and Washington. Bull K ish Res. Board Canada 185 11 tA: Pp 66-71 2 Fauchald, K 1977 Pp 86 88-9 Genus only 3 Hartman 0 1940. Polychaetous annelids. Part II Chrysooetalican , Goniadidae A Hancock Pac exped 7 1/3 287 4. 1968 Neanthes key. p 521, desc r iption p 5 and D J Reish 1950 Po 15-6 6. Johnson, H P 1901 The polychaeta of e huger S r,d Fc Boston Soc. Natur Hist 29 381-437 As ,Nereis 7 Kozlott, 1974a Key p 109 8 1974P Pp 256-7 9 MacGiretie and Macanale 1947 Pp 208 215 10 Morris, Abbott Haderlie 1980 As Neanthes brandti Pp 457-8 11 Pettibone, M H 1963 Ma r ine polychaete worms of the New England Re- gion 1 Aphroditiciae through Trochochaetidae Bull U S Nat Mus 227(1) .356 pp Pp 148 . 184 Nereidae. not N brandti, but Important sys- tematics 12 Porch. L1- 1970 Polychaetes of Coos Bay. 21 pp Unpublished student report Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston. OR 97420 13 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 Ed Hedgpeth Pp 195-6 343, 474 14 Smith and Carlton 1975 Pp 190-3 Page 54 4. everted proboscis,ventra I x 2 paragnaths: area: DI dense patch Br :several rows (patch) V. broad band, 4-5 rows )7all: broad band,4-5 rows. dorsal cirrus spinigers and folcigers 6,a posterior parapodium biramous: notopodial (dorsal) and neuropodial lobes; notopodial lobe leaf--like; dorsal cirrus medial, Nereis (Necnthes) brandti tentacular cirrus peristomium1 ; `, prostomi urn, dorsal x 12 four small ocelli; antennae : one small pair; tentacular cirri:four pairs; large pulps, small styles. Nereis (Neantheslbrancifi actual size 18cm,rnm wide; color darh green; about 155 segments; hirar:71ous paropodio; caudal cirri. maxillary ring oral ring 3. everted proboscis, dorsal x 12 conical paragnaths on oral and maxillary rings; jaws: 6-8 teeth:paragnaths : area I: 3, in tandem 7-8(or more)in patch 3t: one (sometimes none) VI:median band,4-5 rows. b. 0 5. setae x 300 0. heterogomph spiniger b. homogomph spiniger C. heterogomph falciger d.. hxriogorn ph falciger Nereis (Nereis) vexillosa the large mussel worm Grube, 1851 PHYLUM: Anne/ida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Nereidae Description SIZEo 13cm9; to 30 cm in Puget Sound individuals living in gravel are larger than those on pilings.Segments: more than 1003; this specimen: 105. COLORn life: olive green. PROSTOMIUMwo small antennae, massive palpi with small styles; four small ocelli. Four pairs of tentacular cirri, two dorsal pairs are longest (fig. 2). PROBOSCISorny jaws with 6-8 teeth, visible when everted. Paragnaths (conical teeth) on both oral and maxillary rings (fig.3). Area I: several small cones in tandem; Area II (paired): an oblique, small transverse patch, (fig. 3). Area III: a circular patch; Area IV (paired) with an oblique patch of several rows; both are ventral; Area V: no paragnaths; Area VI with a mass of 6-9 or more; both are dorsal (fig. 3). Areas VII and VIII both have continuous bands of many paragnaths, those anterior being largest; both are ventral (fig. 4). PARAPODIAypical nereid birarnous structure (figs. 5, 6, 7); notopodia (dorsal branch) with falcigers as well as spinigers: genus Nereis.3 Posterior notopodial lobes gradually change into long straplike ligules (fig. 6), with dorsal cirrus inserted ter- minally: most important species characteristic. NOTOPODIAL SETAEomposite spinigers only in anterior segments (fig. 8d), posterior notopodia have a few homogomph falcigers (stout curved blades on an even base): (fig. 8a). NEUROPODIAL SETAEoth anterior and posterior neuro- podia have both composite spinigersbout 20 hetereo- gomph (or uneven based) (fig. 8c), and falcigersbout 5 heterogomph (fig. 8b). ACICULAheavy internal black spines): on all noto- and neuropodia (figs. 5, 6). CAUDAL CIRRIour, fine, with accessory lobes (fig. 1): often broken in collecting. TUBEewly hatched animals build flimsy mucus and sand tubes.Possible Misidentifications All nereid worms have a prostomium with four eyes, 2 or 4 pairs of tentacular cirri, 2 a pair of frontal antennae, and biar- ticulate palps. Most identifications must be done on proboscis teeth and parapodial setae and lobe differences. The other common Oregon nereids are Nereis (Neanthes) brandti, possibly a subspecies of N. virens, a large, sand-dwelling worm, iridescent and green in color like N. vexillosa. It is usually paler ventrally. In contrast to N. vexillosa, it has many teeth on all areas of the proboscis; its posterior parapodial lobes are leaf-like, not long and strap-like; it niche is different: it does not live in mussel beds or on pilings. Nereis (Hediste) limnicola, from sand or mud habitats, is pale and translucent, not dark green; its posterior parapodial lobes are conical, not strap-like. Nereis eakini, an inhabitant of rocky areas, has a long pro- stomium and both proboscis rings covered with minute round paragnaths. It has large eyes, and jaws with only 3-5 teeth.1 Nereis grubei (= mediator) is bright green like N. vexillosa, and found in mussel beds, so is sometimes confused with it, especially in its southern range. This worm is small, 5-10 cm, with large and expanded posterior notopodial parapodial lobes, not strap-like lobes. Like N. vexillosa, it also lacks paragnaths on Area V. However, characteristic N. vexillosa egg masses have not been found in the California areas where N. grubei occurs, 6 so the two territories probably do not overlap. An annelid of the family Orbinidae, Nainereis dendritica, while not resembling Nereis vexillosa at all in prostomium, is bright green and occurs in the same sorts of gravel beds with N. vexillosa. It is collected for bait. Ecological Information RANGEastern Siberia to Alaska and south to central Califor- nia.(Specimens from southern California are probably N. mediator ( -=grubei). 9 Type locality, Alaska and Siberia. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay, many stations: Yaquina Bay. HABITATmong heavy algae, eelgrass, under rocks; cobble- stones, or bark with muddy sand or sandy substrate in mussel beds, barnacle clusters on intertidal pilings. SALINITYtrictly marine., TEMPERATUREssentially a cold water form. TIDAL LEVELntertidal and shallow water, ASSOCIATESith Nereis (Neanthes) virens 5, in mussel beds. scaleworm Halosydna, porcelain crab Petrolisthes, isopod Cirolana.9 Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEubiquitous -9 ; most abundant large annelid of the Pacific Northwest 6; unusual because of its abundance throughout wide geographical range.9 Life History Information REPRODUCTIONas heteronereid (swarming) form charac- terized by modified parapodia (fig. 7). Swarming at night (June, Coos Bay 4): females. After producing eggs, females sink with males to bottom, where eggs are dislodged. Both adults then die. Eggs in a firm, irregular, gelatinous mass, 1-3 inches (2.5-7 5 cm) in diameter, translucent; and blue green. green or brown when freshly laid; each egg 0.22 mm in diameter. Eggs can withstand strong wave action. N. vexillosa is the only nereid with a solid egg mass. The heteronereids observed were about one year old, 6 and at least 56 mm longs GROWTH RATEaries greatly at 4 1 ments, species characteristics obvious, including strap-like parapodial lobes. LONGEVITY- FOODmnivorous; prefer fresh animal food, and reject dead food. Not a scavenger by preference.6 PREDATORSometimes preyed upon by nemertean Para- nemertes peregrina (Roe, 1971). Widely used by man for fish bait. BEHAVIORery active, can bite human collector.Young build flimsy mucus and sand tubes, and rarely leave them corn- pletely to feed. Bibliography 1. Banse, K. and K.D. Hobson. 1974 Benthic errant/ate polychaeres British Columbia and Washington Bull Fish. Res Board Canada 185 Pp 69-70 2 Fauchald, K 1974. Pp 86, 88, 89 3 Hartman. 0. 1968. P. 497, key to genera. p. 551 4 and D.R. Reish, 1950. Pp. 15-17 5. Johnson, H.P. 1901. The polychaeta of the Puget Sound region Proc Boston Soc Nat Hist 29-381-437. P 399, plate 4. tigs 33-8 6. Johnson, M.W. 1943 Studies on the life history of the marine Nereis vexillosa. Biol Bull 84 (1) 106-14. Kozloff, E 19746. Pp. 109-10 8 Porch L.L. 1970. Polychaetes of Coos Bay 21 pp. Unpublished strider!! report, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, 97420 9. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 193-5, 224. 239, 269, 352 364, 475. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp 190-4 Page 56 Nereis vex/MSG style antenna Nereis vexillosa x 4 actual length, 9 cm,width 6 mm; 105 segments; color olive green; biramous paropodia become strap-like posteriorly; fine caudal cirri. 2. prostomiurn, dorsal x 12 tour small oselli; one pair antennae; massive palps, small styles; four pairs tentacular cirri.caudalcirrus oral ring notopodi um spinigers - neuropodium spin igers 7 3.everted proboscis, dorsal x 12 conical paragnaths, oral and maxillary rings; jaws: 6-8 teeth paragnaths: area I :several small cones in tandem _Ilan oblique, small transverse patch : none VT. 6- 9 or more in a mass. 5.an anterior parapodium x 30 biramous: notopodial (dorsal) and neuropodial lobes "normal not strap -like. 4.everted proboscis, ventral x 12 paragnaths: area 111: circular patch lY :oblique patch, several rows many, continuous band MIL anterior cones largest. aciculum neuropodium d. --inigers. 6. a posterior parapodium x 30 notopodial lobe long, strap-like; dorsal cirrus attached terminally. 7 heteronereia parapodium, (from Johnson,I943). 8. setae a. homogomph falciger (notopodial) b. heterogomph falciger (neuropodial, c. heterogomph spiniger d. homogomph spiniger. Arrnandia brevis ( =A. bioculata Moore, 1906 7 artman, 19381) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Opheliida FAMILY: Opheliidae Description SIZE-present specimens: 1-2 cm. COLOR--pale "flesh" to red orange, with eleven pairs of dark eyespots on segments. PROSTOMIUM-sharply tapered, with small terminal palpode. nuchal organs (fig. 3a) probably olfactory. and palps (fig. 3b) for food gathering. PARAPODIA-on 29 setigers. Branchiae. present from the second segment. are cirriform. (fig. 2). EYESPOTS-lateral, on segments 7 through 17: dark. paired, near branchiae (fig. 2). BODY CHARACTERISTICS-29-30 segments, "soft-bodied... often grub like - : rather transparent. Body somewhat stiff (per- sonal communication, R. Boomer). VENTRAL GROOVE-well defined, running the entire body length. (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications Only local species in the genus. A. bioculata Hartman, once thought to be separate 3, now included with brevis9. Ecological Information RANGE-originally described from Alaska, ranges to California. DISTRIBUTION--found in South Slough of Coos Bay and at Cape Arago4. HABITAT-sandy mud (Metcalf Preserve, South Slough) "loose sand"8. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-shore to 40 fathoms, (Alaska); + 1.2 feet: (South Slough of Coos Bay and Puget Sound1. ASSOCIATES othersmall polychaetes, and Pista pacifica, amphipod Corophium brevis. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-720/m 2 (Mitchell Bay, San Juan Islands. Wash)10. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-free spawner: settlement after 3-4 weeks of planktonic development s Spawns April-Nov. (Wash.)10 GROWTH RATE-2-3 generations per summer possible5 LONGEVITY-six weeks to maturity, then spawning and deaths FOOD-a deposit feeders PREYED UPON BY-Cancer magister: escapes by burrowing.1 PREDATORS-Cancer magister; escapes by burrowing. BEHAVIOR-a burrower, not a tube builder; usually within 3 cm of surfaces. Bibliography 1. Hartman, Olga. 1938. Descriptions of new species and new generic records of polychaetous annelids from California of the families Gly- ceridae. Eunicidae, Stauronereidae, and Opheliidae. Calif. Univ. Pubs.. Zool. 43:93-112, 63 fig.: A. bioculata pp. 105-6 as new sp. 2. 1944. Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Han cock Pacific Exped. 10(2) 239-310, pl. 19-26. A. bioculata, p. 267. 3. 1948. The polychaetous annelids of Alaska. Pacific Science, vol. H, no. 1. pp. 3-58, 12 figs. 2 charts, As A. bioculata, p. 39-40. 4. Hartman and Reish. 1950. As A. bioculata, brief key and Coos Bay records. pp. 35-36. 5. Hermans, C. 0. 1966. The Natural history and larval anatomy of Armandia brevis (Polychaeta: Opheliidae). Ph. D. Thesis. U of Wash.. Seattle 175 pages. 6. Kozloff. Eugene A. 1974. As A. brevis, brief key, p. 110. 7. Moore, J. P. 1906. Descriptions of two new Polychaeta from Alaska. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 58:352-355. Original description. A. brevis. 8. Ricketts and Calvin. 1971, As A. bioculata, brief note. 9. Smith and Carlton. 1975. Key, list, as A. brevis, pp. 222-224. 10 Woodin, Sarah Ann (1974). Polychaete abundance patterns in a marine soft-sediment environment: The importance of biological interactions. Ecological Monographs 44 (2):171-187. Page 58 AN N ELI DA POLYC HAETA Opheh dae Armandia brevis pygidium /. Arrru/7C110 brevis x I 0 actual size: 2 cm color pale orange, red branchiae and interior. 2. parapodium showing eyespot, branchiae. 3. a., b. head showing palps. 4. pygidium, dorsal with long cirri, Euzonus mucronata ( =Thoracophelia mucronata) a bloodworm (Treadwell, 1914) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Opheliida FAMILY: Opheliidae Description SIZEo 50 mm (two inches). COLORridescent, a shimmering dark blue to dark red. Some specimens have a pebbly surface. ANTERIORhead", including setigers one and two, is set off from the thorax by a constriction (fig. 1) three asymmetrical - eyes- in the brain area. THORAX mantle covers the first eight segments. The setigers are distinctly marked, with several muscle bands between them. BRANCHIAEarapodial branchiae are two-branched and sim- ple, without "pinnules" (feather-like branches) (fig. 2). POSTERIOR posterior area (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications In the genus Euzonus, the anterior region (with first two setigers), is set off by a constriction. Other species of Euzonus to be found on sandy beaches include E. williamsi, whose two or three branched branchiae have a few lateral pinnules; E. dillonensis has single, not double branchiae, each with 15-20 pectinate divisions5. Ecological Information RANGE--British Columbia to northern Baja California. DISTRIBUTIONlean sand of outer shore beaches, bays: Coos Bay: Crown Point, Fossil Point and North Bay, Cape Arago beaches. HABITATlean sand; the "inhabitant par excellence" of the protected beaches.9 SALINITY TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVEL middlelevel. ASSOCIATES QuantitativeInformation ABUNDANCEften found in dense mats of many hundreds or thousands of worms. Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODicro-organisms filtered from the fine sands in which they burrow much as do earthworms. PREDATORS BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Dales. R. P. 1951. The larval development and ecology of Thoracophel- is mucronata. Biol. Bull. 102:232-252. Ecology and larval development. 2. Eikenberry, A. B. 1966. A study of the vertical and horizontal migra- tions of Euzonus mucronata (Treadwel I) in Pacific coast beaches with regard to environmental factors. Master thesis. Univ. of Pacific. Stockton. Calif. 3. Fox, Denis L., 1950. Comparative metabolism of organic detritus by in- shore animals. Ecology, 31 (1), 100-108. 4. Fox, Denis L. and S. C. Crane, 1949. A biochemical study of the marine annelid worm Thoracophelia mucronata: its food, fiochromes and carotenoid metabolism. J. Mar. Res. 7:565-585. 5 Hartman, O. 1969. Pp. 317, 327. 6. Hartman, Olga and Donald J. Reish, 1950. Marine Annelids of Oregon, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon, 64 pp. p. 36 Brief key and distribution note. 7 Kozloff, Eugene A. 1974. Brief ecological note, p. 208-9. 8 McConnaughey, Bayard H., and Denis L. Fox, 1949. The anatomy and biology of the marine polychaete Thoracophelia mucronata (Treadwell), Ophelidae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 47 (12):319-340, 5 pls. Very comprehen- sive study. 9 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 See pages 174, 224, 473, 551, for brief ecologi- cal notes and references. 10 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Good key, Ophelidae, pp. 222-224. Page 60 Euzonus mucronota x 15 actual size 2-4 cm. color: iridescent, shiny dark red, dark blue. constriction between anterior region ana thorax. ventral groove: posterior. 2 -parapodial brancria two-branched simple, without pinnules. mouth extended. 4. "h ead" ventral. ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA OphelidoeEuzonus m ucronotus the bloodworm Ophelia assimilis a sand worm Tebble, 1953 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Opheliida 2 FAMILY: Ophelidae Description SIZEo 33 mm long, 4 mm wide 3; this specimen 22 mm. COLORhite, or pink iridescent (Coos Bay specimens). PROSTOMIUM (HEAD) small triangular lobe; eyeless; pro- stomium not set off from body by constriction head simple: without appendages, palps, etc. Nuchal organs present but in- vaginate, not visible. PROBOSCISversible, sack-like (not figured). BODYusiform (cigar-shaped); weakly segmented. 33 setigers (segments with setae); first setiger small, with biramous parapodia (fig. 1). A mid-ventral groove from setiger 8 to posterior: genus Ophelia2 (fig. 2). Anterior with a ventral depression, not a true groove. Last three setigers with paired prominent dorsolateral ridges(fig. 3). Body not clearly regionated2; inflated anteriorly. PARAPODIAow folds; biramous (neuro- and notopodia); small on first setiger, larger from second, with interramal pore (not figured); middle parapodia ventrolateral, with crenulated branchiae (fig. 4). SETAEll capillary, simple: family Ophelidae noto-setae longer than neurosetae 3 (fig. 4). BRANCHIAEcapillary structures on parapodia, fig. 4): none on first 10 setigers, then 19 branchiate and 4 post-branchiate setigers; (branchiae often disintegrate in preservation). NEPHRIDIOPORESix pairs, on setigers 11-16 (branchial segments 2-7) (not figured). PYGIDIUM pair of large ventral lobes and about 11 smaller subglobular lobes in 2 crescents above anal pore(fig. 3). Possible Misidentifications Ophelidae are sand or mud dwellers, having a limited num- ber of segments, with a simple blunt or rounded prostomium, and biramous parapodia with capillary setae. Some have a ven- tral groove, branchiae, and/or eyes.At least six genera are found in our area: Travisia sp. are cigar shaped, without a ventral groove but with branchiae; their posterior parapodia have large lobes. gigas is stout and up to 85 mm long; it has a arlic-Ilike odor (Kozloff) and is found on sandy mudflats. Also called pupa, or T. foetida.3 Polyophthalmus sp. have a ventral grove along the whole body, no branchiae, but lateral eyes. They have a short anal tube with small anal cirri. P. pictus lives in rocky habitats with algae. Ammotrypane (Ammotrypanella) 2 have a ventral groove along the whole body, cirriform branchiae only on the posterior setigers, no lateral eyes, and a long narrow anal tube with two internally attached ventral cirri. A. aulogaster, a mud dweller, is relatively slender and has 42-50 setigers. Armandia sp. have a ventral groove along the whole body, cirriform branchiae, lateral eyes, and a long slender anal tube with paired long, internally attached ventral cirri and shorter dorsal cirri. The abundant estuarine polychaete A. brevis ( = bioculata) is the only local species, living in sandy mud and silt. It is slender, 15-17 mm long, with 29 setigers. Euzonus sp. live on clean sandy beaches and have three distinct body regionsn inflated head with a constriction set- ting it off from the inflated anterior (thorax) region, and a narrow posterior with branchiae and a ventral groove. Three species occur in our area: E. dillonensis has unbranched branchiae with fine, comb-like divisions. This species is purple, 50-70 mm long, with 38. setigers. Page 62 E. mucronata (= Thoracophelia), the bloodworm, has simple two-branched branchiae, is iridescent blue to red color, up to 97 mm long and has 38 setigers. E. williamsi is also dark red and iridescent with 38 setigers. It is smaller than E. mucronata (34-60 mm), and has branchiae with two or three branches, each with a few lateral pinnules on it. The species of Ophelia are differentiated from other genera of Ophelidae by the fusiform body, inflated anterior, and posterior ventral groove. They generally have branchiae on setigers 8-10. Two other species of Ophelia occur in our area: Ophelia limacina, a cosmopolitan species, has 39 setigers (not 33 like 0. assimilis). It is rose to purple, with red bran- chiae, 3 15-40 mm long, with a long, conical prostomium (not short and triangular); it lives intertidally in sand. It has been found in Coos Bay.4 Ophelia pulchella, with 38 setigers, 19-23 mm long, has 9 abranchiate anterior setigers (not 10 like the other two). 3 It has a long conical prostomium and long flowing tufts of setae: it is found in sandy mud sediments. None of the Euzonus or Ophelia species above has been in- cluded in Kozloff or Berkeley Puget Sound work. Ecological Information RANGEOregon) and northern California type locality: Pacific Grove, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: near bay mouth; Netarts Bay. HABITATlean sand; on spit near bay mouth in nearly marine conditions (Coos Bay); often where current is strong. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo saltwater. TEMPERATUREange would indicate temperate conditions preferred. TIDAL LEVELntertidal; found at 1 covered several hours each tide (England)." ASSOCIATESazor clam Siliqua patula, olive snail Olivella. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEot common, but can be abundant locally. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONggs and sperm spawned into water. In similar species 0. bicornis: ripe eggs dark green/brown; larvae attached to substrate by four anal papillae and parapodial lobes; pelagic life short, metamorphosis by 19th day. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOOD PREDATORS BEHAVIORroboscis unarmed, probably used for digging. Bibliography 1. Dales, R.P 1970, The Annelids. Hutchinson University Library, London 200 pp. Pp. 64, 70, 2 Fauchaid, 1977. Pp 14, 41-3, 3 Hartman, O. 1969. Keys pp. 317, 332 description 331. 4. and Reish, 1950 P. 36. 5. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp 222-4. 6 Stout, H., ed. 1976. The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay. Ore. NSF Grant EPP 75-08901, O.S.0 Corvallis Ore 247 pp 7. Tebble, N. 1953. A review of the genus Ophelia (Polychaeta) with descrip- tions of new species from South Africa and California waters. Ann Mag Nat, Hist. (12)6:361-8. Original description. 8. Wilson, D.P. 1948. The larval development of Ophelia bicorms Savigny Jour. Mar, Biol. Assoc. 27(3). 540-53. 3 3 Ophella ass/mills 10 obranchiate parapodia I actual length 22 mm prostomium triangular, eyeless; body cigar-like, weakly segmented; 33 setigers : 10 abranchiate, 19 with branchiae,4 postbranchiate. 19 branchiate 2.anterior, ventral x 12 deep groove from setiger 8. anterior 3 3 4.some medial parapodia x 30 biramous parapodia, long notosetae; crenulated branchiae. 3. pygid i um, lateral x 30 3 dorsolateral ridges; a pair of ventral lobes; smaller lobes above. Eteone lighti a paddleworm Hartman, 1936 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Phyllodocidae Description SIZEo 30 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, with parapodia.5 COLORale or white, deep yellow dorsal transverse stripes dorsal cirri tipped with deep yellow. BODY-75-100 segments (fig. 1); first segment incomplete dor- sally: genus Eteone, where it expands into tentacular cirri (fig. 2a). PROSTOMIUMrapezoidal, wider than long, with a median longitudianl groove (fig. 2a); with two pairs of short, conical antennae, and two pairs of short, slender tentacular cirri: genus Eteone. Two eyes on posterior third of prostomium, no nuchal papilla. PROBOSCISan be smooth or wrinkled, but lacks papillae, (fig. 1). PARAPODIAniramous: neuropodia only. All but first seg- ment with a flat triangular dorsal cirrus, about as wide as long (fig. 3), these become longer and narrower farther back s ; the ventral cirrus has a broad base tapering to a blunt tip and is shorter than the neuropodial lobe (fig. 3). Note: parapodium should be viewed in plane (side) view to check for flatness, inflatedness, etc. SETAEompound: family Phyllodocidae 9 ; long, fine, colorless spinigers 6 (fig. 4a,b). ANAL CIRRUSne pair, cirriform, attached laterally (figs. 1, 5); about twice as large as peristomial cirri (fig. 2)6. Possible Misidentifications Other polychaetes of the family Phyllodocidae can have flat- tened, leaflike paddlelike or globular parapodial cirri they all have four frontal antennae on the prostomium (and occasion- ally a medial one), 2-4 pairs of tentacular cirri, uniramous parapodia and compound setae. Other similar families are Syllidae and Nereidae, although neither has uniramous parapodia. The genus Eteone has only two pairs of short tentacular cirri, and short prostomial antennae 3 (fig. 2a). The species closest to E. lighti in our area is E. pacifica, which has no (or inconspicuous) eyes, a prostomium longer than wide, flat broadly rounded asymmetrical dorsal cirri, ir- regularly spaced black spots on its yellowish body. It can be more than 50 mm long.A variety, E. p. spetsbergensis, has parapodial setae with two large, equal teeth at the end of the shaft (E. pacifica sensu stricto has setae with two unequal teeth at the end of the shaft2). Other species of Eteone include E. californica, which also has a broad prostomium, but has a nuchal papilla between its eyes, and wide, dorsal parapodial cirri. Its ventral cirri are very short in the posterior parapodia, 2 and it has small brown pig- ment spots on its body. E. longa, found in the Puget Sound literature, 27 but not in California, has a long, symmetrical conical dorsal cirrus, and a ventral cirrus almost as long as the parapodial lobe; its anal cirri are broad and spheroidal.2 E. dilatae is a long, slender worm with up to 250 segments; it is found on sandy beaches of the outer coasts. E. tuberculata has a prostomium with a narrow base, a prominent nuchal papilla, and a long parapodial dorsal cirrus.2 This species, with E. p. spetsbergensis which also has anatomi- cal differences, seems to be a more northern animal. E. is an eyeless species from southern California. Ecological Information RANGEentral and southern Californiaextends inIc Oregon, but probably not to Washington. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay, several stations, includ,ittl South Slough, and particularly North Slough.8 HABITATudflats; muddy sediments rather than sandy rr (Coos Bay).8 SALINITY-20-30 o/oo (North Slough, Coos Bay, summer) TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVEL- ASSOCIATES---eelg rass. Quantitative Information WEIGHT Coos Bay specimen: 0.17 gms. wet weight 25 mm worm. ABUNDANCE-- in upper Coos Bay, this can be one of the mus! common and widespread mudflat worms: up to several hundred/m 2 in part of North Slough.8 Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOOD PREDATORSn Tillamook Bay, Hypomesus pretiosus (stir smelt) and Parophrys vetulus (English sole) prey on a species of Eteone.4 BEHAVIORtilizes paddle shaped parapodia for swimming Bibliography 1 Baker, D R Rutowski and A Tallman 1970 A slough of 1 areas B-4 -5 (North Slough), Coos Bay Estuary Study Unoublcnerf Oregon Institute of Marine Broioay Charleston, OR 91420 2 Banse. K and K D Hobson, 1974 Benthrc ern :intim, brnyc British Columbia and Washington Bull 185 F ist Res Bd C Jr, pp. Pp 39-40. 3 Fauchald. K 1977 Pp 47, 49. to genus 4 Forsberg, Brent 0 John A Johnson, and Stephen M Kir,n Tillamook Bay. Oregon Ore Dept Fish K Wildlife Research Secs Tillamook. Ore 5 Hartman. Olga 1936 A review of the Phyllodociaae Polychaeta) of the coast of California, with descriptions a l I species lim y Calif. Pub Zool 111 0 ) 117-132, key op 11 (r non. figures pp 127-130 Origins: description of specie,- 6 1968 Key lo genera p 223. species SezT, 7 Kozloff, E 1974b P 111 8 Porch, L L 1970 The polychaetes of Coos Bay Usonpcs Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston 9 Smith and Carlton. 1975 Pp 17882 Page 64 Eteone fight/ proboscis 2. prostomium x 30 a. dorsal trapezoidal,wider thanlong; first segment with tentacular cirri only; two pairs short frontal antennae; two eyes. medial groove . 3. 10th parapodium (setae not shown) triangular dorsal cirrus; broad-based ventral cirrus. neuropodium b.ventrashowing proboscis opening. 4.0 posterior parapodium long, narrow dorsal cirrus; Iong,fine compound setae. b. setae tip spin iger: compound, fine-bladed. ana l cirri I. Eteone lighti x 12 , proboscis everted actual length 25 mm; about 100 segments; prominent uniramous parapodia; proboscis without papillae; 5.anal cirri x 30 one pair. Eteone pacifica a paddle worm Hartman, 1936 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Phyllodocidae Description SIZE-50 to 75 mm; 200-300 segments. COLOR-pale yellow green with small black spots. PROSTOMIUM-definitely trapezoidal, longer than wide (fig. 2): two pairs of small frontal (prostomial) cirri, eyes inconspicuous. PROBOSCIS-fleshy, smooth, no paragnaths (side teeth), (fig. 3). BODY CHARACTERISTICS-first segment with two pairs of thick, conical cirri, the ventral pair being the larger; 200-300 body segments, (fig. 1). PARAPODIA-uniramous, with short, rounded dorsal cirri, (fig. 4); setae: composite, spinigerous. ANAL APPENDAGES-one pair, lateral (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications Four other local species of Eteone, all smaller than 50 mm: differ from E. pacifica in several ways. E. lighti is closest in appearance, but has a broad prostomium, becoming very nar- row, with triangular dorsal parapodial cirri, (not round). It is pale, or white in color. E. californica has a broad truncate prostomium, inflated dorsal parapodial cirri, only 80-95 body segments, and a prostomial nuchal papilla above and between the "eyes". It is pale with brown pigment spots. E. dilatae is pale green like E. pacifica, but its prostomial antennae are long and slender, and its first body segment is twice as long as the second. E. longa, from Puget Sound, is much like E. californica, but without the nuchal palp. It has thick, conical dorsal parapodial cirri. Ecological Information RANGE-western Canada to central California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Oregon: Cape Arago, Sunset Bay (outer shore) South Slough of Coos Bay. HABITAT- intertidal muddy sand; littoral depths6; common in large muddy areas, upper Coos Bay9. SALINITY-surface water salinity where E pacifica was collected in Coos Bay varies from 10-30 0/00. TEMPERATURE-surface water temp. where E. pacifica was collected in Coos Bay varies from 8-18. TIDAL LEVEL-collected at about the +4.0 foot level-Coos Bay. ASSOCIATES-other polychaetes, tanaidacean Leptochelia dubia, amphipod, Corophium brevis, and clam, Macoma sp. (South Slough of Coos Bay). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-highest in Coos Bay: several hundred/rneter2. (North Slough)9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-eggs laid overnight in refrigerated seawater. February. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-- FOOD- PREDATORS-Hypomesus pretiosus (surf smelt) on Eteone sp.: lower Tillamook. Parophrys y etulus (English Sole): mid Till- amook Bay.3 BEHAVIOR-"paddle" shaped cirri adapted for swimming. Bibliography 1. Banse, K. 1972. On some species of Phyllodocidae. Syllidae. Nephtyidae, Goniadidae, Apistobranchidae. and Spionidae, (Poly- chaeta) from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Pac. Sci. 26: 191-222. 2. Berkeley, E. and C. Berkeley. 1948. Canadian Pacific fauna 9. Annelida 9b (1) Polychaeta Errantia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, pp. 1-100. 3. Forsberg, Brent 0., John A. Johnson, and Stephen M, Klug. 1977. Tilla- mook Bay Study. Identification distribution and notes on food habits of fish and shellfish in Tillamook Bay. Oregon. Ore. Dept. of Fish Wildlife Research Section, Tillamook. Oregon. 4. Hartman, Olga. 1936a. Nomenclatorial changes involving California polychaete worms. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 26(1) 31-32. 5. 1936b. A review of the Phyllodocidae (Annelida Polychaeta) of the coast of California, with descriptions of nine new species. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. 41(10) 117-132. 51 figs. Key only, pp. 118-9: figs.. 47-8. p. 129. 6. 1968. p. 255: thorough description, map. 7. Hartman, and Reish, 1950. Brief key. local stations, pp. 9.12. 8. Kozloff, 1974a. Keys. p. 111. 9. Porch, L. L., 1970. The Polychaetes of Coos Bay, 21 pp. In "Coos Bay Estuary Report". unpublished. Available at Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. Charleston, Oregon 97420. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, list. and figures. pp. 178-183. 11. Treadwell, A. L., 1922. Pubs. Carnegie Inst.. Washington. no. 312: 174. Original description, as E. maculata. Page 66 Eteone pacific a paddleworm color: pale yellow green with black spots. one pair lateral anal appendages. dorsal cirrus 4 medial uniramousparapodium dorsal cirri rounded, thin. ANNFLIDA POLYCHAE TA Phyllodocidae 2. prostomium two pairs of short tentacular cirri; small eyes. two pairs small prostomial cirri. 3. proboscis everted: fleshy, smooth; no paragnaths. Halosydna brevisetosa (= H. johnsoni short-haired scaleworm Kinberg, 1855 Darboux, 1899) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Polynoidae Description SIZE-40 to 100 mm 3; this specimen: 22 mm. Commensal specimens larger than-free-living7. COLOR-variable; this specimen: mottled brown scales, with black and white spots. PROBOSCIS-strongly developed, four-jawed (not figured). PROSTOMIUM-broadest behind four eyes, frontal antennae attached terminally, one central frontal antenna. (fig. 2). PARAPODIA-notopodia small, with short serrate setae; neuropodia large with many simple falcate neurosetae (fig. 3): all setae simple. ELYTRA-eighteen pairs; occur on segments 2. 4, 5, 7...and alternately on odd segments; after 23, they occur on every third segment; elytra reniform to ovate, varied in color, a few tubercuies. BODY SEGMENTS-37. Possible Misidentifications The number of pairs of elytra make identifications easy in this family; closest are Harmothoe, Lepidatheoia, and Arctonoe sp. with fifteen pairs of elytra. H. johnsoni, a southern California species with distally bifid neuropodial setae. is treated as a sep- arate species 3 , or as the same 9. Other species of the genus Halosydna do not occur in the Northwest. Ecological Information RANGE-southern California to Alaska: type locality. Sausalito, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-as commensal with terebellied worms, hermit crabs, moon snails; free-living in mussel beds, under stones. Very common in South Slough4. HABITAT-free-living: in rocks or on pilings; as commensal: with mud-dwelling forms. Prefers clean waters; seldom oc- curs where dissolved oxygen levels drop below 2.5 mg/I.7 SALINITY- TEMPERATURE - TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal; South Slough, at 0.5 ft. ASSOCIATES-hosts: Pista pacifica, (South Slough); hermit crab Paguristes, living in shell of moon snail Polinices6. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-most common scaleworm in central, northern California 9; also very abundant in Oregon and Washington. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-sexes separate; gonads in segments 12-34; larvae found Tomales Bay, Sept. and Oct.; newly set- tled juveniles 0.9 mm long, with 11 segments GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- COMMENSALISM-animals not chemically attracted, possible tactile responses FOOD-voracious eaters (cannibals in captivity) probably share food of host when commensal. PREDATORS- Bibliography 1. Davenport, Demorest, and John F. Hickok. 1950. Studies in the physio- logy of commensalism, II: The polynoid genera Arctonoe and Halo- sydna. Biol. Bull., 100(2):71-83. 2. Gaffney, P. M., 1973. Setal variation in Halosydna brevisetosa. a poly- noid polychaete. Syst. Zool. 22:171-175. 3. Hartman. 1968. p. 63. 4. Hartman and Reish, 1950. pp. 4-6. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Key, pp. 112-113. 6. McGinitie and McGinitie, 1949, pp. 209, 221, 219. 7. Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 452. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971, pp. 66, 196. 9. Smith and Carlton, 1975. op. 175-5. Page 68 ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Polynoidae Holosydila brevisetoso the short-haired scale worm C. Ha/osydna brev/Sei0S0 x 10 18 pairs of elytra. actual size 22 mm; 2. prostomium broadest behind four eyes; central frontal antenna antennae attached terminally; (from Hartman,1968, p. 63). 3. parapodic notopodia small, with short, serrate setae; (A,a); neuropodia large; simple falcate setae,(B, b). Hesperonoe cornplanata a commensal scale worm (Johnson, 1901) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Phyllodocida FAMILY: Po/ynoidae Description COLOR-"flesh"; reddish around head; elytra pale, translucent; setae clear. SITE-to 11 9; (21 mm), width to 6 mm including setae SHAPE-flattened dorso-ventrally; almost all covered with 15 pairs of scales (elytra) (fig. 1); 36-38 segments. 1ROSTOMIUM-six-sided, as long as wide, deeply incised; four ocelli (fig. 2); large medial antenna, two small prostomial biartic- ulate antennae (inserted below lateral lobes of prostomium) (fig. 3). Lateral palpi: one pair, longer than medial antenna, red. Two pairs tentacular cirri (figs. 2, 3). PARAPODIA-distinct noto- and neuropodia; notopodia short, with two kinds of simple setae; long dorsal cirrus, easily de- tached (fig. 1, 5), alternate with elytra (fig. 1). Neuropodia long, with one kind of long setae (although lower ones can be thicker than upper ones) 2; ventral cirrus (fig. 5). SETAE-notosetae, two kinds: many, stout, blunt, minutely sarrated, both short and long (fig. 5a); a few (4-5) slender, pointed and serrate: genus Hesperonoe 2 (fig. 5b). Neurosetae, one kind: curved, simple, with lateral serrations (fig. 6), although upper neurosetae can be more slender, lower ones stouter. ELYTRA-15 pairs, reniform (kidney-shaped) 5, covering most of body. Thin, delicate easily detached; with widely spaced low pap- illae (fig. 4). Species with relatively smooth elytra, like this one, are often commensal2. Possible Misidentifications Hesperonoe complanata is the only scale worm known to be commensal with the ghost shrimp Callianassa (which see). Another species, H. adventor, lives with the echiuroid Urechis. It is larger (to 40 mm), has short, ciliated palpi, antennae, and dor- sal cirri; its roundish elytra have dark crescents on their posterior thirds. The third Pacific species, H. laevis, is found in deep water off Santa Barbara, California, with another echiuroid. The genus Hesperonoe can be distinguished from other poly- noids by its 15 pairs of smooth elytra covering almost the entire body as well as by its prostornial antennae, which are in- serted ventrally, not terminally (fig. 3), and by the two kinds of simple notosetae. Of other common intertidal scale worm genera, Polynoe has fifteen pairs of elytra, but they are only on the anterior end of the body. and it has more than 50 segments, not 36-38; Arctonoe has 20 or more elytra pairs; Halosydna has eighteen pairs of elytra. Ecological Information RANGE-western Canada to southern California 6. Type locality: Puget Sound. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -in many Callianassa burrows in larger Oregon estuaries; Callianassa is found in Alsea, Nes- tucca, Netarts, Umpqua, Tillamook, and Yaquina estuaries, Coos Bay. HABITAT burrows of the ghost shrimp Callianassa are large, sloppy, permanent, with side tunnels. They occur in the sandy mud of low mudflats in extensive beds; also among oyster beds. The juvenile Hesperonoe are found lying on the abdomens of Callianassa; the adults are free-living in the burrow`. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo, Coos Bay; southern Puget Sound, 27 o/oo (communication, R. Boomer). TEMPERATURE-quite a variant: from cold temperate to warm temperate. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal; Callianassa occurs from "upper to mid-intertidal-19. ASSOCIATES commensals with the ghost shrimp can include the pea crabs Sc/erop/ax and Pinnixa, copepods Hemicyclops and the red Clausidium, the goby Clevelandia, the shrimp Betaus (farther south), and the clam Cryptomya with mud shrimp Upogebia in California. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-MacGinitie found them in one fifth of the Cal- lianassa burrows, but thought some might have escaped detec- tion. Only one adult is found in a burrow, and no other polychaete will be resident there9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTHRATE-- LONGEVITY-- FOOD-eats particles brought in with current or trapped in Cal- lianassa burrow, and which are too big for the shrimp; occasion- ally it nibbles on the mucus lining of the burrow as well, which would make it parasitic, not just commensal9. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Banse, K. and K. D. Hobson. 1974. Benthic errantiate polychaetes of British Columbia and Washington. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Canada. 111 pp. Pp. 23-30. 2. Fauchald, K. 1977. Pp. 56-7, 62. 3. Filice, F. P. 1958. 4. Hartman, 0. 1939. Polychaetous annelids, Pt. 1. Aphroditidae to Pisionidae. A. Hancock Pac. Exped. 7:157-72. 5. 1968. P. 37, key to genera, p. 89, key to species, p. 93. des- cription. 6. and Reish, 1950. Pp. 5-7. 7. Johnson, H. P. 1901. The polychaeta of the Puget Sound region. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 29:381-437. Pp. 392-3, pl. 2: original description. as Harmothoe complanata. 8. Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, pp. 112-3. 9. MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp. 211. 287. 10. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 320, 474. 11. Smith and Carbon, 1975. Pp. 170, 174-6. Page 70 Hesperonoe comp/ono/a 2. head, dorsal x18 two pairs of eyes; prostomium deeply incised; short frontal antennae, tong medial one; one pair palps, ttwo pairs tentacular cirri 3. head, ventral x 30 antennae inserted ventral to prostomium, not terminal. I. Hesperono e compionoto x II actual length 1.3 cm 15 pairs smooth elytra; body flattened; dorsal cirri alternate with elytra 0. neuropodium ventral cirrus slender notosetae 6.ends of notosetae, x 100a.stout, blunt, minutely serrate (both short and long) b. long, slender, serrate. 5. 17th parapodia x40 notopodia short, notosetae of two kinds: many stout, blunt serrate; a few slender, pointed; serrate. neuropodia long neurosetae long, slender, serrate. dor s,71 and ventral cirrus. 7.neuroseta,tip x1001 curved, simple; lateral serrations. Eudistylia vancouveri a feather duster worm (Kinberg, 1867) PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Sabellidae, Sabellinae Description SIZEne of the largest sabellids: 300-480 mm long, 15-20 mm diameter, tube up to 10 mm diameter. COLORark red and green radially striped (5-8 stripes) crown of tentacles (dark red and orange or yellow in California)", some tentacles white-tipped; body buff colored, with light green markings, white spots (Coos Bay specimen); tube buff or gray. CROWNade up of two equal parts composed of many radioles (fig. 1), each part: base spiralled about twice; characterizing genus Eudistylia; crown conceals mouth and head. Edges of crown are smooth, not incised (fig. 5): distinguishes E. vancouveri from E. polymorpha. RADIOLElso called cirrus or tentacle: individual branch of crown; single, undivided; has forked, simple side branches or pinnules (fig. 2), and dark eyespots along the lower edge, especially near bases of radioles (fig. 2). PROSTOMIUMr head: reduced and indistinguishable. BODYhorax of eight segments, abdomen of many segments; tapers to slender pygidium (fig. 1). THORACIC COLLARith four lobes (fig. 4), visible on ventral side; no long thoracic membrane. Collar is used to build tube: by incorporating sand grains with exuded mucus and attaching this "rope" to top of tube. PARAPODIAiramous, (figs. 1, 6) except for first, or collar segment, which has only notopodia 4 . In thoracic setigers (2-8), the notopodia have bundles of long and short slender setae (figs. 7b,c), the neuropodia have pairs of short uncini (hooks) (fig. 7a) encased in zipper-like, raised ridges called tori (fig. 6). This arrangement is inverted or reversed in the abdomen, where the notopodia contain hooks in the abdomi- nal segments, and the neuropodia have long spines (fig. 6). SETAE--thoracicnotopodia: two kinds: genus Eudistylia: long, slender, bilimbate (fig. 7b); and spatulate, not scimitar-like(fig. 7c); neuropodia: two kinds, in torus: pen- noned or flagged setae, and avicular (bird-like) hooks or uncini (fig. 7a) ar- ranged in a long row of about 20 pairs, abdominalotopodia: short avicular uncini (fig. 7e), neuropodia: long pointed setae (fig. 7d). TUBEong, cylindrical, flexible, permanent, tough, leathery, membraneous; of mucus and cemented sediment, not calcareous as in Serpulidae; without operculum: animal can completely withdraw into tube (Terebellidae cannot). Possible Misidentifications Characteristics of the family Sabellidae are the tentacular crown of bipinnate radioles, lack of gills in the body segments, and setal types inverted in abdominal region (see parapodia, above). These characters they share with the Serpulidae; the family differs in having a leathery tube of mucus and sand. it lacks an operculum or trap door (serpulids have a calcareous tube and a stalked operculum like a golf tee). A serpulid example would be the introduced Merceriella enigmatica, a cosmopolitan fouler of brackish waters Other tube worms include Terebellidae, which have soft cirri which cannot be completely retracted into the tube; they sometimes have gills on their anterior segments, and their setal types are not inverted. A family with an easily confusing name is the Sabellaridae, which builds sand tubes. These have 2-3 rows of palae (flat- tened setae) forming highly modified cephalic structures (not crowns); their bodies have easily defined thorax, abdomen and long caudal section. Within the family Sabellidae, the subfamily Sabellinae is noted for its avicular uncini in the thoracic neuropodia, and for its permanent, tough leathery tubes_ Other genera of this sub- family include Schizobranchia, or split branch, common in Puget Sound; a smaller worm occurring in great masses on floats; its radioles are branched, not single; it is often tan colored with a bright red crown (not striped) Megalomma, usually deepwater, but sometimes intertidal, with composite eyes spiraled around the ends of some of its radioles: Pseudopotamilla, including three species of small, rare tube worms which share with Eudistylia the simple pinnate crown of radioles, but the bases of whose two crowns of tentacles are curved in a semicircle, not spiralled; Sabella, with two lobes on its thoracic collar, not four; S. crassicornis has paired eyespots in deep red bands on its radioles; S. media lacks eyespots, and is pale colored, with red and white mottled radioles. The subfamily Fabricia differs from the Sabellinae in its small size and in its temporary, fragile mucus tubes. Several north- west genera exist, including Chone, a tiny worm with a membrane partly uniting its radioles, and a thoracic collar which is entire, not lobed; local species have 15 or fewer pairs of radioles, Fabricia species have few segments and sparse radioles; they are quite small; Oriopsis is very like Fabricia, but with 7-8 abdominal segments, not 3.1 A third subfamily of Sabellidae, the Myxicolinae, represented by the genus Myxicola, has a thick mucus sheath covering its body; its radioles are joined by a web by most of their length. E. vancouveri and E. polymorpha, may in fact be the same species9 ; some believe hybridization occurs.I There are two obvious differences between them: E. polymorpha does not have striped radioles, they are solid dark red with light tips. and the dorsal edge of its crown of radioles is not entire (fig. 5), but notched. E. polymorpha was originally described and figured by Johnson, 1903, as Bispira polymorpha. Puget Sound keys do not include this species: it may be a southern species or morph. Ecological Information RANGElaska to central California type locality Vancouver Island, B.C. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bayloating docks. HABITATharves, floats, sandy mudflats, as well as vertical rock faces in heavy surf. SALINITYollected at full sea water in an area of heavy flushing; doesn tolerate reduced salinity. TEMPERATUREange would indicate a cold to temperate en- vironment is best. TIDAL LEVELollected on floats just below water surface: intertidal. ASSOCIATESopepod Gastrodelphys dalesi (at Tomales Point, California); worm tubes form a complex microhabitat in which many animals and plants survive. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEregarious: the principal sabellid in rocky habitats (Puget Sound) grows in large clumps, in "shrub-like masses.s Life History Information REPRODUCTIONsexual: some regeneration possible: sex- ual: dioecious (two sexes). Free spawners: green eggs or white sperm produced, move out through abdominal nephridial pore to ventral groove (fig. 4) and out of tube. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOOD filter feeder: plankton particles trapped by funnel of pinnules, driven by beating cilia, carried down to radiole base. sorted and ingested. PREDATORSsed by man for fish bait. BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1 2. Hartman, Olga 1938 Annotated list of the types of polychaetous annelids in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bull. MIJS Comp. Zool. Harvard, 85:1-31: p. 24. 3 1944 Polychaetous annelids from California, including the descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. A Hancock Pan Exped. 10 :239-310 Pp 2845. 4 1969. Pp. 655-6, key to genera: p. 685, description and D.J. Reish, 1950 Pp 45-6. 6 Kozloff, 1974a, Pp. 74, 168. plate VI 1974b. P 114. key. 8 0 Donoghue, C.H.1924 A note on the polychaetous annelid Eudistylia yugantea Bush. Contr. Canad. Fish. Toronto, 1.443-53 9 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 1389, 473 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp 235-8 Page 72 Eudistyllo vancouveri 2.0 single radiole (cirrus) two rows of side branches: simple pinnules; eyespots along rib. 4.anterior ventral thoracic collar with four lobes. I. Eudistylla vancouveri x 4 {out of tube) a small specimen, actual length 6 cm / can be 300-480 mm long,tube to I cm diameter; thorax of 8 segments; tentacle crown maroon and green striped; many abdominal segments. 3.worms in situ x 1/5 dense,shrub-like growth. dorsal , ventral ropodium. (11-1 6. parapodia,.lateral x 12 thoracic: neuropodial setae in bundles, . notopodial uncini on tori ; abdominal: notopodial setae in bundles, neuropodia I uncini on tori. 5.anterior, dorsal dorsal edge of crown without cleft. 7 setae G. pennoned setae and avicular uncini (thoracic) D. long, bilimbate seta} (t h oracic)O. pointed seta. (abdominal)e. avicular uncmus a Boccardia proboscidea a burrowing spionid worm Hartman, 1940 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta FAMILY: Spionidae Description SIZEo 30-35 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; can extend in life. Segments: 120-130, (fig. 1). COLORellow orange, with red branchiae; dusky areas around prostomium and parapodia.6 BODY posteriorly.First setiger (segment with setae) small, with in- significant bunches of capillary setae in bunches (fig. 5a). Setiger 5 modified, with two kinds of dark, strong setae in notopodia; this setiger almost twice length of setiger four (figs. 2, 3). PROSTOMIUM rounded, without medial groove: "snout- like," thus proboscidea. 4-6 eyespots between palpal bases; caruncle (sensory organ) present (fig. 3). PALPIong, simple, longitudinally grooved tentacle-like struc- tures, characteristic of family Spionidae (fig. 1). PARAPODIAiramous from first setiger (not lobed, small and inconspicuous); second setiger parapodial lobes become twice as large as first, and continue large to posterior of animal. SETAEll simple; include bunches of short, capillary spines to setiger six (except for modified setiger five) (figs. 5a, b). A transverse row of about 8 neuropodial uncini (hooded hooks) with bifid (two-pronged) tips begins on setiger seven and con- tinues to posterior end (fig. 5e), with bunches of a few capillary setae below them (to the 11th setiger, where they disappear). Dorsal setae of setiger 5 are heavy, dark, and arranged ver- tically in two rows of five: pairs of long, falcate spines (fig. 5c), and shorter brush-topped clubs (fig. 5d). All noto-setae are capillary except for those of setiger 5. BRANCHIAEgill-like structures, in this species a long, single vascular process), present on setigers two to four, and from setiger seven to near posterior end (figs. 2, 3). PYGIDIUManal end): a round, flaring disc with four unequal lobes (dorsal lobes smaller): (fig. 4).6 Possible Misidentifications Spionid polychaetes are distinguished by their long palps. Two other families have long palpsagelonidae, with adhe- sive palps, not long and flowing ones, and with flattened spade- like prostomiums; Chaetopteridae have palps, but their bodies are very obviously divided into three quite different sections. The genus Boccardia is distinguished by having branchiae on the setigers anterior to five. Of these, two species have only one kind of setae on setiger five, not two kinds as in B. proboscidea. B. hamata (= uncata) has recurved spines, not straight bifid uncini, on its posterior parapodia; its pygidium has two lappets. It is common in oyster beds. B. truncata is green in color, has a saucer-like pygidium and a truncate anterior end. It is not usually estuarine. Of those Boccardia species with two kinds of setae on setiger five B. tricuspa has falcate and tridentate (not bruso-topped) setae on setiger 5; its branchiae anterior to setiger 5 are small and inconspicuous; it bores in molluscs and is usually a more southern species than B. proboscidea. B. polybranchia has a notched not an entire prostomium. Its first setiger lacks notosetae; it has only 60-80 segments, and a pygidium like a thick ring. It is green and lives in estuarine mud. Two species of Boccardia have both falcate and brush- topped setae on setiger five as in B. proboscidea: B. berkeleyorum has no notosetae on setiger one, only neurosetae. Its bristle-topped setae (on setiger 5) have a small accessory tooth at the distal end; its posterior notopodia have acicular setae.m This species bores in coralline algae, hermit crab shells and the jingle shell Pododesmus. B. columbiana is closest to B. proboscoidea. Its chief dif- ference is that the fascicles of fine setae on setiger one are long and fanned forward; they are short on B. proboscidea. This species is reddish brown, and bores into wood pilings and coarse algae. B. proboscidea was the only one of its genus found in Oregon by Hartman and Reish (1950). Ecological Information RANGEestern Canada south to southern California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay, several sites; outer rocky coast and offshore as well. HABITATuilds vertical, U-shaped burrows in rocky shale; in Mytilus (mussell) colonies. Inhabits a variety of niches. SALINITYollected in full sea water (30 o/oo); great toleration for salinity variation. TEMPERATUREesidence in tidepools evidence of temperature toleration. TIDAL LEVELigh rocky intertidal pools, in crevices; sandy mudflats. ASSOCIATES and its accompanying organisms; in rocky crevices: small, red harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEhe only Boccardia found in Oregon by Hart- man and Reish, 1950 most common member of a common family. Life History REPRODUCTIONarval stages, or chaetosphaeres, found in plankton in the summer.Eggs, in five or more capsules of 50 eggs each, are deposited in a tube, and aerated while develop- ing by adult rhythmic movement. GROWTH RATEgg development rapid; eggs easily developed in lab; capsules in same tube often at different development stages. Settlement after some weeks as plankton. LONGEVITY- FOODpionids feed by sweeping tentacles across surface of substrate; particles collected and wiped on underside of pro- stomium.Also eats small copepods a voracious predator on algal particles, Bryozoa, Hydrozoa, other attached and free- swimming animals. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR burrower; colonial can be seen with tentacles protruding from burrow. Bibliography 1 Annelids 200 pp. Hutchinson Co.. Ltd.. London 2 Fauchald. K 1977 Pp 22, 24-5 3 Hartman, Olga 1940. Boccardia proboscidea, a new species of spionid worm from California. Jour Wash Acad. Sc. 30(9) 382-7 Original description Very thorough 4 1941 Polychaetous annelids Part III Spionidae Some con- tributions to the biology and life history of Spionidae from California. Han cock Pac. h y ped 7.299 5 1961 Polychaetous annelids from California Hancock Pat Exped 25 28 6 1969 P 85, family, p 87, species key, p description 7 and D.R. Reish, 1950 P 27 8 Kozloft, E 1974b To genus, p 116 (key) 9 Ricketts arid Calvin, 1971 Ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 28. 166, 4 73 10 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 208, 214 11 Woodwick, K H 1963 Comparison of Boccardia colurnbiana Berkeley and Boccardia proboscidea Hartman (Annelida Polychaeta, Spionidae) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash , 76 209-16 12 1963a Taxonomic revision of two polydond species (An- nelida Polychaeta, Spionidae) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 76.209 16 13 1977 Lecithotrophic larval development in Boccardia pro boscidea Hartman. In Essays on Polychaet-Annelids pp 347 57 Flan cock Foundation, special publication Page 74 f3occardia proboscides 2. lateral view,anterior x30 biramous parapodia with branchicre, fifth setiger wide, modified, with stout dorsal spines. Boccardia proboscides x 12 actual length 30 mm, width 1.5 mm; typical Spionid palps; body flattened,depressed; pygidium a flaring disk. 3. dorsal view, anterior x 30 prostomiurn rounded, snout-like; 4-6 eyes; inconspicuous parapodia on first setiger; setiger 5 with dorsal spines; caruncle obvious.dor sa 4. pygidium, posterior view, x 40 dorsal lobes smaller 5. setae a rieuropodial fascicleb. capillary from 0. C.falciger from setiger 5d. brush-lopped club, setiger 5e.neuropodial hooded hook. c d. e. Polydora nuchalis a spionid worm Woodwick, 1953 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: FAMILY: Spionidae Description SIZE-28 mm. COLOR--pale orange, this specimen with a broad red verti- cal dorsal stripe, red cirri and in palps. PROSTOMIUM-obvious nuchal (olfactory) tentacle, dorsally (fig. 1): prostomium blunt, tri-lobed, with two eyespots: caruncle to third segment10. SETIGER FIVE-modified, with special setae, no post-setal lobe, a crescent shaped row of spines (fig. 4). two types of spines: sim- ple, falcate (A) and plumose (B), fig. 3. SETIGER SEVEN-beginning of hooded hooks on neuropodia and of strap-like branchiae (fig. 4). BODY CHARACTERISTICS-80 segments; pygidium lacking papillae (fig. 2). TENTACULAR PALPS-long, coiling, reaching to 25 segments (fig. 2). Possible Misidentifications Numerous group: 13 in genus locally, 36 in family 9: P. ligni, the closest species, also has a nuchal tentacle; its branchial gills also begin on setiger 7. Its heavy spines on setiger five have an ac- cessory tooth; its companion setae are feather-like. Its habitat is mud or water-logged wood; it is also an oyster borer 3 . All Polydora species have modified fifth setigers: see keys , note habitat differences. P elegantissima, a boring species, has very short branchiae beginning on the eighth setiger, but rarely on the seventh, and its nuchal caruncle extends back over several segments (fig. 1). P socialis, common in San Francisco, also has branchiae beginning on the eighth setiger. Ecological Information RANGE-type locality Puget Sound. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION Bay: South Slough. HABITAT-SUBSTRATE-"mudflats of estuaries and bays"9; orange tubes, 2 cm long, bottom of a drainage channel, Salicor- nia marsh; (South Slough of Coos Bay); "non-calcareous sub- strates" 3. SALINITY-area of collection; 10 o/oo surface waters-Coos Bay, Oregon. TEMPERATURE-area of collection; 8-18 surface waters- Coos Bay, Oregon. TIDAL LEVEL- + 4.5 feet (South Slough of Coos Bay). ASSOCIATES-amphipods, sphaeromid isopods, the gas- tropod Ovatella, alga Fucus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-June, in plankton collections under South Slough bridge. Spionid larvae: 300/m 3: February. 4000/m3. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-up to 100 eggs are kept in transparent mu- cous capsules in chains, attached to tube walls. Only 1-8 larvae (of 100) will survive. Larvae develop 9-12 segments before they are freed to be plankton 10. Some spionid larvae remain in plank- ton as long as 3 months4. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-Po/ydora ligni completes life cycle in 30 days. FOOD-detrital, collected by long palps. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Blake, J. A. 1969, Reproduction and larval development of Polydora from northern new England (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Ophelia 7:1-63. 2. 1971. Revision of the genus Po/ydora Bosc 1802 from the east coast of North America. (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 75:1-32. 3. Blake, J. A. and John W. Evans. 1973. Polydora and related genera as borers in mollusc shells and other calcareous substrates. Veliger. 15:235-249. Extensive bibliography. 4. Dales, R. Phillip. 1967. Annelids 200 pp. Hutchinson Co. L London, 5. Hartman, Olga. 1936. New species of Spionidae from the coast of California. Univ. of Calif. 6. 1941. Polychaetous annelids. Part Ill. Hancock Pac. Exped. 7:288-324 (pl. 46, Fig. 22). 7. Light, William J. (Dept. Invert. Zool. Calif. Acad. Sci. San Francisco. Calif. 94118 USA). Spionidae from San Francisco Bay, Calif.: A revised list with nomenclatural changes, new records. and comments on related species from northeastern Pacific Ocean. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 90(1)66-88 1977 22 species of spionids from S.F. Bay 9 previous- ly recorded. Po/ydora socialis for S.F. Bay. 8. Reish, Donald J. (1977). The Role of Life History studies in polychaete systematics in Essays on Polychaetus Annelids. Ed. by Reish. D. J. K. Fauchald Allan Hancock Foundation. Univ. of Southern Calif. Los. Angeles, Ca. 9. Smith and Carlton. 1975. Key to Families. p. 162-169. species key lists. pp. 208-216, references. p. 242-243. 10. Woodwick, K. H. 1953. Polydora nuchalis, a new species of Poly- chaetous annelid from California. Original description. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43:381-3. 11. 1960. Larval development. Pac. Sci. 14:122-128. Early larval development of Polydora nuchalis Woodwick. a spionid polychaete. Pac. Sci. 14:122-8. Page 76 Po/yefora nucha/is Po/ydoro nuchalis x 6 actual size 28 mm,80 segments colorpale orange, red stripe; long,tentacular paips. 3 . spines of setiger five A. heavy spines; simple, falcate (sickle-like); B. companion setae: fine, plumose. actual size:B. nuchal tentacle AL Lcaruncle prostomium,dorsal view 2. ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Spionidae 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4. .first eight setigers, lateral view showing modified fifth setiger with crescentic row of spines, no post setal strap-like branchiae beginning setiger seven. Pista pacifica Berkeley and Berkeley, 1942 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Terebellida FAMILY: Terebellidae, Amphitritinae Description SIZE-up to 15 inches (39 cm); (diameter 1.4 cm). COLOR-anterior segments light red to brownish pink; 12 ton- cue-shaped maroon lobes. -scules - , on the first segments; ven- tral surface gray with ochre and light yellow spots: posterior pink and blackish; dark red branchiae, white tentacles with light gray and brown stripes. PROSTOMIUM-a simple fold. with a hood-like membrane (fig. 2). TENTACLES-Hong, filamentous, while. with light stripes; mucus covered. BRANCHIAE-three pairs of dark, red, branched gills. plumose and spreading; arising dorsally from segments 2-4 5. Branchiae contain vascular hemoglobin which transfers oxygen to coelomic hemoglobin". PARAPODIA-first setae on segment four (small fascicles at cuter bases of branchiae 5); containing double rows of uncini (fig. 3) which are "avicular - (beak-like) on first few segments, and become short-stemmed posteriorly; notopodia (fig. 2) contain capillary notosetae which are long, slender, "limbate" (winglike). THORAX-17 setigers, (16 uncinigers) with biramous parapodia; tongue-shaped lobes, or scutes, through tenth setiger 5; lap- pets: 2nd 3rd branchial segments. ABDOMEN-about 300 segments, with reduced neuropodia only. no notopodia: Terebellidae 2; prominent ventral groove (fig. 2). TUBE-Hough, large anterior overlapping membrane (often broken when animal is taken); posterior end of tube with "star of Pista": characteristic pattern (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications The closest species is P. elongata, which has lappets on the second segment, but not on the third; it has no tongue-shaped lobes on the fourth segment; its tube has a sponge-like, reticula- ted top. Its tubes are in crevices among rocks, not in estuarine mud. Pista cristata (Puget Sound) has gills which form a globular mass, and is only up to 9 cm. P. fasciata, also from Puget Sound, has prominent prostomial lobes. Ecological Information RANGE-California to western Canada. DISTRIBUTION-Oregon estuaries: (South Slough of Coos Bay), also Cape Arago coves. HABITAT-deep mud and sand of estuaries, where it makes large tubes; eelgrass areas9. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL- + 0.5 to subtidal. ASSOCIATES-commensals: polynoid worm Halosydna brevi- setosa in tube, white "nodding heads" (entroprocts) on worm midsection. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE -3.5/m 2 in eelgrass areas of South Slough. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- FOOD-detritus. picked up by thread-like tentacles passed to mouth by cilia and mucus glands. PREDATORS- Bibliography 1. Berkeley, Edith and Cyril Berkeley, 1942. North Pacific Polychaeta. chiefly from the west coast of Vancouver Island. Alaska and Bering Sea. Canad. Jour. Research, vol. 20. pp. 183-208, 6 figs. Original de- scription, p. 202. 2. Fauchald, 1977. To genera, pp. 128-134. 3. Fauvel, Pierre, 1927. Polychetes sedentaires. Addenda aux Errantes. Archiannelides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France 16:1-494: figs. 84.99: family characteristics. 4. Hartman, Olga, 1944. Polychaetous Annelids. Parts 5-8, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., vol. 10, pp. 1-535, pls. 1-63. pps. 273-4, figs. 61-62. 5. 1969. Atlas, the Sedentariate Polychaetous Annelids from California. Allan Hancock Found. U. So. Calif., Los Angeles. Keys pp. 579, 609; description and figs. p. 627. 6. Hartman and Reish. 1950. pp. 43-44, brief key, local records. 7. Kozloff, 1974a, brief key, p. 119, (states two pairs of branchiae). 8 Morris. Abbott Haderlie. 1980. P 471 9 Porch, L. L., 1970. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. pp. 232-234, 11 Terwilliger, Robert C., 1974. Oxygen Equilibria of the Vascular and Coelomic hemoglobins of the Terebellid polychaete, Pista pacifica. Evi- dence for an oxygen transfer system Comp. Biochem. Physiol 48A pp 745-755. 12. Winnick, Ken (1978) Student report, unpublished, at Oregon Inst. Mar. Biol., Charleston. Page 78 ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA TerebelIi doe- 12 tongue-shaped lobe lappet hood end- of tube ventral t wo pairs ,;branched gills neuropodium 2. n. 4notopodium pacifica x 4 tube building worm, with distinct thorax, abdomen; long white non-retractile tentacles; three pairs red branchiae; 16 uncinigerous neuropodia, notopodia with capillary setae; lappets on segments 2,3. 3. uncini Thelepus crispus a terebellid worm Johnson, 1901 PHYLUM: Annelida CLASS: Polychaeta ORDER: Terebellida FAMILY: Terebellidae, Thelepinae Description SIZEength 70-200 mm 3 ; greatest body width at segments 10-16: 13 mm; 88-147 segments. This specimen 120 mm. COLOR--pinkish orange and cream; bright red branchiae, gray tentacles and periostomium, dark pink prostomium (this SpeCircen, Coos Bay). BODY SHAPE---rather stout; two distinct sections: a distinct tiora.x neuro- and notopodia, and a tapering abdomen with only neuropodia. PROSTOMIUM ---head reduced, with ample dorsal flap trans- ii,,ersely corrugated dorsally; no eyespots (fig. 5). PERISTOMIUMsegment 1): with circlet of strongly grooved, unbranched tentacles (fig. 5) which cannot be retracted fully2: as in Ampharetidae, for example). THORAXell over 25 segments anterior end not greatly en- larged. Thoracic ventral plates not clearly distinguishable (as in Pista) and do not extend into "lappets." BRANCHIAE------present: subfamily Thelepinae 3 ; filiform; on segments 2_ 3, and 4; each with many slender single filaments. NOTOSETAErom second branchial segment (third body seg- ment): continuing almost to end of body (to 14th segment from end in mature specimens). Notosetae appear as groups of long capillary setae in raised parapodia (figs. 1, 5); each seta is lim- bate (win g -shaped), with smooth margins (fig. 2). NEUROSETAEli short handled, avicular (bird-like) uncini, im- bedded in a single row on oval-shaped tori (neuropodia) (figs. 3, 5). Single row curves into a hook, then a ring in latter segments (fig. 3). Each uncinus a thick, short fang surmounted by a few small teeth (2 in this specimen) (fig. 4). Uncini begin on fifth body segment (third setiger). (Authors differ: Johnsonand Hartman" have uncini beginning on setiger 2). TUBE--of coarse sand and gravel over a chitinized base: at- tached to shell or rock, or within empty pholad burrows. Possible Misidentifications The Terebellidae are one of a number of tube-building polychaete families with soft tentacles for deposit feeding and with gills on their anterior segments. Many terebellids occur in our Northwest bays. All of them have bodies with numerous segments and two distinct regions, a tapering abdomen wan neurosetae only and both capillary setae and uncinigerous tori on the thorax.They all have a modified and reduced head with the prostomium and periostomium at least partly fused, and many non-retractible filiform tentacles emerging from the folded orostomium. The subfamily Thelepinae always have branchiae 3 and uncini which occur in single rows which may curve around into a cir- cle Other genera in this subfamily include Streblosoma and iii-,j Streblosoma has uncini arranged in single straight rows throughout the body, not changing into a depressed ring as in Thelepus crispus. lt, too, has three pairs of branchiae; its notosetae begin on the first branchial segment, not on the second This species has many eyespots ( T crispus does not): its tube is tightly coiled, and it has a small number of tentacles its ventral plates are conspicuous. Streblosoma ba/rdi, reported from Puget Sound," is small (to 80 mm), with only 30-40 setigers, a fragile posterior, notosetae beginning on Me first branchial segment, and uncinal tori which become projecting rectangular There are three other species of Thelepus which might oc- cur in our area: Thelepus hamatus is a small, delicate terebellid, about 50 mm long, with only a few thick, deeply grooved tentacles. it has only two pairs of branchiae, with few filaments. It is orange : probably subtidal and below in distribution. Thelepus setosus, a cosmopolitan terebellid, is distinguished from T. crispus chiefly because all of its uncini are in single rows which do not curve into rings as in T. crispus; the uncini are on projecting rectangular pinnules as in T. harratus - setosus has three pairs of branchiae, and capillaries beodsdng on the third segment as in T. crispus. T. setosus has con- spicuous black eyespots behind the tentacle bases, noticeable ventral plates (about 20): and a long narrow posterior it is yellow to brown, with red branchiae and orange-brown ten- tacles. Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780), found in Puget Sound,has capillary setae beginning on the third segmeiii and only two pairs of gills. No other references can be found for this animal. Ecological Information RANGE--Alaska south to California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION--Coos Bay: Pigeon Point: also at many stations inside and outside the bay, and from Yaquina Bay. HABITATttaches its tube to undersides of rocks, shells: found in Coos Bay in empty pholad burrows. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo salt: found in lower parrs of bays where salinity is not likely to be reduced. TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVELntertidal. ASSOCIATESearly all specimens had the polynoid polychaete ,Halosydna brevisetosa inside the tube (Coos Bay). In its under-rock habitat in mudflats of bays: Cancer orecor)en- sis, burrowing clams Aduia. Penitella. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEan be fairly abundant within its narrow re- quirements. One of the most common intertidal terebellids.1 Life History Information REPRODUCTION-- LONGEVITY-- FOOD deposit feeder, trapping detritus particles with its tentacles, passing food in a mucus film along tentacle gi doves and into the mouth. PREDATORS-- BEH AVIOR Bibliography 1 Canad. Pac. Fauna, 9b(2) 139 pp Pc 73 4. key 10 getteta specLes. pp. 83-4. descr,pno9 kauch:-kd. K 1977 . . 3 Har;rnan. 0. 1969. Pp. 579 645 4 . and Pr. 7-4 Johnsp H.P . 15 The the Pt ..ge t Sot ect Boston Soc kirk4 29:381,4 P 428. 6. Kozloff, E 1974a. Pp 169. 239. 7 1974b Key, pp. 118-20 8 Morris. Abbott Haderiie, 1980. Pp 471 9. Ricketts and Calvin, ed Hedgpeth, 1971 Pp 69-70, 267. 342 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp 232-5. Page 80 The/epus crispus I. x 4 actual length 120 mm; 130 segments; pinkish-orange, red branchiae, whitishtentacles; many thoracic segments with neuro- and notosetae; abdomen short and with neuropodia only. 2.a capillary notoseta limbate, on thoracic setigers. 3. neuropodia I torus, medial x90 a single row of uncini curved into a ring; torus a low, flat oval. prostomium.71 segment I - (peristomium) 4 single uncinus large avicular fang with small teeth above it; short handled. 5. anterior segments x 12 branchiae: 3 pairs beginning segment 2; capillary notosetae begin segment 3; unainigerous tori begin segment 5. PHYLUM: Arthropoda Semthalanus cariosus (= Balanus ca riosus ) CLASS: Crustacea, Ciropedia ORDER, Thoracica, Balanomorphaa thatched barnacle (Pallas, 1788) FAMILY: Archaeobalanidae Description SIZEargest: to 75 mm diameter,80 mm high; variable, especially in cylindrical specimens on vertical surfaces. Can grow to 100 mm high and only 15 mm wide (Puget Sound).12 COLOR----dirty white, gray: round or uncrowded specimens chalky white: tergum beak can be purple, cirri brown to almost black. SHAPEormally conical (fig. 2); can be cylindrical if crowded. BASEembraneous, in contrast to most barnacles which have calcareous bases (and the only North American Balanus thus") Base forms starry pattern (fig, 3), especially in juveniles PLATESix, unequal, calcareous, with narrow longitudinal spines, giving it a unique thatched appearance (fig. 1). Crowded, cylindrical specimens often lack spines.Rostrum overlaps adjacent lateral plates family Balanidaa l narrow. WALL---formed by plates (parretes): thick when normal, thin when crowded: internal surface usually with faint ribs, or wrinkled(fig. 41 ORIFICEmall in conical specimens, large in cylindrical ones can be deeply toothed (fig. 1). LONGITUDINAL TUBESn walls: irregular (fig. 4); with cross-septa.. sometimes filled with powder.12 OPERCULAR PLATES (TERGUM, SCUTUM)hin(figs. 5, 6): SCUTUMxterior with low growth ridges, the lower ridges fringed with membrane, usually with a weak longitudinal striation. Interior: a small, well-reflexed articular ridge, which is continued as a sharp, high, curved adductor ridge (in some specimens, adductor ridge is very weak). Depressor muscle pit deep and rather large, often divided by one or two ridges: occludent margin with 3-5 oblique coarse teeth (fig, 5a, 6a). TERGUM--very narrow, beaked; furrow narrow; articular ridge long and acute, spur very narrow and long, 2 continu- ing as a raised ridge on the inside, strongly developed depressor muscle crests (figs. 5b. 6b) BODY--six pairs of feeding cirri: brown or almost black. JUVENILES--usually up to 10 mm: star-shaped; 2-3 prominent ribs on Carina, 1 on carinolateral, 3 or 4 on lateral and rostrum. orifice very small. Possible Misidentifications The southern thatched barnacle, Tetraciita, is superficially much like B. cariosus, but it has only four plates, and is found only in warm seas, one species, T squamosa, lives as far north as San Francisco." In its ormalform. and in an isolated specimen, B. cariosus, with its splinter-like spines, is not likely to be confused with another barnacle However, where it is crowded or eroded. these spines may be worn off or not developed, and the barnacle would have to be identified by its tergum and Scutum, and by its unusual membraneous base, which is unique B. cariosus is often found with B crenatus, and especially with B. glandula, as well as with Chthamalds daTh. Juvenile B. cariosus will show a typical heavy ribbing and starry outline, which would distinguish it from young B. crenatus or B. glandula. Adult B. cariosus have terga with a long pointed spur, quite different from either B. crenatus or B. glandula. Generally, these latter two species are found higher in the intertidal than is B. cariosus, which occurs mostly subtidally The giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, would be most likely to be confused with B. cariosus at subtidal levels. Both species. as juveniles, have strong ribs: B. cariosus has the character- istic starry border, however, that B. nutrilus lacks. Both species have a tergal plate with a long spur, but that of B. cariosus is pointed, B nubilus is truncate. The cirri of B. cariosus are conspicuous for being almost black. Page 82 Ecological Information RANGEering Sea south to Morro Bay, California 1 Japan. Type locality: Kuril Islands. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONuter rocky coast and protected sites in Oregon Bays; Coos Bay: floating docks near Charleston, HABITATard surface needed for attachment: ie. rock, shell, wood. Southern specimens prefer protected spots: deep crevices, overhanging ledges, but like strong current. 3 Puget Sound animals live exclusively in oceanic conditions; Coos Bay floating docks (under water). Maintains itself under nearly identical conditions everywhere." SALINITYollected at 30 0/00; prefers full sea water. TEMPERATUREccurs in temperate waters. TIDAL LEVELrom high in splash zone in outer bay with wave action (Coast Guard Boat House, Coos Bay) to more protected areas farther up bay: also found in low zone and subtidally. Predation be sea stars may determine lower limit of range possibly incapable of handling dessication at higher tide levels ASSOCIATES --commonly grows below B. giandula, but this barnacle often found growing on B. cariosus. Often grows on Mytilus californianus, with Littorina scututata (outer coast); with B. crenatus and goose barnacle Lepas pectinata pacifica: also with Chthamalus dalli and goose barnacle Pollicipes polymerus (outer coast).In Coos Bay, with masses of tube worm Eudistylia. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- - ABUNDANCE commonest barnacle of estuarine low zone": ead pencil(tall, crowded) variety can be as dense as 15,000/m2 3 : highest density at Coast Guard Boat House, Coos Head: 270 20/cm9 Life History Information REPRODUCTION---breeding mostly spring and summer; her- maphroditic. cross-fertilization occurs in usual crowded sites: self-fertilization probably occurs in isolated individuals." Young reieased as nauplii, which have six stages, developing into the nonfeeding cyprid larvae, which settle and attach, then develop into adults, GROWTH -- LONGEVITY- live to 10-15 years.i about three years at low intertidal". FOODlankton, detritus, strained by cirri PREDATORS --heavily preyed upon by sea star Pisaster, par- ticularly in its lower range other predators include gastropod Thais, nemertean Emplectonerna gracilus birds BEHAVIORnusual life cycle for a crustacean. building a calcareous shell, settling on its head and kicking food into its mouth with its feet. Bibliography Brusca G.J.and R C B rusca 1978 A Naturalist Seashore Guide. Mad River Press. Arcata. CA Pp 76-8 Cochran. Thomas. 1968 Enects of b edaro- ,pon mertidal cape, p6pubblon n ^ mrs r report 7 m Oregon -..,I ,r Man A Biology. Charle ! _ M Parte- d Hy Jen and S Strasser F : tors r, vdnred in the dls1,91.101-of three Intertidal spec," Jf :Ars s boas" Guard Station, Cnarieston Oregon iinbablHheO 1 pp. Ore tutu of Marine Biology. Charleston, Oregon 97420 4 Cornwal. I E 1951 Arthropocia Cahhetha Ga,ad Pan Fauna Serves kosh Res Board of Canada. Ottawa 49 p - 5 19,7 Tne ba rnacles oSwish Columba Ha ndbook No BM Cot. Pro, Mus cher la 69 pp. P 22. 6. Caner Charles 1854 A monograph or the sun class Coonbedia Part h Balanolae London Royal Society (reprinted Cramer, 1964) P 273 pl 7 Herg y. Dora P 1940 The Condede of Puget Sound with a key to the species Unl y Wash - ye Pp 13-5. or 8 1942 Studies on the sessile Cbrende of the Pacific coast of Norin America Urn, Wash. Pub Oceanogr 95 34 Pp. 102 9 holden Barbara 1968 Distribution of three species ro, Balanus carious, Balanus glandula and Maella polvmeh.s Jcpubkshed 5 op and plates Oregon Inst. Mar. DoCharleston. OR 97420 Moms, At odd and Rode-lie 1980 Pp 519-20 sen W r. 76. Re, toff or - G re an, r:or .a. noes Memo, 9 Sat I 12 FrOsCry, H A 1916 The sessile barnacles (CIrsoedia) contained m the collections of theU.S.National Museum. including a monograph of the American species. Bull. EJ S Nat Mus. 93 6 189-93, ols 46, 47 13 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 29. 236f . 260, also end papers 14 Smith and Carlton, 1975 Wm. A Newman- Cirripedia Pp. 259-69. 15 Yonge, C M 1963. The Sea Shore. Atheneum, New York. Pp 129-35 SeM/bG/017US car,osusCarina carinolateral rostrum 3.young, dorsal x 2 star-shaped border; prominent ribs,few in number. beakb. I. Semiba/anus cartosus x 2, dorsal actual diameter: length 40 mm, width 35 mm; many long spines:thatch-1 ike, six plates: rostrum overlaps laterals; small orifice. J lateral 2. lateral conical shape; thick wall; narrow radii. 4. wall, interior (posterior view) basal edges: rostra! and lateral plates 5.opercular valves x4(exterior) right ascutum low growth ridges, lower ones membranous; weak longitudinal striations. b.tergum narrow, beaked; long spur. 10 mm 6.opercular valves (interior) x 4 a. scutum small, reflexed articular ridge; sharp, high adductor ridge; deep depressor muscle pit; coarse teeth on occludent margin. b.tergum narrow furrow; long, acute articular ridge; spur a raised ridge; strong depressor muscle crests. Balanus crenatus the crenelated barnacle Bruguie, 1789 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Cirripedia ORDER: Thoracica, Balanornorpha FAMILY: Balanidae Description SIZE-small, rarely more than one half inch diameter average about 14 mm. 2 Largest found 28 mm.4 COLOR--white with yellowish epidermis 3 ; exterior without colored markings 1 ; can be rough or smooth; varies g reatly4 SHAPE--Alaskan species are generally rugose, Oregon animals smooth. Conical, but can be cylindrical if crowded. BASE-calcareous, attaching animal to substrate: sessile- suborder Balanomorpha. PLATES-calcareous; six plates with rostrum overlapping adja- cent lateral plates (fig. 3a, Balanus glandula): family Balanidae. WALL-formed by six unequal plates; carinai edge of wail pro- jects forward over base (fig. 3); radii narrow; internal surface of wall ribbed horizontally (fig. 4); lower inner wall can be ribbed, smooth, rough, or plicated.4 ORIFICE-large, rhomboidal (fig. 1); internal edge projects inward in some specimens: Darwin, in 10. LONGITUDINAL TUBES-in parietes (walls), visible if wall is broken (fig. 4): in single row, uniformly sp3cer1. 1 Sc,rne speci- mens can have cross-septa in upper part of wail. OPERCULAR VALVES (TERGUM, SCUTUM)-seen in orifice (fig. 1): one pair of scuta opposite rostrum, a pair of terga at carinal end of orifice; growth lines in both valves are not highly prominent. SCUTUM-lacks adductor ridge; small, flattened beaks (not peaked), and a shallow adductor muscle pit, a well- developed articular ridge (fig. 5b). TERGUM--a short spur wider than long which occupies at least 1 deep furrow beside it (fig. 5a). 5 A narrow tergal spur is characteristic of B. c. curviscutum from Alaska and Washington.2 BODY-six pairs of cream-colored feeding cirri, penis (fig. 2); body rust-colored. Possible Misidentifications Balanus crenatus is a difficult barnacle to identify, even for a barnacle: " Not only does every external character vary greatly in most species, but the internal parts very often vary to a sur- prising degree; and to add to the difficulty, groups of specimens not rarely vary in the same manner": Charles Darwin, in 2 . B. crenatus is generally found in the intertidal at a lower level than the ubiquitous and easily confused B. glandula. This latter has no longitudinal wall tubes (except when young!), and its terga and scuta are different (see B. glandula, opercular valves): the terga have shorter spurs, the scuta have an adductor ridge. Balanus improvisus shares many of the same characteris- tics of B. crenatus." Its scuta, however, have a long spur. It is an introduced species, found only in brackish water. Balanus cariosus, another northwest species, is large and has a thatched appearance; B. nubilis, subtidal and very large, has a ribbed surface and usually some surface coloration. B. hesperius, a northern species, has wide radii, H.rond interior ribbing, and no wall tubes. B. balanus pugete^sis small and smooth: it has wide radii and shingle-like sod a.1 ridges. B. rostratus alaskensis, another Puget Sound species. is much like B. balanus pugetensis; it has a small orifice. and t a verse septa in its longitudinal wall tubes; its tergurn is beaked i t can be brown, and may be over 5 cm in diameter. Ecological Information RANGE-North Atlantic; Pacific from Bering Sea to Santa Barbara, California. Type locality: English coast; common in the fossil record. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION waters of most Northwest bays; Coos Bay: many stations. HABITAT-pilings, worm tubes, mollusc and crab shells boat bottoms; amid eelgrass and debris. Light does not affect growth, fertilization or embryo development. 8 SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00; usually in full seawater. but found once on Vancouver Island in brackish water." TEMPERATURE--found in cold and temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL-low intertidal down to 90 fathoms; but from shallower waters in Pacific.10 ASSOCIATES-B. glandula, B. cariosus (British Columbia3), Chthamalus dalli (Puget Sound). 4 In mud and eelgrass: amphi- pods, littorine snails, isopods, B. glandula, Mytilus adults (South Slough), Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- quite common 2 ; sessile barnacles: most common of all invertebrate animals on rocky shores:2 Life History Information REPRODUCTION-internal fertilization: usually hermaphroditic. but some writers question whether self-fertilization possible. (See B. glandula reproduction) Has two broods year even at southern edge of range,Larvae spend 2-3 weeks Hi the plankton 8 GROWTH- LONGEVITY- FOOD-- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Barnes. H arid Powell. H T 953. The growth of Baranus Calanoices , and Balanus crenatus Bius. under vary,ng cionda-mi hr eisimi Mar Bioi Assoc U.K.Jourrr. 32:108-28. 2. Cornwall, E 1951. Arthropoda- Clump ed/a Canacl Pao Fauna Se Fish. Res. Board Canada. Ottawa. 49 pp. 28-21. 3 1977. The barnacles of British Columbia. Hai-Moon?? o 7 Brit Col. Provincial Museum, Victoria. 69 pp. Pp 25-6 4 . Henry . e species. Univ wash. Pubi. Oceanogr., 4 1-48. Pp i9-21. Ms 5 1942. Studies on the sessile Cirricedia ol the Pacific coos North Arriefica Univ. West:. Pubi Oceanogr 4 95 . 1?, . 6 Koziol?. H. 1974. Key. p. 137 7. MacGinitie and MacGinitie. 1949. General information, pp 257-63. 371. 373, 386. 8 Morris, Abbott Haderlie. 1980 Pp. 521-2. 9 Newman Ross. 1976. 108 pp 10 Pilsb,y. H A. 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cimpedia) contained collections of the U.S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American species Bull U S. Nat Mus. 93:x1:166-78. 11 Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp 259-69 Excellent coverage: W.A Newman 12 Yonge, C.M 1963 The Sea Shore, Atheneum New York General informa- tion, op 129-35 Page 84 Bo/anus crenatus Ba/anus crenatus x 4 actual diameter 17 mm six plates;rostrum overlaps rostrolaterals; orifice large, rhomboidal; opercular valves (tergum, scutum) in pairs; exterior smooth. basal margin 2 mm beak 3. lateral view, x 4 carina narrow radii 5. opercular valves, x 12 a. tergum, right, interior beak flat; spur half width basal margin; b. SCUIUM, right, interior strong articular ridge, no adductor ridge a. rostrum 4. posterior view, x 4 walk single row longitudinal tubes horizontal ribbing, upper walls. Balanus (Balanus) glandula common acorn barnacle Darwin, 1854 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Cirripedia ORDER: Thoracica, Balanomorpha FAMILY: Balanidae Description Sq _E-up to 1.5 cm in diameter: usually less than one half inch12. COLOR-usually white, often irregular, eroded ,SE--calcareous, attaches animal to substrate, making it a or attached barnacle: the Balanomorpha. PLATES-calcareous, nearly conical, columnar. Six in family Ba- lidae. each plate composed of the paries (pl. parietes), the ex- nised triangular part (fig. 3a, 3b): edges are called ala (pl. alae) Alhen they are over-lapped by an adjacent plate, or called radius .,,hen the edge is marked off from the paries by a definite change direction of growth lines (fig. 3b) 13 . The plates themselves are ailed the rostrum (which has radii, not alae), opposite it, the 6ariiia, which has alae. Between carina and rostrum are four she ;p lates, the carinolateral and rostrolateral plates. WALL-forrned by the six plates (fig 2), composed of irregular, vetcal, filled tubes, giving the exterior the appearance of rough ribbing. 011, ERCULAR VALVES-two pairs of movable plates inside the well. yvhich close the aperture, and are called the tergum (pl. tEr.ija), at the carinai (posterior) end of the animal, and the sof:turn (pl. scuta) toward the rostral (anterior) end (fig. 3a). 1- ,)e terga are the upper, smaller plate pair. Each tergum (in E:7, 1anus glandula) has a short spur at its base (fig. 4), deep c,ests for depressor muscles, a prominent articular ridge, ash an articular furrow". The scuta (Latin: shield), have a pit on either side of a short adductor ridge (fig. 5), fine growth ria;ges, and a prominent articular ridge. LtODY--six pairs of black and white cirri (feeding appendages) :tfe! noticeable, (fig. 1). .itiVENILES--wall consists of empty vertical tubes, which only cec,orne filled and irregular in adult. Possible Misidentifications Juvenile Balanus glandula and Chthamalus dalli, often found together, are very alike. The genus Chthamalus has aloe on its rostra) plates, not radii (ie. the rostral plate is overlapped by the rostrolateral plates). Chthamalus are usu- ally brown. Balanus crenatus is found at lower tide levels than is B. c/Qndula. It differs in structure of terga and scuta: the tergal spur is very wide, the scutum has no adductor ridge13. B. cariosus has a thatched appearance, being irregularly ribbed: its wails have uneven, longitudinal tubes Ecological Information RANGE--Alaska to Baja California. CISTRIBUTION--ubiquitous 6 : open rocky shores, salty bays of the Ore g on coast. HABITAT-very adaptable: rocks, pilings, wood; on crustaceans, --T71-7 :lure to sun, wind, rain 12 . Can tolerate estuarine quiet as well, ncluding conditions of poor water circulation, low oxygen, and little wave action12. 3ALINITY-- collected at 30 o/oo. Can survive at low salinities Si-,elforrtf )12 . Resists desiccation better than other Balanus9. TEMPERATURE--survives at a wide range. TIDAL LEVEL-one of the most important zonation indicators; very small barnacles often settle high in the dry uppermost zone, below L.Worina12 , most common from high to mid-tide3. .,: 0=CES--Collisella digitalis (limpet) at high tide levels; mussels. other limpets. Sometimes found on the larger Balanus cariosus: red algae Endocladia is found in the well-known association above the fvlytilus zone, with almost 100 multicel- lular organisms9. Page 86 Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE-one of the most abundant single animals on the coast; can be like cells in a honeycomb 12 ; up to 70,000 per square meter12. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-2-6 broods/year, winter and spring s , inter- nal fertilization (ie. copulation) necessary; hermaphroditic. Self fertilization possible 13 ; hut: not self-fertilizing and thus isolated individuals sterile 14 . Eggs, embryos retained within parent shell, discharged as nauplius after four months Animals from upper tidal levels spawn during second year; those from lower areas the first year Few spawn in very sheltered waters. Ascorbic acid in water stimulates copula- tion (communication R. Boomer). GROWTH-six nauplius stages"; last is the cypris, a non- feeding stage which attaches to a substrate by its antennae, secretes a cement, and begins building calcareous she1112. Molts like other crustaceans by shedding thin exoskeleton of animal, not shell. Cypris needs rough surface, shade. for settlement". GROWTH RATE---those which settle lowest grow fastest first year, but after that, those higher lead in growth". Basal diam- eters 7-12 mm 1 yr., 10-16 mm in 2 yrs.. 14-17 mm in 3 yrs.9 LONGEVITY-- 8-10 years FOOD--to paraphrase T H. Huxley, they stand on their heads and kick food into their mouths 14 . Food is strained from incom- ing currents by several pairs of cirri (fig. 1), it consists of plankton, some detritus. PREDATORS Nucella, at low tide levels. Starfishes, worms (on juveniles); birds; occasionally man: Northwest Indians 9 ; plankton feeders, including fish, feed on the larvae. BEHAVIOR-entire life cycle unusual tor a crustacean. from settlement on its head to building an exterior calcareous shell. to feeding behavior. Young cyprids can search out settling area. Bibliography 1. Barnes, Harold and Margaret Barnes. The general biology of Balanus glandula Darwin. Pac. Sci. 10(4):415-22. 2. Cornwall, I. E. 1969. The barnacles of British Columbia. 2nd ed. Hand book No. 7, Brit. Col. Provincial Museum, Victoria. 69 pp. 3. Darwin, Charles. 1854. A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia. Part II. Balanidae; London, Royal Society. (reprinted. Cramer. 1964). A classic, includes most species. 4. Henry, Dora P. 1940. The Cirripedia of Puget Sound with a key to the species. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr., 4:1-48. 5. 1942. Studies on the sessile Cirripedia of the Pacific coast of North America. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr., 4:95134. 6. Kozloff. 1974a. Pp. 121-2. 7. 1974b. Key, p. 137: references. p. 138. 8. MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp. 257-63, 371. 373, 386. 9. Morris, Abbott Haderiie, 1980, Pp. 520-1. 10. Newman Ross, 1976. 108 pp. 11. Pilsbry Henry A. 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U.S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American species. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:xi-366. Old, but very thorough excellent plates. Pp. 178-9, pi. 43 12. Ricketts and Calvin, rev. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 21-4. 192, 234-7, 348, 365, 398f, 478f. 13 Smith and Carlton, 1975 Good introduction to Cirripedia (W.A. Newman) PP 259-269. Understandable key, clear drawings, references. 1. Yonge, C. M. 1963. The Sea Shore, Atheneum, New York. Several refer- ences, espec!ally pp. 40-1, 129-35 ARTHROFODA, Crustacea Cirripedia, Thoracica, Balanomorpha, Balanidae I. lateral view, showing six pairs cirri=c, penis= pi, Bedanus glanduba common acorn barnacle 2. Bo/onus q/andu/a 5x size to 1.5 cm; six plates; color: white, walls eroded, black and white cirri. 3 plate arrangement (schematic cross-section) in Bolanidae, rostrum overlaps lateral plates; t=tergum, s=scutum, r= midi us, a= a la, p= ponies cl= carinolateral, 1=1lateral. (from Smith and Carlton, 1975). growth ridges tergum deep depressor muscle crests; prominent articular ridge and furrow; short spur. scutum short adductor ridge with pit on each side; fine growth ridges, (exterior) prominent articular ridge. ru S nubilus the giant barnacle Darwin, 1854 PHYLUM. Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea. Cirripedia ORDER: Thoracic:a, Balarrcrmorc!1 u FAMILY: Balanidae Description SIZE---up to 100 mm in diameter, and nearly as high: illus- trated specimen. Coos Bay: 90 mm. Largest barnacle on Pacific coast. probably in world. 2 COLOR --dirty white; interior of scuta and terga, buff; tergal :deaf,drple tipped.2 BASE - --caicareous. attaching animal to substrate: sessile .g er Ealanomorpha. Base thick., porous at edges. thin at PLATES-- -six. unequal, with rostrum overlapping rostrolateral plates. family Balanidae (see B. glanduta plates for definitions). !lif er-nal furfac,es with fine horizontal ribbing above, smooth hear base (older specimens) " Radii rather narrow.4 SHAPE-- - steeply conical; like other barnacles, they can be- :,- be cylindrical.Exterior rugged, worn; well-developed ribs become eroded in older animals, 3 (fig. 1. 2). ORIFICE large. flared"; with a jagged edge.3 LONGITUDINAL TUBES---single row, uniform, in walls.12 OPERCULAR VALVES (TERGUM, SCUTUM)hick and yellow- ish, buff on interior, never white.Tergal beaks project above orifice edge": TERGUMeak triangular, often purple (fig. 4a). especially in older specimens external growth ridges narrow and regular, with narrow, shallow longitudinal furrow. Internal: numerous depressor muscle crests; spur wide at base, tapers to narrow truncate end; moderate articular ridge with shallow broad articular furrow (fig. 4a). SCUTUM--external surface with prominent growth lines, a deep canal from apex down in old eroded specimens (fig. 4b). Internallow articular ridge, very narrow articular fur- row prominent adductor ridge: large, shallow adductor pit. BODY six pairs of cirri (feeding appendages). JUVENILES ---- Possible Misidentifications No other barnacle approaches B. nubilus is size, although the following are fairly large: B. rostratus alaskensis, not reported south of Puget Sound, can be up to two inches across. Its radii are glossy and partly covered with brown epidermis; its longitudinal wall tubes have cross-septa from base to apex(which B. nubilus lacks). Like B. nubilus, it is subtidal; it also occurs in deep water; B. nubilus does not. B. balanus, up to 1% inches in diameter (35 mm), is usually strongly ribbed. Its opercular valves are white interiorly, not buff: it has hollow longitudinal wall tubes, but without cross septa. It is very like B. rostratus above. B. aquila, a large southern form, with a beaked tergum and longitudinal striations on both opercular plates, has a small un- flared orifice; it is rare north of San Francisco.13 Pilsbry B. n. flos and Cornwall B. altissimus are probably only varieties of B. nubilus, not different species. 2.3 Darwin original description dealt with smaller specimens than are now known. and Pilsbry described the larger animals.6 Ecological Information RANGEest coast of North America 2 ; southern boundary of Alaska to mid Baja California coast. Type specimen: Monterey Bay. Page 88 LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: South Slough: P ford. 11 HABITATilings in bays with strong tidal action 2 ; rocks. "shelly bottoms""; holdfasts of kelp. 3 Reaches its greatest development on fairly exposed wharf pilings; can grow on too of each other to make accretions a foot high.12 SALINITYollected at 30 oioo; no known collections from brackish water. TEMPERATURErom temperate waters. TIDAL LEVELfrorn low water to shallow waters (10-20 feet) occasionally to 30 fathoms. ASSOCIATES---often encrusted with other barnacies B. rostratus alaskensis, B. Oa/anus pugetensts, and B engberqi (Puget Sound): with sea stars and anemones on overhanging rocks (British Columbia"). boring sponges erode shells," Found on boat bottom with mussels and B. tintinnaboium callic- nianum. 8 Often covered with brown furry mats of entoocrt Barentsia." Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE second commonest barnacle of low zone (most abundant: B. cariosus"). More common in Puget Sound and north"; characteristically grows in large clumps on rocky bottoms.5 Life History Information REPRODUCTIONarnacles are usually hermaphroditic cross-fertilization is the rule in gregarious types like B. nubilus. GROWTH LONGEVITY FOODilter feeder. PREDATORSther Balanus species preyed upon mainly by the sea star Pisaster, and by the nemertean Emplectonema. BEHAVIORrowth habit: accretion into deep cluster often creates a heavy clump which falls off substrate ( ie. piling) and sinks to bottom where animals cannot live": unusual in ability to increase capacity by deepening base, rather than extend- ing compartments." Bibliography 1 5 tertida cidioec population Unpublished Oregon Institute of Marine Biology. p,10, OR 97420 7 pp 2 Cornwall, I E 1951. Arthropoda Cirripedia Canad. Pacific Fauna Ser es Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Ottawa 49 pp Pp 36-8 3 1977 The barnacles of British Columbia Handbook "cf But. Col. Prov Mus victoria. 69 pp Pp 23-4 4 Darwin, Charles 1854 A monograph of the sub-class amoeba Pad H Balanidae, London. Royal Society (reprinted Cramer, 1960 P 253 c Original description 5 Henry, Dora P 1940 The Cirripedia of Puget Sound with a Re d species. Univ Wash Publ Oceanog 4 1-48 Pp 29-31 pl 3 6 1942 Studies on the sessile Cirripedia o f the Pacific coast of North America Univ Wash Publ Oceanog 4 95 1 34 Pp 112-3 pi 3 7 Kozloff. E 1974b Key. p 137 8 MacGinitie and MacGinitie. 1949 Pp 259 311 9 Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980 Pp 525-6 10 Newman, William A and Arnold Ross. 1976 Revision of the balanomorph barnacles including a catalog of the species Memoir 9, San Diego Society of Natural History. 108 pp 11 Pilsbry, Henry A 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U S National Museum, including a monograph of the American species Bull U S Nat. Mus 93.x1-366 Pp 131-5 B f/os 135-8. 12 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 260, 348, 350 13 Snmtr, and Carlton, 1975 Wm. A. Newman pp 259-69 Key. pp 262-7 articular ridge furrow 4. opercular plates, interior 3. opercular plates, exterior x 2 a. dorsalb.lateral a. depressor muscle crests Bo/anus nubiks I. Bo/anus nubi/us x I six plates; ribs eroded; very large: up to 10 cm diameter. 2. lateral view walls a steep cone, steeply conical; orifice large,flarmg. spur 8 Rii . and and t P, the Central California P p ltp logint II a 10 W :esor. \N 19 Crates inhabits 4 181 19,3 Sr Leptochelia dubia green tanaid (Kroyer, 1842) PHYLUM. 4rthropoda CLASS. Crzistacea ORDER: Tanaidacea (Chelifera) FAMILY: Paratanal dae Description COLORransparent to light green. Brightly colored females found in early spring (South Slough of Coos Bay) had red striped antennae. Males, found in August were almost transparent. SIZE o 1 tarn: South Slough of Coos Bay specimen: 6 mm British Canadian species to 4 .5 min FIRST ANTENNAE male: long, flagellum with seven articles dig . Suborder Disonophora. SECOND ANTENNAE--male. shorter than basal article of first antennae. 4 articles (fig. 2): female longer than that of male. also wltf four articles (fig. 1). HEAD-narrowed anteriorly. EYES --stalked (unlike those of Isopods): large, antero- lateral. MOUTHPARTS--fused and metamorphosed in males, can be dissected in females. Mandible (female) without palp (fig. 3). GNATHOPODS--chelipeds very prominent in both sexes: but very different: Males: long arid slender, carpus longer than basal article of first antenna, propodus shorter than fingers, which have two teeth on inner side (fig. 5): Female: short, heavy chela (figs. 1, 6). CARAPACEead and first two segments fused: BODY SEGMENTS thorax: six uniform segments: abdomen: five similar segments and telson (fig. 1). PEREOPODSix pairs beside the chelate gnathopods. A small penal process is attached between the last pair of these legs in the male. (and is very difficult to see). PLEOPODS five parts, two-branched . UROPODSboth sexes: biramous: exopodite very small, endopodite of five articles (fig. 7). Possible Misidentifications Leptochelia savignyi from Puget Sound, with four segments in the endopodite of the uropod 4 , (or six6 ) also has larger eyes and stubbier first antennae than does L. dubia. In L. savignyi the first free thoracic segment is shorter than the others: they are fairly equal in L. dubia. The male chelipeds of the two species are al- most identical. Leptochelia Blum, another Puget Sound species. is small (2.5 mm). white, and found in 20 fathoms, sand quite different habitat from that of L. dubia. The endopodite of the uropod in this species has three to four articles, not five as in L. dubia. Ecological Information RANGEosmopolitan: first described off Brazil. Northwest: British Columbia to northern California. DISTRIBUTIONetcalf preserve, South Slough of Coos Bay; Tillamook Bay: (species2). HABITATlimsy slime tubes much like those of Corophium, in a substrate of mud and chips. (Metcalf Preserve); also dead coral 8 , sponge bed at 25 fathoms at strand line (sand) at low tide3 . and near the surface on hydroids and algae upper limit of sand grain size: 200 pc". SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo. TEMPERATURE-- TIDAL LEVEL +3 feet (Metcalf Preserve) to 25 fathoms ASSOCIATES amphipod Corophium, small polychaetes, clam Macoma nasuta. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-- ABUNDANCEhe dominant animal where collected (Metcalf Preserve). Life History Information GROWTH RATE- FOODetritus and associated micro-organisms. LONGEVITY- PREDATORSawl-10/s vetulus (English sole). Plattc.,?Itys stet latus (starry flounder), and Oncorphynchus tschavvyt.scha (chic nook salmon) in Tillamook Bay2. REPRODUCTION-------ovigerous females and nests of young found in February; many more males in evidence n August (Metcalf Preserve), indicative of breeding period6. BEHAVIOR-- Bibliography 1 A. P 1927 The isopeda of Departure Bay anci nit} W ,7r- cr,p- !ions of new species. variations and colour notes Co s s Car E. s 312) 15-47 pi 1 Description. pp 1920. 2 Forsberg. B. Johnson. J A and S. 1 King. 1977 locritinca lion and Notes on Food Habits of Fish and Shelif sh Oregon. 117 pp Fedeta. Arc Pi S Wndlife 3 th M H 1947 The Croy wash. Put male chai iNt 4. 1 A " nyt on i v. 5. Km. s IV 178 n1 ii 2Ct 22 0r r ban art,. a c:n . a Co h n I Petal, resor resBoductiori 7 Morris PO P Page 90 Leptochellodubia 3. mandible without palp. 2. head, ventral efi long first antenna, with seven articles in flagellum, eyes separate from head, long chelipeds. 4. first antenna 9 uniramous, three articles. 5. gnathopod carpus longer than basal article of first antenna, propodus shorter than fingers, fingers with two teeth. 6. gnathopod hort, heavy chela. 1 (6mm) biramous, exopodite very small, endopodite: five articles. I. Leptochella dublo x32 carapace: head, first two segments fused, six thoracic segments, five abdominal segments, and telson. Idotea (Pentidotea) resecata valviferan isopod Stimpson, 1857 PHYLUM: A rthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: isopoda: Vaivif era FAMILY: /doteicie Description SIZE-this species grows to 39 mm1.2 cm; four and one half times longer than wide8. COLOR -light green, black chrornatophores when on Zost- era: brown on keip: varied HEAD -- entire, not notched, sides of head straight. sligni 'us- tram (fig. 3), frontal process narrow. pointed and exceeding frontal lamina -- visible from ventral side (fig 2) Eyes oval. not markedly elongate transversely MOUTHPARTS -maxilliped with five article pulp. one coupling ok (fig 4k (Pentidotea). THORACIC SOMITES- body elongate depressed. all seven oracic somites (pereonites) free: (Idoteidaei all p ut first sornite y ith ecimeral sutures visible dorsally (fig 1) ABDOMEN (PLEON)-two complete, one partial horizontal su- ture (fig. 1): (Idotea). PLEOTELSON--large. shieldlike: Idotea, posterior border with ancave margin. keels (fig. 1). UROPODS-ventral, not visible dorsally. and forming opercular or "valvesValvifera PEREOPODS-seven pairs of ambulatory and nearly similar y ialking legs Possible Misidentifications I resecata is the only member of the genus to have a concave pleotelson; this should distinguish it from other light green idoteids, (/. (P) acu/eata, / montereyensis). Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Baja California common in Puget Sound. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION belowCharleston Bridge, west side (South Slough of Coos Bay). HABITAT oneelgrass Zostera, also on Macrocystis1 SUBSTRATE- mud. TUBES - SALINITY-can survive one hour in fresh water TEMPERATURE-scarce if surface temperature exceeds 18 7. TIDAL LEVEL- + 0.5 (South Slough of Coos Bay); surface to 3.5 fathoms8. ASSOCIATES-gastropod Littorina, hermit crab Pa gurus, amphipods. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE Life History Information REPRODUCTION- --ovIgerous July. central California GROWTH RATE-- - LONGEVITY-.. FOOD-kelp and Zoslera taiacjes.: PREDATORS- more than 20 spp. of marine fishes BEHAVIOR--always orients along kelp hiades Bibliography 1. Kozloff. 1974a, p. 252. 252. 2. Kozloff. 1974b, p. 149, 3. Lee, W. L. and B. M. Gilchrist, 1972. Pigmentation, color change and the ecology of the marine isopod ldotea resecata (Stimpson) 1857. J Exper Mar. Biol Ecol. 10:1-27. 4. Menzies. R. J.. 1950. The taxonomy, ecology. and distribution of northern California isopods of the genus Idothea with the description of a new species. Wasmann J. Biol. 8:155-195. 5. 1951. New marine isopods. chiefly from Northern California with notes on related forms. Proc. U.S. Nat. MUS. 101: 105-156 6. Menzies. Robert J.. and Richard J. VVaidzunas. 1948_ Postembryonic growth changes in the isopod Pentidotea resecata (Stirnpsom. with remarks on their taxonomic significance. Biol. Bull 95: 107-113 7. Morris, Abbott Haderlie. 1980. Pp. 546-7. 8 Richardson, Harriet 1905. lsopods of North America, monograph. U.S Nat Mus. No. 54 P 369-70 9, Ricketts Calvin, 1971, pp. 243-4, 302 489 10. Smith arid Carlton, 1975, p 290. 290, 306, 283 287 11.Stimpson, 1857. Boston Jour Nat. Hist , VI P 504. pi xx,i fig Orgna description, as Pentidotea resecata Page 92 coupling hook -+ /dotea (Pentidotea) resecata 2. head (ventral) it36 frontal process ( I )narrow, pointed, and exceeds frontal lamina (2). pleon: two complete, one partial suture shield-like pleotelson concave margin; keels. Idottio (Pentidotea)resecato x 12 I doteidae: body elongate, depressed, legs nearly alike, ambulatory; seven free thoracic segments 3. head entire, not notched. eyes not elongate or pear-shaped but oval) sides of head straight. 4. maxilliped one coup)ihg hook five article palp Idotea (Pentidotea) wosnesenskii (Brandt, 1851) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Isopoda; Valvifera FAMILY: Idoteidae Description SIZE-to 35 mm 1 V3 as wide as long this specimen (male) 22 mm long. COLOR-dark green or light olive: some living in red algae are dark red and gray.Males tend to be larger and paler than females. BODY--robust, not tapered; elongate, depressed. FRONTAL PROCESS---widely angulate, hidden by and not ex- :ending beyond trontal lamina which is triangulate (dorsal view) !f/g. 2). HEAD-wider than long; frontal margin slightly concave posterior portion somewhat wider than anterior portion 5 Head narrower than pleon." EYES--reniform (kidney-shaped): species wosnesenskii" (fig 4). Eyes small. compound, transversely ovate, situated at ex- treme lateral margins, about halfway between the anterior and posterior margins (fig. 1). ANTENNAE-first antennae (antennules) with four articles, basal one large and flattened. Second antennae with peduncle of 5 articles, flagellum of 12-16 articles (fig. 1). MOUTHPARTS subgenus Pentidotea. Maxillipeds same in both sexes. THORACIC SOMITES--- free: family Idoteidae. 12 All but first somite with epimeral sutures visible dorsally (fig. 1). Posterolateral border of last pereonite acute (fig. 1). ABDOMINAL SOMITES-(pleonites)-pleon with 2 complete, one partial intersegmental suture dividing it into 3 divisions-2 small anterior pleonites and a large shield-like pleotelson with an incompletely fused pleonite near its base (fig. 1): genus idotea." First pleonite with acute lateral borders: species wosnesenskii" (pleonite is shorter laterally than medially 6) (fig. 1). Pleon wider than head. PLEOTELSON--large, shield-like. broadly rounded ends in large blunt point (fig. 1). UROPODS p lates or valves: suborder Valvifera (not shown). PEREOPODS-(legs)-seven pairs, ambulatory and nearly similar: all with small sharp claws. Male pereopods with coarse hairs (figs. 1, 4); females with hair only on propodi. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-males larger, paler, and have hairy legs; females are slightly broader with ooestegites (brood pouches). YOUNG-with most of adult characteristics, but antennal flagellae shorter than in adult (fig. 3). This specimen found in female brood pouch. Possible Misidentifications Idotea sp. isopods have visible epimeral sutures along the last 6 pereonites a pleon with 2 complete and 1 partial sutures and a large shieldlike pleotelson. The genus is divided into sub- genera Idotea (4 articles on the maxilliped palp) and Pentidotea (5 articles). Other Pentidotea similar to (P.) wosnesenskii in- clude the following: I. (P.) aculeata, a reddish idoteid with a strong projection on its narrowing pleotelson, oval eyes (not reniform), long anten- nae and blunt lateral borders on the first pleonite (not acute borders as in wosnesenskii). It may be too southern for Oregon. (P) stenops, olive green to brown, found on brown algae: with narrow eyes, a slender pointed telson, 2-3 coupling hooks on its maxillipeds, not 1. I. slender and small (to 16 mm); red, green brown, or black and white; found on Phyllospadix and red algae. It has a telson much like wosnesenskii, i.e. rounded and with a projection; it differs chiefly in the frontal process, which is narrow, pointed and projects much beyond the frontal lamina: the frontal lamina is triangulate (contrast wosnesen- skii---frontal process and fig. 2). Males are long and slim; females are broader, more like wosnesenskii in outline. I. bright green and found on Phyllopspadix: with a rounded telson, oval eyes, epimera of pereonal somites visible dorsally only on segments 5-7. I. (P) resecata, with a very distinctive concave pleotelson. not a rounded. convex one. Ecological Information RANGE-Sea of Okhotsk, U.S.S.R.: Alaska, scut"-- ro San Luis Obispo Co , Calif. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: Pigeon Point. Tillamook Bay. HABITAT and pilings (Puget Sound; under rocks on gravelly or sandy substrates and lots of vegetative debris. Also in mussel beds, on Ulva and Porphyra. More typical of outer rocky coast than of estuaries 6 SALINITY-tolerates salinity changesbetter than i. (P) res- ecata8. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-upper middle intertidal zone to 16 m deep; this specimen collected at 0.0 ft, ASSOCIATES-gastropod Tegula, brachyurans Hemigrap- sus, Cancer oregonensis, carnivorous gastropod Nucella. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-a 22 mm male: 0.3 gr; a 20 mm female, 0.2 gr. (wet). ABUNDANCE-common 6: probably the most common idoteid isopod, Coos Bay. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-little known: females found ovigerous July (California)e; a few advanced (8 mm) juveniles found in female obestigites in April (Coos Bay). GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY FOOD- PREDATORS BEHAVIOR well: clings to vegetation with sharp claws. Bibliography 1 species of isopods in a transition from marine to terrestrial life. Bull So CalfAcad. Sci 65 147 54 2 Fee, A R 1926. The Isopoda of Departure Bay and vicirkty with descrip- tions or new species. variations arid colour notes. Con g Caned Brol Fish 3 13-4r P. 31 3. Hatch. regions. Univ Wash. PubBiol. 10.155-274. Pp 215-7 Pis VS, XIV 4. Kortoff, E 1974a Pp. 85. 134-5. 252. 257. 5 1974b. Key. pp. 148-9. 6. Menzies. R J 1950 The taxonomy, ecology and distribution of northern California isopods of the genus Idotea with the description o f a new species. Wasrnann J Biol. 8-155-95 Pp. 177-9 7 Mire!, M A 1968 Isopoda and Tanaidacea from buoys in coastal waters of lire continental United States. Hawaii . Nal. Mus 125.1-53. 8 Morris. RH,DP Abbott, and E.C. Haderhe, 1980 Intertidal Invertebrates of Caldomra Stanford Press, 690 pp.. 200 plates Pp 547-8, pl. 159. 9. Richardson. H 1905 A monograph of the isopods of North America. Bull U S Nat. Mus 54 1-727 Pp 370-3. 10 Ricketts and Calvin, /971. rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 1961, 489 Schultz 0. A 1969. 111e Marine Isupod C r ustaceans. Dubuque Iowa Brown. 359 op P 73 12. Switn and Carlton. 1975 M.A. Miller In, pp 277-312. key 287-9. list 309 Page 94 antenna /do tea (RI wosnesenskii , 2 mm 2.head, ventral x 12 frontal process (I) hidden by frontal lamina (2). Ntb, a # 1111 W, 0111111111 3. young, x 7. 5 actual length 8.25 short antennalflagellaM11 I I I I I I NIV 4 1 te a acute lateral border I mm I ldoteo (Pent/doted wosnesenskii x 7.5 actual length 22 mm, width 6.6 mm; body elongate, not tapered; dark green; head narrower than pleon, frontal margin concave; eyes at lateral margins. Seven free pereonites, six visible epimera; last pereonite with acute posterolateral border. Pleon with 2 pointed pleonites, shield-like pleotelson, an incomplete suture, and a blunt terminal point. 4. head, lateral x 12 eyes reniform; pereopods hairy. 5.maxilliped x 55 one coupling hook; five-articled palp. 0.5 mm Gnorimosphaeroma insulare Van Name, 1940 (formerly lutea) PHYLUM: A rthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Isopoda SUBORDER: Flabellifera FAMILY: Sphaeromatidae Description SIZE-males up to 8 mm 13 , about 1.7 to 2 times longer than wide. COLOR-white, with small black chromatophores: surface smooth. FIRST ANTENNA-longer than second: basal articles separated by the rostrum (fig. 3). HEAD-frontal border smooth (fig. 3), MOUTHPARTS-mandible with a palp rnaxilliped: four articles of pale produced. hairs on antero-lateral edge of articles 2, 3, and 4 less than half the length of the article PEREOPODS-seven pairs: basis (of first pereopod) hairless; distal extremity with one hair or hairless (fig. 6). BODY SEGMENTS-able to roll into a ball: characteristic of most Sphaeromatidae; eight flattened segments (head and seven free Pereonites) from cephalon and pereon; pleon of three parts: first concealed under last pereonite. second of several coalesced pleonites often with partial sutures (fig. 1); third of large pleotel- son. PLEONITES-only two of three reach lateral margin; third pleonite under second (figs. 1, 4). TELSON-rounded, convex (fig. 1). UROPODS-two branched visible dorsally; endopod rigid, exopod movable (fig. 5). PLEOPODS-five pairs: first pair not widely separated at base, similar in size to second; first three pairs with marginal plumose setae: fourth with bent exopod; fourth and fifth fleshy, but without transverse folds (fig. 2, 1-v). Possible Misidentifications Two other Gnorimosphaeroma species occurring in our area should first be separated by habitat. G. oregonensis, a marine form, is found above the mid-tide line, in full salt water, and usually under stones. G. rayi. so far found only in Tomales Bay and in Japan, is an estuarine species found also above the mid-tide line, and also under stones. G. oregonensis is stouter than G. insu- lare, being 1.5 to 1.75 times longer than wide; all its three pleonites reach the lateral margin (fig. 4b) and the frontal border of its head has several curves. The exopod of the uropod is only 2/3 as long as the endopod. 9 G. rayi also has three pleonites reaching the lateral margin; the basis of the first pereopod is setose. It is stout like aoregonensis, and has longer antennae than either G. oregonensis or G. insulare. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to California7. DISTRIBUTION-Medcalf Preserve (South Slough of Coos Bay); Cox Island, Siuslaw estuary. HABITAT-estuarine intertidal; among Fucus and under logs of Salicomia marsh and in mud or drainage channels, Metcalf Pre- serve; in Tomales Bay on bay bottom. SALINITY-estuarine waters to fresh water. Can tolerate salinities of 0.6-135% seawater9. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-Metcalf Preserve: -4.5 feet; to subtidal3. ASSOCIATES-alga Fucus, amphipod Orchestia, littorine snail OvateIla (Metcalf Preserve); amphipod Anisogammarus (Siuslaw estuary). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-tendency to congregate. Life History Information REPRODUCTION--not known. G. rayt reproduces in spring only, on a one year cycle; G. oregonensis has young in spring and fall3. LONGEVITY--G. ray!: one year, G. oregonensis: 2.3 years= GROWTH RATE- - PREDATORS- FOOD-detritus a scavenger. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography Eriksen, C. H. 1968. Aspects of the limno-ecology of Corophium spini- come. Stimpson (Amphipoda) and Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis (Dana) (Isopoda). Crustaceana 14:1-12. 2. Hoestlandt. H., 1969. Characteristics morphologiques dune espece nouvelle de la cote pacifique americaine (G. lutes) Comptes Rendus hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci. Paris. (Sci. nat) 267:1600-1. 3 1969. Sur un Spherone nouveau de la cote pacifique amer- icaine, G. rayi, n. sp. (Isopode Flabellifere). C. R. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci. Paris, (Sci. nat) 268:325-327. 4. 1973. Etude systematique de trois especes Pacifiques nordamericaines du genre Gnorimosphaeroma Menzies lisopodes Fla- belliferes). I Considerations generales et systematique. Arch. Zool. Exper. Gen. 114:349-395. As Gnorimosphaeroma insulare. 5. 1977. Description complementaire de Isopode flabellifere Gnormosphaeroma insulare Van Name et synonimie de G. luteum Menzies avec cette espece. Crustaceana. Jan. 1977, part 1. vol. 32. pp. 45-54. 6. Kozloff, 1974b, p. 150. 7. Menzies. R. J. 1954a. A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus "Exosphaeroma" with the description of a new genus. a new species, and a new subspecies (Crustacea. Isopoda. Sphaeromidae). Amer. Mus. Novitates 1683:1-23. 8 Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp 540-1. 9. Richardson, H. 1905. Monograph on the isopods of North America. Bull U S. Nat. Mus. 54:727 pp. Exosphaeroma oregonensis. p. 296-7. 10 Ricketts and Calvin. 1971. p. 239. 488 11 Riegel, J. A. 1959. A revision in the sphaeromid genus Gnorimosphaeroma Menzies (Crustacea: Isopoda) on the basis of morphological, physiologi- cal and ecological studies on its "subspecies". Biol. Bull, 117:154-162. 12 Schultz, G. A. 1969. How to know the marine isopod crustaceans Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 359 pp. P 130: both G. lutea and G. insular, now combined as G. insulare. 13 Smith and Carlton, 1975, pp. 281-312 Key. p. 294, as G. lutea. 14 Van Name, W. G. 1940. A supplement to the American land and fresnwater isopod Crustacea. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.Hist. 77:109-142 Page 96 Gnorimosphaeroma insulate actual sizes 8mn 2 mm Griorfinosphaeromo Insular. x12.5 3. head antenna! bases separated by rostrum, frontal border smooth. 2. pleopods i, ii similar in size, i not separated at base. i, ii, iii with marginal plumose setae. iv bent. iv, v fleshy, without transverse folds. 5. right uropod biro mous, endopod rigid, exopod movable a. 4. pleonites a two pleonites reach margin, third visible beneath: G. insulare. three pleonites reach lateral margin: G. oregonenslja, G. rayi. 6. first pereopod 7 Ligia (Ligia) pallasii a rock louse, or shore isopod Brandt, 1833 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: lsopoda, Oniscoidea FAMILY: Ligiidae Description SIZEo 35 mm long, including uropods 2 ; about 11 mm wide, uropods 3 mm long. This specimen (Coos Bay): 22 mm. COLORottled gray, surface granular. Often brown. ANTENNAEirst antennae vestigial: suborder Oniscoideal second antennae with peduncle of five articles, the first two short, the third twice as long as the second, the fourth 1 2 x longer than the third, the fifth 11/2 x length of fourth.Flagellum of 15 articles.Second antennae reach to middle of fourth thoracic segment (fig. 1). HEADore than twice as wide as long, rounded anterior margin, without lobes: family Ligiidae (fig. 1).10 EYESarge, round, composite, close to lateral margin(fig. 1). Separated in front by twice the length of the eye: subgenus (Ligia). MOUTH PARTS--in order from outside of buccal cavity. maxillipedsith palp of five articles (fig. 8); second maxillaeith two plumose processes on inner side of lobe (fig. 5); first maxillaehree plumose processes on inner lobe (fig. 4); mandibleith large, broad molar surfaces, no palp (fig. 3). THORAXirst segment, or thoracomere, fused with head; seven free pereonites. First four subequal, last three somewhat shorter along medial line, extending downward laterally. Epimera (flattened lateral extensions to pereonites) form broad plates, especially in males, indicated by distinct lines (figs. 1, 4). ABDOMEN--(pleon) as wide as thorax: with five free pleonites and a short pleotelson (fig. 1): suborder Oniscoidea. First two pleonites narrow and without downwardly produced lateral edges which mark last three segments. PLEOTELSONounded on middle of posterior edge; post- lateral projections: genus Ligia; not quite as long as middle (fig. 1). PLEOPODSaired breathing appendages beneath pleonites: whitish tissue showing aerial adaptation. Male genitalia, paired but not fused, on 2nd pleopods (fig. 7). UROPODSerminal, styliform; bases about as long as wide: subgenus (Ligia). No process at inner distal margin of basal joint (fig. 6), uropod rami equal, about twice length of peduncle; (less than 1 body length: genus Ligia. PEREOPODSeven pairs of delicate walking legs. Carpus and merus of first leg swollen, not grooved (not figured). SEXUAL DIMORPHISMales with penial processes on 2nd pleopods, and with wide epimera (fig. 2). Females with odstegites when ovigerous. Possible Misidentifications The terrestrial isopods have vestigial first antennae, thoracic epimera, a pleon of five segments and a pleotelson, terminal uropods, seven pairs of walking legs, and pleopods for aerial respiration 2 Of these Oniscoidea, the Ligiidae are usually lit- toral. They can swim,but in our area are restricted to the upper littoral (spray) zone. Ligiidae can be distinguished from the other Oniscoidean families by having more than tour articles in the flagellum of the second antennae, and by their lack of anterolateral head lobes. The other genus of Ligiidae, Ligidium, is a river dweller, not a lit- toral marine isopod. It has uropods with a process at the inner distal margin, to articulate the endopod, Ligia does not. It lacks the posterolateral projections on the telson which Ligia has.1 The species closest to L. pallasii on the northeastern Pacific shore is Ligia (Megaligia) occidentalis, an inhabitant mostly of rocky outer shores, which shares L. pallasii liking for fresh- water seeps." It can tolerate greater extremes of dryness than L. pallasii. L. occidentalis is a narrower animal than L. pallasii, being over twice as long as wide; its eyes are closer together: about an eye length apart. Its uropod bases are several times longer than broad (L. pallasii are almost square 19. Its second antennal flagella are longer, to the sixth thoracic segment, and contain 29 articles, not 15. This species is not known to live north of the California border. Ligia exotica is a tropical species with very long uropods and second antennae. Page 98 Ecological Information RANGEestern Aleutians south to Santa Cruz Co., Cali- fornia. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay, Depoe Bay, Florence,as well as outer shores. HABITATuter shore: deep crevices, under ledges; likes freshwater seeps. Estuaries: hard-packed beaches, pilings, docks, as well as rocks. Cannot tolerate extreme wetting or dry- ing for very long," but must alternate with periods of each; with cool, moist condition being the prevalent one. SALINITYound near full salt water, but where there are fresh water seeps. It is able to hyperregulate well in its prolonged periods of hyposaline conditions, and to hyporegulate in sea- water of over 100% concentrations, to avoid body water loss. Found in fluctuating, hyposaline conditions." TEMPERATURE not tolerate extended heat or drying: lives permanently in cool moist habitats. TIDAL LEVEL Moss Beach, California, animals live on cliffs 5-20 ft, above tide; on estuarine beach (South Slough, Coos Bay), they are found at about 5.0 ft. ASSOCIATESn beach wrack and wood debris: gribble Lim- none, amphipods Orchestia, Orchestoidea. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEost common Ligia species on extreme north- ern California coast.) Life History Information REPRODUCTIONemales carry young in brood pouch; found with young in early spring through summer (prime April-May) Coos Bay. Average brood size: 48 1 young GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY 1.5-2 years (Carefoot (1973) in FOODcavenger, feeding mostly on decayed algal mate- ria14 : also animal detritus.Food gathering restricted to cool. humid periods." PREDATORSirds, man: for fish bait; Pachygrapsus cras- sipes7. BEHAVIORales shield females and young with large epimeral plates during drying periods.Species slow- moving." Uropod rami are dipped into pools to obtain mois- ture for gills (pleopods). Bibliography 1 A Naturalist Seashore Guide. Mad River Press. Arcata, Calif Pp. 83-5 2. Hatch, M.R. 1947 The Chelitera and Isopoda o r Washington and aolacenl regions. Uri, Wash. Pubis. I1-155-274. Bo 187-8. 3. Jackson. H G 1922 A revision of the isopod genus Ligia dap Proc. Zoo Sec London for 1922 683 703 4. Kozlort E 19(4a. Po 8 122-3. 5 974b Ke y . p 152. 6 Miller, M A 1938 Cornparative ecologicai studies on the terrestrial isopod Crustacea of the San Francisco Bay region. Univ. Calif Roloi Zooi 41-165-72. 7 Mor ris Abbott Haderre 1980 P 545. 8 Richardson, H 1905 Monograph on the isopods of North America. Bull U S Nat. Mus 54.727 pp Pp 682-3, as Ligyda pallasii. Family key 673-4 9 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 Rev Hedgpeth. Pp 29 193, 112-3. 489 10 Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp 282-3. 303 310 (by M A Miller) 11. W J 1970 Osmoregulatory capabilities in isopods. Ligia occOen- falls and Ligia pallasii Doi Bull 138.96-108. epimera 0.5 mm 2nd antenna Ligio pollosii flagellum 1 EI o. 2.male,x 2 3. mandible x 50 no palp; broad molar surface. 33 projection 5.second maxilla, x50two plumose processes. I. Ligo pa//osil x8 9 eyes 2x eye length apart; first antennae vestigial; second :15 articled flagellum; post-lateral pleotelson projections. x 50 processes, 4. first maxi lla three plumose inner lobe. 8. maxilliped, x 50 pulp: five articles. 7second pleopod, cri x 50 (from Ri chardson,I906,after Sars) Ligio ) 6.uropod, x20base qlmost squarerorrti equal, 2 x base lerigtn..no process on inner margin Limnoria (Limnoria) tripunctata a gribble Menzies, 1951 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Isopoda; Flabellifera FAMILY: Limnoridae Description SIZE-to 2.5 mm. COLOR-light tan, whitish; often encrusted with debris. ANTENNA-flagellum with four articles (fig. 3): both antennae reduced, separated at midline: in a nearly transverse line (fig. 1). SECOND ANTENNA-flagellum with five articles (fig. 4). HEAD-smooth, rounded, modified for boring; eyes lateral (fig. 1). MOUTHPARTS-mandibles with file-like ridges (right) and rasping surface (left), not figured. PEREOPODS-in mature females a leaf-like ooestegite at base of each of first four pairs of legs forms a broodpouch (not figured. but see fig. 6, Corophiurn spinicorne). THORAX-seven segments, the first being widest (figs. 1, 2): can roll into a ball. ABDOMEN-five free pleonites, ornamented pleotelson; fifth somite with three tubercules (fig. 1). TELSON-with three anterior tubercules (fig. 1): posterior and lateral borders tuberculate (fig. 5). UROPODS-branches dissimilar: exopod sHert, claw-like; endopod long, apically blunt (fig. 6). Possible Misidentifications There are only four known Limnoridae on the north Pacific coast. One, L. (Phycolimnoria) algarum, bores into algal holdfasts, not wood; its mandibles lack the rasp and file of the woodborers. There are three wood-boring west coast Limno- rians: L. lignorum, the cosmopolitan coldwater gribble, white, with a X-shaped carina on its telson, not tubercules; L. quad- ripunctata, sometimes found with L. tripunctata, with four anterior tubercules on its telson, which has smooth posterior borders. So far, it has been found only as far north as Hum- boldt Bay. Ecological Information RANGE-Atlantic and Pacific coasts in temperate and tropical waters (44-12N). Type specimen: San Diego. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -upper bays: Coos, Yaquina, Til- lamook estuaries; British Columbia. HABITAT--docks and pilings, chiefly in bays and estuaries, where it burrows into wood. (The wood serves as both food and protection).Reputed to attack creosoted wood. SALINITY toleratessalinity fluctuation: found in warm, often salty upper bays. Other Limnoria species (i.e. L. lignorum) can tolerate low salinity (15%) or dissolved oxygen content below 1.6 ppm; animals can stand periodic oxygen depletion, however TEMPERATURE-15 and 30. (mean); reproduction seri- ously impaired below 6.7 TIDAL LEVEL-mostly shallow water: surface to 60 feel. Only limited data available. Prefers lower depths when salinity is low or tidal fluctuation is great. Animals prefer area near estuary bot- tom: thus the heavy attack at the bases of pilings ASSOCIATES- Limnoria burrows can be inhabited by the commensal isopod, Caecijaera, the sphaeromid isopod, Gnorimosphaeroma, the amphipod Chelura arid the copepod Donsiella7. None is a borer. The boring mollusk Teredo can attack the same wood where Limnoria H.-rows. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- Life History Information REPRODUCTION peakbreeding time April, May (Friday Harbor, WA) 8 . Lowest temperature for breeding, 14 . 2 ; total egg development time 17 days (at 20.), 15 days (at 220), 13 days (at 26. 11 days (at 30 but numbers greatly re- duced)2. GROWTH RATE-Average number eggs female . LONGEVITY- FOOD-wood and probably the fungi on it: reportedly can enter creosoted wood s . Gut sterile, lacking resident mtro- organisms8. PREDATORS- polychaete worms9. BEHAVIOR adults. (In Teredo, dispersal is by larvae only; adults burrow but do not swim or crawl). L. tripunctata may represent a resistant strain of gribble which developed in response to creosote Bibliography 1. Beckman. Carolyn. and R. J. Menzies, 1960. The relationship of repro- ductive temperature and the geographical range of the marine wood- borer Limnoria tripunctata. Bio. Bull. 118:9-16. 2. Eltringham, S. K. 1967. The effects of temperature on the development of Limnoria eggs (Isopoda: Crustacea) J. Appl. Ecol. 4:521-9. 3. Kofoid, C. A. and R. C. Miller, 1927. In Hill. C. L. and C. A. Kofoid. "Marine borers arid their relation to marine construction on the Pacific coast, being a final report of the San Francisco Bay Marine Piling Committee - , 351 pp. San Francisco. Good account of the biology, using work by Hoek (1893). 4 Menzies, R. J., 1951a. A new species of Limnoria (Crustacea: Isopoda) from southern California. Bull. SO. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50(2):86-8. Original description, L. tripunctata. 5 1951b. Limnoria and the premature failure of creosoted marine structures in North America. Rept. Mar. Borer Confer., U. S. Nay . Civil Eng. Res. and Evaluation Lab.. Port Hueneme. California. pp. M-1-M-4. (offset private printing). 6. wood-boring isopod crustacean Limnoria. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook Har- vard, 112(5):363-88. 7 1957. The marine borer family Limnoriidae (Crustacea. Isopoda). Part I: Northern and Central America: Systematics. Distrib- ution and Ecology. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Caribbean. 7(2):101-200. Definitive paper on family. 8 Morris, Abbott Haderlie, 1980. Pp 541-3. 9 Reish, Donald J., 1954. Polychaetous annelids as associates and pre- dators of the crustacean woodborer, Limnoria. Wasmann J Biol., 12(2)223-6. 10 Richardson, Harriet E., 1905. A monograph on the isopods of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 54. 727 pp. Description, only. pp. 268-9. 11 Ricketts and Calvin. rev. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 360-3, 370, 389. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 295-6. Page 100 Limnorio tripunctato 2. lateral view, x 26 eyes lateral; .head rounded for boring; first thoracic segment widest. 2 6, 3. first antenna flagellum: four articles. peduncle: three. 3 2 4.second antenna flagellum: five articles. I. Limnorio tripunclalo x 56 actual size 2.5 mmhead smooth;antennae reduced, transverse; fifth abdominal somite: three tubercules; telson: three tubercules. 3 3 6. uropod exopod short, claw-like, endopod long. 5.pleotelson: distal border small tubercules. lanfropsis kincaidi derjugini an asellid isopod Gurjanova, 1933 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca ORDER: Isopoda, Asellota FAMILY: Paraselloidea, Janiridae Description SIZE-to 4 mm 4; this specimen (Charleston, Coos Bay): 3 mm. COLOR--white, with brown chromatophores. HEAD-without rostrum: Janiropsis (sic) (Sars) 7, no anteriorly projecting anterolateral angles, (fig. 1) as opposed to I. k. kincaidi: sp. derjugini8. EYES-well developed, reniform (fig. 1). FIRST ANTENNA--quite short, flagellum of eight articles (fig. 2) ( ?), ten articles in (3 flagellum SECOND ANTENNA-with "squama", or scale, on third article of base (fig. 3) 8 ; about 2/3 length of body; flagellum with many segments and fine setae; peduncle, six articles: A.sellota2. MOUTHPARTS-maxilliped palp with articles 2, 3 much wider than endite (not figured)8. FIRST PEREOPODS-inferior edge of propodus smooth, not serrated, on proximal third (fig. 4): laniropsis8. BODY SEGMENTS-seven thoracic segments with variably shaped epimera (fig. 1), no lateral spines. PLEOTELSON-shieldlike, lateral borders spineless (fig. 1); post- lateral angles at insertion of uropods (fig. 1): derjugini,8 : (no other isniropsis has this characteristic); three posterior segments not differentiated: laniropsis2. UROPODS- two branched; inner branch a little longer than outer total length less than 1/2 pleotelson8 : (fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications ianiropsis kincaidi kincaidi (Richardson, 1904) has longer uro- pods. between half and one times as long as pleotelson. Its first antennae are elongate; it lacks the posterolateral angles of I. k. derjugini Habitats of the two subspecies are different: I. k. kin- caidi lives in small pools created by wave splash, and is subject to wide temperature variation4. Eight known species of la,niropsis occur in the Pacific coast area covered by Light Manual. analoga, I. epilittoralis and /. tridens have spine-like serrations on the sides of the pleotelson8: rnagnocula, I. minuta, and I. montereyensis lack these serra- tions, but have other differences: I. magnocula has spine-like pro- jections on its head: I. minufa has evenly rounded head margins, and, like the others lacks the postero-lateral angles of the telson; montereyensis has uropods longer than the telson. Ecological Information RANGE---Komandorskie Islands, Bering Sea to Monterey County, California5. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION CoosBay: Charleston small boat basin. HABITAT-under rocks of middle and lower intertidal zones 4; on hooys from the surface to 1.8 meters 5; this specimen in decayed at with shipworm Bankia setacea. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE-apparently not adaptable to extreme temperatures as is I. k. kincaidi5. TIDAL LEVEL-middle and lower intertidal zones, surface to 1.8 meters deep this specimen near water surface. ASSOCIATES--Bankia setacea; harpactacoid copepods. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-fairly common in wood with Bankia. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-ovigerous specimens collected February, May and June GROWTH RATE - LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR - Bibliography 1. Gurjanova, E., 1933. Contributions to the isopod fauna of the Pacific Ocean. No. 2, new species of Gnathiidae and Asellota. Explorations des Mers USSR Leningrad, No. 19. 2. Hatch, M. H. 1947. The Chelifera and Isopoda of Washington and adjacent regions. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 10:155-274. Ianiropsis pugettensis (= I. kincaidi4), pp. 168, 171-2: figs. 170-1, PL XIV. 3. Kozloff, 1974b. Key, p. 151. Includes neither subspecies, only I. kin- caidi. 4. Menzies, R. J. 1952. Some marine asellote isopods from Northern California, with descriptions of nine new species. proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 102:117-159. k. kincaidi and I. k. derjugini, pp. 138-141. 5. Miller, M. A. 1968. Isopoda and Tanaidacea from buoys in coastal waters of continental United States, Hawaii, and the Bahamas (Crusta- cea). Proc. U. S. Nat. M us. 125:1-53. /. pp. 24, 25: fig. 4, p. 16. 6. Pillai. N. K. 1955. Wood boring crustacea of Travancore. Bull. Res. Inst. U. Tray . 4:127-139. 7. Richardson, H. Monograph on the isopods of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54:727 pp. Janiropsis kincaidi, as n. sp.. pp. 456-457. 8. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Keys. pp. 283. 298, 300-302: list. p. 309. Page 71(1? knfropsis kincoidi derfugini 2.first antenna short; flagellum: eight articles. 3. second antenna peduncle: six articles; scale on third article "squama smooth (scale) 4. first pereopod propodus: inferior edge of proximal third smooth. no serrations. postero-lateral angle. laniropsis kincaidi deriu . gin/ x 50 actual size: 3 mm head without lobes or rostrum; thoracic epimera, pleotelson without spines; second antenna 2/3 body length. 5. right uropod two branches: inner longer; length : less than pleotelson. PHYLUM: ArthropodaDetonella papillicomis (Trichoniscus papillicomis) CLASS: Moult c a a sow bug (Richardson, 1904) SUBORDER: On/scoidea FAMILY: Scyphacidae Description SIZE-6 mm (South Slough of Coos Bay); to 3.8 mm2, COLORark red and white mottled; "light brown - (pre- served?), HEADo rostrum, but slightly produced and with concavity at apex (fig 2): large lobes at antero-lateral angles: eyes with about eight ocelli, ("about six -4) FIRST ANTENNAestigial. Oniscoidea. SECOND ANTENNAeduncle of six (five s) joints, last three with setose tubercuies, (fifth joint with distal process) (fig. 3): flag- ellum of four articles. THORAXhoracic segments about equal, each with two rows of tubercules 4 : postlateral angles produced backwards. ABDOMENleon narrower than pereon, but not abruptly so: Scyphacidae, five free pleonites. TELSON--spatulate (fig. 4); variable: more triangular in original descriptions. UROPODStyliform. extend beyond body: outer branch stouter, longer than inner branch: inserted postero-laterally, base not expanded, (fig. 4). Possible Misidentifications Other Scyphacidae resident in upper beach litter are of the genus Armadilloniscus, which have a definite rostrum and an oval body with no narrowing of the pleon. The uropods have expanded bases and all four branches (which are small) are near the center line. D. sachalina, the same or a closely related species is reported from Kurile Islands. eastern Russia. Ecological Information RANGEouthern Alaska, to Washington; not included in northern California keys; essentially an Arctic and Antarctic species4. DISTRIBUTIONay Creek, South Slough of Coos Bay. HABITATeach debris, substrate: sand. SALINITY TIDAL LEVELpper levels of beaches. TEMPERATURE- ASSOCIATESmphipod Orchestra; other Oniscoidea Armadil- loniscus tuberculatus. Philoscia richardsonae2. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEather sparse Life History Information REPRODUCTION-- GROWTH RATE FOOD - LONGEVITY -- PREDATORS BEHAVIOR - Bibliography ORDER: /sopoda 1. Fee. A. R., 1936. The Isopoda of Departure Bay and vicinity with ,Ies- criptions of new species. variations. and colour notes. Contrib to Can Biol. and Fish.. N. S.. 3(21:13-47. Description. p 32 2 Hatch. M. H. 1947. The Chelifera and lsopoda of Washington and ad- jacent regions. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol.. 10:155-274. Description and notes. pp 191-192. 3. Kozloff, 1974b. Key. pp. 152-153. 4. Lohmander, Hans 1927. On some terrestrial isopods in the Unifeu States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 72 .1171:1-18 6 figs New genus. Detonella. Extensive description. figures of parts. 5. Richardson. Harriet. 1905. Original description as Tochoni.scu:3 papii- licornis. pp. 695-6. 6 Smith and Carlton. 1975. Keys to family only. pp. 303-304. 7. Van Name. VV. G. 1936. The American land and fresh-water isopod Crustacea. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 71:1-535. Description and local- ities. pp. 100-101. Page 104 Defonella popillicornis 2. head no rostrum, simple eyes; large lateral lobes. tubercules I.Detonella papillicornis x 25 thoracic segments produced backwards; abdomen with five free pleonites. actual size : 6 mm 3. second antenna last three joints of peduncle with tubercules, flagellum: four articles. flagellum 4 telson and uropods telson spatulate; uropods styliform; bases not expanded. Ampithoe lacertosa gammarid amphipod Bate, 1858 PHYLUM, Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda: Gammaridea FAMILY: Ampithoidae Description SIZE--1.5 cm (South Slough of Coos Bay). COLORale green, large red eyes, small black spots. HEADateral lobes, eyes oval, red. FIRST ANTENNAlagellum twice as long as that of second an- tenna: 42 articles (fig. 1) (Barnard: 48-52 1): lum. Flagellum about as long as body. SECOND ANTENNA----flagellum 16 articles; (Barnard: 301). MOUTHPARTSlower lip has a gap between the sub-lobes of its outer lobes (fig. 2). FIRST GNATHOPODmale, article 5 equal to or smaller than article 6: palm angle oblique (fig. 5), female: article 5 longer than 6 in mature. large females: can be shorter in younger ones2: palm oblique. SECOND GNATHOPODature males with transverse. sin- uous palm (fig. 4): females with oblique palm (fig. 6). PLEONAL EPIMERONwo and three with small point at pos- terior corner (fig. la). UROPODSirst uropod without interramal tooth (fig. 1 b); uro- pod three with flat, setose inner ramus, two curved hooks on outer ramus (fig. 7). TELSONleshy, uncleft, rounded, two small spines laterally (fig .7). Possible Misidentifications The most similar species is Ampithoe valida, which also has the transverse palm in the second male gnathopod, but which has shorter antennae, and compressed lower lips. A. valida is an important estuarine species existing well up into brackish waters, on alga Enteromorpha (E. L. Bousfield communcation). Ampithoe simulans is also similar, except for the male second gnathopod, which is oblique and concave, not transverse. A northern species; subtidal and rare in southern California3. Ecological Information RANGEapan, Alaska, Washington, South to Magdalena Bay, Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: Cape Arago, (North Bay), Charleston, South Slough. HABITATuilds tubes in alga Macrocystis5; in eelgrass on mudflat, South Slough. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo. TIDAL LEVEL+ 0.5 feet. TEMPERATURE ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTH FOOD-- LONG PREDATORS BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L. 1954. Marine Amphipoda of Oregon. pp. 2-3. key: pp. 31-33, description collection notes: two plates. 2. 1965. Marine Amphipoda of the family Ampithoidae from Southern California. vol. 118. no. 3522, pp. 1-46 proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. Washington, D. C. Description, pp. 9-12, with figures. 3. 1969. Gammaridean Amphipoda of the Rocky Intertidal of California: Monterey Bay to La Jolla, 230 pp. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 258. Washington, D. C. Distribution notes, p. 83. 4. Bate. C. S., 1858, An. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 1. p. 362: original description. 5. Smith and Carlton, 1975. By J. L. Barnard. Family key, pp. 334-5. Page 106 1111111118r140 ,1, r - 25 mm C 1. Amphihoe lacer-tow x12 a. third pleonal epimeron pointed; b. first uropod. no interramal tooth Ampithoe actual size 1.5cm sub-lobes gap head and antennae no accessory flagellum. lower lip gap between sub-lobes of outer lobes. 6. second gnathopod 9 palm angle oblique. (and in first gn ), 7 telson third uropod with flat, setose inner ramus two curved hooks on outer ramus. first gnathopod 2( palm angle oblique. article 5= or < article 6 X32 4. second gnathopod a palm angle transverse. Corophium brevis Shoemaker, 1949 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Garnmandea FAMILY: Corophiidae Description -male: (Sexes described separately because of strong differences). SIZE -8 mm (South Slough of Coos Bay): 3.5 mm6. COLOR transparent, with brown mottled markings especially on large second antenna. FIRST ANTENNA reachesa little beyond fourth article of sec- ond antenna: flagellum with about 11 articles: estuary specimens): 9-14; (fig. 1). Base not expanded laterally, SECOND ANTENNA-with groups of setae. large: almost as long as body, fourth article with a large. distal tooth forming a halt moon, and with an accessory tooth within it (lig, 2); fifth article with two small teeth, one distal, one proximal (fig. 2). ROSTRUM-small central triangle shorter than sharp ocular !Ones (fig. 1). SECOND GNATHOPOD--"filtering type, with fine. long setae: both sexes (fig. 3). PEREOPODS-quite setose. UROSOME-three segments separate and distinguishable (fig. 4): both sexes. TELSON--posterior rounded. convex: parallel rows of spines (Jd 4) FIRST UROPODS-lateral edge of peduncle with about eight short, blunt spines (fig. 4). THIRD UROPODS-a few fine setae on distal end only, both sexes (fig. 4). Description -female: SIZE-4 mm6: Siuslaw estuary: 4.5 mm. COLOR sameas male. FIRST ANTENNA-flagellum of 7-8 joints almost as long as second antenna (fig. 6). SECOND ANTENNA-not massive like male, instead of half moon tooth, and accessory tooth: three pairs of equally spaced, heavy spines on the lower margin (fig. 5). SECOND GNATHOPOD, UROSOME, THIRD UROPOD, ROS- TRUM-like male. Possible Misidentifications All Corophium species have filtering-type second gnathopods and long setae on the third uropods. "Section A" Corophium6 have separate segments on the urosome (fig. 4). Of these species, sexual dimorphism is strong in three Pacific northwest animals and especially marked in the fourth articles of the second antenna. These are C. brevis, C. salmonis, and C. stimp- soni. (Check also first antenna, telson, first uropods and third uro- pods for species differences, particularly between C. brevis and C. salmonis). C. stimpsoni, principally a northern California species, does not seem to have been found in Oregon. Its chief key character- istic is a prominent male rostrum, almost as long as the ocular lobes. The females are much like those of C. salmonis. C. spinicome, another prominent northwest species, has less sexual dimorphism: both males and females have the half moon tooth on the fourth article of the second antenna, but without the small acessory tooth. Is strongly euryhaline: often found in fresh- water habitats. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to San Francisco Bay; Type specimen, Puget Sound6. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION estuariesSouth Slough of Coos Bay several locations Siuslaw estuary, HABITAT-SUBSTRATE mud: in South Slough mud and chips: a tube builder. SALINITY-- TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVEL- high intermediate. ASSOCIATES---tanaidaceans. small polychaetes, other Coro- phiidae. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- populations often very dense sometimes it can be the only obvious animal. Life History Information REPRODUCTION females in evidence and ovigerous in sum- mer: European species. C. volulator; breeds in February (Over- wintering population), again in July, August by spring age class: young in brood pouch four weeks: four broods per year possible3. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-- FOOD-organic detritus, sorted by filtering gnathopods. BEHAVIOR-females often in tubes. males out in mud and preyed upon by fishes, especially young salmon for whom male Corophium seem to be a major food. Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L.. 1954. Marine Amphipoda of Oregon. 103 pp., Ore, State Coll.. Corvallis. Collection notes. p, 36-7. 2. 1973. Revision of Corophiidae and related families (Amphi- poda). Smithson. Contr. Zool.. no. 151. iv, 27 pp. To genera only. not a species key. 3. Green, J. 1975. The Biology of Estuarine Animals. 401 pp. Univ. Wash- ington Press, Seattle. p. 189-192. Deals with British species. C. volula- tor. Abundance figure in Watkin (1941). 4. Kozloff, 1974b. p. 83-4. Brief natural history of genus. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Key. to genus only. pp. 155-6. 6. Shoemaker, C. R., 1949. The amphipod genus Corophium on the west coast of America. J. Wash,. Acad. Sci., 45:1-59. Standard source: includes thorough treatment of thirteen species. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. pp. 333. 339, 340, 359. Good reference for most species. Page 108 oto ir 1 fli A gnathopod , . i la 0 .1 rib it second V 1 a A P 2. Corophium brevls cl 1 x 6C.actual size: 4 mm second antenna with large half moon tooth and smail tooth; groups of setae. flagellum: 14 proximal _tooth ----A-/ I. small, low, triangular rostrum anten.ial bases not expanded laterally. first antenna half moon tooth accessory tooth 4. urosome and telsonthree distinct segments; telson convex, with rows of small spines;first uropods with eight small spines. 5.second antenna y three pairs of spines first antenna flagellum: 7 second antenna .5mm 6. Corophium brevis p x 30 actual size: 4.5 mm first antenna almost as long as second; three pairs of spines on article four, below. article 4 Corophium brevis Corophium salmonis Stimpson, 1857 PHYLUM: Arthiopoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda; Gammarida FAMILY: Ccrophiloac Description male: (Sexes described separately because of strong differences) SIZEargest males, 6 mm from rostrum to end of uropods; South Slough of Coos Bay, 4-6 mm; Siuslaw estuary, 7.5 mm. COLOR--transparent, with brown mottling, especially on large second antenna (fig. 3). FIRST ANTENNAeach to middle of article four of second an- tenna: flagellum of 14-16 articles 5, but occasionally 11-12; first article of peduncle flat, greatly expanded laterally (fig. 1). SECOND ANTENNAuch longer than body in mature speci- mens5. fourth article with large distal tooth, forming half moon, with small tooth within it (fig. 3); fifth article with two teeth below, at distal end and near proximal end (fig. 3); proximal tooth lies below flexed half moon tooth. Gland cone on second article be- low, two lobed, elaborate (fig. 2). ROSTRUMtraight, slightly convex, or with low central projec- tion5; (fig. 2). SECOND GANTHOPODfiltering type", both sexes, (fig. 3, C. brews). UROSOMEosterior margin straight, slightly concave, with a spine in each corner, two spines on each lateral edge, two inside edge (fig. 5). FIRST UROPODShree to six slender spines along outside edge of peduncle; two to three small, blunt spines at distal cor- ner, (fig. 5). THIRD UROPODS many slender setae, on all edges (fig. 5). Description emales: SIZEbout 7 mm 5; South Slough of Coos Bay, specimens 6 mm. COLORike other Corophium sp: clear, with brown mottling, especially on second antennae. FIRST ANTENNAabout as long as the second): flagellum of about 10 joints 6: first articles not expanded. SECOND ANTENNAot as massive as male, fourth article without large half moon tooth and accessory but with two single spines on the lower edge and two on the third article (fig. 4); gland cone simpler than on male, without lobes (fig. 8). ROSTRUMroad, low triangle (fig. 7). SECOND GNATHOPOD, UROSOME, THIRD UROPODame as male, see above for "typical" Corophium characteristics. SETOSE LAMELLAEairs of brood plates, attached to bases of coxae 2-5 on females only, for holding eggs and young. (Do not confuse with fleshy gills, also attached to coxae: (fig. 7. C. spinicorne). Possible Misidentifications Males: Of the Corophium sp. males which have separate uro- some segments. C. stimpsoni, C. brevis, and C. salmon all have a half moon and accessory tooth on the fourth article of the sec- ond antenna. Rostrum. brevis and C. salmonis have often similar ros- trums, but that of C. stimpsoni has a prominent central lobe nearly as long as the ouclar lobes. First antenna . salmonis and C. brew can be distinguished by length: that of C. brevis longer and reaches to the middle of tr E antenna. In C. salmonis it reaches only to fne middle of the fourth article. C. brevis does not have the flat expanded first articles of the first antenna. C. salmonis usually has 14-16 articles in the flagellum, (though occasional specimens will have 11-12): En C. brevis the males "about" 11 articles in the flagellum of the first antenna. Uropods. salmon and C. brevis are quite dissim- ilar: In C. salmon, the peduncle of the first uropod is armed on the outside edge with three to six long slender spines, and at the distal edge with two to three short, blunt spines. C. brevis has in- stead only eight short blunt spines. The third uropods of C. sal- monis have many more and longer setae than those of C. brevis. Telsonhape and spination of the two species are quite differ- ent (see fig. 4, C. brevis, and fig. 5, C. salmon). Female: C. salmon and C. stimpsoni are very much alike, with no strong distinguishing characteristics, so the species shouldn be differentiated solely by females. The only Coro- phium female of this "cluster" to have the half moon hook is C. spinicorne, so this species is easily distinguished. C. brew, instead of having two single spines on the underside of the fourth article of the second antenna, has three pairs of spines, as well as a spine on the gland cone. Its first antenna has eight joints in the flagellum; that of C. salmon has ten. Ecological Information RANGEoos Bayto Puget Sound and Alaska. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONudflats of South Slough of Coos Bay; Cox Island, (Siuslaw estuary); Tillamook Bay 2: Sixes River, Ten Mile Creek; Columbia River. HABITATUBSTRATEud. sometimes with algae. Ulva. SALINITY TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVEL ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEften "swarm"; also see C. brevis. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONnly ovigerous females and young found in October (Ten Mile Creek). GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODrganic detritus. PREDATORSoung fish, especially chinook salmon2 BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L., 1954. Marine amphipoda of Oregon. 103 pp. Ore. State Coll. Corvallis. pp. 36-7. 2. Forsberg, Brent 0. et al. 1977. Tillamook Bay Study. 117 pp. Ore. Dept. Fish Wildlife. 3. Kozloff, 1974a. Key. to genus only, p. 155-156. 4. Kozloff, 1974b. Brief natural history of genus, pp. 83-4. 5. Shoemaker, C. R., 1949. The amphipod genus Corophium on the west coast of America. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 45:1-59. First modern descrip- tion of species. pp. 66-68. Page 110 asmall teeterh Corophium so/momssmall tooth head (dorsal) erostrum with low gland cones, ventral diprojection or straight; two lobes first articles flat, expanded. 4. second antenna without teeth,but with two spines each on articles three, four. han bodyi rge distal on, if thI teeth 3. Corophium salmon e actual size: 6mmsecond antenna longer fourtharticle with la tooth forming half mosmall tooth within; article with two sma flagellum (9) first antenna0411r itie uo spinesti article 6. Corophium so/moms x 20 actual size: 6 mm antennae subequal 5. urosome and telson first uropods with slender, blunt spines; telson margin straight, two spines k head, dorsal rostrum broad, low; first antenna! articles not expanded. gland cones, ventral simple, lobeless. Corophium spinicome Stimpson, 1857 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Gammaridea FAMILY: Corophiidae Description SIZEargest species of Corophium on the west coast: to 8 mm6, females, 10 mm, South Slough of Coos Bay. males, 6 mm, females, (largest) 8.5 mm. COLORlear, with dark brown markings on antennae and thoracic segments. FIRST ANTENNAeaching to middle of fifth segment of sec- ond antenna: flagellum of 14-16 joints (male) or 11 (female) Fe- male may have one to three spines on first and second joints of peduncle, (fig. 5). SECOND ANTENNAn males as long as or longer than body: fourth joint with large distal half moon tooth; no small accessory tooth; fifth joint with distal spine, and proximal spine which is well within tooth when joint is flexed (fig. 1). Females have similar toothed fourth joint (fig. 5), with spines also on the fifth joint; the fifth joint proximal spine. however, opposes the large half moon tooth when the joint is flexed. Both sexes have prominent gland cones on the second article (figs. 1, 5), but that of the female is acute and curves forward sharply (fig. 5). ROSTRUMoth sexes: rounded (fig. 3b, 4) 6; but males some- times straight (fig. 3a). SECOND GNATHOPOD, UROSOME, THIRD UROPODtypical" Corophium types: (see C. brevis, (figs. 3.4). SETOSE LAMELLAEairs of broodplates attached to bases of coxae (fig. 6) on females only. (Do not confuse with fleshy gills, present on both sexes.) Possible Misidentifications None of the other Corophium in this "cluster" have the large tooth on the second antenna without the small accessory tooth inside it. First. it is important to determine that the segments of the urosome are separate. not fused. Males and females of C. spinicorne can be separated by the second antennal features (see above), and by lamellae and/or eggs in the females. Ecological Information RANGEstuaries and brackish waters from Santa Cruz. Calif- ornia. to Alaska; also in freshwater. DISTRIBUTIONregon estuaries and lakes; South Slough of Coos Bay, Tillamook Bay; Floras Lake. HABITATubstrateud: beach and log boomareas of heavy silting: prefers sand2. SALINITY brackish to freshwater: 0.02-33.6 0/002. TIDAL LEVEL- TEMPERATURE-10.-22.8.2 ASSOCIATES Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEn excess of 100/m22. Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY FOOD PREDATORS young chinook,. BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1 Coll. Corvallis. p. 36. 2. Eriksen, C. H.. 1968. Aspects of the limno-ecology of Corophium spini- come Stimpson (Amphipoda) and Gnorimosphoeroma oregonensis (Dana) (Isopoda) Crustaceans 14:1-12. 3. Forsberg, Brent 0., et at, 1977. Tillamook Bay Study. 117 pp Ore. Dept. Fish Wildlife. 4. Kozloff, 1974a. Key, to genus only. p. 155-156. 5. Kozloff, 1974b. Brief natural history of genus. pp. 83-4. 6. Shoemaker, C. R.. 1949. The amphipod genus Corophium on the west coast of America. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 45:1-59, Description. plate. pp. 74-76. Page 112 1%400 first antenna 1 spines i 6 ? - - Or , 11 f Up I 4rt 8 Corophium spinicorne x 20 actual size: 8 mm second antenna like male but small; fifth joint spine opposes flexed tooth;gland cone acute. Corophium spinicorne proximal spine Corophium spinicorne (fix 24a." actual size: 6 mm second antenna =or >body length; fifth joint with two spines- large half moon tooth, no accessory; proximal inside flexed tooth;half moon 411 2. gland cones d c1 3. head,dorsal d straight (a.),or rounded,(b.). b. tooth 6. broodplates pairs of setose lamellae,(a.); gills,( b.). Allorchestes angusta Dana, 1854 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Gammaridea SUPER FAMILY: Talitroidea FAMILY: (Hyalidae)3 Description SIZE-6 mm; 8 mm (South Slough of Coos Bay) male; female smaller. COLOR-bright green, dark red eyes and spots, yellow-green antenna; females splotchy brown. FIRST ANTENNA-shorter than second antenna (male); female antenna subequal. SECOND ANTENNA-longer than first five body segments (fig. 1). HEAD-small rostrum, eyes large, red, latero- anterior; lateral lobes broadly subtruncatedl. MOUTHPARTS-mandible with well developed rasping sur- face on molar (fig. 2); 2-3 spines, 5 teeth, no palp. Maxil- liped-tip of inner plate with three stout spines, setae: article four developed (fig. 4).-First maxilla with minute palp (fig. 3)8. FIRST GNATHOPOD-stout, article five produced (fig. 1). SECOND GNATHOPOD-very large, article five produced, ar- ticle six oval, tapering, palm oblique; dactyl large, curved, fitting palm (fig. 5), article 4 larger than 3. PEREOPODS-three and four with short setae; five longer than four. UROPODS-third with one small, flexible ramus, one spine (fig. 6).9 TELSON-rectangular, cleft halfway; compressed laterally in cross section (fig. 7a, b).9 FEMALES-smaller, antenna subequal, first gnathopod palm transverse, not oblique; second gnathopod just slightly larger than first. Possible Misidentifications Parallorchestes ochotensis, a similar species, does not have the produced article five on the second gnathopod, and has a small inner ramus on the third uropod. Its telson has two triangu- :ar lobes. Ecological Information RANGE-Japan; Northwest Pacific waters to Laguna Beach, California; rare south of Monterey3. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay area: North Bay of Cape Arago, Bay channel 3 ; South Slough of Coos Bay: Metcalf Pre- serve. HABITAT-algae and eelgrass; substrate (Metcalf Preserve) mud, chips: also in plankton haul2. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-high intermediate (Metcalf Preserve): + 2-4 feet. ASSOCIATES-other amphipods, tanaid Leptochelia, poly- chaetes. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-one of the common amphipods along the outer coast. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- ovigerous female found in July2, GROWTH RATE-- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L., 1952. Some amphipoda from central California. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 20-23. Good descrip- tion, plate. 2. 1954. Key, pp. 2-3; thorough description, locations, plate. pp. 21-23. 3. 1969. Gammaridean Amphipoda of the Rocky Intertidal of California: Monterey Bay to La Jolla. Several brief mentions. 4. Bousfield, E. L. 1981.1n G. G. E. Scudder . L. Reveal (eds.), EVOLUTION TODAY, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, pp. 69-89.: Evolution in North Pacific coastal marine amphipod crustaceans. Pp. 78-9. 5. (in press). The amphipod superfamily Talitroidea in the north- eastern Pacific region. 2. Family Hyalidae. Systematics and distributional ecology Natl. Mus. Natural Sci. (Ottawa) Publ. Biol. Oceanogr. 6. Dana, J. D. (1866). Proc. Phila Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7. p. 177 original description. 7. lwasa, M. 1939. Japanese Talitridae. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., ser. 6, Zool., pp. 255-296. pls. (P 285-288, pl. 20, tex figs. 20-22). 8. Shoemaker. C. R., 1941. On the names of certain California amphipods. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54:187-188 (p. 187). 9. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 343, list, p. 358. Page 114 0.2m 6. third uropod one ramus, flexi ble and rudimentary; no minute inner ramus. b. telson rectangular, cleft halfway. teeth mm. Allorchestes ongusto di x30 actual size: 8 mm.,r7spines gn 2. mandible 5 teeth,3 spines; strong rasping surface, no palp. 3. first maxilla x 130 inner plate: 2 setae; outer plate:3 spines. minute pal p or lobe. l o be 5 secondgnathopod cr x 55 article five produced; article three short. article 7 curved 7 a. urosome i cross-section urosome compressed laterally. M0Xii/i wilds four developed. (from Bousfield, in press)5 Eogammarus confervicolus (Stimpson, 1857) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Gammaridea FAMILY: Gammaridae Description SIZE-to 21 mm; South Slough of Coos Bay largest (males) 12 mm: Siuslaw estuary, 16 mm (males). COLOR-white with dark brown mottling brown stripes on first and second antenna. FIRST ANTENNA-almost half body length; an accessory flagellum of 5 articles (fig. 1). Longer than (or subequal to) 2nd antenna; usually with posterodistal spine on peduncle: genus Eogammarus.2 SECOND ANTENNA-stout, shorter than 1st, with 14 articles; peduncles 4, 5 with 2 (rarely 3) posterior marginal groups of setae (in addition to terminal group)2. ROSTRUM vestigial. MOUTHPARTS-mandible with palp, molar large, with rasping surface. FIRST GNATHOPOD (gn 1)-slightly smaller than second gnathopod: article 6: palm oblique, 9 peg-like teeth, dactyl curved, (fig. 2a). SECOND GNATHOPOD-much like first gnathopod, but larger; palm with seven stout pegs (fig. 2b). COXAE-first four plates become gradually larger: fourth is rounded (fig. 1): fifth, sixth and seventh quite small. PEREOPOD-strong and well spined; becoming larger pos- teriorly. PLEONITES-no dorsal spines; only 0-2 posterior marginal setae (fig. 1). UROSOMITES-urosome 1 with 4 dorsal groups of 3 spines each; urosome 2 with dorsal spines in 2 groups; no prominent median tooth 2 (fig. 3): primary key character. UROPODS-uropods 1 and 2 with 2-4 groups of spines; uropod 2: rami extend beyond peduncle of uropod 3 (fig. 1)2; uropod 3: inner margin of outer ramus usually with 4 groups of strong spines, but less than 10 isolated plumose setae 2; inner ramus less than half length outer ramus (fig. 4)2. TELSON- split, with connected lobes; each lobe with 2 spines, only one apical (at the tip): fig. 3. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-very little. Females are smaller, have smaller gnathopods, and shorter antenna than do the males. Possible Misidentifications A closely related genus is Anisogammarus, whose mem- bers have 1st antennae shorter than the 2nd antennae. In Anisogammarus each of the urosomites has a prominent median tooth and a smaller pair of dorsolateral teeth, not 2-4 groups of spines as in Eogammarus. Finally, on uropod 3, the rami are subequal, not disparate in size as in Eogammarus. There are three species of Anisogammarus: Anisogammarus ramellus has its urosomite spines ar- ranged in horizontal rows; Anisogammarus pugettensis has a prominent fixed median spine on its 2nd urosomite, and no rows of spines. Its 3rd uropod has an inner ramus 3/4 as long as the outer one. Another closely related genus is Ramellogammarus, characterized by dorsal groups of spines on its pieon seg- ments 2; spines in groups of 1-3 on urosomes 1 and 2, uro- some 3 with 2 posterodorsal groups of (or single) spines: 1-4 groups of posterior marginal setae on peduncle segments of both 1st and 2nd antennae 2 . Ramellogammarus oregonensis is strongly armed on pleonites 1-3. It has been reported only from Coos Bay 6 , on alga Cladophora. Other species of Eogammarus in the Northeastern Pacific Region include Eogammarus oclairi, a pelagic estuarine form very like E. confervicolus. Its 2nd antenna have 4th and 5th peduncles with 3-4 groups of posterior marginal setae (in addition to the terminal group); each of its telson lobes has two terminal setae, not one as in E. confervicolus2. Ecological Information RANGE-San Diego, California to Alaska. DISTRIBUTION-Sa/icornia marsh (South Slough. Metcalf Preserve); on log boom, in mud, Siltcoos River; South Slough of Coos Bay 1, Siuslaw estuary. HABITAT-Substrate-mud: gets name from the "conferva-, or long green algae in which it lives: Salicornia. Cladophora. Fucus, among others. SALINITY fullsalt to brackish. TEMPERATURES- TIDAL LEVEL in South Slough of Coos Bay: in drainage channels at +4.5 feet. ASSOCIATES- isopod Gnorimosphaeroma insulare, (South Slough of Coos Bay); Corophium slamonis (Siuslaw estuary). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-often occurs in great numbers: to 25,000/ m2 4; 5% of benthic fauna, beginning of June, 17% August (Sixes River)4. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONG EVITY- FOOD-- detritus. PREDATORS-fish, birds. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L., 1954. Marine Amphipoda of Oregon. Oregon State Col- lege, Corvallis, 103 pp. Pages 9-12, plates 9, 10. Very complete descrip- tion, plates. 2. Bousfield, E. L. 1979. The Amphipod Superfamily Gammaroidea in the Northeastern Pacific Region: Systematics and Distributional ecology Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 3:297-357. Pp. 300-1, key to families, pp. 307-9 key to genera, pp. 313-5 key to species, pp. 317-19 description. 3. Kozloff, Eugene A. (1974a). Key to genus only, p. 157. 4. Martin, J. T 1980. Federal Aid Progress Reports: Fisheries Research and Development Section, Ore. Dept. Fish Wildlife Studies of Oregon Coastal Chinook Salmon. 5. Ricketts and Calvin. 1971. Brief habitat, range paragraph, p. 346: refer- ences, p. 491. 6. Shoemaker, Clarence R., 1964. Seven new amphipods from the west coast of North America with notes on some unusual species, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C., vol. 115, no. 3489, pp. 391-429. Excellent descrip- tion, plates, new name, pp. 423-427. (Anisogammarus) 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Most easily used, most complete general key, pp 349-351, 358. (J. L. Barnard) 8. Stebbing, T R. R., 1899. Trn. Linn. Soc. London, ser 2 v. 7, p. 428. as confervicola. 1906. Amphipoda, Gammaridea. Das Tierreich. pt 21. 806 pp. note only, p. 428. 9 Stimpson, William, 1856. Pac. Calif. Acad. v. 1, pp. 99. Maera confervicola: Original description. Page 116 gnathopods Eogammarus confervico/us x 20 Actual size GM 12 mm 3 . "BASIegammarid split telson, connected lobes, each with two spines. urosomites stout spines aligned anterior to posterior in vertical bunches. 4 third uropod withsmall inner branch. mm 2 A gn i cl 9 pegs, strongly curved dactyl. 2B gn2 C? 7 pegs, 5 fascicles narrow dactyl. Traskorchestia traskiana 4 a beach hopper (Stimpson, 1857) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Gammaridea FAMILY: Talitridae Description COLOR-pale brown, orange antennae; dull green or gray- brown, slight blue legs7. SIZE-2 cm (South Slough of Coos Bay); 1 mores. FIRST ANTENNA-very short, five articles (fig. 1). Stebbing: 9 SECOND ANTENNA-peduncle not thickened; short; flagel- lum or 16 articles; (Stebbing-16: male, 12: female 9); both antennae less massive than in those beach hoppers of the more open coast .HEAD- rostrum simple, eyes large, oval (fig. 1). MOUTHPARTS- mandible without palp (fig. 2): Talitridae; maxil- liped with four articles, fourth not developed(fig. 4). FIRST GNATHOPOD-dactyl slender, subchelate, not simple as in Orchestoidea, especially in mature males: Orchestia: translucent process on article four (fig. 5). SECOND GNATHOPOD-smooth convex palm; no spine at hinge of articles 6 7 (fig. 6). COXAE--plate one about half as large as plate two s (fig. 1). PLEONITES-five and six not fused 8 , (fig. 1). PEREOPODS-seven longer than six: Orchestia8. PLEOPODS-"strong", biramous; first three about equal in size; branches with 7-10 segments (not figured). TELSON-puffy, split, with several spines: Talitridae 8 (fig. 3) (split not visible in lateral view). UROPODS-third uniramous: Talitridae ramus narrowing distally, shorter than peduncle s . (fig. 3). SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-males larger than females, have larger gnathopods. Possible Misidentifications Orchestoidea sp. are larger than Orchestia and found on ex- posed beaches. Talitroides are small introduced species of high water drift line. Two other Orchestia species can occur in Ore- gon: 0. chiliensis is an introduced species found under debris on sandy beaches; it has a long, inflated second antenna, and the second gnathopod has a sinuous dactyl and a triangular tooth near the hinge. 0. georgiana has weak pleopods with 4-6 segments on the rami; its first gnathopod lacks the process on the fourth article (male) found on 0. traskiana. Ecological Information RANGE-Washington to Magdalena Bay, Baja California LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-several locations in Coos Bay, and at North Bay, Cape Arago HABITAT--rocky beaches, sandy beaches with algae, salt n-Irshes (under debris and boards) 8; in driftwood, on high protected beaches; inner Sallicornia marsh, Metcalf Preserve, Coos Bay. SALINITY-from brackish slough 7, high beaches of salty bays 6. outer coast TEMPERATURES-- TIDAL LEVEL-usually along the wrack line, but also found more than 20above tidewater ASSOCIATES-in Metcalf Preserve. Coos Bay: other amphipods, sphaeromid isopods, and the gastropod, Ovatelia. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-often in hundreds under debris. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-some females ovigerous March, (Coos Bay). GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-scavenges in debris for detritus. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-probably completely nocturna16. Bibliography 1. Barnard, J. L., 1954. Key, pp. 2-3, locations, p. 23. 2. Bousfield, E. L, 1958. Distributional ecology of the terrestrial Talitri- dae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of Canada, Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. En- tomology 1:883-898. 3. , 1961. New records of beach hoppers (Crustacia, Amphi -poda) from the coast of California. Nat. Mus. Canada, Contr. Zool., Bull. 172, 1-12. 4. (in press). The amphipod Superfamily Taiitroidea in the north- eastern Pacific region: 1. Family Talitridae. Systematics and distributional ecology. Natl. Mus. Natural Sci. (Ottawa). 5. and J. T Carlton, 1967. New records of Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the cental Calif. coast. Bull, So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 66:277- 284. 6 Kozloff, 1974b. pp. 210, 221 (photo), 212, 262. 7 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 20-21. 8. Smith and Carlton, 1975. pp. 352-355. 9. Stabbing, p. 530, 534-5 Matches description, except for perepods three and four. 10 Stimpson, W. 1857. On the Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North America. Boston J. Nat. Hist. v. 6:44-532. p. 517, original description. Also in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 1:90. Page 118 111 11111% 111 I I I II11. I I I I I laa Ike e rd 1/10 4 0. WO IPA gnathopods A 4 1 tr- - -, a a is 7 L 2mm l actual size: L 2 cm Traskorchestla troskiona x 20 e 2. mandible (411 antennae short. leonites I pereopod seven longest. both no palp. telson process , 0.2 mm, 6. secondgnathopod c71 palm smooth, convex no spine athinge. 4. .maxi 11 ped four articles. first gnathopod on subchelate, dactylslender, process on fourth segment. dactyl 5 3. urosometelson: several spines,, puffy; third uropod: ramus narrowing,shorter than peduncle: Megalorchestia pugettensis a beach hopper (Dana, 1853) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Amphipoda, Gammaridea FAMILY: Talitridae Description SIZE-to 18 mm 5; this specimen 17 mm, without antennae. COLOR-white; usually with three spots on last three coxae.6 FIRST ANTENNA-short; not quite to middle of third article of longer than flagellum, especially in males (fig. 1). Flagellum of about 20 articles. SECOND ANTENNA--massive peduncle of three articles is longer than flagellum, especially in males (fig. 1). Flagellum of about 20 articles. HEAD-rostrum rounded, simple; eyes large, oval (fig. 1). MOUTHPARTS-mandible without palp: family Talitridae. (Mouthparts not figured, see Orchestia traskiana). Maxilliped article four not well developed. FIRST GNATHOPOD-simple, not subchelate, in both sexes: genus Orchestoidea10; strong dactyl adapted for digging (fig. 2). Translucent blister on article 6: species pugettensis. Also a blister on article 3. SECOND GNATHOPOD-large, subchelate in male (fig. 1, 3); simple in female (not figured, more like gnathopod one). COXAE-(first article of pereopod): first plate 1 as large as second (fig. 1). PLEONITES-5 and 6 separate, not fused: Talitridae; anteroventral margin of pleonite 1 with 1-7 spines: species pugettensis, (fig. 1). PEREOPODS-6 longer than 7: genus Orchestoidea (fig. 1). PLEOPODS-(small breathing organs within pleosome): 3, bi- ramous; third about equal in size to first and second (not figured). TELSON-spinose, notched at tip (fig. 7). See figs. 1, 6 for position. Often lost in collecting. UROPODS-three pairs: ONE-outer branch with marginal spines (fig. 4); no interramal spine (not figured). Inner branch: double row of spines. TWO-outer branch without spines on inner margin (figs. 5, 6). THREE-one branch: Talitridae; ramus broad distally, about as long as peduncle: genus Orchestoidea (fig. 6). SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-males with very large powerful sec- ond gnathopods; simple in females and young. Possible Misidentifications Beach hoppers (Talitridae) are obvious dwellers in damp sands, where they live on seaweed. They survive well in air. Talitridae have a single branched third uropod (figs. 1, 4), and a mandible without a palp (not figured, see Traskorchestia tras- kiana). Within the Talitridae, the genus are found on exposed beaches and are usually larger than Orchestia. Or- chestia sp. have subchelate first gnathopods (like male second gnathopods), not simple ones; slender first gnathopod dactyls, not heavy ones; 7th pereopods longer than the 6th, not the re- verse as in Orchestoidea; and narrowing 3rd uropod branches, not broad ones. Other species of Megalorchestea include Orchestoidea californiana, the largest species (in the Puget Sound area, Kozloff, 1974a), is found on beaches high in the in- tertidal. It has a second antenna with a long flagellum (males), spines on the inner margin of the outer ramus of the 2nd uropod. The females have a translucent process on article 5 of the first gnathopod; the rami of the pleopods are short. Orchestoidea corniculata, another large species found on coarse sand beaches with lots of protection, seaweed and a steep slope, has short second antennal flagella and spineless inner margins on the outer rami of its second uropods, like 0. pugettensis. However, it has an entire, not a notched telson, and no spines on the margin on its first pleonites. Orchestoidea columbiana, found on coarse sand beaches with little seaweed, has long second antennal flagella, and no spines on the margins of its pleonites. Unlike 0. californiana, it has no translucent process on the femalesgnathopod 1, and its pleopod rami are 1 to 3 be as large as 22 mm long. 0. benedicfi is small (9-13 mm), and is found on fine sand beaches; its pleonites have 1-5 spines on their posterior margins, which might confuse it with 0. pugettensis. Its telson is notched, however, and it lacks the characteristic blister on the 6th article of the male gnathopod of 0. pugettensis. Other genera of Talitridae include Talitroides and Talitrus, small introduced amphipods of the highwater drift line, mostly terrestrial. These have been found in the San Francisco Bay area. Ecological Information RANGE- LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: South Slough, several stations. HABITAT-under debris on coarse sand beaches with little seaweed. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-above tide levell, likes dampness, but avoids immersion in seawater. ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-not as common as Traskorchestia traskiana (Coos Bay). Life History Information REPRODUCTION-pairing occurs in spring: in 0. californiana and 0. corniculata; young carried until 3 mm.5 GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-possible two years maximum life span for 0. califomiana.5 FOOD-scavenges detritus from beach debris. The closely related 0. californiana and 0. corniculata are omnivorous, macrophzgrous, and partial to seaweed, wet cardboard and the bodies of other arthropods. They avoid putrefied matter., PREDATORS-shorebirds BEHAVIOR-nocturnal: to avoid diurnal birds, for better moisture and temperature conditions for feeding, and because they are sensitive to light. Bibliography 1. Barnard, J.L. 1958. Index to the families, genera, and species of the gam- maridean Amphipoda (Crustacea). Occ. Papers. A. Hancock Found no. 19. 145 pp. 2. Bousfield, E.L. 1957. Notes on the amphipod genus Orchestordea on the Pacific Coast of North America. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 56:119-29. 1958. Distributional ecology of the terrestrial Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of Canada. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. En- tomology. 1.883-98. 4 1961. New records of beach hoppers (Crustacea. Amphipoda) from the coast of Caifornia. Nat. Mus. Can. Contr. Zool. Bull 172:1-12 5. Bowers, D.E.1964. Natural history of two beach hoppers of the genus Or- chestoidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) with reference to their complemental distribution. Ecology 45:677-96. (californiana and corniculata). 6 1963. Field identification of five species of Californian beach hoppers (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Pac. Sci. 17:315-20. Bousfield, E. L. (in press). The amphipod Superfamily Talitroidea in the northeastern Pacific region. 1 Family Talitridae. Systematics and distribu- tional ecology. Nat. Mus. Natural Sci. (Ottawa) Publ. Biol. Oceanogr. 8. Craig, 1973. Mar. Biol. 23:101-9. 9. Kozloff, 1974b. Key to genera only, pp. 155-7. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. By E.L. Bousfield, pp. 352-64. Page 120 ,.1 111111"Ist antenna Megolorchestio pugettensi:silkk, 2 mm coxa,04.01 .,, _ I t o n .gnathopods ... ,.. m 4v. obs e ifi k)eres nd antenna Mega/ 0 (-chest/ a pagetlensis actual length(w/o antennae): 17 mm; antennae I short; antennae 2: flagellum7; smal I spines on pleon it e I . agnathopod 1,0 x 30 dactyl simple, strong; blister on article 6. 3. gnathopod 2, 00 x 30 chela large, powerful;tooth on palm. outer margin 4.uropod I, x 30outer branch: spines on outer margin, inner margin smooth. 5. uropod 2 x 30 outer branch: inner margin smooth. 6. urosome x 30uropod 3: ramus broad, as long as peduncle. Lissocrangon stylirostris formerly Crangon stylirostris3 common shrimp Holmes, 1900 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, SUBCLASS: Malacostraca ORDER: Decapoda, Natantia TRIBE: Caridea FAMILY: Crangonidae Description SIZE-type: 5.5 cm, average 3-47 mm 5; this specimen (Coos Bay): 5.5 cm. COLOR-white with black and brown chromatophores, giving gray appearance. ROSTRUM-narrow and pointed downward, grooved; (without dorsal teeth); acute tip. EYES--free, not covered by carapace. ANTENNAL SCALE-short, just a little over half length of cara- pace; blade with oblique inner margin; spine longer than blade (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS-hands (manus) subchelate, slightly widened dis- tally, and about twice as long as wide (Fig. 3). CARAPACE Lissocrangon2; ("lisso": smooth); a pair of hepatic (lateral) spines (fig. 1). ABDOMEN-shrimplike, with typical Caridean bend s ; sixth seg- ment not grooved ventrally5. TELSON-distinctly shorter than uropods (fig. 4). Possible Misidentifications Lissocrangon stylirostris is the only local species of the family without the medial carapace spine. This distinguishes it from the other genera which have one or more medial spine. (The com- mon local intertidal and shallow water genus is Crangon, with one spine). Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Santa Cr Trinidad, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION Coos mouth of South Slough. HABITAT-often along high bottom-dweller, preferring hard SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00; range 17 o/oo-33 o/oo4. TEMPERATURE-8.7164. TIDAL LEVEL-collected at -1.0; can be found as deep as 80 meters. ASSOCIATES-infested by Bopyrid isopod Argeia pugetten- sis Dana3. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"common in surf zone of semiprotected sandy beaches"6. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS -fish. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1 Butler, TH. 1980. Shrimps of the Pacific Coast of Canada Can. Bull Fish Aqua. Sci. No. 202. 280 pp. pp. 98 -9. as Crangon. 2 Kuris, Armand M. and James T. Carlton, 1977. Description of a new species, Crangon handi, and new genus, Lissocrangon, of crangonid shrimps (Crustacea: Caridea) from the California coast, with notes on adaptation in body shape and coloration. Bio. Bull. 153:540-559. 3. Markham, J. C. 1977. Zool. Medelingen 52:107-23. 4 Morris, Abbott Haderline. 1980. P 574. pl 166 5. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Brief discussion of genus Crago, p. 286. 6, Schmitt, Waldo L., 1921. Marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool , 23:1470. As Crago stylirostris, pp. 90-92. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 386, list. p. 404. 8 Zarenkov, N. A., 1965. Revision of the genera Crangon Fabricious and Sclerocrangon G. 0. Sars (Decapoda, Crustacea). Zool. Zhurnal, 44:1761-1775 (in Russian).uz, California. Type locality: Bay: Pt. Adams beach at the energy sandy beaches 2 ; a sands. Page 122 -ano spine ,cm. Zissocrongon sty/frostris x5 no medial carapace spine; hands subchetate. actual size: 5.5 cm. 2. frontal region (dorsal) rostifum long, narrow) pointed down; carapace: no medial spine. antennascale: short; blade with oblique inner angle; spine longer than blade. uropod Lissocrongon styfirostris 3. cheliped, manus x12 4. telson telson shorter than uropods. Crangon franciscorum common gray shrimp Stimpson, 1856 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, SUBCLASS: Malacostraca ORDER: Decapoda, Natantia TRIBE: Caridea FAMILY: Crangonidae Description SIZE-type: about 7.6 cm 6; South Slough (of Coos Bay) speci- men, female: 6.5 cm. COLOR-white, mottled with small black spots, giving gray appearance; eyes salmons. ROSTRUM-short, flattened, rounded (fig. 2): unornamented. EYES-free, not covered by carapace Crangon 7 and Lisso- crangon. ANTENNAL SCALE-about 3/4 the length of the carapace: blade broad, rounded and shorter than spine (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS-hands subchelate: Crangon 6 and Lissocran- gon; hand (propodus) at least four times as long as wide; finger closed nearly longitudinally (fig. 3). CARAPACE-with a single medial spine: Crangon 5 and Lisso- crangon; a pair of lateral spines as well. ABDOMEN-shrimp-like, with typical Caridean bend; second segment overlaps first (fig. 1). TELSON- nearly equal in length to uropods; sp. franciscorum. Possible Misidentifications Other northwest Crangon species with only one medial cara- pace spine are C. nigricauda, C. nigromaculata, C. alaskensis, and C. handi. C. nigricauda, the "black tailed shrimp". has antennal blade and spine of nearly equal length, its fingers of the chelipeds close almost transversely. C. nigromaculata has a striking round marking on the side of the sixth abdominal segment; its fingers also close transversely, and it may not range north as far as Oregon. C. alaskensis is a small shrimp, with a slender rostrum, and, in common with all these closely related species, without C. fran- ciscorum very long propodus. C. handi, from the outer coast, has a very short, stout antennal scale, and a short sixth abdominal segment s . Butlercalls this species Crangon franciscorum franciscorum, to distinguish it from C.f. angustimana Rathbun 1902, the long-clawed cran- gon. This latter species lives in deeper water, and within a narrower range of temperatures than does C. f. franciscorum. Ecological Information RANGE-southeastern Alaska to San Diego, California; type locality, San Francisco6. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Yaquina Bay4 ; South Slough (Collver Point, channel). HABITAT-"sandy coves" 6; in bay channel, substrate of mud, rock (South Slough); also offshore. SALINITY-collected at 300/00; determines distribution, see4. TEMPERATURE-great toleration of temperature variation; prefers warmer water than C. nigricauda. TIDAL LEVEL-down to 29 fathoms 6 (91 meters). ASSOCIATES Cancer jordani, Hermis- senda sp., Rostanga pulchra, sponges. Can be infested with Bopyrid isopod Argeia pugettensis Dana Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"common to abundant" with C. nigricauda, comprise the major decapod shrimp epifauna, Yaquina Bay4, caught commercially, San Francisco2. Life History Information REPRODUCTION December to August(Yaquina Bay); ovigerous female collected April; eggs hatch in water of high salinity: larval stages occur floating in the plankton: earliest post-larval shrimp found in brackish water of shallow tidal flats; maturing animals move into deeper water2. GROWTH RATE-differential growth rate: large females and males, (see4). LONGEVITY live a maximum 11/2 years, males up to one year 4. FOOD- PREDATORS-sport and food fishes-important food item of young striped bass in upper Coos Bay 4; primary food shrimp in San Francisco Bay. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Butler, T H. 1980. Shrimps of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aqua. Sci. No. 202, 280 pp. pp. 101-2. 2. Israel, H. R. 1936. A contribution toward the life histories of two California shrimps, Crago franciscorum (Stimpson) and Crago nigricauda (Stimpson). Calif. Dept. Fish Game Bull. 46:1-28. 3. Kozloff, 1974b. Key, pp. 163-166. 4. Krygier, Earl E., and Howard F Horton, 1975. Distribution, reproduction, and growth of Crangon nigricauda and Crangon franciscorum in Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Northwest Science, vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 216-240. Extensive life history statistics. 5. Kuris, Armand M. and James T Carlton, 1977. Description of a new species, Crangon handi, and a new genus, Lissocrangon, of Crangonid shrimps (Crustacea; Caridea) from the California coast, with notes on adaptation in body shape and coloration. Includes discussion of C. fran- ciscorum. Bio. Bull. 153:540-59. 6. Schmitt, Waldo L. 1921. The marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 23:1-470. Keys, 73-74 description, pp. 92-94. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Keys, pp. 386-388; list, p. 404. 8. Stimpson, W. 1859. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1:97. Original description. 9. Peterson, Mark (1978). OIMB student report, unpublished, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston. Page 124 3 mm Crangon frandscorum medial spine 2nd abdominal segment overlaps 1st and 3rd I cm. Crangon franciscorum x 4.5 actual size: 6.5 cm. abdomen compressed, shrimp-like; side plates of second abdominal segment overlap first; hands subchelate; telson, uropods nearly same lengths fan-like tail. scale telson head antehnal scale 3/4 length of carapace; blade broad,rounded; spine long; rostrum short,flattened; rounded; eyes free; carapace with medial spine, 3. first cheliped hand slender, finger turned back, nearly longitudinal; ropodus long as at least wide. four times as 2. rostrum propodus Crangon alaskensis Lockington, 1877 C. alaskensis elongata Rathbun, 1902) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, SUBCLASS: Malacostraca ORDER: Decapoda, Natantia TRIBE: Caridea FAMILY: Crangonidae Description SIZE--about 3 cm: South Slough of Coos Bay; 5.7 cm (San Francisco)5. COLOR--rnot tied brown and white, black chromatophores; dark r ROSTRUM-slender, not rounded; short, somewhat flattened; without dorsal teeth: Crangon6; reaches beyond posterior edge of cornea, (fig. 2). ANTENNA----two-thirds body length. EYES---free, not covered by carapace: Crangon6, and Lisso- crangon.6 ANTENNAL SCALE-nearly as long as carapace (fig. 1); spine longer than blade; blade not produced on antero-internal angle, but narrow. CHELIPEDS- hands subchelate, finger folds across palm, forming 45 ngle (fig. 3); hand (propodus) 21/2 to 3 times as long as wide5. CARAPACE-with one medial spine: Crangon3, as well as a pair of lateral spines (fig. 2). ABDOMEN-shrimplike, with typical Caridean bend s ; fifth seg- ment with slight median keel (fig. 1) 5. Ventral surface of sixth segment grooved3. TELSON- nearly as long as uropods (fig. 1); with slight medial keel (fig. 2). Possible Misidentifications Other northwest Crangon species with one medial carapace spine are C. franciscorum, C. nigricauda, C. nigromaculata, and C. hancli3. C. franciscorum has a very long propodus on the first leg (nearly four times as long as wide; C. nigricauda, "black tailed", has an antennal blade as long as the spine, and a short, rounded rostrum; it is the most nearly similar species, although larger than C. alaskensis. C. nigromaculata has a bright "bullseye" on the side of the sixth abdominal segment, the finger folds transversely across hand s ; its range is north only to northern California 5. C. handi has a very short, stout antennal scale, and a very short sixth abdominal segment 3 . C. alasken- sis elongata was once considered a southern range variety; having a longer rostrum and antennal scale s ; this nomenclature is no longer used3. Ecological Information RANGE-British Columbia to Mexican border LOCAL DISTRIBUTION SouthSlough of Coos Bay, west side, below Charleston Bridge. HABITAT-SUBSTRATE--mud . in eelgrass: "in shallow water of bays on soft bottoms"6. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-collected at + 0.5 feet; "habitat generalist", found in sand, mud, with a wide depth range3. ASSOCIATES-in South Slough, polychaetes, broken back shrimp, Heptacarpus sp., Talitroid amphi pods. Can be infested with Boyprid isopod Argeia pugettensis Dana Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE -"common" 6; common in South Slough, Coos Bay. Life History Information REPRODUCTION GROWTHRATE - LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Butler, T. H. 1980. Can. Bull Fish. Aqua. Sci. No. 202, 280 pp. pp. 108-9. 2. Kozloff, 1974b. Key, pp. 163-165. 3. Kuris, Arrnand M. and James T Carlton, 1977. Description of a new species, Crangon handi, and new genus, Lis.socrangon, of Crangonid shrimps (Crustacea: Caridea) from the California coast, with notes on adaptation in body shape and coloration. Bio. Bull., 153:540-559. 4. Rathbun, Mary J. 1902. Descriptions of new decapod crustaceans from the west coast of North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, 885-905. Original description, as Crangon alaskensis elongata, p. 888. 5. Schmitt, Waldo L., 1921. The marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 23:1-470, p. 88, as C. alaskensis elongata. 6. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 386-388; list, p. 404. Page 126 Crangon easkensis crangon cdoskensis x5 antennal scale almost as long as, arapace; telson almost as long as uropods; hands of first legs subchelate; eyes free. 2.frontal region (dorsal) antennal spine longer than blade; rostrum slender; carapace: one medial spine. hand finger closed makes 45angle; 2 1 /2 - 3 ti mes as long cr, wiriv 3. Heptacarpus paludicola Formerly Spirontocaris a broken back shrimp Holmes, 1900 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Decapoda, Natantia TRIBE: Caridea FAMILY: Hippolytidae Description SIZE-3 cm, ovigerous female (South Slough of Coos Bay). COLOR-uniform; extremities clear, with orange or brown markings. ROSTRUM-well-developed, longer than carapace; dorsal teeth 4-8, ventral teeth 1-5 (adults); rostrum almost as long as antennal scale (fig. 2); dorsal edge of rostrum straight, not curved 5 ; some teeth anterior. ANTENNAL SCALE-never greatly longer than rostrum. SECOND LEGS-chelate, nearly equal, with seven annulations on carpus (fig. 1). MOUTHPARTS-third maxilliped without expodite; reaching be- yond the end of the acicle of the antenna s (fig. 1); mandible with incisor process, palp of two segments9. CARAPACE supraorbital spines 10 . Heptacarpus; no lateral or dorsal spines. ABDOMEN-shrimplike, with fantail, body laterally compressed, side plates of second segment overlap those of first, abdomen with sharp bend , (fig. 1); Caridea. Third segment without hump, sixth segment shorter than telson 5 (fig. 1). FIRST LEGS-equal, chelate (fig. 1). Possible Misidentifications Very close in color, morphology, and habitat is Heptacarpus pictus, whose adult rostral teeth are 6-7/2-4, but whose rostrum, while it can reach to the middle of the antennal scale, does not reach to the end of the scale as does that of H. paludicola. The rostra]. H. pictus and the rostrum is more slender 9 , as well as being only equal to or shorter than the carapace. (Our H. pictus specimens were only 1.5 cm, half the size of the female H. paludicola.) Heptacarpus pictus is the most commonly found transparent shrimp in rockpools 9 , while H. paludicola is more common in mudflats and in eelgrass. H. pictus is not included in the Puget Sound Keys 5 ; Schmitt listed its southern extensions as Monterey (It does occur in southern California). Also see this section under H. pictus. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to San Diego, California. Type locality: Hum- boldt Bay, California9. DISTRIBUTION-south of Charleston Bridge, South Slough of Coos Bay. HABITAT Slough; mud and eelgrass (Zostera); also in Ova, on pilings, floats, and in rocky pools of outer coasts10. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-collected at + 0.5. ASSOCIATES- Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"common to abundant"9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-ovigerous female found in March, South Slough, Coos Bay. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-carnivorous4. PREDATORS-fish. BEHAVIOR -propel themselves backward by flexing their tails forward4. Bibliography 1. Butler, T H. 1980. Shrimps of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aqua. Sci. No. 202, 280 pp. pp. 227-8. 2. Holthius, L. B. 1947. The Decapods of the Siboga Expedition. Part IX, Siboga Exped. Mongr. 39a8, 100 pp. Includes revision of genus Heptacar- pus. 3. Holmes, S. J., 1900. Synopsis of the California stalkeyed Crustacea. Oc- cas. papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 7:1-262. Original description, as Spiron- tocaris paludicola. 4. Kozloff, 1974a. Discussion of genus only, pp. 86-7, 193. 5. 1974b. Key, pp. 165-167. 6. Needler, A. Berkeley, 1934. Larvae of some British Columbia Hippolytidae, Contr. Canad. Biol. and Fish. 8:237-42. Includes H. paludicola. 7. Pike, R. B. and D. I. Williamson, 1961. The larvae of Spirontocaris and related genera (Decapoda, Hippolytidae). Crustaceana 2:187-208. Brief mention. Treats mostly British species. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 74, 302. 9. Schmitt, Waldo L. 1921. The marine decapod crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. 23:1-470. pp. 50-1, 64-5. Keys and description. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 386-390. Page 128 Natantia HIPPOLYTIDAE Heptocarpus pa/wilco/a rostra! teeth: 7/ 2 can be 4-8/1-5 3rd maxilliped broken back shrimp 5 mm -4- first leg second leg Heptocorpus poludicolo A x 8 actual size 3 cm abdomen shrimp-like, with sharp bend. body compressed laterally, fan-like tail; first legs chelate, equal; second leg: seven annulations: color: green, clear extremities with orange markings 2. frontal region, dorsal ros,lirn almost as long as antenna! scale; rostrum longer than carapace (from orbit). telson PHYLUM: Arthropoda cuss: Crustacea broken back shrimp, glass shrimp (Stimpson, 187O)DER: SUBORDER:DecapodaNatantia TRIBE: Caridea FAMILY: Hippolytidae Heptacarpus pictus Description SIZE-2-3 cm this specimen (South Slough of Coos Bay): 1.5 cm. COLOR-transparent, with orange lines; green at leg bases, black eyes. Four major color patterns.5 ROSTRUM-well developed, shorter than carapace; dorsal teeth 6-7, ventral teeth 2-4 (fig. 1); slender, teeth close together rostrum reaches only about two thirds length of scale (fig. 4). MOUTHPARTS -third maxilliped without exopodite: Heptacarpus; mandible with incisor process, two-segmented palp". CARAPACE-no supraorbital or other spines. ABDOMEN-shrimplike, with fan tail, laterally compressed body; side plates of second segment overlap those of first, abdomen with sharp bend, but third segment without hump; sixth segment shorter than telson (fig. 1). FIRST LEGS-equal, chelate (fig. 2). SECOND LEGS-chelate, nearly equal, with seven annulations on carpus (fig. 3). Possible Misidentifications This species is very like the green Zostera dweller Heptacar- pus paludicola, with a difference chiefly in the length of the ros- trum (see H. paludicola). Other short-rostrumed Heptacarpus species are H. taylori, often brightly colored and with a rostrum reaching just to the eye, and H. cristatus, with rostral teeth 5-8/1-3, and long, slender dactyls on the walking legs; H. brevirostris, whose rostrum (without lower teeth) reaches only the first segment of the antennal peduncle; H. palpator, very like brevirostris, but with a longer rostrum and longer antennal scale; H. stimpsoni, from Puget Sound, whose rostrum reaches only the second segment of the antennal peduncle; (H. sitchensis, H. decorus, and H. kincaidi are other Puget Sound species); H. tridens, flexus, and tenuissimus have a hump on the third abdominal segment; H. carinatus is a long-rostrumed shrimp, its rostral teeth are all distal; H. gracilis has a very narrow rostrum with 4-5 teeth below, and a long sixth abdominal segment; H. franciscanus, from San Francisco Bay, has a rostrum longer than the antennal scale, and on its lower edge, six or seven teeth. Ecological Information RANGE-"Monterey Bay to San Diego, California" type locality, Monterey, California. Not included in Kozloff Puget Sound work; appears to be a more southern species: common in southern California DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: near Charleston Bridge, South Slough. HABITAT-most commonly found transparent shrimp in rock pools6; also in Zostera beds, on floats 5; in South Slough in Zostera on mudflats. . SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-collected at +0.5 ft; "middle and lower tidepools of rocky coasts"8. ASSOCIATES-polychaetes. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-"abundant to common"8. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- FOOD- LONGEVITY- PREDATORS-fish. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Hinton, Sam, 1969. Seashore life of southern California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 181 pp. Description, figure, pp. 128-129, as Spirontocaris picta. 2. Holthius, L. B., 1947. The Dgcapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part IX, Siboga Exped. Monogr. 39a 100 pp. Includes revision of genus Hepta- carpus. 3. Kozloff, 1974a. Discussion of genus, pp. 86-7, 193. 4. 1974b. Key to many Heptacarpus species, not pictus. 5. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 572-3. 6. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 74, 302. 7. Schmitt, 1921. Key and description, p. 50-51, 68-9, as Spironotocaris picta. 8. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 386-390. 9. Stimpson, W. 1871. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y., 10:125. Original description as Hippolyte picta. Page 130 end of scale end ot rostrum Natanti HI PPOLYTIDAE Heptacorpus pictus transparent shrimp Heptacorpus pictus x10 actual size: 1.5 cm color:ransparent, green leg bases, \ red striped legs,carapace.; third maxilliped without exopodite; telson longer than sixth abdominal segment; rostral teeth: 7/ (can be 6-7/2-4). 2. first leg chelate 3. second leg chelate; carpus with seven annulations. frontal region, dorsal rostrum narrow at eyes; rostrum more than half length of scale, but not to end; rostrum (from posterior of orbit)shorter than carapace. = Epialtus productus) a kelp crab (Randall, 1839) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Majidae (Inachidae) Description SIZE-largest on record 93 mm wide, 107 mm long; largest of the kelp crabs 3; Oregon specimens larger than southern Calif- ornia animals. COLOR-dark brown or olive green, sometimes with red or orange; ventral surface often bright red. Exterior smooth, rarely with attached seaweeds, bryozoans, etc., although wharf speci- mens do have attached barnacles, anemones mature speci- mens practically hairless ROSTRUM-bifid (two-branched) small, with horns separated by sinus (figs. 1, 2). CARAPACE-sides almost parallel; prominent posterolateral (branchial) teeth: genus Pugettia"; surface smooth; small pre- and post-orbital teeth (fig. 2); large anterolateral (he- patic) teeth; posterior margin convex carapace decidedly longer than wide. EYES-distance between eyes less than one third width of carapace (adults) 16; eyes small. ABDOMEN-seven segments (fig. 4). CHELIPEDS-large and well developed, especially in mature males, where they can be longer than walking legs; chelae en- larged; manus (palms) swollen, dactyls (fingers) gaping (males) 7 (fig. 3). WALKING LEGS-almost cylindrical 7 ; decreasing in length posteriorly; dactyls slender(fig. 1); legs shorter, stouter than in other Pugettia species. JUVENILES-small specimens (about 3 mm long) can be constricted at the sides like P. richii1. Possible Misidentifications Pugettia gracilis and Pugettia richii are two smaller species found in the northwest. Both have a greater distance between the eyes than does P. producta (about half the carapace width). Neither has the smooth surface or straight carapace sides of P. producta: both have tuberculate carapace surfaces and con- strictions between the hepatic and branchial teeth Both have long walking legs. P. gracilis can be similar in color to P. pro- ducta, but P. richii is usually red. Other majid crabs (Oregonia, Scyra, Loxorhynchus, Mimulus, Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Asuncion Point, Baja California type locality, "California." Replaced below Pt. Conception, Calif., by Taliepus nuttalii. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -Oregon: various protected outer shores; Coos Bay; South Slough; probably estuaries where salinities are high. HABITAT off the substrate in eelgrass, and in kelp Eg- regia8; in tidepools on Fucus; in kelp, outer coast; on pilings in bays, especially in winter; in Enteromorpha, but prefers Zostera (juveniles)6. SALINITY water; does not osmoregulate6. TEMPERATURE tolerant, considering its range. TIDAL LEVEL-to 40 fathoms, but most common intertidally ASSOCIATES Sacculina6, eggs parasitized by nemertean worm Carcinonemertes epialti6. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-most common kelp crab in Coos Bay estuary. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-gravid females in Coos Bay, June and July copulation by hard-shelled pairs; yellow to red orange eggs. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-a vegetarian, scraping brown algal growth off Zostera4; eats barnacles, mussels, hydroids and bryozoans when algae is not available 2; keen visual sense2. PREDATORS-fishes (on young). Few predators as adult, as crab is aggressive, and has strong pinch. BEHAVIOR 4 ; active, particularly those in rocky tidepools7. Bibliography 1. Garth, J. S., 1958. Brachyura of the Pacific coast of America: Oxy- rhyncha. Allan Hancock Pac. Exped. 21. Pt. I, Pp. 188-93, Pt. II, Plates L, 19. 2. Knudsen, Jens W., 1964. Observations of the reproductive cycles and ecology of the common Brachyura and crablike Anomura of Puget Sound, Washington. Pac. Sci. 18:3-33. 3. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 88, 193-4, 254-5. 4 , 1974b. Pp. 175-6. 5. MacGinitie, G. E., 1935. Ecological aspects of a California marine estuary. Amer. Mid. Nat., 16:629-765, esp. 713. 6. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 598. 7. Rathbun, M. J., 1925. The spider crabs of America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 129: pp. 167-172. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 116-7, 260. 9. Schmitt, 1921. As Epialtus productus, Pp. 201-2. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 393-5; list, p. 405. Page 132 Pugettio product 2. frontal area rostrum bifid: two horns; smallpre- and post- orbital, teeth ; 4. abdomen 9 (ventral) seven segments. antero-lateral ( hepatic tooth, postero-lateral branchial,)/ tooth/ Puget/id producta x actual size (carapace width): 55 mm carapace smooth, sides subparalleI;strong hepatic and bronchial teeth; eyes less than 1/3 carapace width apart; walking legs subcylindrical, shorter posteriorly. rostral horn fingers (dactyls) postorbital tooth 3. male cheliped manus swollen, dactyl often long, stout. gaping; ( a 2 dorsal) Cancer antennarius a rock crab Stimpson, 1856 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Ca ncridae Description SIZE-carapace usually not over 5 inches (13 cm) 4 ; type: 11.8 cm (41/2 inches)3. COLOR-unique among Cancer: red spots on a light yellow undersurface, especially frontally EYES-eyestalks short, orbits small; eyes frontal; a small supra- orbital tooth (fig. 1). FRONTAL AREA-not produced; five medial teeth, of which the outer pair is the largest; center tooth small, below its flanking pair (fig. 2). CARAPACE-oval; widest at eighth tooth (eleven teeth total); antero-lateral and post-lateral margins meet at distinct angle; sur- face lumpy, uneven, finely granulated (fig. 1). CARAPACE TEETH-eleven antero- and post-lateral teeth, curved forward; carapace widest at eighth tooth (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS-black-tipped; heavy, nearly smooth; inner carpus (wrist) with single sharp spine. LEGS-rough and hairy; dactyls with five longitudinal rows of bristles3. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-females smaller, show usual wide abdomen of Cancer species (fig. 3b, C. magister). JUVENILES -may have second small spine on carpus; carapace with crowded granules; manus of cheliped light, fin- gers with dark blotch, extreme tips light-colored; carapace widest at ninth tooth, tenth (and last) prominent and spiny (not figured). Prezoea, third zoea, see fig. 3 a, b. Possible Misidentifications In color, C. productus is much alike in color (dark red, black- tipped chelae), but never has red spots on its underbody, though its legs may be mottled; it has ten teeth, not eleven. C. anten- narius is smaller than C. productus, and lacks its obviously produced frontal area; they can inhabit the same ecological niche. Cancer magister is larger than either and is colored very differently from them. Ecological Information RANGE-British Columbia to Baja California; type specimen: San Francisco; not common in Puget Sound, or in keys. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay (and probably other Oregon estuaries); most common on protected outer coast. HABITAT-often buried in the sand, under rocks SALINITY-in San Francisco, found at 26.6 to 33.3 0/00 6 . Cannot tolerate brackish conditions; cannot osmoregulate2. TEMPERATURE Francisco Bay: collected at 8.7 to 14.3 C6. TIDAL LEVEL-characteristic of the lower tide poor; "in two or three fathoms..." (Stimpson) 6 to 40 m.2 ASSOCIATES-often encrusted; iphitimid polychaetes in branc- hial cavities (southern California) Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common in California, becomes rarer farther north. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-females ovigerous November to January4; in the lab males stimulated to pre-mating behavior by release of molting hormone by Pachygrapsus crassipes GROWTH RATE-one prezoeal, five zoeal, one megalops stage s ; larvae reared at 13.8. averaged 36 days (hatch to megalops) 5; shorter than C. magister or C. productus. Pre- zoea (fig. 3a) much like those of other Cancer species; zoeae and megalops much smaller and with fewer setae than other two. LONGEVITY- FOOD-a scavenger and predator; likes hermit crabs.2 PREDATORS-occasionally man, for food; juveniles preyed upon by filter and plankton feeders (herring, salmon, etc.); octopus. BEHAVIOR-male reacts to crustecdysone (molting hormone) by searching behavior Bibliography 1. Kittredge, James S., Michelle Terry, and Francis T. Takahashi, 1971. Sex pheromone activity of the molting hormone, crustecdysone, on male crabs (Pachygrapsus crassipes, Cancer antennarius, and C. anthonyi. Fishery Bulletin, N. M. F. S. 69 (2):337-343. 2 Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980 P 603, 3. Rathbun, M. J., 1930. The cancroid crabs. Pp. 178-9, 210, 212, 218, plate. 35. 4. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Pp. 48, 114f, 117, 497. 5. Roesijadi, Guritno. 1976. Descriptions of the prezoeae of Cancer magister Dana and Cancer productus Randall and the larval stages of Cancer antennarius Stimpson (Decapoda, Brachyura). Crustaceana, 31(3):275- 295. 6. Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 216, 218-9, 224, 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 393-7, 408. Page 134 carp US posterolateral teeth medial orbital tooth teeth \ 2 1 i supta -orbital tooth 1 frontal area I. Cancer antennarius x I actual size 10 cm; dark red; black-tipped claws; red spots on light underbody; widest at eighth tooth. antero-lateral teeth 2. carapace (right front) eleven antero- and post-lateral teeth; frontal area not produced; eyes small, frontal; supra-orbital tooth; small medial tooth (below). 3b. third zoea x3o actual size 2.25 mm postero-lateral teeth Cancer magister Dungeness, or market crab Dana, 1852 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura "true crabs" FAMILY: Cancridae Description SIZE-type: carapace 120.7 mm long, 177.8 mm wide. COLOR-light reddish brown, darkest anteriorly, often light orange below 10, sometimes gray-purple, light below; inner sides of anterior dactyls and propodi crimson, fingers not dark10. EYES-eyestalks short, orbits small. ANTENNAE-antennules folded lengthwise; antennal flagella short, more or less hairy10. CARAPACE-broadly oval, uneven but not highly sculptured; granular. Widest at tenth tooth; no rostrum (fig. 1). FRONTAL AREA-narrow with five unequal teeth, not markedly produced beyond outer orbital angles; middle tooth largest, more advanced than outer pair; outer pair form inner angles or orbit, (fig. 2). TEETH-(antero-lateral) ten, counting orbital tooth; widest at tenth tooth, which is large and projecting; all teeth pointed, with anterior serrations. POSTEROATERAL MARGIN-unbroken, entire, without teeth; meets antero-lateral margin with distinct angle. ABDOMEN-narrow in male, broad in female (fig. 3). CHEUPEDS-dactyls not dark; dactyl spinous on upper sur- face; fixed finger much deflexed; hand (Propodus) with six carineae on upper outer surface; wrist (carpus) with strong inner spine. WALKING LEGS-rough above; broad and flat (especially propodus and dactylus of last pair). JUVENILES-antero-lateral and postero-lateral margins meet at distinct angle; carapace widest at tenth tooth; postero-lateral margin entire; carpus of cheliped with single spine above, dac- tyls light colored 10; carapace not as broad as adult. Possible Misidentifications Cancer productus also has ten antero-lateral teeth; its frontal teeth are subequal, (not equal) and the frontal area is markedly produced beyond outer orbital angles 13 ; its cheliped dactyls are black. Its carapace is widest at the eighth large tooth. Cancer antennarius, like C. productus, is dark red with black tipped chelae; it is widest at the eighth tooth, and red-spotted below. C. oregonensis, a small, oval crab, has twelve teeth. Two rather rare species, C. gracilis and C. jordani, both have nine teeth. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Monterey Bay, California", type locality, San Francisco Bay12. DISTRIBUTION-Northwest estuaries and offshore waters; near shore and bays in summers". HABITAT-found in many substrates, from mud to sand, gravel and rock 12; prefers sand 16, in mud with eelgrass in bays5. SAUNITY-Coos Bay: collected from 15-30 o/oo; smaller crabs more tolerant to low salt TEMPERATURE-a cold and temperate water animal. TIDAL LEVEL-low water to 50 fathoms; most abundant 2-20 fathoms; found in depths of 90 fathoms8. ASSOCIATES-barnacles on carapace and legs, nemerteans. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-to 3 lbs. (1.36 k.) (Ore. Fish Wildlife figures). ABUNDANCE-commercial catch cyclic in nature: has ranged from a high to 16,202,659 lbs. (1976-77) to a low of 3334,909 lbs. (1974-75)-Ore. Fish Wildlife records. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-late spring to fall when female is about to molt, male clasps her and copulation takes place after several days 14; internal fertilization takes place after molting, while female is soft; females carry the eggs (up to 1.5 million) usually from October to December in Oregon; the young hatch in the spring 15. Larval forms occur in nearshore waters and progres- sively move offshore. They return to bays, estuaries and near- shore waters for metamorphosis, often hitching rides with Val- etta, the "by the wind sailor". YOUNG-megalops of genus Cancer difficult to differentiate. GROWTH RATE-"first crab" stage: 80 days, at 11 1; matures at 4-5 years 11. Size, age one: male and female: 30 mm; age two: m. and f.: 95 mm; age three, male: 150 mm, female, 120 mm; age four, male: 175 mm. Sexual maturity at 1 3 LONGEVITY-average age eight years, maximum probably ten11. FOOD-largely small clams 5, crustaceans; also a scavenger. PREDATORS for food; larval forms eaten by filter and plankton feeders (herring salmon, other fishes). BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Anderson, William, 1978. A description of laboratory-reared larvae of the yellow crab, Cancer anthonyi Rathbun (Decapoda, Brachyura) and comparison with larvae of Cancer magister Dana and Cancer produc- tus Randall. Crustaceana 34(1):55-68. 2 Butler, T. H. 1967. A bibliography of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Dana. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Tech. Rep. 1:1-12. 3. Cleaver, Fred C., 1949. Preliminary results of the coastal crab (Cancer magister) investigations. Wash. Dept. Fish., Biol. Report 49A: 47-82. 4. Hunter, Kenneth C. and Paul P Rudy, Jr., 1957. Osmotic and ionic regulation in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Dana. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 51A:439-447. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Brief natural history, photograph. pp. 252-3, 6 MacKay, Donald C. G., 1942. The Pacific edible crab, Cancer magister. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 62, 32 pp. 7. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980 Pp. 605-6. 8. Phillips, J. B., 1935. The crab fishery of California. Calif. Fish Game 21(1):38-64. 9. Poole, Richard, 1966. A description of laboratory-reared zoeae of Cancer magister Dana, and megalopae taken under natural conditions (De- capoda: Brachyura). Crustaceana, 11(1):83-97, 7 figs. 10. Rathbun, M. J., 1930. The cancroid crabs of America of the families Euryalidae, Portunidae, Atelecyclidae, Cancridae, and Xanthidae, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 152:609 pp. Pp. 176-178, key to genus, pp. 222-226. description, plate and distribution. 11. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Pp. 114, 166-169, 496-7. 12. Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 229-232. 13. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 393-396; list, p. 406. 14. Snow, C. Dale, and John R. Nielsen, 1966. Pre-mating and mating behavior of the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canad.. 23(9):1319-23. 15. Waldron, Kenneth D., 1958. The fishery and biology of the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) in Oregon waters. Fish. Comm. of Ore. Contr. 24. 43 pp., 13 figs. 16. Weymouth, F W., 1914. Contributions to the life-history of the Pacific coast edible crab (Cancer magister). Rept. Brit. Col. Comm. Fish.. pp. 123-129, Figs. 1-8. Page 136 Cancer mogis/er Ca ncer mogisier x 5/8 actual size (carapace width) 185 mm (7 1/4") ten antero-lateral teeth; postero-lateral margin entire; front: five unequal teeth; carapace: broadly oval , widest at tenth tooth; fingers light. 3. abdomen a. male: narrow b. female : broad. 2. front not markedly produced; middle tooth largest, most advanced; outer pair form inner orbital angles. 1 5 mm 4. juvenile x5 actual size (carapace width)I0 mm (3/8") carapace rectangular; ten teeth; fingers light. b. Cancer oregonensis the Oregon cancer crab Dana, 1852 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Euca rida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura (true crabs) FAMILY: Cancridae Description SIZEype: 23 mm wide, 18 mm long; a large female 47.1 mm wide, 36.5 mm long.This specimen 15 mm wide, 11 mm long. Usually not over 40 mm wide.2 COLORarapace reddish, flesh-colored; fingers dark red, almost to tips; legs flesh with small red spots; ventral side light. Considerable variation: yellow or orange bands; sometimes gray. EYEShort eyestalks. ANTENNAEntennules folded lengthwise (down), (fig. 3); short hairy flagella. CARAPACEroadly oval, subelliptical3; widest at teeth 7-8; aerolated; anterior-lateral and posterior-lateral margins do not form a distinct angle: species oregonensis.3 FRONTAL AREAide: about 2 width of carapace. Five trun- cate frontal teeth slightly produced beyond outer orbital angles. Three central teeth lobed: species oregonensis. 3 Outer pair of teeth form inner orbital angles (fig. 3). MOUTHPARTSuter maxillipeds: merus is produced at antero-external angle (fig. 2). ANTERO-LATERAL prominent, equal, large, forward curving. Numbers 3-9 have spines; numbers 10-13 are small, obscure or absent; carapace widest at 7-8. POSTERIORateral marginnbroken, entire, without teeth; does not meet antero-lateral margin with a strong angle (fig. 1). ABDOMENarrow in males, wide in females (see Cancer magister, fig. 3). CHELIPEDSimilar; fingers dark nearly to tips (fig. 4); carpus (wrist) tuberculate above, short spine at inner angle with tooth below it; hand (propodus) thick and high, with two rows of tuber- cules above, 5 granulate lines on outer surface (fig. 4). Chelae rougher in females than in males.3 WALKING LEGSairy, light colored. SEXUAL DIMORPHISMemales often with more uneven, lumpier carapace; sometimes with high, flattened elevations, and rougher chelae. JUVENILESery much like adults. Possible Misidentifications True crabs of the family Cancridae can be distinguished by the generally oval carapace with several frontal teeth and one medial tooth; antennules which fold lengthwise, with short hairy flagella. The genus Cancer have subelliptical carapaces, usu- ally aerolate, a five-lobed frontal area, and short eyestalks. Other Cancer species include three whose adult forms are much larger than those of C. oregonensis: Cancer antennarius, a small feisty crab of the intertidal, dark red above and red-spotted below. Adults have black fingers; juvenilesfingers are light with a dark splotch. C. is widest at the 8th tooth (as C. oregonensis can be) but it has a prominent 10th tooth and a strong angle at the postero-lateral margin. It is typically 100 mm wide. Cancer magister juveniles are widest at the 10th and last tooth; the hands are light-colored, the fingers without dark color. It has a rather hexagonal, angular profile, rather than an elliptical one. Few adults are less than 30 mm wide. Cancer productus juveniles have a markedly produced frontal area like the adults, a fan-shaped carapace with sharp antero- posteriorolateral angles, dark fingers, and variable coloring, often striped. Adults are over 20 mm wide. Three Cancer species are small in the adult form: Cancer gibbulosus 6 (or = branneri whose adults are to 35 mm long, has a fan-shaped carapace much like that of C. antennarius, with 11 teeth, the first 9 being strongly curved; it is widest at the 9th tooth. The carapace surface is strongly aerolated rather like C. but its hairiness extends to the chelipeds and carapace, not just to the walking legs, as in C. oregonensis. It has dark fingers like C. oregonensis, but its carapace shape is distinctly different. Adults can be from 11 to 35 mm wide. Cancer gracilis can be to 40 mm wide and is much like a smooth C. magister: olive with reddish spots. The carapace is very convex, widest at the 9th tooth with a strong projecting 10th tooth and the usual (except for C. oregonensis) sharp antero-lateral angle. Its fingers are light. Adults can range from 3-76 mm wide. Cancer jordani, with adults to 33 mm wide, is hairy- carapaced, widest at the 9th tooth and with a rudimentary 10th tooth. The teeth alternate large and small in size. The fingers of this crab are dark, the extreme tips are light, as in C. sis. The carapace shape is strongly attenuated posteriorly, as in most of the Cancer species. This is a southern crab and occurs only rarely in Oregon.Adults can be as narrow as 19.5 mm.5 Cancer oregonensis is the only member of the genus with a distinctly elliptical carapace, without a distinct angle at the posterior-anterior margin. It is smaller than most of the other adult Cancer species, but can be confused with their juveniles, which incidentally will be found only seasonally, not all year, as will C. oregonensis. The key characteristics of the rounded, not angled carapace shape, 4 being widest at the 7-8th teeth, not the 9th or 10th, should make identification easy. C. occupies a very particular niche: in the under-rock habitat, often found nestled in a well-fitting discarded mollusc or bar- nacle shell. Ecological Information RANGExtreme range Aleutian Islands to Lower California rare south of Oregon LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: Fossil Point, Pigeon Point. HABITAT low intertidal areas of quiet bays; well em- bedded rock and mud. Likes closely fitting shells, crannies. SALINITYound at lower (saltier) end of bays. TEMPERATURE cold and temperate water dweller (by geo- graphical range). TIDAL LEVELow intertidal (and down to 238 fathoms3). ASSOCIATEShe under-rock low intertidal of bays: burrowing clams (Pholadidae), terebellid polychaete Thelepus (and its associate Halosydna). Subtidally, the large barnacle Balanus nubilis, whose discarded shell is often home to C. A parasitic barnacle (Rhizocephalan) becomes prevalent in Alaskan animals. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEccurs fairly often in its own particular habitat. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONemales ovigerous (orange eggs) December (Coos Bay). GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODredator and scavenger on other small invertebrates. PREDATORSarger crabs, fish. BEHAVIOReclusive. Bibliography Kozloff. E. 1974a. P. 196. 2 1974b. Key, p. 177. 3. Rathbun, M.J. 1930. The cancroid crabs of America of the families Euryalidae, Portunidae, Atelecyclidae. Cancridae, and Xanthidae. U.S Nat. Mus. Bull 152, 609 pp. Pp. 176-80, key: 226-33, description. 4 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 2661, 486, 5 Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 219-20, juveniles, 234, description, 6. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Not included in key: note 406. Page 138 Cancer oregonensisC -111 spine tooth --- antennule frontal 2 mm teeth 2. maxi I I i ped (ventral view) x produced at antero-external angle of merus. antero -lateral teeth no angle d i ttlitt.0I anteroat antero- and posterior lateral margins. I. Cancer oregonensis x 6 actual width 16 mm carapace wide,aerolated,elliptical; no sharp angle 9 prominent, equal, curved teeth(12-13 total); carapace widest at teeth 7-8; legs hairy; antennules folded lengthwise. / inner orbitalangleI z 5 mm 2antero-lateral , teeth (spined) f 3. frontal area x I I truncate, slightly advanced beyond orbital angles; 5 lobed teeth: 3 central, 2 at inner orbital angles; eyestalks short; antero-lateral teeth 3-9 spined; antennules fold down. double row, tubercules 4. left cheliped x it (outside) double row of tubercules, 5 rows fine granulate lines: hand; fingers dark almost to tips; wrist tuberculate. Cancer productus the red rock crab Randall, 1839 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Ca ncridae Description SIZE-width to 157.5 mm length 97 mm: can be up to 173.5 mm9. COLOR-dark red above, light below, legs mottled red; juveniles striped (fig. 3), or otherwise colored. EYES-eyestalks short, orbits small. ANTENNAE-antennules folded lengthwise; antennal flagella short, hairy6. CARAPACE-broadly oval, uneven, slightly convex. Widest at eighth antero-lateral tooth (fig. 1). FRONTAL AREA-markedly produced beyond eyes, with five nearly equal teeth (fig. 2). ANTERO-LATERAL TEETH-ten (counting orbital tooth); nine large teeth, becoming more acute posteriorly; ninth tooth smaller; a small, acute orbital tooth; one obscure post-lateral tooth. ABDOMEN-typical Cancroid: narrow in male, wide in female. CHEUPEDS-dactyls dark-tipped 6; hands rough above, car- pus wrinkled, with single tooth at inner angle. WALKING LEGS-dactyls thickly fringed above and below. JUVENILES-often brightly colored with a few or many spots; carapace widest at ninth tooth (first tooth rudimentary); teeth (frontal and antero-lateral flat, rounded, fairly uniform; carapace naked, smooth, often spotted or striped; shaped like adult (fig. 3). Possible Misidentifications While Cancer productus is often taken in crab nets with C. magister, it is easily distinguished from it by its bright red color. Another red dark-handed crab is Cancer antennarius, with eleven teeth, (but widest at the eighth tooth), and with red blotches on its underside, the only Cancer so marked. Ecological Information RANGE-Kodiak, Alaska, to Magdalena Bay, Baja California9. DISTRIBUTION estuaries: Coos, Yaquina, Umpqua, Coquille, Tillamook 2; and on semi-protected rocky shores5. HABITAT-prefers gravel, rock, hard bottom (as it does not burrow, and lacks "straining apparatus" for sand removal)s; rocky tidepools 5, and among eelgrass5. SAUNITY-collected at 30 o/oo; S. F Bay, range of 21.7 to 33.3 o/oo TEMPERATURE at 11to 17., S. F Bay area9. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal to about 19 fathoms; closer to shore than C. magister. ASSOCIATES-often netted with C. magister. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE- common10. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-most mating occurs June-August (Puget Sound)3. Mating occurs while female is soft. Most eggs extruded in December or January. Most hatching by early April 3. Eggs are bright orange when deposited and become gray when ready to hatch. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-a scavenger and predator on Crustacea, especially barnacles and other crabs 3, molluscs and polychaete worms. PREDATORS-man; (use for food limited, as proportion of meat, to shell is small); octopus, birds; adults can hide from large fish3. Larval forms, by filter and plankton feeders (herring, salmon, other fishes). BEHAVIOR the tidepools at night, a dominant animals; also active in daylight 3. Aggregation by sex and age, depending on egg-laying and molting cycles 3; possibly has a vertical or off- shore migration like C. magister. Bibliography 1. Anderson, William, 1978. A description of laboratory-reared larvae of the yellow crab, Cancer anthonyi Rathbun (Decapoda, Brachyura) and, comparison with larvae of Cancer magister Dana and Cancer produc- tus Randall. Crustaceana 34(1):55-68. 2. Gaumer, Tom et al. 1973, 1974. Estuary resource use studies: Alsea, Columbia, Coquille, Nestucca, Netarts, Tillamook, Yaquina, Coos. Oregon Fish Commission, Portland. 3. Knudsen, Jens W., 1964., Observations of the reproductive cycles and ecology of the common Brachyura and crablike Anomura of Puget Sound, Washington, Pac. Sci. 18:3-33. 4. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 196, 253-4. 5. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 607-8. 6. Queen, John C., 1930. Marine decapod Crustacea of the Coos Bay, Ore- gon, district. M. S. Thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 61 pp. 7. Rathbun, M. J., 1930. The cancroid crabs. Key to genus, pp. 176-180; description 203-5. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Pp. 116-7. 9. Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 220-223. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 393-396. Page 140 Cancer productus 1. Cancer productus x 5/8 actual size: 127 mm (511); 9 antero-lateral teeth; frontal area: five subequal teeth; carapace broadly oval; fingers dark-tipped; one p ost-lateral tooth, one post-orbital tooth. 2.fronta I area markedly produced; five subequal teeth; post-orbital tooth. 3. juvenile x2 , actual size (carapace width)2 5 mrn,l I ); carapace like adult; striped; nine antero-lateral teeth. Rhithropanopeus harrisii a mud crab Gould, 1841 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia FAMILY: Xanthidae Description SIZE-type: 19 mm 7; Coos Bay specimens: the greatest number of both sexes measured 6 mm (36%) 5; males larger than fernales9. COLOR-dull green; white underside; whitish dactyls7. CARAPACE-almost trapezoidal; wider than long; sides con- verge slightly; front truncate, posterior broad; greatest width at fourth lateral tooth 9; prominent horizontal dorsal ridges 7 or "rows of granules" 9 (fig. 1). EYES-frontal; fill orbits. FRONTAL AREA-front truncate; less than a third as wide as carapace; edge straight; channeled, thick: double-edged margin; a triangular median notch (figs. 1, 2). CARAPACE TEETH-five, but first two coalesced; last three den- tate, pointing forward; last tooth smaller (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS-whitish, unequal, heavy; smooth in the old, but with lines and granules in the young (fig. 4); no large basal tooth on dactyls. WALKING LEGS-long, slender compressed; fine hairs. ABDOMEN-male five segmented, narrow; third segment not contiguous with coxa of last pair of legs 7 (fig. 3); terminal seg- ment a rounded rectangular. JUVENILES-have granulated chelae. Possible Misidentifications R. harrisii is the only member of the genus world-wide. It can be mistaken for a small Hemigrapsus oregonensis, but for the strong dorsal ridges and three side spurs 8 (last three pointed anterio-lateral teeth) and its slightly convergent sides and long, slender legs. R. harrisii sometimes competes for food with H. oregonensis in the lower parts of bays, and their territories can overlap. Ecological Information RANGE-east coast of America, New Brunswick to N. E. Brazil; also Holland, northern Europe; west coast: San Francisco to Ya- quina Bay. DISTRIBUTION introduced to San Francisco with eastern oyster spat (Crassostrea virginia) 1940 11; since found in Coos Bay: South Slough (by Dr. James McNab, 1950), Haynes Inlet, Coos River s , Netarts Bay 12; Yaquina Bay6 HABITAT-sloughs, under rocks in mud banks of estuaries, where it burrows, under many diverse conditions; likes some kind of shelter, including oyster beds, debris, (Chesapeake Bay)9. SALINITY-euryhaline; range: 0-1.6 5; usually brackish to fresh larval development normally (in lab) at salinities of 5-35 o/oo; at 1 o/oo no larvae survived 2. Salinity seems to be the limit- ing factor which keeps this crab in the upper reaches of estua- ries, where salinity is reduced; it can lower its water permea- bility in conditions of lowered external salinity.10 TEMPERATURE-can tolerate a range of from 7 to 35 C13, "eurythermic" (adults) 13; also larvae 2; upper and lower tempera- ture (and salinity) limits unknown for larvae in plankton 2. Found Coos Bay at from 9 to 16 (October to December)5. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal and above: not found in lower reaches of bays or in deep water s ; to 30 feet (Chesapeake Bay)9. ASSOCIATES-none known; in similar but separate niche: Hemigrapsus oregonensis5. But: in Coos River: some overlap. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-rarely over 4 grams (San Francisco Bay).1 ABUNDANCE-can be the dominant species (upper bay) and is found in nearly every arm of Chesapeake Bay 9, but is only in widely scattered patches in upper Oregon estuaries. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-does not migrate to more saline waters to shed larvae 2; zoeae found in salinities of 4-23.5 0/00, greatest number at 15 0/00 1. Females ovigerous in summer, early fail (Chesapeake Bay)9. GROWTH RATE-maturity probably reached second summer, total number of "instars" (moults) not known9. LONGEVITY- FOOD-algae; small crabs, including its own young; a nocturnal feeder; in Chesapeake Bay, it lives in oyster beds, where it prob- ably feeds. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-hides under rocks; seems less active than Hemigrapsus oregonensis Bibliography 1. Bousfield, E. L., 1955. Ecological control of the occurence of barnacles in the Miramichi Estuary. Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 137:1-69. 2. Costlow, J. D., Jr., C. G. Bookhout, R. J., Monroe, 1966. Studies on the larval development of the crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould): I. The effect of salinity and temperature on larval development. Physiol. Zool. 39:81-100. Includes good bibliography. 3. Johnson, Elizabeth. Man induced impacts upon the evolution of brachyuran decapods in Coos Bay. Spring 1975 paper, unpublished; Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, Oregon. 4. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 610-1. 5. Pisciotto, R. J., The distribution of Rhithropanopeus harrisii in Coos Bay. Fall, 1977 paper, unpublished; Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charles- ton, Oregon. 6. 1977. The biology of an introduction: Rhithropanopeus harrisii. M. S. Thesis, University of Oregon. 7. Rathbun, M. J., 1930. The cancroid crabs of America. Bulletin 152. U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. 455-6. Good description. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. P 379. 9. Ryan, E. P, 1956. Observations on the life histories and distribution of the Xanthid crabs of Chesapeake Bay. Amer. Mid. Nat., 56:138-162; particu- larly pp. 158-160. 10. Smith, R. I. 1967. Osmotic regulation and adaptive reduction of water permeability in a brackish-water crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Brachyura: Xanthidae). Biol. Bull. 133: 643-58. 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 19, 385, 398, 407. 12. Stout, H., editor. The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon. NSF Grant EPP-75-08901. Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon. 247 pages. 13. Vernberg, W. and F J. Vernberg., 1972. Environmental physiology of marine animals. New York: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 165, 187, 198, 206-7. Page 142 I\ I. Rhithroponopeus horrisii x 5 actual size 17mm carapace subquadrilateral, ridged; five antero-laterol teeth (3 pointed); legs long, slender. 2. carapace (right frontal) frontal edge straight,double-edged, triangular median notch; eye fills orbit; teeth I, 2 coalesced; 3,4,5 dentate. ridges Rhithroponopeus harrisil 3. abdomen (male) narrow; segment three not contiguous with coxae of legs. 4.chelae, male (after Benedict, Rathbun) heavy, unequal; white, smooth. Pinnixa faba a pea crab (Dana, 1851) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura, FAMILY: Pinnotheridae Description SIZE-female much larger than male: about 2 cm wide; male 1 cm wide (fig. 1): average first true crab size 1.54 mm5. COLOR-grayish tan, orange or rust markings; variable s ; i ture crabs white s, eggs orange; female cheliped tips white. Crabs bright orange just after molting5. CARAPACE strong poster- or antero-lateral ridges, but sides truncate, slope steeply, meet at an angle; no antero-latral teeth (fig. 1). Male: about 11/2 times wider than longs ; same general shape as fe- male, but sometimes has vertical, compressed lobe at an- terolateral angle (fig. 4). EYES-orbits oval, eyestalks very short; male: eyes fill orbits (fig. 4)6. MOUTHPARTS figured) external maxilliped has large, separate merus and ischium; carpus articulates at outer angle of merus; palp articulates at inner proximal end of merus; exognath with several joints, hidden6. FRONTAL AREA-narrow, slightly advanced, (male); strong medial groove (female) (figs. 4, 1). CHELIPEDS straight, a little shorter than movable dactyl; dactyls of female white-tipped, not gaping6. Male: manus almost oblong, widening at tip, pollex shorter than dactyl, which is curved, and has a tooth at its base; dactyl hairy within (fig. 3a, b). WALKING LEGS- merus of third walking leg of male more than twice as long as wide (fig. 4); dactyli of both sexes short, strongly curved; third walking legs longest; legs similar in shape, except merus of first leg of male, which is concave above, not convex as are others; female legs more alike than male. ABDOMEN-seven jointed, both sexes; male narrow, last segment rounded, next to last segment constricted in middle (fig. 5b); female abdomen very wide, to hold egg mass (fig. 5a). Possible Misidentifications The pea crab group is one of the most difficult to identify. Each species is specific to its host, however. The closely related Pinnixa littoralis, for instance, is often found in the clam Tresus capax, as is P faba. P littoralis is distinguishable by its carapace, which is pointed at the sides; the merus of its third walking leg (male) is twice as long as wide, not longer as in P faba. The female fingers gape, her walking legs are rather unlike; the male pollex is deflexed (bent down) and the movable finger (dactyl) has no tooth at its base. The two species are different in color: P littoralis females are greenish-yellow. Both these species are found in pairs, not singly as with most pea crabs5. Other Pinnixa species are P. longipes, with exceptionally large third walking legs, commensal with tube worms; P. bamharti, from a holothurian; P. occidentalis, with cylindrical fourth and fifth walking legs, in echiurid worm burrows and P. franciscana, P. tubicola, and P. schmitti, also from worm burrows and tubes. The Pinnixa can be distinguished from other genera of pea crabs by the very wide carapace, large third legs and by differences in the external maxilliped. Other local genera are Pinnotheres (with oysters), Fabia (with bivalves, especially Mytilus) Opisthopus (from various molluscs including Tresus, and from holothurians). Scleroplax granulate, found usually with mud and ghost shrimp, has a wide carapace like P faba, but its antero- and postero- lateral margins curve gradually, not forming an angle. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Humboldt Bay, California. Type locality: Puget Sound. DISTRIBUTION clams in bay mud, or mud and sand. Page 144 HABITAT-heavily infests Tresus capax, the gaper clam, (with P littoralis, nearly 100% in Puget Sound s); but adult pinnixids never found in Tresus nuttalli; also found in Saxidomus, Mya6, Tapes, Macoma, and as immature crabs, in Clinocardium I . P faba inhabits Tresus in pairs. The large female clings to the visceral fold in the mantle cavity of the clam; it remains there immobile and permanently, close to the food supply. The smaller male and immature crabs are found throughout the mantle cavity and around the incurrent siphon, although they are often close to the female. The young crabs seem to be free-living. The clam, Tresus, is found in mud or sandy mud, 25-60 cm below the surface. SALINITY- host Tresus capax found at 30.5-33.5 o.ob (Humboldt Bay). TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL- ASSOCIATES the female is never free-living, and the males and immatures move abut only occasionally, the pea crab is al- ways found living parasitically in a bivalve. Very occasionally an immature crab of another species (P. littoralis) will inhabit the same clams. Blisters and irritation of the clam viscera are no- ticeable, where the female has lodged The crab is parasitic, not commensal: it steals food from the clam, and apparently gives nothing in returns. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can be very prevalent in certain clam popula- tions: almost 100% infestation (by two species) 5; percentage varies with season. Life History Information REPRODUCTION twice a year (and a month later than P littoralis), with winter period being most successful5. Copulation occurs within the clam, as the female is sessile. Th3 male and resident imutures are usually found on or next to the female. One to five immature crabs of both sexes have been found resident in the clam (particularly in summer and fall5). Apparently they are waiting to assume adult roles at the death of either of the adult pair. Unusual in this species is the presence of the male; this could insure that at the death of the female, a new female would be P faba, not another species5. GROWTH RATE- molting occurs in summer; 23- 24 molts to average size (19.7 Tim). female; 15 molts for average male (13.1 mm). LONGEVITY- FOOD-female steals food from host (diatoms, etc.) by use of mucus strings; food of male not known PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR (first true crab stage) crabs infest young Tresus when they have just settled out, and remain in this habita- tion permanently. Other immature crabs may be found later vvith this pair. Neither sex is adapted for permanent free-living, nor is the immature crab, which is white, thin, and fragile5. Bibliography 1. Kozloff, 1974a. P. 222. 2. 1974b. P. 178, key. MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949. Pp. 312-6. 4. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 615. 5. Pearce, Jack B., 1966. On Pinnixa laba and Pinnixa littoralis (Decapoda Pinnotheridae) symbiotic with the clam, Tresus capax (Pelecypoda: Mac- ridae). In Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science, H. Barnes, Ed., Allen and Unwin, London. Very informative. includes good bibliography. 6. Rathbun, M. J., 1918. The grapsold crabs of America. U. S. Nat. Mus Bull. 97. Pp. 128-9, 142-5 7. Schmitt, 1921. P 259. 8. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 393-6, 407. 9. Wets, W., 1940. Ecological studies on the pinnothend crabs of Puget Sound. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 2:19-50. I. Pinnixo fabo female x4 actual size 2 cm L 5 mm carapace rounded, swollen; eyes, orbits small and oval; frontal area: medial groove. 2. immature x4 thumb3.chelae, x7 (pollex) a. female: white, not gaping b. male : thumb straight; dactyl curved, toothed; fingers hairy; palm widens distally. carapace oblong,firm, I 1/2 times wider than long; sides slope steeply; antero- and post-lateral margins meet at angle; merus long (third walking leg). 5. a bdomens, and a. female b. seven-jointed, very wide narrow; last segment rounded. Hemigrapsus nudus the purple shore crab (Dana, 1851) ArthropodaPHYLUM: CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Grapsidae Ecological Information RANGE-Sitka, Alaska, to Gulf of California7; type locality: Puget Sound Uncommon in Southern California.6 DISTRIBUTION-rocky outer coasts, rocky estuarine areas and salt marshes; Coos, Siletz, Tillamook, and probably other Oregon estuaries with rocky, brackish habitats. HABITAT-"semiprotected and protected rocky coasts and bays. ..prefers coarse sand to gravel substrates overlain with large rock cover"9; in more exposed situations than H. oregon- ensis, withstands desiccation better (large specimens); in salt marshes, but not as common as H. oregonensis; in burrows and under driftwood (Puget Sound) 5; dominant grapsid in middle tide pool region6; only grapsid found in areas of swift water and large boulders (Puget Sound)4. SALINITY-in full salt (outer shores), brackish and hyper-saline (estuarine marsh) waters. Can endure low salinities better at high temperatures". TEMPERATURE-survival poorest with low temperature combined with low salinity" smallest animals most resistant to temperature extremes". TIDAL LEVEL-strictly littoral/ 3; found higher than H. oregonen- sis, but both species are found from high to low levels"; rockweed belt; sand below rocks; commonly found just below high-tide level (Monterey) 2; often found with Pachy- grapsus which extends higher into the intertidal and prefers larger rocks. ASSOCIATES overlaps with Pachygrapsus cras- sipes over whom it is dominant s ; occasionally with H. oregonensis. Can be host to nemertean Carcinonemertes epialti. Parasitic isopod Portunion conformis in perivisceral cavity of some individuals6. Page 146 Description COLOR-red, purple, or whitish; chelipeds red-spotted10. SIZE-carapace width 56.2 mm, length 48 mm7. CARAPACE smooth and punctate 9; quadrate with rounded antero-lateral margins7; no transverse lines (fig. 1). EYES-eyestalks and eyes of moderate size; eyes at antero-la- feral angles (fig. 2). FRONTAL AREA-very slightly rounded, without prominent lobes (fig. 2). CARAPACE TEETH-two (below the orbital tooth); lateral; last tooth small (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS equal or almost equal, stout; mottled above with small round red spots (fig. 1); male with inflated palms, patch of fine hair on inner surface. WALKING LEGS-naked (without hair) rather short 9; dactyls short (fig. 1). SEXUAL DIMORPHISM has narrow abdomen, exposing the sternum at the base (fig. 3, H. oregonensis); palm of male cheliped with a patch of long, fine hair. Female has a wide abdo- men, hiding sternum (fig. 3, H. oregonensis), and only a few isolated bristles on the palm of the cheliped. JUVENILE-on frontal area is a shallow depression, not a notch; lateral spines not terribly sharp or clearly separated from the side; eyes large (fig. 3); dactyls short, dactyl of leg four quite flat10; both sexes with narrow abdomens. Possible Misidentifications The other northwest Hemigrapsus, H. oregonensis, is smaller, brownish-green, hairy-legged, and lacks the spots on the cheli- peds. Its frontal area is strongly bi-lobed. Another small grapsid is Pachygrapsus crassipes, dark green with dark red trans- verse lines, a straight frontal margin and one lateral tooth, not two. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-an adult male, 32 mm wide weighed 17.5 grams (wet). ABUNDANCE-locally abundant8. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-females with eggs through fall to January (Puget Sound); 70% ovigerous late January, 98.6% with ferti- lized eggs early April; hatching from early May to middle June; a second brood is rare; copulation similar to Pachygrapsus4. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD--primarily detritus, algae infrequently 3; forages in large numbers on tops of rocks4; stomach contents reveal amphipods and other crustaceans provide a small part of the diet4. PREDATORS raccoons, probably great blue herons. BEHAVIOR- sluggish; sometimes feigns death when sur- prised2; a nocturnal feeder s; males more aggressive than females; (fight when attacked); females autotomize easily in order to escape. See wel16. Bibliography 1. Dehnel, Paul A. and Dmitry Stone., 1964. Osmoregulatory role of the antennary gland in two species of estuarine crabs. Bio. Bull. 126:354-72. Discusses temperature, salinity tolerances. 2. Hiatt, Robert W., 1948. The biology of the lined shore, Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall. Pacific Science, 11:135-213. Also includes compara- tive information on Hemigrapsus. 3. Jones, L L, 1941. Osmotic regulation in several crabs of the Pacific Coast of North America. Jour. Cell. Comp. Physio. 18(1):79-92. 4. Knudsen, Jens. W., 1964. Observations of the reproductive cycles and ecology of the common Brachyura and crab-like Anomura of Puget Sound, Washington. Pac. Sci. 18:3-33. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 140-1, 262. 6. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 621. 7. Rathbun, M. J., 1918. The grapsoid crabs of America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 97. Pp. 267-70. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 237, 311-2, 379. 9. Schmitt, 1921 Pp. 272-4. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 393; list, p. 408. 11. Todd, Mary-Elizabeth and Paul A. Dehnel. 1960. Effect of temperature and salinity on heat tolerance in two grapsoid crabs, Hemigrapsus nudus and Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Bio. Bull. 118:150-72. Contains much informa- tive material. . Hemigropsus nudus x 2 actual size 32 mm chelipeds red-spotted; male palms inflated, hairy; carapace flat, quadrate; legs hairless., frontal area slightly rounded. Hemigropsus nudus lateral teeth I mm 2.carapace (right frontal) eyes moderate, at anteroateral angle; two lateral teeth (one small). 3. juvenile x to actual size 5 mm; shallow frontal depression; slight lateral spines; eyes large. Hemigrapsus oregonensis the hairy shore crab (Dana, 1851) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucanda ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Grapsidae Description COLOR-dull brownish green, no red spots on chelipeds 7; dull gray, mottled 4; uniform light gray or muddy yellow, underside white5. SIZE-carapace width 34.7 mm, length 28.4 mm4. CARAPACE-rectangular, wider than long; antero-lateral mar- gins rounded, toothed; surface smooth, (fig. 1). EYES-eyestalks and orbits moderate-sized 4; eyes at anterio- lateral angle (fig. 2). FRONTAL AREA-less than half the width of carapace: genus Hemigrapsus; two prominent frontal lobes. CARAPACE TEETH-two lateral teeth (below outer orbital tooth); deep sinuses (fig. 2). CHELIPEDS-equal or almost equal, stout; dactyls hollowed in shallow groove; male with a mat of fine hair on propodus. WALKING LEGS-more or less hairy (fig. 1). SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-male has narrow abdomen, exposing sternum at base: genus Hemigrapsus (fig. 3); males with hairy palms (chelipeds); females has a wide abdomen, no hairy patch on the palm (only a few bristles). JUVENILES-very small animals have a marked frontal notch, sharp lateral spines, long dactyls (on walking legs 1-3) 7; both sexes with narrow abdomens. Possible Misidentifications The only other species of Hemigrapsus in the Northwest is the larger purple shore crab, H. nudus, which is "naked", ie. not hairy, on its walking legs. The chelipeds in H. nudus have conspicuous red spots; the lateral teeth of the carapace are not as deeply cut as those of H. oregonensis, and its front is straight or slightly convex, not prominently bilobed. H. nudus lives mostly on the rocky open coast, but is also found in salt marshes H. oregonensis has been called a small, bleached edition of H. nudus5. Another small grapsid, Pachygrapsus crassipes, is dark green and has many transverse dark red striations on its legs and cara- pace; (H. oregonensis is smooth); its frontal margin is straight, it has one lateral tooth, not twos. Rhithropanopeus harrisii, sometimes found with H. oregonensis. It has slightly convergent sides, strong dorsal ridges on its carapace, and three sharp carapace teeth. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Baja California; type locality, Puget Sound ("in Oregoniae freto Puget")4. DISTRIBUTION-the common form in Oregon bays 5; Yaquina, Siletz, Tillamook, Netarts, Coos, Coquille, etc.; less often in quiet parts of open rocky shores. HABITAT-quiet water... rocky habitats within estuaries, on gravel shores, but prefers mud; 5 on muddy bottoms of estuaries and on eelgrass and in Enteromorpha. Also in muddy spots on the open rocky coast. SALINITY-range (San Francisco Bay): 17.5 to 31.6 0/006; likes fresh water seeps 2; cannot tolerate much desiccation2. TEMPERATURE animals most tolerant to temperature extemes9. TIDAL LEVEL-found at very high and very low levels, but most are lower than H. nudus9; higher tidal reaches of the mudflats5; mid and low intertidal of bays and sublittorally7. ASSOCIATES-in gravel: isopods ldotea and Gnorimosphae- roma; occasionally H. nudus2; alga Ulva (sublittorally), pickle- weed. Salicornia (in marshes) Parasitic isopod Portunion con- formis is sometimes in perivisceral cavity 3. Can be a host to nemertean Carcinionemertes epialti. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-in great numbers on estuary bottoms 2 usually plentiful in gravelly substrates2. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-primarily an herbivore; scraping Ulva or Enteromorpha off the rocks; uses tactile, visual and chemical senses to find food PREDATORS willet3. BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Knudsen, Jens. W., 1964. Observations of the reproductive cycles and ecology of the common Brachyura and crab-like Anomura of Puget Sound, Washington. Pac. Sci. 18:3-33. 2. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 140-1, 257, 262. 3. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 621-2. 4. Rathbun, M. J., 1918. The grapsoid crabs of America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 97. Pp. 270-3. 5. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 237, 311-2, 379. 6. Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 269 (family key), 272, 274-6. 7. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 393, list, p. 408. 8. Symons, P E. K., 1964. Behavioral responses of the crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis to temperature, diurnal light variation, and food stimuli. Ecol- ogy, 45(3) 580-91. 9. Todd, Mary-Elizabeth and Paul A. Dehnel., 1960. Effect of temperature and salinity on heat tolerance in two grapsoid crabs, Hemigrapsus nudus andHemigrapsus oregonensis. Bio. Bull. 118:150-72. Page 148 3. carapace (ventral) b.female abdomen wide, sternum not visible. a. male abdomen narrow, sternum visible at sides. Hemigropsus oregonensis Hemigropsus oregonensis x I 3/4 actual size 32 mm patch of fine hair on male chela, legs hairy; carapace quadrate, smooth-, frontal area: two lobes. lobed frontal area 2. carapace (right frontal) eyes moderate, at antero-latera l two deep lateral teeth, outer orbital tooth c E lateral teeth Pachygrapsus crassipes the lined shore crab Randall, 1839 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Brachyura FAMILY: Grapsidae Description SIZE-carapace about 40 mm wide; sexual maturity: females, 15 mm, males, 12 mm 4; adult males larger than females4. COLOR-dark green carapace, with dark red or blue transverse lines; some light markings. EYES-at antero-lateral angle, eyestalks of moderate size; orbits deep, oblique (fig. 2). FRONTAL AREA-broad margin; smooth, slightly arched, half as wide as carapace; four slight lobes below margin- small lobes at outer corners (fig. 2). CARAPACE-quadrate, a little broader than long, transverse lines on anterior; one strong lateral tooth (below orbital tooth); carapace sides nearly parallel, but arched (fig. 1). CARAPACE TEETH-one strong lateral tooth (and one post- orbital), fig. 2. CHELIPEDS-usually subequal, massive; chela almost smooth, arm and wrist striated7. WALKING LEGS- merus of fifth (last) pair smooth at distal end: no sharply distinct teeth (fig. 3); legs broad, compressed, bristled7. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM-male abdomen narrow and triangular, exposing sternum at sides (as in Hemigrapsus sp.) Female abdo- men rounded, wide, hiding sternum in adult. Dimorphism obvious when animals only 6 mm wide4. JUVENILES-alert and quick; especially long-legged, large eyes4. MEGALOPS-much larger than that of Hemigrapsus: 5.6 mm long, 2.7 wide; transparent; telson with two long medial spines, several short ones (fig. 4)4. Possible Misidentifications P. crassipes might be confused with the slower Hemigrapsus nudus, but the latter has obvious red spots on its chelipeds, and lacks P. crassipesdark green color and transverse striations. Hemigrapsus oregonensis (when adult) is smaller, and like H. nudus has two lateral teeth and a smooth, square carapace. The only other species of Pachygrapsus, the smaller P. trans- versus, occurs only as far north as California. Ecological Information RANGE-Oregon to Gulf of California; type: probably Oregon (erroneously Hawaii)4. DISTRIBUTION-northernmost boundary 45(Newport, Ore- gon), probably due to cold winter temperatures 4; found on pro- tected rocky beaches, and in southern Oregon estuaries. HABITAT-prefers hard substrates, especially rocks and boul- ders with crevices and crannies and algal growth 4; or Salicomia marshes whose roots provide burrows; also found on rock jetties. SALINITY-osmo-regulatory adaptations indicate movement toward terrestrial habitat 4; can regulate against salt concentra- tions in the body during periods of exposure, and thus maintain a constant body salinity 5. Occurs less frequently in brackish water than does Hemigrapsus4. TEMPERATURE-northern limit of range apparently determined by low winter temperatures; can tolerate greater temperature fluctuation than can Hemigrapsus4. TIDAL LEVEL-lives over an extensive vertical range: mean low water to plus eight feet 4; found highest in intertidal of all Pacific Northwest crabs, and is especially abundant at the higher levels: upper intertidal"; progressing toward terrestrial habitat4; Page 150 (but, as blood concentrations of potassium, calcium, and mag- nesium increase more than sodium when animal is dessicated, this may inhibit terrestrial adaptation 2). Also, efficiency of ani- mal vascular system, affected by osmotic stress, further limits ecological range3. ASSOCIATES-virtually no parasites in western American speci- mens; with Hemigrapsus oregonensis H. nudus on rocky outer shores, with both of whom it competes for hiding places, but not for food. Fucus (alga) and Salicornia (pickleweed) often provide protection. Can be infested by Bopyrid isopods (Southern California)." Quantitative Information WEIGHT-15 grams considered mature weight3. ABUNDANCE-"ubiquitous in upper intertidal of rocky areas12; more abundant on outer shores than in bays. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-no pre-nuptial pairing or exhibitionism; cop- ulation when females are soft, males hard; females usually ovig- erous April to September (Pacific Grove, California) 4, but off-sea- son mating occurs 8; impregnation to extrusion of eggs-16 to 25 days; incubation period (average)-29 days; to megalops stage about six weeks; mating occurs once a year, occasionally twice4. GROWTH RATE-females to sexual maturity in 11-12 months (to 15 mm wide); males in 7 months (about 12 mm)4. LONGEVITY-probably about three years4. FOOD-mostly herbivorous; scrapes off algal film (Fucus, Ulva) with excavated chelae 4; also eats detritus (dead animal and plant tissue), other live animals; perception of food by visual, chemical and tactile stimuli, not by odor 4; feeds diurnally as well as noc- turnally4, and chiefly in pools PREDATORS- rats, other Pachygrapsus (while soft), large anemones (Bunodactis, Anthopleura), which can snare small animals. Because they are nocturnal and fast, Pachy- grapsus are not much bothered by most birds4. BEHAVIOR-mud dwellers seldom more more than 4-5 feet from hole 4; pugnacious, solitary, active; move easily and quickly in any direction; poor swimmer 4. Aggregate in crevices well above the water in daylight Bibliography 1. Bovberg, R. R., 1960. Behavioral ecology of the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. Ecology 41(4):668-72. 2. Gross, Warren J., 1959. The effect of osmotic stress on the ionic ex- change of a shore crab. Bio. Bull., 116(2):248-57. 3. and Lee Ann Marshall. 1960. The influence of salinity on the magnesium and water fluxes of a crab. Bio. Bull., 119(3):440-53. 4. Hiatt, Robert M., 1948. The biology of the lined shore crab, Pachygrap- sus crassipes Randall. Pac. Sci., 2(3):135-213. Invaluable; thorough treatment of most aspects of life history. 5. Jones, L., 1941. Osmotic regulation in several crabs of the Pacific coast of North America. Jour. Cell. and Compar. Physiol. 18(1):79-92. 6. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 619-21. 7. Rathbun, M. J., 1918. The grapsoid crabs of America. U. S. Nat, Mus. Bull. 97. Pp. 240-3. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, ed. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 35, 48, 115, 242, 348, 398, 498. 9. Rudy, Paul P, 1966. Sodium balance in Pachygrapsus crassipes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 18:881-907. 10. Schlotterbeck, R. E., 1976. Larval development of the lined shore crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall, 1840. (Decapod, Brachyura, Grap- sidae) reared in the laboratory. Crustaceana 30(2):184-200. (Larvae raised 95 days, five zoeae, no megalops raised.) 11. Schmitt, 1921. Pp. 269-71. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, p. 393; list, p. 408. I. p ochygrapsus crossipes x I 3/4 actual -size 30mm; dark green, dark red I i nes; carapace: rounded sides; frontal margin straights wrist and arm striated; four lobes below frontal margin. 2.carapace (right front) one lateral tooth, one post-orbital; deep orbits. lateral tooth 3.fifth walking leg merus: no posterior teeth. all legs broad, compressed. 4. megalops x 14 telson: two long spines. (trom Hiatt, 1948) Pachygrapsus crossipes Callianassa californiensis the ghost shrimp Dana, 1854 PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Macura TRIBE: FAMILY: Thalassinidea, Callinassidae Page 152 Description SIZE-to 90 mm76. COLOR-can be white to red "ghost-like"; figured specimen pale pink, abdomen light orange; hairless. ROSTRUM-not prominent; a small blunt tooth, not acute EYES-eyestalks falttened, corneas dorsal (fig. 2): Callianassa (genus). FIRST LEGS-chelate and unequal (fig. 1); large cheliped broad, serrate, with an obvious gap in dactyls; carpus almost square; dactyl with recurved hook distally. Either propodus may be larger; more marked in males9. SECOND LEGS-both chelate; propodus, dactyl equal in width (figs. 1, 3). WALKING LEGS-third and fourth pairs; fifth pair subchelate 7. BODY-shrimp-like l 6. PLEOPODS-three pairs, fan-like (fig. 1): Callianassa (genus). TAIL-FAN-well developed; formed by telson and uropods (fig. 1). ABDOMEN-elongate, not reflexed but extended; symmetrical, externally segmented: Callianassidae (family). Possible Misidentifications Upogebia pugettensis, the blue mud shrimp, is often found with Callianassa. Upogebia is larger, its color is strikingly differ- ent; its burrows are firm and substantial. The most noticeable morphological difference is its first pair of legs both of which are small, subchelate and equal. Its rostrum is hairy; its color is never reddish. The only other local intertidal species of Callianassa is C. gigas ( = longimanus), a larger (to 125 mm), rarer animal of the sandy sublittoral, with a prominent flattened tooth on the inner edge of the dactyl of the large male cheliped and a curved, wide propo- dus on the second pereopod. Its rostrum is sharp, and its first chela closes without a gap. It is more abundant farther north geo- graphically and lower in the tidal zone It is the more com- monly found species found in Humboldt Bay CA. Ecological Information RANGE-Alaska to Baja California. Type: "California". LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay; Alsea River a, Nestucca estuary 2 , Netarts Bay, Umpqua estuary 21 , Tillamook Bay Yaquina Bays. HABITAT-builds large sloppy permanent burrows with side tunnels; a tireless digger, it turns over acres of northwest oyster beds 1417 , burrows can be to 30 "deep. Can survive anoxia for nearly 6 days12. SALINITY-collected at 30 0/00. Lower lethal limit-25-30% seawater; an osmotic conformer". Upper limit tolerated- 125% seawater12. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-collected at medium high zone ( +4 ft.); upper to mid-intertidal; most shoreward burrowing shrimp: 0.0- + 1.0 foot14. ASSOCIATES-the blue mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis, is found overlapping Callianassa territory, though it is generally lower and in muddier sediments. Common commensals in ghost shrimp burrows include a polynoid worm Hesperonoe, pinno- therid crabs, copepods (Hemicyclops, Clausidium), the shrimp Betaeus, the bopyrid isopod lone cornuta, the goby C/eve- landia ios, and the clam Cryptomya califomica. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common in Oregon estuarine mudflats. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-continuous in Central California, optimum June and July 14 . Larvae are flushed into nearby ocean by tides, where they spend most of larval period in plankton; exchange between bays probably common6. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-detritus, obtained by ingesting mud as it burrows the top (richest) layer also filter feeds by pumping water through burrow". PREDATORS-adult: man (for fish bait); keeps to its burrow to prevent predation. Juveniles: larval forms eaten by plankton eaters, (salmon, etc.). BEHAVIOR-constant digger, fastidious self-groomer. See McGinitie 9,10 . Digging activities smother young oysters. Pes- ticide Sevin tried, Willapa Bay WA. Bibliography 1. Dana, J. D., 1854. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7:715. Original descrip- tion. 2. Gaumer, T, Demory, D., and L. Osis, 1973a. 1971 Nestucca River estuary resource use study, Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Division of Management and Research. 3. 1973b. Alsea River estuary resource use study, 1971. Ore- gon Fish Commission Port Orford, Division of Management and Re- search. Also see Tillamook, Coquille, Umpqua, Columbia. 4. 1974. Netarts Bay estuary resource use study, 1971. Oregon Fish Commission Port Orford, Division of Management and Research. 5. Gaumer, T., Demory, D., Osis, L., and C. Walters, 1974. Yaquina Bay resource use study. Oregon Fish Commission, Portland, Division of Management and Research. 6 Johnson, G. E. and J. J. Gonor, 1982. The tidal exchange of Callianassa californiensis (Crustacea, Decapoda) larvae between the ocean and the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 14:501 -16. 7. Kozloff, 1974a. pp. 230-233, photographs, natural history. 8. 1974b. pp. 168, key 9. McGinitie, G. E. 1934. The natural history of Callianassa californiensis Dana. Amer. Midl. Nat., 15(2):166-177. 10. MacGinitie, G. E. and Nettie MacGinitie, 1949. Natural History of Marine Animals, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 284-288. 11. Makarow; V. V, 1938. Anomura: Fauna of U.S.S.R. Crustacea, 10(3). Trans- lated from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, for N.S.F. Washington, D.C. 1962, 278 pp. To genus only 12. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 579-80. 13. Powell, Rex R., 1974. The functional morphology of the fore-guts of the Thalassinid Crustaceans, Callianassa californiensis and Upogebia puget- tensis. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 102. 14. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 318-319, natural history 15. Schmitt, W. L., 1921. The marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 23:1-470. pp. 116-117, key and description. 16. Smith and Carlton, 1975. pp. 399-401, key; p. 408, list. 17. Stevens, Belle A., 1928. Callianassidae from the west coast of North America. Publ. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 6:315-369. Extensive descrip- tions, photographs, drawings. 18. Stout, H., editor. The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Or. NSF Grant EPP 75-08901, OSU, Corvallis, Or. 247 pp. 19.Thompson, J. L. and A. W. Pritchard, 1969. Osmoregulatory capabilities of Callianassa and Upogebia (Crustacea: Thalassinidea). Bio. Bull: 136:114-129. 20. Tollefson, H., and Lowell D. Marriage, 1949. The ghost shrimp fishery. Ore. Fish. Comm., Shellfish Investigation Program, Report 16, 6 pp. 21. Umpqua Estuary, 1978. Unpublished student group study, at Ore. Inst. of Marine Biology, Charleston, Or. Collionassa californiensis large cheliped carpus hook first leg Callionosso californiensis first legs: chelate, unequal; x large chelipedbroad, ----- serrate, with obvious- gap; corpus almost square, second legs : chelate; propodus, dactyl of equal length. three pairs of fan-like pleopods., rostrum actual size: 5 cm. walking legs 5 mm. 2. head (dorsal view) eyestalks flattened, acute,p igmented, divergent; corneas dorsal. rostrum small, blunt. pleopods uropods 4614101016 3. second pereopod dactyl (top) closes to propodus without a gap; dactyl, propodus same width. Upogebia pugettensis the blue mud shrimp Dana, 1851 PHYLUM: A rthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca DIVISION: Eucarida ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Macrura TRIBE: FAMILY: Thalassinidea, Upogebi. Description SIZE-type: 50.8 mm; figured specimen, ovigerous female South Slough of Coos Bay 90 mm; often larger: to 10 cm (four inches) 6; northern animals larger than those of southern California COLOR-light blue green, brown fringes on pleopods and pleuron. ROSTRUM-good sized, tridentate, rough, and hairy". EYES-peduncle cylindrical", corneas terminal12. FIRST LEGS (CHELIPEDS)- approximately equal, subchelate (fig. 1). WALKING LEGS-(2-5) simple. BODY-shrimplike. ABDOMEN-elongate, not reflexed, but extended; symmetrical, externally segmented: Callianassidae. PLEOPODS-four pairs, fan-like (fig. 1). TAIL-FAN-formed by telson, uropods fan-like, adapted for swimming. Possible Misidentifications The ghost shrimps, Callianassa sp., do occur in the same gen- eral territory as Upogebia, but their coloration is very different, being white to red, never bluish. They have only three pairs of pleopods, a reduced rostrum, and one very large cheliped. Upogebia is "firmer, larger and more vigorous than Cal- lianassa"9. RANGE-Alaska to Baja California, including Gulf of California; type locality, Puget Sound. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Oregon estuaries and sloughs: Alsea, Nestucca, Netarts, Yaquina, Coos. HABITAT-estuarine mudflats, substrate: mud or sandy mud, often with some gravel, "on muddy beaches free from Zost- era" 3. Survives anoxia less well than Callianassa8. BURROWS-U or Y-shaped, firm; permanent, little branched; vertically about 18 ", then horizontally 2-4 feet and to surface10, often the entrance will have a gravel plug if the tide is out13; walls smooth, mucus lined SALINITY-collected at 30 doo; lower lethal limit: 10% sea- water; a strong hyper-osmotic regulator below 75% seawater8. TIDAL LEVEL-mid to lower intertidal of bays 12; usually lower than Callianassa; occasionally small ones quite high (north)10, "at about mean low tide"13. ASSOCIATES-many commensals, as with Callianassa: Hes- peronoe; pinnotherid crabs; copepods Hemicyclops, Clausidium; shrimp Betaeus; isopod Phyllodurus abdominalis; Orobitel- la rugifera and Cryptomya; goby Clevelandia ios. Ghost shrimp Callianassa can live nearby. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can be locally common12. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-each burrow inhabited generally by one pair; ovigerous females found January and February, Elkhorn Slough. California 6; early April, South Slough. Eggs carried under ab- domen on pleopods. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-"probably moderately long lived" FOOD-detritus, obtained by filtering water through the burrow as it sits near an entrance: it makes a "basket" with its first and second pereopods, which are long-haired. PREDATORS-man, for fish bait (adults); larvae food for plank- ton eating fishes. BEHAVIOR-can occasionally be found walking about mudflat; like Callianassa, a prodiguous digger, and a menace in oyster beds, where its disturbance of the surface buries the oysters. Pesticide Sevin tried, Willapa Bay, WA. Bibliography 1. Dana, J. D., 1852. Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 6:19. Original description as Gebia pugettensis. 2. Hart, Josephone F. L., 1937. Larval and adult stages of British Colum- bian Anomura. Canad. J. Res. D, 15:179-220. U. pugettensis and three hermit crabs. 3. Kozloff, 1974a. pp. 232-3. Brief natural history. 4 1974b. pp. 168, brief key: (section Astacura, not Anomura). 5. MacGinitie. G. E., 1930. The natural history of the mud shrimp Upoge- bia pugettensis (Dana) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (London). 10(6):36-44. 6. MacGinitie, G. E. and Nettie MacGinitie, 1949. Natural history of marine animals, New York: McGraw-Hill, especially pp. 291-293. 7. Makarov, V. V., 1938. Anomura: Fauna of U.S.S.R. Crustacea, 10(3). Transl. from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translations for NSF, Washing- ton, D. C. 1962. 278 pp. To genus only. 8. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 579. 9. Powell, Rex. R., 1974. The functional morphology of the fore-guts of the Thalassinid Crustaceans, Callianassa californiensis and Upogebia puget- tensis. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 102. 41 pp. and figures 10. Ricketts and Calvin, pp. 344-5; (suborder Reptantia, section Macrura, p. 492). 11. Schmitt, 1921, pp. 114-116, key and description. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 399-401, list p. 409. 13. Stevens, Belle A., 1928. Callianassidae from the west coast of North America. Publ. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 6:315-369. Descriptions, photo- graphs, drawings. 14.Thompson, R. K., 1972. Functional morphology of the hind-gut of Up- ogebia pugettensis (Crustacea, Thalassinidea) and its role in burrow con- struction. Doctoral thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 202 pp. Page 154 2. head ,dorsal hairy surface. rostrum: three teeth, eyestalks cylindrical, short; corneas terminal. Upogeblaer, rensiw Pug rostrum l pogebia pugettensis ovigerous 9 x I 1/2 actual size, 9 cm. first legs equal and subchelafe; legs 2,3,4,5 simple; four pairs of fan-like pleopods. 3. a larval form x15 first stage, about 5 mm. Pagurus hirsutiusculus hairy hermit crab (Dana, 1851) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea ORDER: Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Anomura TRIBE: Paguridea FAMILY: Description SIZE-carapace length to 3.2 cm; males usually larger than females 9 ; Puget Sound to 2 inch (body)19. COLOR-tan; antennae dark green with white stripes. Propodus of walking legs tipped with white or pale blue; dactyls with verti- cal red stripes, blue spots at base of dactyl, propodus; generally hairy. YOUNG-antennae dark green, white stripes; walking legs white- striped, never blue; merus of both chelipeds dark brown, other leg segments light brown ROSTRUM-triangular, acute. EYESTALKS-short, stout. LEFT CHELIPED-(small hand)-surface granular, slightly hairy; wider than deep (fig. 2). RIGHT CHELIPED -(large hand)-rounded, twice as wide as small hand, granular, slightly hairy; one large tubercule on ventral surface (not figured). WALKING LEGS-(two pairs) hairy: dactyls about as long as pro- podi; propodi banded with white. Two pairs of small posterior legs are adapted for holding shell. PLEOPODS-small, unpaired. TELSON-with slightly asymmetrical lobes, shallow cleft. CARAPACE-shield (hard, anterior portion) wider than lone. ABDOMEN-asymmetrical, elongate, twisted, soft, not exter- nally segmented: hermit crabs. ANTENNAL ACICLE--(antennal scale) usually exceeds eye- stalk in length. Chemoreceptors on antennuie hairs". Possible Misidentifications The hermit crabs of the genus Pagurus are hard to tell apart. Of those without red antennae, P. beringanus, found on rocky substrates and sublittorally, has light, orange antennae, a whitish body and red banded walking legs, as well as inverted V-shaped tubercules on its hands. P. samuelis, P. hemphilli, P. granosi- manus all have red antennae, as well as other differences. Ecological Information RANGE-Siberia, Pacific Northwest to southern California, where it is replaced by P h. venturensis8; type locality Puget Sound. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION and coastal waters 6 ; South Slough of Coos Bay: in channel at Collver Point, and in mudflat of Metcalf Preserve. HABITAT-tidepools, under rocks (with coarse gravel), under seaweed 6 ; South Slough specimens from channel bottom, and from Zostera bed in mudflat; prefers algal cover"; prefers sandy tidepools13. SHELLS-in bays, usually inhabits Nassarius fossatus or Nucella lamellosa (this specimen)16 . Nucella emarginata, or Littorina sp.6 , moves to a larger shell as it grows; innate selec- tion of shells, depending on specific weight". SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo. Tolerates brackish condi- tions". TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal to depths of 110 m8 ; in South Slough at +0.5 feet and -15 feet. ASSOCIATES-in eelg rass: Littorine snails, amphipods (South Slough), barnacles and other sessile animals live on the shell; polynoid worms (Halosydna), and limpets (Crepidula) often live inside with the crab 9. Polydorid worms can infect hermit crabs heavily (Polydora commensalis). A parasitic isopod Pseudione giardi found with Puget Sound specimens." Page 156 Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-usually abundant in tide-pools 6 ; the common hermit crab9. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-male deposits sperm on female abdomen. after her molting. She later uses the sperm to fertilize the eggs when they are laid. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-detritus; scavenge for dead plant, animal materia16. some estuarine types filter plankton with their mouthparts9. PREDATORS-other crabs. BEHAVIOR-lively, and active (especially shallow water varieties, deepwater animals are more sluggish)9 ; will abandon shell in quiet waters5 . Many papers on behavior, see 12, 13, 14. Bibliography 1. Bollay, M. 1964. Distribution and use of gastropod shells by the hermit crabs Pagurus samuelis, Pagurus granosimanus, and Pagurus hirsutius- culus at Pacific Grove, California. Veliger 6 Supplement, pp. 71-76. 2. Blake, James A. and John W. Evans, 1973. Polydora and related genera as borers in mollusk shells and other calcareous substrates (Poly- chaeta: Spionidae). Veliger 15:235-249. Polydora commensalis in her- mit crab shells, pp. 239-242. 3. Dana, J. D., 1851. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, 70. Original description as Bernhardus hirsutiusculus. Conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum... 4. Hart, Josephine F. L., 1940. Reptant decapod Crustacea of the west coasts of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia. Canad. J. Res (D) 18:86-105. 5. 1971. New distribution records of reptant decapod Crust- acea, including descriptions of three new species of Pagurus, from the waters adjacent to British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 28:1527-44. Many species, not P. hirsutiusculus. 6. Kozloff, 1974a. pp. 133-34, 193, 255-6, brief natural history. zonation. 7 1974b. pp. 171-5, thorough key. 8. McLaughlin, P. A., 1974. The hermit crabs (Crustacea Decapoda, Pagu- ridea) of northwestern North America. Zool. Verhandel. Leiden, no. 130. 396 pp. Detailed description, plates, pp. 175-185. 9. MacGinitie. G. E. and Nettie MacGinitie, 1949. Natural history of marine animals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 473 pp. Especially pp. 293-299. 10. Makarov, V. V., 1938. (Crustacea, Anomura). In Fauna SSR. (English translation 1962. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Transla- tions.) pp. 171-173, thorough description; poor photo, p. 281. 11. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 585-6. 12. Orians, Gordon H. and Charles E. King, 1964. Shell selection and invasion rates of some Pacific hermit crabs Pac. Sci.: 18:297-306. 13. Reese, Ernst S., 1962. Shell selection behavior of hermit crabs, Anim. Behay . 10:347-360. 14. 1963. The behavioral mechanisms underlying shell selection by hermit crabs. Behaviour 21:78-126. 15. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 241, 250. 16. Schmitt, W. L. 1921. Family key, pp. 128-130; description, pp. 137-139. 17.Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 399-402: list, p. 409. 18. Stevens, Belle A., 1925. Hermit crabs of Friday Harbor, Washington. Publ. Puget Sound Biol. Station. 3:273-309. Key, extensive descriptions, pp. 281-282. Anomura PAGURIDAE telson pleopod I cm Pagurus hirsutiusculus x 4. 5 light hair all over, color tan, dark green antennae, white banding; . white tips on propodi of walking legs, red lines on dactyls; eyestalks short, stout; rostrum triangular, acute. left and right chelipeds x 12 surfaces granular; right rounded,twice the width of left. I mm Petrolisthes cinctipes the flat porcelain crab (Randall, 1839) PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Crustacea, Malacostraca Decapoda, Reptantia SECTION: Anomura SUPERFAMILY: Gaiatheidea FAMILY: Porcellanidae Description SIZE-to 24 mm long (across carapace); this specimen 14 mm. COLOR-dark blue-brown, somewhat iridescent in life; anten- nae dark red; maxillipeds bright red-orange; legs blue banded with white." BODY-crab-like- Porcellanidae; convex longitudinally; small fifth legs resting on carapace (fig. 1): most Anomura. CARAPACE abdomen symmetrical, short and per- manently folded under thorax: family Porcellanidae ll ; carapace front triangulate: genus Petrolisthes.3 Surface: finely granulate, not rough: genus Petrolisthes. No epibranchial (anterolateral) spines; epimera and lateral portions of carapace entire. 7 ab- dominal plates: (nearly always) Petrolisthes (figs. 1, 2). TELSON-7th plate forms tail fan (fig. 2); uropods attached to abdominal segment 5. ANTENNAE-very long; first (basal) joint of antennal peduncle short, not reaching upper margin of carapace. MOUTHPARTS maxillipeds highly developed for filter feeding: long fine hairs, specialized shaped for channeling water currents (fig. 4). Color: bright red-orange: species cinctipes.12 CHELIPEDS-equal, or almost: genus Petrolisthes, broad and flattened, not thick and rough: genus Petrolisthes"; carpus almost invariably 1 1 margins converging anteriorly, not parallel; prominent lobe at inner angle: species cinctipes" (fig. 1). A short tuft of hair be- tween fingers on underside, but chelae are generally hairless (figs. 1, 2). WALKING LEGS-(2, 3, 4) with a few coarse spines on dactyl, propodus. carpus, not on merus: sp. cinctipes. (Fifth legs small, elevated, rest on carapace (figs. 1, 3). SEXUAL DIMORPHISM -not obvious superficially. Inside telson, males have single pleopods on abdominal plate 2; females have long, branched pleopods on plates 3, 4, 5 (not shown). YOUNG-pelagic zoea is like a "preposterous unicorn: with a long spine to discourage predators from swallowing it (not shown). Possible Misidentifications There are two genera of porcelain crabs in our area, Petrolisthes and Pachycheles. The latter has a thick, rough body and chelae; its chelae are unequal and tuberculate or granular, and hairy, not smooth; the carpus of the chela is as long as broad, not longer than broad as in Petrolisthes." One other species of Petrolisthes may be found commonly in Oregon: Petrolisthes eriomerus is superficially quite like P. cinc- tipes. This crab lives under rocks in gravelly substrates; it is a little smaller than P, cinctipes. The carpus of the chelipeds in P. eriomerus is twice as long as wide (not 1 ,Z times as long); the carpus margins are parallel, not converging; there is no prominent lobe at the inner angle; the carpus has scattered tubercules, not a finely granulated surface. The merus of the walking legs is hairy, not naked. The outer edge of the max- illipeds in this species is bright blue, not red orange.12 Other Petrolisthes described in Smith and Carlton, P. manimaculis and P. rathbunae, are found only from northern California south. Ecological Information RANGE-British Columbia to Pt. Concepcion, California; also offshore islands of southern California, and Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION more marine portions of large estuaries: Coos Bay-Pigeon Point; Netarts Bay. HABITAT rocks, mussel beds. Prefers open shores and clear waters. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-mid- and upper levels. Found only at shore sta- tions, not by dredging (San Francisco Bay, Schmitt"); almost exclusively littoral. ASSOCIATES tunicates, sponges; nudibranch On- chidoris, chiton Mopalia, shore crabs Hemigrapsus, Cancer oregonensis, predatory gastropod Nucella, sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-wet: 1.7 gr. ABUNDANCE common(up to 860/m2, Monterey8). Usually where it occurs at all, it is abundant: MacGinitie. Life History Information REPRODUCTION with eggs every month but April, May, September, October.Coos Bay, found with developing young, March; these hatch as prezoeae. 3 Eggs a little over 0.8 mm diameter, deep scarlet to maroon when extruded, becoming brownish red.Two carnivorous zoeal larval stages and a filter feeding megalops. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-filter feeder: fans plankton and detritus from water with fan-like second maxillipeds. Feeding behavior evoked by pres- ence of amino acids, sugars. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1. Boolootian, R.A., A.C. Giese, A. Farmanfamaian, and J. Tucker, 1959. Reproductive cycles of five west coast crabs. Physiol. Zool. 32:213-20. 2 Gonor. S.L. and J.J. Gonor, 1973a. Descriptions of the larvae of four North Pacific Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Anomura). Fishery Bulletin 71:189-223 1973b. Feeding, cleaning and swimming behavior in larvae stages of porcellanid crabs. Fishery Bulletin. 3 Haig, J. 1960. The Porcellanidae: (crustacea, Anomura) of the eastern Pacif lc. A. Hancock Pac. Exped. 24:1-440: pp. 90-4. 4. Hartman. B. and M.S. Hartman, 1976. The stimulation of filter feeding in the porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes by amino acids and sugars. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1977 (56A): 19-22. 5 Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, p. 163. 6. Kurup, N.G. 1964a. The increlory organs of the eyestalk and brain of the porcelain crab, Petrolisthes cinctipes (Reptantia-Anomura). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 4:99-1 12. 7 1964b The intermolt cycle of an anomuran, Petrolisthes cinc- tipes Randall (Crustacea-Decapoda). Biol. Bull. 127:97-107. 8. Morris, R.H., D.P. Abbott, and B.C. Haderlie, 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford U. Press, 690 pp., 200 plates. P. 588. plate 171. 9 Rathbun, M.J. 1904. Decapod crustaceans of the northwest coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Exped., 10:190. 10 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. rev. Hedgpeth. pp. 36f, 398. 11 Schmitt, W.L. 1921. p. 178. 12 Smith and Carlton, 19 7 5. Key pp. 385-6, 399, list 410. 13 Wicksten, M.K. 1973. Feeding in the porcelain crab, Petrolisthes cinc- tipes (Randall) (Anomura: Porcellantdae). Page 158 _ mina) , (lmt 3 - --- Pelecypod-sediment associations in Torna le, Ba y . Ma lacologia 11 Norchi. W 1970. The presence or byssus in entrai n F)) Itc h (Gould) (Bivalvia Veneridae) The Wasmann Jour Bia . . 12 1971 Structure and adaptation in Iraell,: lanIlla (Gould) and Gemma gemma (Totten) (13ivalwe VenendaBur Mar Soi 21.866-85. 13 Obreski. 1968 On the population ecology of Iwo intertrdul invertebrates and the paleoecological significance of size-frequency distribution, of Irv. leg and dead shells of the bivalve Isar:sees:elle tantilla 103 pp Ph D Thesis, Univ. Chicago, unpublished 14 Oldroyd, I 1924 Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity (Jo y Wash 271 pp. P 45 75 Pamatmat, M M 1966 The ecology and metabolism of a henrisc corm). nity on an intertidal sandflal (False Bay. San Juan Island, Washington, Ph.D Thesis, U Wash 16. 1969 Seasonal respiration of Transennella tantilla Gould Am Zool 9 418-26 17. Quayle, D.8. 1974 The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Bril Col Prov. Mus , Victoria, B.C. Handbook#17, 104 pp , pp 65-6 18 Smith, L S. 1960 Observations on Transennella tantilla, an ovoviviparous clam of the family Veneridae. Unpublished Zoology 533 report, Friday Harbor Lab., (Pm Washington, summer 1960 19. Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp. 559-60, 563 (Note. key descriptions, p 560. reversed for the two species of Transennella). Page 170 pallial sinus- Tronsennella tantilla excurrent incurrent 9-12 tentacles 4.1U)-7 -j `Wt/ 10-14 foot siphons fused / I a, live clam x4 MM Trornennello tani g /a right valve x 28 actual length 3.5 mm, height 3.0 mm,diameter 1.6 mm; shell solid, triangular; posterior third purple; tine ooireritric sculpture; no periostracum; lb. siphons anterior 2.exterior, dorsal view valves equal; beaks almost central. ligament external. no gape to valves; pallial line ventral margin 3. interior, right valve 3 divergent cardinal teeth, one anterior ,q teral tooth, socket; pallial sinus rounded; purple stair) posteriorly; smooth ventral margin, 4. interior, left valve 3 cardinal teeth, one anterior lateral tooth; anterior radial purple stain. Tresus capax ( = Schizothaerus capax) the gaper clam or horseneck clam (Gould, 1850) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Veneroida FAMILY: Mactridae Description SIZE-up to 20 cm (8 inches) 5; average 4-5 inches. COLOR-chalky white, brown flaking periostracum. EXTERIOR-valves similar: smooth, with only concentric rings; some periostracum; beaks one third way from anterior end; shell oval, larger ones quadrate; posterior end truncate, gaping widely. Large, fused siphons (retractible), with rather leathery tips. but without prominent, hard, horny plates. INTERIOR-porcelaneous, white; muscle scars similar; long pal- lial sinus (fig. 2); a visceral "skirt", a fold along the edge of the mantle tissue, often gives a home to the commensal pea crab, Pinnixa. HINGE AREA-valves alike: small cardinal tooth, J-shaped, socket-like chondrophore (fig. 2); left valve with A-shaped tooth (fig. 2a) ligament in chondrophore. Possible Misidentifications Tresus nuttallii, the southern gaper clam, occasionally oc- curs in our area, but is common only from Tomales Bay, California, south. It is more elongate than T. capax, and has prominent horny plates on its siphon, not just leathery tips. Its periostracum is more extensive and its beaks closer to the anterior end (1/4 way) than those of T capax 12. I nuttallii lacks the visceral "skirt" of mantle tissue found in T. capax (and its attendant pea crabs). Young Tresus of both species can be easily confused with Mya arenana, the softshell clam. Mya, however, has a chondro- phore in only one valve, its posterior is rounded, not truncate; its siphons lack the leather-like flaps of Tresus. Ecological Information RANGE-Kodiak, Alaska, to San Francisco; uncommon below Humboldt Bay where it is replaced by Tresus nuttallii. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-heavily dug in Oregon larger es- tuaries: Coos, Netarts, Tillamook, Yaquina. Not found in Siletz, or Nestucca, possibly because of strong currents there3. HABITAT-on sheltered intertidal flats, in sand, mud, mud with gravel and shell; also in stiff clay down to 30 cm 5. In eelgrass; few found with mud or ghost shrimp presumably because of the unstable substrate these create3. TEMPERATURE-found in cool waters of Northwest; in Hum- boldt Bay at 9-15 C.7. TIDAL LEVEL the surface. ASSOCIATES parasitized by pea crabs, Pinnixa faba or P littoralisl also by Opisthopus transversus12. Casually inhabited by nemertean worm Malocobella and by tapeworm larvae (tetraphyllids)11. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-to four pounds (T. nuttallii)". Intertidal clams heavier than subtidal, and with a higher moisture content3. ABUNDANCE-very abundant and heavily dug by man in Northwest estuaries; uncommon south of Humboldt Bay. Constitutes nearly all of Coos Bay commercial clam catch, and up to 60% of Oregon total commercial catch 3 . Can be found at densities of over 108/m 2 (Yaquina downbay subtidal flats)3. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious (separate sexes); spawning Jan- uary to March (Humboldt Bay), when waters coldest 7; peaks in March to April (Yaquina) 3. Gonads most active August to October when temperatures highest; sex ratios, 1:1 7. Spawn sets spora- dic, spawning periodicity influenced by lunar cycles3. GROWTH RATE-subtidal clams over four years old larger than intertidal specimens, and grow faster 3 . Growth occurs mainly in late spring and summer when planktonic food is most plentiful; reserves are stored as fat and glycogens. LONGEVITY-Optimum harvest age (Yaquina): five years 3; best aging technique: counting annuli on chondrophore under strong light3. FOOD-a suspension feeder: feeds on planktonic organisms and detrital particles. PREDATORS man, snail Polinices, crab C. magister, sea star Pisaster; parasites. As larvae preyed upon by planktonic predators and suspension feeders. BEHAVIOR-a weak burrower, it is still found quite deep in the substrate. Bibliography 1.Brusca, Gary J. and Richard C. Brusca, 1978. Guide. Mad River Press, Arcata, CA. 205 pp. 2.Gaumer, Tom, et al. 1971-1974. Estuary resource use studies: Alsea, Columbia, Coos, Coquille, Tillamook, Umpqua, Yaquina, Ore. Fish Comm., Portland. 3. Hancock, Dank R. 1979. Subtidal clam populations: distribution. abundance, ecology. Oregon State University- Sea Grant, Corvallis, Or. 4. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp. 99, 146. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 221-2. 6. 1974b. Key, Pp. 82-92. 7.Machell, John R. and John D. De Martini, 1971. An annual reproductive cycle of the gaper clam, (Gould) in South Humboldt Bay, California. Calif. Fish and Game 57(4):274-82. 8.Morris, Abbott and 9. Packard, 1918, P 283. 10. Pearce, Jack B. 1965. On the distribution of Tresus nuttallii and Tresus capax in the waters of Puget Sound and the San Juan Archipelago. Veliger 7(3),166-70, 11.Ricketts and Calvin, Rev. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 92, 326 f, 498. 12.Smith and Carlton, 1975. P 564. 13.Swan, E. F and John H. Finucane. 1952. Observations on the genus Schizothaerus. Nautilus 66(1):19-26, pls 2-4. Page 172 Tresus c apcx anterior I. Tresus cepax exterior, right valve x sheii valves similar, oval-quadrate; beaks I/3 from anterior end; posterior end truncate, gaping; large,fused, leathery siphons; some periostracum. anterior 2. interior, right valve muscle scars similar; deep pallial sinus; small, J-shaped tooth; socket-li ke chondrophore. containing ligament chondrophore " 497 toot, 2a. hinge area,left valve chondrop ore and A-shaped toot h 3.dorsal view left valve posterior right valve Macoma balthica inconspicua) (Linnaeus, 1758) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Veneroida FAMILY: Tellinidae Description SIZE-- mm long"; usually under 30 Proportions, length 27, height 22, diameter 11 mm. Rarely to 45 mm smallest adults 2 mm This specimen (Coos Bay) 17.5 mm long. COLOReddish: pale rose or white"; sometimes bluish or yellow (Puget Sound, British Columbia): Coos Bay speci- mens pink inside and out; British Columbia pink or yellow interiors 3 (Genus Macoma, generally white inside. Late veligers with yellow shells, red umbones 3 PERIOSTRACUMhin, silky, not shiny"; visible only as a ven- tral trace SHELL SHAPEegularly oval, rather round, thick, with a thick epidermis, valves equal, umbos low, almost central, usually worn (fig. 1). Sculpture fine concentric growth lines onlyDor- sal margin arched, ventral margin slightly contracted"; no posterior dorsal flange (posterior to ligament). Valves do riot gape: family Tellinidaes Posterior end rounded. Shell usually heavy. but bay specimens sometimes thin LIGAMENThort, but strong, partially sunken, seated on a stout callus,but not on a nymph: family Tellinidae. INTERIOR- PALLIAL LINEarrow, faint PALLIAL SINUSarge,equal (valves); sinus ends 3/4 of way to anterior adductor muscle scar in both valves (figs. 2a, 2b); pallial sinus does not reach muscle scar. (fig. 2b). HINGE AREA--no lateral teeth: genus Macoma. 5 Cardinal teeth: two in each valve (figs. 4a, 4b): one stout, bitid, the other single. fragile. ANIMALiphons long, separate, mobile. Inhalant siphon when extended, 4 x shell length. Exhalant siphons held ver- tically above surface 1.5 cm. Large palps, for sorting fine par- ticles(fig 5). VELIGERSarly veligers indistinguishable from other bivalves, but late veligers and early post-larval have characteristic yellow shells and red uri-ibones. Possible Misidentifications Tellinidae can be distinguished from other small o r young bay clams (ie. Mactridae- Tresus, Veneridae. Protothaca, Sax- idomus: Myidae. Mya, Cryptomya) by their external ligament (never on a nymph or chondrophore), their cardinal hinge teeth (two in each valve), their wide sinuous pallial lines,and because their shells never gape. Lateral teeth may or may not be present in the TellinidaeMyidae have a hinge with a spoon- shaped chondrophore (left valve) and a projecting tooth (right valve) (see Mya arenaria). Veneridae have three cardinal teeth in each valve, Mactridae have an internal ligament, A-shaped cardinal teeth, and gaping valves. Semelidae have a re- silif er, a socket-like chondrophore holding the ligament. Ma- ture Macoma balthica are rarely over 25 mm long,but could be confused with the young of some of these larger clams. Other genera of Tellinidae (ie. Tellina sp.) have lateral hinge teeth (at least in the right valve). Macoma do not. Macoma are generally more rounded. more inflated than Tellina, Macoma are smooth, white and chiefly northern. (Species characteristics in these clams can tend to be gradational, and are not always quantitative. Most Tellina are elongate, relatively compressed, conspicuously sculptured. brightly col- ored, and usually warm water dwellersThere are four Tellina species in our area. Of the almost 30 species of Macoma identified in the eastern North Pacific.we need to consider only seven: Macoma nasuta, the bentnosed clam is easily told (in the adult) by its bent posterior valves (see M. nasuta) It is white in- side and out, with some dark periostracum; its pallial sinus reaches the anterior adductor muscle in the left valve but not in the right (that of M. balthica does not). Macoma inqumata ( = irus) is a common mud clam, with slightly inflated but not bent valves in which the pallial sinus almost reaches the anterior adductor muscle scar (see M. tn- quinata). The shell is chalky white with a fibrous olive green periostracum! it is never pinkish as M. balthica often is. Macoma secta, the sand clam, has a squared off, flanged posterior, although it is not bent like M. nasuta posterior. It is white, with a yellowish epidermis; its right valve is more inflated than the left, and it can be large (to 120 mm). Its pallial sinuses meet the pallial lines at about a right angleIt is found in clean sand, not in bay mud. Closely related to M. secta are Macoma expansa, a rare, usually offshore species (to 50 mm) whose pallial sinuses are perpendicular to the pallial line, Macoma in- dentate found from Trinidad, California, south, and elongate, pointed posteriorly and with very unlike muscle scars. Macoma elimata is found only in 15-476 meters of water. Macoma acolasta is a rare, sand-dwelling clam, elongate and occuring from Bodega Bay south. Macoma yoldiformis is also elongate, inflated, and thin, with the pallial sinus detached from the pallial line. Although the range of this clam is from Vancouver south to Baja California, it is not included in Puget Sound or British Columbia work.. It can be found in silt in low intertidal of protected bays. Macoma incongrua is a generally northern species which can be found to 33north latitude and intertidally to 20 fathoms. It has somewhat inflated valves, is usually 30-40 mm long, and almost round in outline! Macoma catcarea is found from 20 fathoms and lower, and from 37north. Other northern subtidal species include elimata and the large M. brota and M. lipara Macoma balthica is the name of the Atlantic specie Our west coast clam was originally called M. inconspicua (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829); they are now considered by most workers to be the same species. Ecological Information RANGEircumarctic: Alaskan coast to San Francisco, rarely to San Diego.Possibly introduced to San Francisco from Atlantic coast., LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: South Slough channel, air- port spoil islands, etc.; Siletz, Nestucca, Siuslaw, Netarts, Tilla- mook Bays bays that front on open coast. HABITAT black, foul mud. Coarseness of soil not determining factor in distribution (various authors, in 3 ). Currents determine distribu- tion, as they affect sediment settlement and degree of shelter. Clams do not penetrate clay layer. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo salt; found also in brackish water. TEMPERATURE- to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVELound at + 0.3 m (Coos Bay, Coastal Acres) and down to 37rn 3 ; correlation between clam size and depth: smallest animals closest to surface s (distance from surface determined by siphons length). ASSOCIATESan Francisco Bay: whelk Busycotypua gastropod Nassarius; polychaetes: capitellids, nereids: am- phipod Ampelisca; bivalves Gemma, Mya.. Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE--- (San Francisco Bays ), where they compose 55% of animals in invertebrate community. Juvenile densities to 5000/m2 (June, Thames estuary, England Density determined by currents. fineness of deposits and density of micro-organism populations and their surface areaNot very common in Puget Sound., Coos Bay quite common, many stations. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONpring spawning (March). and another in autumn with larger animals (England"). Planktonic life probably two to five weeks; spatfall 300-330p. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY FOODuspension feeder on plankton when tide is in deposit feeder on bacterial film and diatoms and other microorganisms in rganic debris" Competes with amphipod Ampeltsca. Each clam feeds in a 4 cm area. PREDATORSmpellsca, on spat, shorebirds, on small clams within reach of their beaks (8 "); starry flounder BEHAVIORssentially static; a slower burrower than some other Macomas i , takes 21/2 minutes to bury itself.U-shaped tracks in mud show movement toward and away from sun. Bibliography f3raerield. A.E.and G E Newer 1961 The behaviour of Macoma balthica Linnaeus. Journ. Mar Biol U K 41.81-87. 2. Caddy, J.F.1969 Development of mantle organs. feeding and locomotion in postlarval Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Larnelltbranchiata Can J. Zook 47 609-17 3 Goan. E V 1971 The Northwest American Tellinidae The Veliger, 14 Sup- plement 63 pp. Pp. 19. 441 4 Dunne,. R.M. and D V Ellis. 1969 Recent species of the genus Macoma (Pelecypoda) in British Columbia. Nat Mus Canada. Nat Hist Pap., 45 1.34 As M. inconspicua, pp 20-23 5 Hancock. D.R et al 1979. subtidal clam populations distribution. a., dance, and ecology 0 S U Sea Grant. Corvallis OR. OR ESU-T-79002 6 Keen, A M 1971 Sea Sheds of Trop,cal Wes/ America. Stanford Univ. Press. Pp 209, 227 and E V C y an. 1974 Pp 11S. 146. 160 8 E 1974a P 221, as M inconspicua. 9 Morns, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980 P 382 10 Newer. G.E. 1965. The role of detritus in the nutrition of two marine depose feeders, the prosobranch Hydrobla ulvae and the bivalve Macoma balthica. Proc. Z.I. Soc. London 144. 22.45 11 Oldroyd, I. 1924 P 54 12 Packard, E 1918 P 277 13 Quayle, D 1969. The Intertidal bivalves of British Columbia Brit Col Prov. Mus handbook #17, 104 pp. As M. inconspicua, p 41 14 Reid, R G B. and A Red 1969 Feeding processes of members of the genus Macoma (Mollusca Bivalvia). Can. J Zool 47.649-57. 15 Smith and Carlton. 1975 Pp 23, 567, 568-9 16 Vassalio, M T 1969 The ecology of Macoma inconspicua (Broderip and Sowerby, 1929) in central San Francisco Bay Part I The vertical distribution of the Macon), community The Valiger 11.223-34. 17 1971 Part II. Stratification of the Macoma community within the substrate. The Valiger 13:(3)279-84. 18 Yonge, C. M. 1949. On the structure and adaptations of the Tellinacea, deposit-feeding Eulamelibranchia. Phil. Trans. Roy Soc. London (B) 234(609).29-76, especially 34-6 Page 174 Macome balthica , I .. 6 7 /t77/C67 x 4, external, right valve 75 mrn, height 14 mm, diameter 7.5 mm; vales umbos low, almost central; . ." Do ;ter ior ends rounded, no flange, bend or gape; iv-Amen external, short, strong. mm vi ew . " 4ic 7-, -----,, Z e: [TI M-- -----,_,-- fi, vuive, x12 two cardinal teeth, no lateral teeth. anterior 0. interior, right valve pal lial line narrow, fa int; pallial sinus ends 3/4 of way to anterior adductor muscle scar; sinuses in both valves similar interior pink 2. jrnbe ;gritnent not on nymph. anterior outh mantle fold t- - waste canal - _ inner rtemibranch 5. dissection, right side from Yonge,1949 Macoma inquinata (= irus) irus clam (Deshayes, 1854) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Veneroida FAMILY: Tellinidae Description SIZE-up to 55 mm long; this specimen 44 mm long, 35 mm high, 18 mm diameter. COLOR-dull white, dark opaque periostracum (not shiny). In- terior porcellanous white, feebly polished. SHELL SHAPE-ovate or subovate, not circular. Posterior end narrower, less rounded than anterior end. 8 Shell heavy, not fragile. Inflated, equivalve, umbones subcentral. Can have slight gape and flex to right (posterior end) 2; conspicuous con- centric sculptural undulations (fig. 1). LIGAMENT-long, strong, narrow, prominent (figs. 1, 4). Not seated on nymph, but entirely external: family Tellinidae." INTERIOR- PALLIAL LINE-not detached from anterior ventral end of pallial sinus (fig. 2). Pallial line longer in left valve (fig. 3). PALLIAL SINUS-reaches almost to anterior adductor scar, or just to its basein left valve (fig. 3); pallial sinuses similar in the two valves. HINGE AREA-two cardinal teeth in each valve, no lateral teeth: genus Macoma (fig. 5). SIPHONS-completely separate: family Tellinidae 18; yellowish in color (fig. 1 a). Possible Misidentifications As Macoma inquinata can bend slightly posteriorly, it could be confused with the thinner M. nasuta, the bent-nosed clam. M. nasuta is not as round and heavy as M. inquinata; its pallial sinus reaches and joins the anterior adductor scar above its base (left valve). (Its right valve may be more like M. inquinata). Its siphons are orange. (see plate, M. nasuta). Macoma incongrua is the species closest to M. inquinata. It is quite circular in outline; its pallial sinuses are higher than in M. inquinata, and different in its two valves. (They are similar in M. inquinata valves). M. incongrua is generally a northern species, and averages 30-40 mm in length. The name Macoma irus is more often used with the Japanese species.1 A shorter variety of M. inquinata, M. arnheimi, described by Dall, probably does not represent a true subspecies. See Macoma balthica for a complete comparison on Macoma species, genus and family characteristics. Ecological Information RANGE-Siberia, Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, south to Oregon; rare south of Santa Barbara, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Oregon bays: particularly Tillamook, Coos, Siuslaw, Yaquina; rarer in Alsea, Nestucca, Netarts.4 HABITAT-usually in soft muddy sand in protected areas. Have been found also in coarse sand with shell, intertidal sand, and in fine sediment overlying flat rocks (British Columbia). Also in eelgrass (Puget Sound). SALINITY-full seawater. TEMPERATURE-cold to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidally to 48 meters offshore. ASSOCIATES-Macoma nasuta (South Slough of Coos Bay). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common in bays"; can be locally abundant: over 6 million at one small Coos Bay site. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-separate sexes; eggs and sperm dis- charged into water through exhalant siphon; fertilized eggs develop into veliger larvae which swim, metamorphose and settle as small clams. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-chiefly a deposit feeder, cleaning film of diatoms, etc. from surface with siphon. PREDATORS-shorebirds. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Coan, E.V. 1971. The northwest American Tellinidae. The Veliger 14. Sup- plement, 63 pp. Pp. 19-20, 42-44. 2. Dunnill, R.M. and D.V. Ellis, 1969. Recent species of the genus Macoma (Pelecypoda) in British Columbia. Nat. Mus. Canada. Nat. Hist. Paps 45:1-34. Key, pp. 4-5, description, pp. 22-3. 3. Gaumer, T. 1978. Clam resources in a proposed Charleston Boat Basin expansion site. 18 pp. Information report 78-1, Ore Dept. Fish Wildlife 4. Hancock, D.R. et al. 1979. Subtidal clam populations: distribution. abun- dance and ecology. O.S.U. Sea Grant Corvallis . R ESU-T-79-002. 5. Keen, A.M. 1962. Reinstatement of the specific name Macoma inquinata (Deshayes). The Veliger 4(3):161. 6. and E.V. Coan, 1974. P. 115. 7 Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 220-1, 251. As M. irus 8. 1974b. Key, p. 94, as M. 9 Oldroyd, I.S. 1924. Marine Shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. U. Wash Press, Seattle. 271 pp. P. 54. 10. Quayle, D.B. 1969. The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. But. Co!. Prov. Mus. Handbook #17, 104 pp. P. 44, as M. irus. 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 564-8. Page 176 Macoma inquinotournbo 2. interior, right valve pall ial sinus reaches almost to base of anterior adductor muscle scar. 3. interior, lett valve pallial sinus as in right valve. 4.dorsal view ligament external; valves slightly bent right posteriorly. posterior 5. dorsal region, right valve two cardinal teeth in each valve, no lateral teeth. I. inquinoto x 2, right valve actual length 44 mm, height 35mm, diameter 18mm shell subovate: posterior narrow; valves equal, inflated; um bones subcentra I ; color dull white. la. live clam, x siphons separate. Macoma nasuta the bent nosed clam (Conrad, 1837) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Veneroida ("perfected teeth") SUPERFAMILY: Tellinacea; Tellinidae Description SIZE-"3 to 70 mm" 7 ; "seldom reaching 21 inches" 9; in Coos Bay, largest are about 21 as a "medium" sized she114. COLOR-white; chalky where eroded 5; dark brown parchment periostracum especially near lower edge and near siphons on valves; often with black markings no interior shell color,4 (though siphons can be orange)5. EXTERIOR-valves thin, smooth, but not polished; shells ovate; "posterior portions of valves distinctly bent to the right" 5 (fig. 4); shells thin, radial lines fine, sometimes blackish; anterior end rounded, posterior wedge-shaped, truncate not "flanged". INTERIOR RIGHT VALVE-(hold closed shell in both hands with the hinged area up, the ligaments toward you: the right valve is in the right hand) 4; pallial sinus doesn reach anterior adductor scar; (fig. 3)"; adductor and posterior muscle scars similar in shape in both valves and overlaps but sinus patterns differ. INTERIOR LEFT VALVE- pallial sinus reaches anterior adductor muscle scar, fuses and overlaps with it (fig. 2)11 ; clam lies on its left (rounded) side in the mud HINGE-with ligament, entirely external"; cardinal hinge teeth: two (right valve) (fig. 5), one (left valve) (fig. 2); no lateral teeth (beneath ligament), (fig. 5). LIGAMENT-entirely external end dorsal not on a "nymph" or projection (fig. 5). BEAKS-"central, slightly prominent" 9 (fig. 5). SIPHONS-completely separate; orange-coloreds. Possible Misidentifications There are four common species of Macoma in our area: M. balthica, often colored inside, is small; M. inquinata (= irus) is whitish and also small (only up to 5 cm); M. secta, the sand clam, has a quadrate, flanged posterior. None of them has a noticeably bent posterior. M. identata, a rare, small (to 2.5 cm) form, has a strongly produced posterior projection. Macoma yolditormis. small and found in sand or mud, has a long anterior end and a produced and expanded posterior". The genus Macoma can be told from the similar Tellina by its lack of lateral teeth in either valve". Macoma are "more rounded than Tellina, more inflated, smooth, white, often chalky"2. Ecological Information RANGE--Kodiak, Alaska to Baja California LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-in bays as well as offshore below surf zone". HABITAT-substrate; mud and muddy sand, about 10-15 cm below the surface. Very adaptable, it can live better in soft mud than any other Macoma species, and in the extremely stale waters of small lagoons; also found in eelgrass beds SALINITY-adapted to a wide range of conditons. TEMPERATURE-temperate and cold waters; not found in the Panamic province to the south. TIDAL LEVEL mostcommon in bays at mid-tide"; low tide in California (communication Van Veldhuizen). ASSOCIATES--occasionally infested with encysted larvae of the tapeworm Anthobothrium sp 7. Also pea crabs Pinnixa, commensal nemertean Malacobdellas. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-on "every possible mud flat" 10 ; often most common clam, (i.e. Elkhorn Slough), being replaced by im- migrant, Mya arenaria. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-typically pelecypodan: separate sexes, eggs and sperm discharged into the water through excurrent siphon. fertilized egg develops into veliger larva which swims, metamorphoses, and settles as a small clam 7 . Oregon spawning reportedly spring, early summer GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-primarily a suspension feeder; also sucks surface film from mud surface with siphon, blows out coarse, inedible material7. PREDATORS smallclams are fed upon by crabs. Snail Polinices.8 BEHAVIOR-unusual feeding mechanism (fig. 6). Bibliography 1. Brusca, Gary J. and Richard C. Brusca, 1978. A Naturalist Seashore Guide, Mad River Press, Arcata, CA 205 pp. pp. 119, 1201, 126. 2. Coan, E. V., 1971. The Northwest American Tellinidae. Veliger. vol. 14 (supplement). 63 pp., 12 pls., 30 figs. pp. 19-20. 3. Dunnill, R. M., and D. V. Ellis. 1969. Recent species of the genus Macoma (Pelecypoda) in British Columbia Nat Mus Canada Nat 1--13i Pap. , 45 1-34 4 Keen and Goan. 1974 p 115 5 Kozloff. 1974a. pp 220. 251 6 1975b pp 8294. key 7. MacGinitie and MacGinitie. 1949 no 159. 8. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp, 380-1. 9. Packard, 1918. p. 279, 10. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. pp. 331, 519 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key pp. 564-568. Page 178 foot 6. clam burrowing x1/3 after MacGinitie,1949. elcome nosuto I. Mocomonosuto x 158 external, right valve thin,white shell; bent right posteriorly; finejadial lines; anterior rounded; posterior truncate. 2. interior, right valve pallial sinus doesn reach anterior adductor scar; muscle scars similar. 3. interior, left valve pallial sinus overlaps anterior adductor scar; 4. exterior, dorsal view posterior: valves bent right. 5.dorsal region, right valve two cardinal hinge right hinge external; no lateral teeth; ligament dorsal,external,noton "nymph: beak central,slightly prominent. Siliqua patula the flat razor clam (Dixon, 1789) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia, Heterodonta ORDER: Veneroida FAMILY: Solenidae Description SIZE-to 150 mm (5 341")10 , average size 41 1; adults over 40 mm.16 COLOR-periostracum smooth, brown, shiny, lacquerlike. Ex- terior white, obscurely rayed, with faint violet coloration; interior white, tinged with violet and pink. SHELL SHAPE-"smooth within and withour 2 ; elongate, rather cylindrical; length about times width. Valves similar, gaping at both ends. Beaks toward anterior end. family Solenidae16 ; (beaks in Siliqua sp. are subcentral, toward the anterior, but not close to its ). Posterior end round. shell very thin, sharp edged, profile thin (fig. 4). HINGE AREA-left valve with two cardinal and two lateral teeth; right valve with one cardinal and one lateral tooth (fig. 2); a vertical or radial rib projects downward and anteriorly from hinge in both valves: genus 5 (fig. 2). LIGAMENT-external, not on nymph (fig. 2). ANIMAL-siphons short, fused except at very tips (fig. 4); ex- halant and inhalant openings ringed by tentacles. YOUNG-oval outline until about 2.5 mm long": (with central beak, not elongate). Possible Misidentifications Solenidae are cylindrical, about times as long as high, and gape at both ends. One other local ,tttli y t h as beaks quite near the anterior end, not saboentraiii as in Siliqua: Solen sp. have an almost straight dorsal margin, a terminal beak, and one cardinal tooth in each valve. the blunt razor shell, is found occasionally in permanent burrows in mud or muddy sand," both intertioally and sub- tidallyIt is the species most likely to be contused with patula. It l Siliqua interior ver tical rib and mu tiple hinge teeth, and is 4 times as long as iot times One other species of Siliqua is found farther south (to Monterey Bay): small (to 40 mm) razor clam, lives in protected bay sands, has a truncate posterior end, a vertical internal radial rib and concentric brown bands on its exterior. Old books" list S. patula variation nuttalli, with a more oval shape, purple beaks and four hinge teeth in the left valve, not two. There are other razor-shaped clams besides the Sol- enidae. The Mytiiidae (mussels) include some genera, for instance, which are long arid cylindrical. is usually a boring species, however; it has a hairy posterodorsal slope," a very small anterior adductor scar, and no hinge teeth., Hiatellidae, including the geoduck, Panope, are large, quad- rate, gaping bivalves, without hinge teeth, and with nearly equal adductor muscle scars. One long, cylindrical bivalve of the family Psammobiidae, Tagelus califomianus, the jackknife clam, could be confused with Siliqua. It too has nearly central beaks, is about 21 mes as long as wide, and gapes at both ends. It never has the internal strengthening rib of however, and its ligament is seated on a nymph or projection (as in see plate). Tage/us is gray, has no lateral teeth," and has short siphons. It is found below Humboldt Bay, California, in mudflats. Ecological Information RANGE-Aleutian Islands to Pismo Beach, California20 ; but uncommon in California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION Bay: Pt. Adams spit near Bay mouth; usually on open coast. HABITAT open beaches with fine, clean sand; in strong surf zone with aeration.No permanent burrow. Niche as- sumed farther south by the Pismo clam, SALINITY-full seawater. TEMPERATURE-lives in cold to temperate atant TIDAL LEVEL-about - 1.0 ft. and lower." ASSOCIATES--olive snail Olivella biplicata, caprellid am- phipods, polychaetes, including Commensal nemer- tean Malacobdella grossa occurs in up to 80%, of the clams (fig. 1a). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can be very abundant in certain local areas; populations move and fluctuate, due partly to storms, surf. Once harvested commercially along northwest coasts. Unrestricted digging severely harmed populations": down- ward trend began around 1925. Densest near mean low water.1976 Oregon total harvest 2,211,000 clams. Life History Information REPRODUCTION--high fecundity, high mortality.Separate sexes; eggs and sperm discharged into sea, fertilization by chance; 6-10 million eggs can be produced by a female. Spawning activated by minimum water temperature of 133. 86% of third year clams (10 cm long) mature or maturing (Queen Charlotte Island).Mass spawning late May or June (Washington): occasionally huge sets of young. Larval stage 8 weeks; larvae free swimming but stay close to sand. After metamorphosis, size of wheat grain or smaller; to 1.5 cm by end of growing season (December, Washington). GROWTH RATE---31 years to legal size of 41 (Washington), where animals grow rapidly, do not reach a large final size or live as long as they do in Alaska.19 Growth rate slows after 10 cm size reached2"; growing seasons show as wide brown areas between rings, which are annual. Mortality in young probably 99%: greatest losses from storm movement LONGEVITY- FOOD -a filter feeder of planktonic diatoms. PREDATORS probably the most highly prized food mol- lusk in the northwest; seagulls, ducks, perch, crab. BEHAVIOR for its quick, efficient digging ability: it can bury itself in less than 7 seconds, and moves especially rapidly in the second or "slosh" layer of sand.Digging accomplished by ability of the anchor-shaped foot to change shape. Extra- ordinary muscle capacity and the displacement of body fluids are responsible for this." Digging is vertical, sometimes an- gled toward the sea; very little horizontal movement. Bibliography 1. Anonymous 1968 Invertebrate Fisheries. Department oFish and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 3 35-49. 2 Dixon, George 1789. A Voyage Around the World. London. Pp. 3545 Original description 3. Fraser, C.M. 1936 The razor clam of Graham Island. Queer, Charlotte Group. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can (5)24:14154 4 Keen. A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford Univ. Press. P. 259. 5 and Coan, 1974 Pp 91, 146, 161. 6. Keep, Josiah, 1911. West Coast Shells. rev 1935, J.L. Bally. Jr. Stanford Univ. Press, 350 pp. Pp. 112-3. 7. Kozloff, E 1974a. Pp. 204-5 8. 1974b. P 89, key. 9 Link, T. 1977 The 1976 razor clam fishery. Shellfish Information Report 77-4. Oregon Dept. Fish Wildlife. 5 pp. 10. Moms, Abbott arid Hadedie, 1980. P 386 11.Oldroyd. I.S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. Pubis. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 4:1-272 Pp. 57-8. 12.Oregon Department of Fish Wildlife. Oregon Captivating Clams, circu- lar SG 28. June 1978. 13 Pohlo, R H 1963. Morphology and mode ot burrowing in and Soren rosaceus (Mollusca. Bivalv,a). The Veliger 6:98-104 14. Quayle, D B 1941 The edible molluscs of British Columbia Br. Col. Fish Dept. 1940. 75-87. 15 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 213f, 218-21. 520 16. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 118, 569-70, 571. 17 Taylor, C. C. 1959. Temperature, growth and mortality--the Pacific razor clam. J. du Conseil 25(1):93-100. 18. Weymouth, F W and H. C. McMillin. 1931 Relative growth and mortality of the razor clam, Siliqua patula. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish 46:543-67. 19 and H B Holmes. 1925. Growth and age at maturity of the Pacific razor clam, Siliqua patula (Dixon). Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 41.201-36 20. and W H Rich. 1931. Latitude and growth of the razor clam. J. exper. 8,228-49. 21. Yonge, C.M. 1952 Studies on Pacific coast mollusks. IV: Siliqua patois Dixon (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and on evolution within the Sol- enidae. U. Calif. Pubis. Zool. 55(9):421-38. Page 180 3. hinge area, left valve x4 two cardinal two lateral teeth. 4. dorsal view profile thin; both ends gaping. right valve anterior pedaldigestive retractorpericardium diverticula anterior pedal protractor anterior adductor Sifiqua patuM I. S/liquo pall y/a x I: 13 cm long, 5.5 cm wide (length about 2 (Rx width) shell cylindrical, shiny, brown; beaks subcentral (slightly anterior); posterior rounded. ligament lateral tooth cardinal tooth posterior muscle scar anterior muscle scar radial rib 1 IA. commensal nemertear Ma/acobdeflo grosso x 2 actual size 2.5 cm (from Smith Carlton,1975) 2. interior, right valve one cardinal tooth, one lateral tooth; prominent radial rib; ligament external, not on nymph. left valve 5. a dissection, right valve removed (after Poh lo, 1963, fig.5) arenaria soft-shelled clam Linnaeus, 1758 PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Myoida FAMILY: Myidae Description SIZE-2-110 mm 7; averages 5-10 cm (2-4 inches); can be up to 125 mm in some areas (Umpqua, Siuslaw estuaries). COLOR-white with gray or dark periostracum (rough outermost layer). EXTERIOR valvessimilar long, egg shaped, shell convex, thin, brittle, low concentric growth striae anterior and posterior ends different: both rounded. but anterior blunter. posterior pointed: both ends gaping 8: beaks small, bent back, slightly anterior of center; siphons large, fused, non-retractible. INTERIOR-white; strong internal ligament: deep pallial sinus, spoon-shaped chondrophore (support for ligament); adductor muscle scars same size but very different in shape (fig. 2). HINGE AREA-valve areas dissimilar: spoon-shaped chondro- phore in left valve, projection almost as great as width s; right valve with tooth in opposition to chondrophore. No hinge plate teeth (cardinal or lateral); ligament entirely internal, not visible from exterior. Possible Misidentifications One of the areas where Mya is abundant is in upper reaches of estuaries where salinity is reduced, and where Saxidomus and Tresus, which are slightly similar superficially, usually are not found. Neither of these, nor Tellina nor Macoma sp., has an inter- nal ligament or a chondrophore in both valves. Small Tresus can otherwise be mistaken for Mya. Small Tellinid clams have an ex- ternal ligament without a nymph, and lateral hinge teeth, which Mya lack. Macoma are very like Tellina but their shells are al- ways a bit flexed. they have no lateral teeth, and no internal coloration. Cryptomya, the false mya (which see) is a smaller (to 30 mm), less elongate clam. It is usually found close to the ghost shrimp Callianassa. Unlike Mya, Cryptomya has an incon- spicuous pallial sinus. Ecological Information RANGE-Vancouver Island to San Diego. Probably intro- duced with oyster spat in 1869 in San Francisco, although it appears in the fossil record (Pliocene)", in California and Vancouver 8 . Common on the Atlantic Coast and Europe, it has crowded out the native Macoma on the Pacific coast in some areas3. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -Coos Bay, Yaquina Bay; Suislaw, Umpqua, Tillamookisea and Columbia estuaries, and pos- sibly others. HABITAT-mud and sand of bays 12 ; often in upper reaches where salinity is reduced; requires complete protection, as it cannot burrow or maintain itself in a shifting substratum"; very tolerant of extreme conditions: anaerobic or foul mud, lot.Ackish (though riot stagnant) water, temperatures below freezing". SALINITY-tolerates brackish water and reduced salinity, as well as full salt water (can live at 23% seawater)6. TEMPERATURE limited to cool areas; can also tolerate temperatures below freezing. TIDAL LEVEL--found from 15-30 cm in the mud "littoral or adlittoral"8. ASSOCIATES-can be parasitized by Pinnixa .faba" (see Pearce, 1966 under Pinnixa). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-abundant in Yaquina, Siuslaw. Umpqua estua- ries, and in some parts of Coos Bay. Life History Information REPRODUCTION---dioecious (separate sexes); two periods of sexual maturation and spawning: fall, when temperatures - fall (primary maturation period) and spring (secondary mat-. uration): Chesapeake Bay; continuous period from April to October New England 9. Eggs 60-80 pm diameters. GROWTH RATE clams as small as 25 mm have been found to have mature gametes9. LONGEVITY- FOOD-a suspension feeder. PREDATORS--birds. man, and as larvae, preyed upon by plank- tonic predators and suspension feeders. BEHAVIOR-does not burrow as adult. Bibliography 1. Gaumer, Tom et al. 1971-1974. Estuary resource use studies: Alsea, Columbia, Coos, Coquille, Tillamook, Umpqua, Yaquina. Ore. Fish Comm., Portland. 2. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp. 95, 146, 160. 3. Keep, Josiah. 1911. West Coast Shells. rev. 1935, J. L. Bally. Jr. Stan- ford U. Press, 350 pp. P. 117, 4. Kozloff. 1974a. Pp. 227-8. 5 1974b. Pp. 80-91, key. 6 Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 387. 7 Oregon State Extension Service, Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife, 1976. Oregon Captivating Clams, leaflet. 8 Packard, 1918. P 283, plate 29. 9 Pfitzenmeyer, Hayes T, 1965. Annual cycle of gametogenesis of the soft- shelled clam, Mya arenaria, at Solomons, Maryland. Chesapk. Sci. 6(1):52-9. 10. Pfitzenmeyer, Hayes T, and Carl N. Shuster, 1960. A partial bibliography of the softshell clam Mya arenaria L. Contrib. No. 123, Maryland Dept. Res. and Educ., Chesapk. Bio. Lab., also inform. Ser., Pub. No 4, Dei. Mar. Labs., 29 pp. 11 Ricketts and Calvin, rev. Hedgpeth, 1971. Pp. 161, 187, 329-31, 379, 519. 12. Smith and Carlton, 1975. P 570. 13 Swan, E. F, 1952. The growth of the clam Mya arenaria as affected by the substratum. Ecology 33(4):530-4. Page 182 anterior posterior M.ya arenotio I. Mya arenoria , exterior, right valve x Ishell egg-shaped thin, britt le"; cohcentric growth rings; small beaks; both ends rounded, slightly gaping. 2. interior, right valve white; muscle scars unlike; pall ial sinus deep; no cardinal teeth; ligament all internal; tooth opposing chondrophore. . hinge area, left valvechondrophore spoonhaped. anterior (foot) posterior (siphons) 4 dorsal view Cryptomya californica false Mya (Conrad, 1837) PHYLUM: Mo/lusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Myolda FAMILY: Myidae Description SIZE-to 30 mm long; this specimen 21 mm. COLOR-exterior chalky and white, with dull reddish brown periostracum. Interior glossy white with spoon-shaped tooth (right valve): orange. SHELL SHAPE-oblong, gaping posteriorly. Right valve more convex than left.Shell thin, fragile, with external thick perio- stracum and light concentric sculpture. 13 Beaks central, fairly prominent (fig. 1). LIGAMENT-internal; in right valve, orange, leathery, cor- responds with chondrophore in left valve. Ligament seated in a shallow resilifer (pit) (figs. 3, 4). INTERIOR-adductor muscle scars equal: family Myidae. PALLIAL LINE-entire, forms a right angle posteriorly (fig. 3). PALLIAL SINUS-absent (or inconspicuous"): genus Cryp- tomya (fig. 3). HINGE AREA-no true teeth or hinge plate, except for chon- drophore and resilifer: family Myidae.9 CHONDROPHORE-broad, horizontal, projecting; in left valve only. Right valve with resilifer to receive chondrophore. SIPHONS-short, oval, surrounded by tentacles (incurrent). Ex- current siphon a short vase-like siphon (fig. 6). Possible Misidentifications Cryptomya can be distinguished from other small white clams, (Macoma, for instance), by its lack of any external liga- ment, the fragility of its shell, and internally, by its lack of hinge teeth, and presence of the chondrophore in the left valve. Mac- tridae, including the gaper clam, have a chondrophore in both valves. Mactridae adults are large, gape widely, and have small hinge teeth (which Myidae lack); their posterior edges are trun- cate, not rounded, and their siphons are leather-like at the tips. The genus Mya, closely related, is quite common in the northwest, and be immediately distinguished internally by the presence of a deep pallial sinus (Cryptomya has no sinus). There is only one local species: Mya arenaria, the soft-shelled clam in our area, grows to 120 mm. Like Cryptomya, it is thin-shelled, white and fragile, and lives in sandy mud. It is longer than Cryptomya,3 however, and is found down to 30 cm deep, and not necessarily near Callianassa burrows. Ecological Information RANGE-Gulf of Alaska to northern Peru. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-in bays where Callianassa or Upogebia beds are found: Coos Bay, airport extension site, Pigeon Point, South Slough, etc.; Tillamook Bay; Netarts; Nestucca. 2 Also offshore. HABITAT-sand and sandy mud, nearly always within its siphonsreach of the burrow of Callianassa, the ghost shrimp, (which in turn often inhabits oyster beds). SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE-occurs over a wide range of water temperatures geographically. TIDAL LEVEL-can be found down to 20 inches below sur- face 13; as well as the upper to mid-intertidal range. ASSOCIATES-the well-known association of Callianassa can include as well the polynoid polychaete Hesperonoe, three dif- ferent pinnotherid (pea) crabs, and the goby Clevelandia ios. (Farther south the clam is found next to Urechis burrows 9). It has also been found near the burrow of the mud shrimp Upogebia. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can be very common: in some parts of Coos Bay, it is the most abundant bivalve (airport mudflat, North Bend. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD--filters material from water pumped in by Callianassa in the burrow. (Both Upogebia and Urechis are more effective detritus filterers than Callianassa, and Cryptomya does better at Callianassa table. PREDATORS-protected by the burrow. BEHAVIOR-stays not just below the surface as a short- siphoned clam of its size normally would, but deep in the sub- strate, where it burrows into Callianassa burrows. Bibliography 1. Gonor, J.J., D.R. Strehlow, and G.E. Johnson. 1979. Ecolca.cal assessments at the North Bend airport extension site. Report to Ore Dept. Land Cons. Dev. Corvallis, Ore. 162 pp. 2 Hancock, D.R. et al, 1979. Subtidal clam populations: distribution. abun- dance, and ecology. O.S.U. Sea Grant: ORESU-T-79-002. 3 Keen, A.M. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford Press. 4 and Coan, 197T P. 97. 5 Keep, Josiah, 1935. Rev. J.L. Bally. Stanford Press, 350 pp. P 119 6. Kozloff, E. 1974a. P. 232. 7. 1974b. Key, p. 91. 8 MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1947. Pp 187, 191. 288, 349 9. McLean, J.H. 1969. Marine shells of Southern California LA Co Mus Nat. Hist. Sci. Ser. 24, Zool. #11. 104 pp. 10. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 386-7. 11 Oldroyd, I. 1924. Marine Shells of Puget Sound. U. Wash. Press 271 pp P 62. 12. Packard, E. 1918. P 284, as Mya cryptomya californica. 13. Quayle, D. B. 1974. The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Brit. Col Prov. Mus., Victoria. Handbook #17. 104 pp. Pp. 77, 101. 14. Smith and Carlton, 1975. P 570. 15. Yonge, C. M. 1951. Studies on Pacific coast mollusks. I. On the structure and adaptations of Cryptomya californica (Conrad). Univ Cal. Publ Zoo, 55:395-400. Page 184 siphons anterior 2. chondrophore (left valve) x II spoon-shaped, broad, horizontal. anterior 3. glossy white; anterior and posterior muscle scars equal; no cardinal or lateral hinge teeth; no pal lial sinus, pallial line entire, forms a right angle posteriorly. 5. dorsal view _posterior gapes slightly; no external ligament. posterior 4. resilifer (right valve) (ligament removed). Cryptomyo californica beak 1. Cryptomyo co/Worn/co exterior, right valve x4.25 actual length 2 I mm; beaks central; anterior rounded, posterior truncate, gaping; concentric sculpture, some radial striae. shell thin, fragile, chalky white; siphons very short. Hiatella arctica (= Saxicava arctica) ( = H. pholadis, H. gallicana) the nestling saxicave (Linnaeus, 1767) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia ORDER: Myoida FAMILY: Hiatellidae Description SIZE-to 50 mm (2" 8 ); this specimen (Coos Bay) 38 mm long. COLOR-exterior white, chalky, granular, with tan, thin, ragged periostracum: genus Hiateila2; interior porcelain-like, white: family Hiatellidae.1 SHELL SHAPE-variable: distroted by nestling habit. Valves equal, oblong, gaping: posterior and broader, more square than anterior end, broadly truncated (fig. 1). Elongate, boring specimens have been reported as H. pholadis" (fig. 1 a). SCULPTURE-concentric only INTERIOR-pallial line faint, broken into discontinuous scars (fig. 3): family Hiatellidae. 11 Adductor muscle scars approxi- mately equal in size, (not shape). No pallial sinus.4 HINGE AREA-adult without hinge teeth (or worn) (fig. 3); young clams have 1-2 weak, peg-like cardinal teeth. UMBONES-depressed, nearer anterior end than middle; do not touch each other (fig. 2). LIGAMENT-external (figs. 2, 3): family Hiatellidae.11 BYSSUS--(attachment threads), present in nestling speci- mens, not in boring ones (H. pholadis); not figured. Long, single byssal thread spun by post-larval clams allows them to be moved by weak water currents5. SIPHONS-fused; red tipped: genus Hiatella (fig. 1). PERIOSTRACUM-light tan, thin: genus Hiatella2 (figs. 1, 2). Possible Misidentifications Burrowing and nestling clams, of which there are many genera, can be difficult to separate by shell shape; they tend to be variable and often quite distorted from the "norm." Useful characteristics are the hinge teeth, pallial line and siphons. Most Pholadidae can be distinguished by their two distinct shell sections (see Penitella, Zirfaea); all pholads have file-like denticulations and (except for Netastoma) an internal myophore. The venerid clam Protothaca staminea var. orbella, like Hiatella, is white with an external ligament, and can be found nestling in old pholad burrows. It has radial as well as concen- tric striations, however, and interiorly has 3 cardinal hinge teeth and a strong pallial line and sinus. Petricola carditoides is a nestling clam which (like Hiatella) has an external ligament and a chalky white shell. It has hinge teeth in the adult (2-3), not just in the young. P. carditoides has purple-tipped siphons, not red ones, and its shell has some radial sculpture. Two myid clams could be confused with Hiatella: Platyodon cancellatus is a white borer with a heavy shell with fine, almost lamellar concentric exterior sculpture. Inside it has a chon- drophore and tooth in its hinges, and a well-developed, deep pallial sinus. Cryptomya californica can nestle among rocks, although its usual habitat is sand or mud. It is small (to 30 mm), thin-shelled and has a chondrophore. Interiorly it has an entire pallial line, and an inconspicuous pallial sinus." Entodesma saxicola is probably most likely to be confused with Hiatella: it is of a comparable size, shape and habitat. En- todesma has a dark, rough periostracum, not a pale, thin one, an external ligament like Hiatella, and short, fused siphons, but without red tips. Inside the shell is very pink and pearly. En- todesma has no hinge teeth, but does have a large internal liga- ment and lithodesma; its pallial line is entire and there . s a small pallial sinus. The nomenclature of Hiatella sp. is rather confused: Hiatella pholadis is a large (to 50 mm), often very elongate, boring species strictly resident in pholad burrowsand without hinge teeth or red-tipped siphons. It has a prominent ridge from the beaks to the lower posterior angles Coan and Carlton" believe this name to be a probably synonym for a form of H. arctica. Hiatella gallicana 9 is a small (to 25 mm) species which may be the same as H. arctica.8 Other northwest Hiatellidae include Panopea generosa, the geoduck, which is large. quadrate and not distorted. It has one cardinal tooth in either hinge. P. generosa is a very deep bur- rower with very long siphons; it is rarely found in Oregon. Ecological Information RANGE-Arctic Ocean to Panama 6 ; circumpolar. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: Pigeon Point. HABITAT-nestles in old pholad burrow, or bores into smooth soft homogenous rock; also found in Mytilus beds, on pil- ings, and on open coasts in algal holdfasts. On hard, cre- viced surfaces it will attach byssally.1 SALINITY-found in Coos Bay in lower, more saline parts of estuary: collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal to 120 m deep; collected at 0.0 ft. ASSOCIATES-other nestling and boring molluscs: Entodesma, Penitella, Zirfaea. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-not common. Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-suspension feeder. PREDATORS-tooth snails (Nucella, etc.) can prey on small nestling clams. BEHAVIOR is mechanical, not chemical. Bibliography 1. Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Stanford Press. Pp. 271-2. 2 and Coan, 1974. Pp. 87. 113, 146, 160. 3. Keep, Josiah, 1911, rev. 1935, J.L. Baily, Jr. Stanford Press, 350 pp. P. 120. 4. Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, p. 88. 5. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 388. 6 Oldroyd, I. S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity; Univ. Wash. 271 pp. Pp. 3, 64. 7 Packard, 1918. p. 286. 8. Quayle, D. B. 1974. The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Brit, Col. Prov. Mus., Victoria, B.C. Handbook #17, 104 pp. Pp. 18, 84, 86. 87 9. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 159f, 520. 10 Russet-Hunter, W. 1949. The structure and behavior of Hiatella gallicana (Lamarck) and H. artica (L.) with special reference to the boring point. 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Coan and Carlton: pp, 571-2. 12. Yonge, C. M. 1971. On functional morphology and adaptive radiation in the bivalve superfamily Saxicavacea (Hiatella ( = Saxicava), Saxicavella, Panomya, Panope, Crytodaria). Malacologia 11:1-44. Page 186 1 I. 1//otella orctica, exterior, left valve x3. actual length 38 mm shel l oblong, distorted; posterior truncate, beaks nearer anterior end than middle; concentric striations on rough, white surface; thin tan periostracum. Hiatella arctica la. H. left valve x 2 elongate; beaks near anterior end. 2. dorsa I view, umbones depressed, not touching; ligament external; posterior gaping. 3 interior, right valve white, porcelain-like; hinge without teeth; ligament external. pallial line broken into scars. Penitella penita (= Pholadidea penita) common piddock Conrad 1837 PHYLUM: Mot/used CLASS: Bivalvia, Heterodonta ORDER: Myoida, Pholadina FAMILY: Pholadidae, Martesiinae Page 188 Description SIZE-to 95 mm long; 50 mm this specimen 40 mm long, 18 mm high (fig. 1). COLOR-white, inside and out. SHELL SHAPE-elongate, divided into two distinct parts: ANTERIOR tric striae of heavy file-like denticuiations on the triangular rasping section which covers less than 1/2 valve area (fig. I)POSTERIOR-wedge-shaped, with regular concentric stria- tions only; end truncate. Gapes at end only, not to middle of shell: genus Penitella CALLUM (calcareous accessory plate)-present in adult at anterior end (fig. 1). Not present in young (fig. 5). UMBONES-not prominent. Umbonal reflection (where urn- bones turn back, fig. 1): closely appressed for entire length. MESOPLAX-small accessory plate on dorsal edge (fig. 2); (no accessory plates, i. e. protoplax metaplax, hypoplax, present). Mesoplax pointed posterioriy, truncate anteriorly, with swept back lateral wings: species penita." SIPHONS white, retractible; tips marked with small red spots, but not solidly red-tipped, smooth: without warts or orange chitinous patches. No pallets on siphon tips (as in boring mollusc Bankia). lncurrent siphons with 6 large, and several small branched cirri around aperture." SIPHONOPLAX-brown, membranous, heavy, flexible flaps, not lined with calcareous granules: species penita PERIOSTRACUM-none. INTERIOR sinus posterior; large posterior muscle scar_ Anterior mus- cle scar and accessory unusually dorsal (fig. 4); ventral mus- cle scar present as well. HINGE AREA-no hinge teeth or ligament. APOPHYSIS (myophore)-short. narrow, spoon-shaped structure in each valve, which serves as an extra muscle at- tachment for powerful grinding muscles(fig. 4); -weakly blade-like."" BODY-foot and mantle white " YOUNG-anterior end soft (minout callum), while animal is burrowing. Exposed foot eloped as a suction disc (fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications There are other burrowing clams in our area. i.e. Hiatella. Entodesma, Barnea, Petricola, Bankia, None of them have distinct body areas or the bulbous, denticulated anterior of Penitella. A similar pholad is Zirfaea pilsbryi (subfamily Pholadinae) a very large piddock to 150 mm; whose most noticeable characteristic is its lack of a callum protecting the anterior end; (it bores even as an adult). Zirfaea has very long, nonretractible siphons (and no siphonoplax), a posterior gape which extends to the middle of the animal; a broad apophysis, and a rasping surface which covers half the valve area. Other northeastern Pacific Pholadidae include Netastoma rostrata (subfamily Jouannetiinae), a short, anteriorly truncate species without an internal apophysis, and with a tubular, calcareous siphonoplax. Its callum is only a fluted band, not a round enclosing plate. Chaceia ovoidea (= Pholadidea) which bores into shale, has non-retractible siphons with orange chitinous patches and warty tips. It is oval, not elongate, and its callum does not com- pletely cover the anterior aperture. Paraphoias califomica has no siphonoplax, and is divided in- to three well-marked regions, not two as is Penitella. It has two dorsal plates, a mesoplax and a metaplax, riot one; it can bore into hard rock. Three other species of Penitella can be present: Penitella conradi is usually found in Mytilus or abalone (Haliotis) shells. It is very small, to 33 mm, its siphonoplax is lined with coarse calcareous granules and its mesoplax is trun- cate posteriorly, pointed anteriorly (the reverse of see fig. 2). The mesoplax is large: almost equal in area to the rasp- ing surface. Penitella gabbi can be found with P. penita, but is much less common.It is a cleancut, oval shell with a creamy-lemon siphon,covered with warts. It has no siphonoplax; its callum extends very little beyond the beak, and the umbonal reflection is not attached anteriorly. P. gabbi can be up to 75 mm long and often has a gray-brown periostracum posteriorly." A very closely related species, Penitella turnerae, was described from Coos Bay in 1966. 6 This is a much larger species than P. penita, (to 125 mm, Fossil Point, Coos Bay), stout and lacking a siphonoplax. Its siphons are white, long and red-tipped. Its mesoplax is reduced to a narrow crescent, rounded posteriorly and not sharply pointed as in P. penita. Ecological Information RANGE-Gulf of Alaska to Pta. Pequena, Baja California type locality San Diego. Calif." LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay, Pigeon Point, Fossil Point, Coos Head; Yaquina Bay, Netarts." HABITAT- into mud and rock, burrows at least 3 x valve length. Prefers northeast surfaces, where algae and light are least (much like barnacles): also on cement Jetties: an impor- tant animal in erosion and concrete destruction. SALINITY--collected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATURE-geographical distribution is in cold to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal and subtidal found as high as 0.6 m (Coos Bay) broad distribution vertically. Found as low as 91 m." ASSOCIATES nestling and burrowing invertebrates; i. e. polychaetes Thelepus, Halosydna, clams Hiatella, Entodesma, Zirfaea (Coos Bay). Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious, oviparous; sexual maturity post- poned until growth stops. GROWTH RATE-average time to maturity-33 months. Unusual in having determinate growth: at about 3 years metamorphoses into non-boring adult (about 55 mm long). Crowding may induce early metamorphosisAnimals mature at smaller size in soft rock than in hard rock. LONGEVITY-lives until burrow erodes enough to make it sub- ject to predators (i.e. less than 3 x valve length), erosion rate varies with rock hardness: at Fossil Point, erosion process takes about 6 years. FOOD-a suspension feeder, using long siphons to feed. PREDATORS Stylochop/ana, Notoplana inquieta Worm enters the shell and eats the flesh, laying its eggs there. BEHAVIOR families of rock-boring bivalves.Boring is mechanical, not chemical, and in this species is done only by the young animal, after which it metamorphoses into a non-boring adult. Grinding assisted by keeping algae out of burrow with sea water, by loosening rock grains, and by ciliary currents which flush out cavity.Makes cone-shaped burrow. Bibliography 1 Evans, J W. 1967 Relationship between (Conrad. 1837) and other organisms of the rocky shore. The Verger 10(21:148-151. 2 1968 Factors modifying the morphology of the rock-boring clam, pendella penita (Conrad, 1837). Pros. Malac. Soc. London 38 111-9 3. 1968a The role of (Conrad 1837) (Family Pholadidae) as eroders along the Pacific coast of North America. Ecol 49(1): 156-9 I968b. Growth rate of the rock-boring clam Penitella penita (Conrad 1837). Ecol. 49(4) 619-28. 1970. Sexuality m the rock-boring clam (Con- rad 1837). Can. Jour. Zoo! 48`4):625-7 6. andisher, 1966 A new species of Penitella (family Pholadidae) from Coos Bay, Oregon. The Verger 814)-222-4. 7.. - and circadian growth of the rock-boring clam Can Journ Zool. 50(11).1251-8 8. Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Pp. 273-4, good family information. 9. Keen, A.M. and Coax, 1974 Pp. 73, 147. 161 10.Kennedy, G.L. 1974 West American Cenozoic Pholadidae (Mollusca Bivalwa). Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist 8: 128 pp. 11.Kofoid, C.A. al 1927. Biological section, pp. 188-343, San Francisco Bay Mar. Piling Committee. ra Relation to Marine Construction on the Pacific Coast, 357 pp. Chapt 19 Occurrence of rock boring mollusks in concrete. Pp. 301-5 12.Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key p. 86. 13.Oldroyd, I.S. 1924 Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. Univ. Wash. p. 65 as Pholadrdea penita. 14 Quayle, D.B. 1974 The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Brit. Col Prov. Mus. Victoria Handbook 17 P 88 15 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 Rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 159. 274-6, 519 16.Smith and Carlton (E.V. Coan and J. Carlton): pp 572-3, 575. 17.Turner, Ruth D. 1955. The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. 0 Martesiinae, Jouannetiinae and Xylophaginae Johnsonia (Harvard Univ.) 3.65-160. Pp. 80-5, pls. 5, 47-51. Definitive Monograph Penitello pen ito anterior umbonal -eflectio rasping surface callum sulcus ventral I. Penite//o penita x 33 elongate shell divided into two distinct parts by umbonal-ventral sulcus: bulbous anterior with callum and rasping surface, posterior with concentric striae, truncate end; siphonoplax: heavy, brown flaps; siphons long,white, smooth. 2. mesoplax, x 4.5 posterior muscle scar pallial lines yen ral muscle scar 4. interior, right valve white; divided into three sections by two pallial lines; three muscle scars; apophysis : long, spoon-shaped. x3 5.young (Penitella sp.), dorsal no callum : foot exposed. Zirfaea pilsbryi (= gabbi) the rough piddock Lowe, 1931 PHYLUM. Mollusc:a CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Myoida, Pholadina FAMILY. Pholadidae, Martesii nae Description SIZE-to 115 mm (41 ")14: largest of the boring clams; to 150 mm (6 ") in hard clay.Coos Bay (Fossil Point) specimens 75-125 mm (3-5"). COLOR-white exterior and interior. (Interior can be light salmon16). Siphons gray-white to ivory, speckled with very small (1.5-2 mm) orange chitinous spots; dark red around siphonal openings and incurrent cirri. Fool and mantle wry (preserved). SHELL SHAPE--hard, solid, elongate, oval, not globose Shells gape at both ends. Valves divided into two regions: ANTERIOR--triangular with rough tile-like radial and con- centric denticulations which can project into spines on anterior margin (fig. 1). Rasping portion covers half total valve area.No callum (calcareous anterior accessory plate, see Penitella); only protective membrane. Umbonal reflection wide, attached for less than 1/2 length: species faea.2 Anterior ventral edge of valve strongly angled (fig. 1). POSTERIOR-with concentric striations only: rounded to truncate (fig. 1). Gapes to the middle of the shell., UMBONAL VENTRAL SULCUS posterior sections of valve; conspicuous in juveniles, almost disappearing near ventral margin in older specimens.(fig. MESOPLAX-small accessory dorsal plate: only one present in this species. Weak and reduced with transverse basal flange well-developed in juvenile (fig. 4a), becoming less obvious in adult (fig. 4b). (Mesoplax often lost in collecting). SIPHONS-fused, very long (6-8 x shell length): species Zir- faea. Siphons non-retractible; covered with small chitinous discs, but without papillae or pustules. No siphonoplax (flaps around siphon, see Periostracum extends from over Y3 shell posterior to cover part of siphons." INTERIOR-strong muscle scars: no hinge or ligament: family PholadidaeJ3 Pallial sinus broad and deep, nearly to urnbo (fig. 3). APOPHYSIS (MYOPHORE)-broad, with rounded spoon-shaped end (fig. 3). BODY--foot round, truncate.16 Possible Misidentifications There are several burrowing clams; the Pholadidae can be distinguished by their distinctively marked body areas. The genus closest to and most likely to be confused with it, is Penitella. Penitella valves are also divided into two distinct sections; it differs in having a calcareous anterior callum, or ac- cessory plate (in the adult); a posterior which gapes only at the end, not to the middle of the shell (it has no anterior gape); the apophysis is narrow, not broad. No Penitella species has a siphon longer than its body; all species have retract- able siphons. There are four species of in our area: Penitella conradi is very small and is found in Mytilus or Haliotus (abalone) shells; it has a siphonoplax lined with coarse granules (Zirfaea has no siphonoplax2). Penitella gabbi is also small (up to 75 mm) with a warty, creamy-lemon colored siphon; it is not common. Penitella penita, the common piddock, has a heavy mem- braneous siphonoplax, a calcified callum and a distinctive mesoplax. Its anterior rasping surface covers less than half the valve area.It can be up to 70 mm long. Penitella turnerae is larger than P. penita (to 125 mm), and less common. It is stout, and like lacks a siphonoplax. It has a distinctive, rounded mesoplax, however, and its long, white, retractable siphons are tipped with solid red. Like faea, it has a strongly angled anterior ventral edge; unlike faea, P. turnerae has a callum. With adult specimens, it should be easy to tell from Penitella by its long, non-retractable siphon and by the mem- braneous covering of the anterior, instead of a calcareous callum. Small shells without the callum could be young Penitella as well as mature Zirfaea: size at maturity varies greatly with environmental condition. Zirfaea crispata is a small Atlantic species without chitinous spots on the siphons. It may have been introduced into Hum- boldt Bay, California with eastern oyster spat Ecological Information RANGE-Eastern Pacific: Bering Sea to San Diego, California; holotype: Bolinas Bay, California. Genus: Colder waters of northern hemisphere." LOCAL DISTRIBUTION--Coos Bay: South n, Fossil Point; Tillamook Bay, Netarts Bay, Yaquina Bay HABITAT--bores into shale, clay, sand g irt as soft rook, to depth of 10-14 16 Found mostly in estuaries, often on open coasts where soft substrates do not survive tit tightly into burrow as do some pholads. SALINITY--- TEMPERATURE to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal to keep water. ASSOCIATES nestling and burrowing clams: Hiatella, Entodesrna, Adula, etc. Pea crab Opisthobus, flat- worm Cryotophallus magnus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-can be quite dense in locally suitable condi- tions; third most abundant pholad at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, after P. penita, P. gabbi.2 Life History Information REPRODUCTION-spawning (southern California) July. GROWTH RATE--animals grow throughout life, unlike etc. LONGEVITY-7-8 years.1 FOOD-a suspension feeder. PREDATORS-flatworms. BEHAVIOR rotating shells I and scraping again. is unusual in pholads for its indeter- minate growth: it grows and burrows during its entire lifetime. Makes pear- rather than cone-shaped burrow. Bibliography 1 Evans. J W. 19 rock-boring clams (Family Pholadidae) In Trace fossils. ed. T.P.Crimes and J.0 Harper. Studies in Biology, Mem . contribution no 48, Marine Sciences Research Lab 2 and 0, Fisher. 1966. A new species of (family Pholadidae) from Coos Bay, Oregon. The Veliger 8(4).222-4 Includes valuable species characteristics comparisons. Penitella. ZIrfaea 3 Hancock, D.R. et al, 1979. Subtidal clam populations. distribution. abun- dance. and ecology. OSU Sea Grant; ORESU-T-79-002. 4 Keen, A.M. 1971 Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Pp 273-4 good family information. 5 and Coan, 1974 P. 73 6 Keep, Josiah, 1911. rev J.L. Bally, Jr 350 pp. Stanford Univ. Press. Pp 122-3 7. Kennedy. G.L. 1974. West American Cenozoic Phoiadidae (Mollusca- Bivalwa). Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist 8.128 pp. Pp. 31-6, p 113 digs 16-191. 8 Kozloff, E. 1974b. P. 85 9 MacGinitie, G.E. 1935 Ecological aspects of a California marine estuary. Amer. Midi Nat. 16:629-765, pp. 731-5. 10 and N. MacGinitie, 1947. Pp. 95, 153, 313. 344, 345, 348, 351. 11 Morris, R.N., D.B. Abbott, and E.C.Haderlie, 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California, Stanford Univ. Press. 690 pp. 200 plates. Pp 389-90, p 126 12 Packard, 1918. P 289. pl . Z. gabbi 13. Quayle, D.B. 1974. The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Brit. Col. Prov. Mus., Victoria. Handbook #17, 104 pp. Pp. 91. 102 14 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. rev . 15 Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp 572-5 (by E.V. Coan, J. Carlton) 16. Turner, R.D. 1954. The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific . y 1 3.1-63 Po. 58-62. Definitive Page 190 -, 4a. mesoplax, juvenile x5.5 strong transverse basal flange. Ear N111, 5 mm 1 4b. mesoplax, adult x 3.5 flange obscure. (both from Turner,I954) Zirfaeo pllsbryi sulcus Zirfaeo pilsbryi x1.5 actual length 93 mm elongate shell divided by umbonal ventral sulcus into anterior: triangular rasping surface, spined angled edge without cal Juni; poster truncate,, with concentric striations only; siphons long, not retractible, with small chitinous patches. 3. interior, right valve x 1 pal I ial sinus broad, deep; apophysis spoon-shaped. Bankia setacea (formerly Xylotrya) the northwest shipworm (Tryon, 1863) PHYLWA: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia; Heterodonta ORDER: Myoida FAMILY: Teredinidae Description SIZE-the largest of the shipworms, its burrows can be one inch in diameter, three feet long in uncrowded conditions, 976 mm in length, 15 mm diameter; present specimens small: shell diameter, 5 mm. COLOR-white. with brownish tinges. SHELL-bizarrely modified bivalve: reduced, sub-globular, gaping widely in front for the foot, and behind for the body 2; each small valve with three lobes: anterior, median (with three sep- arate areas), and posterior, or auricle (figs. 4a, b, c). In Bankia, the anterior lobe is fairly small, and has many numerous, close- set ridges; auricle medium sized, rounded. Apophysis (fig. 4b); attachment for some foot muscles 2 . Articulating condyles (pivots) on ventral margins (not shown).6 BODY-can vary greatly, to 1m 6 ; a long soft whitish tube connecting the calcareous shell and pallets (fig. 1). PALLETS-two calcareous, feather-like structures, attached to the animal posterior end under a fleshy collar (fig. 1); used to close the burrow when animal is disturbed; symmetrical, com- pound structures: come-in-cone segments with margins drawn out into slender projections connected by a membrane 2: (fig. 2). Visible pallets are those of dead animals. BURROW-sinuous, showing pattern of shell grinding surface; sometimes with calcareous tube (made when animals stop boring; burrows deep into wood, not just along surface. Possible Misidentifications Teredo navalis, the common cosmopolitan shipworm, was in- troduced to San Francisco around 1910 2. It is rare in Puget Sound, and probably also in Oregon. Teredinidae are distinguish- ed almost entirely by their pallets, there being such variation in shell shape. Teredo sp. has simple pallets, without the separate conical elements of Bankia. Teredo causes more damage than Bankia, being much more adaptable to extremes of tempera- ture and salinity. Teredo navalis is usually much smaller than Bankia setacea; its burrows are nearer the surface: Other Bankia species are warm water animals, and do not range north of San Diego2. Ecological Information RANGE-Kodiak Island to San Diego: type locality: San Francisco Bay. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION coasts and estuaries; Coos Bay: Charleston boat basin. HABITAT floating or piles: great efforts have been made to discourage settlement; some of man repellents slow, but do not completely deter the shipworm. Does not burrow in buried wood.6 SALINITY-prefers full strength sea water of open oceans. Doesn tolerate reduced salt conditions. 8 Can live in waters above 50% seawater.6 TEMPERATURE-likes cold; eggs laid during coldest months; limits (Puget Sound): 7-123. TIDAL LEVEL-sea level down to "mudline"; as deep as 200 feet (Monterey Bay) densest one foot above mudlinel. ASSOCIATES-small isopods: Limnoria, a borer, and non- boring species; sphaeromids, asellota; laniropsis kincaidi der- jugini was found in Charleston harbor with Bankia. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-as many as 240/sq. ft. at 200 ft. deep 2 fewer in shallower water2 Life History Information REPRODUCTION all young are first males; about half de- velop into females later. 6 Eggs laid and fertilization occurs outside burrows during coldest temperatures; planktotrophic larvae have long pelagic life (can swim up to four weeks) many eggs, 2 few larvae. Larvae (0.25 mm long and looking like typical clams) must settle on wood or perish.6 GROWTH RATE-settlement greatest in fall. begins again in spring (Friday Harbor) 3, in Monterey. settlement greatest in Feb- ruary, numbers never high in any one month: initial boring done by larva; pin-sized hole enlarged within as animal grows. Growth rate temperature dependent: slowest under 10 (a y . 50 mm/no.), fastest at over 10. (a y . 100 mm/mo.); greatest indivi- dual growth: 610 mm/5 mos; greatest burrow diameter, 12 mm Quayle, 56, 59, inl. LONGEVITY-longest lived individuals 8-14 months in Monterey Bay study2. FOOD-wood: shipworms are able to digest cellulose. Also eats plankton.6 PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR Bankia follow grain of wood. Burrows are parallel and do not intersect. Can destroy untreated soft wood in less than a year.6 Bibliography 1. Haderlie, E. C. and J. C. Miller, 1973. Settlement, growth rates and depth preference of the shipworm Bankia setacea (Tryon) in Monterey Bay. Veliger 15:265-286. 2. Hill, C. L. and C. A. Kofoid, eds. 1927. Marine Borers and their Relation to Marine Construction on the Pacific Coast. Final Report, San Fran- cisco Bay Marine Piling Committee, San Francisco. 357 pp. C. A. Kofoid and R. C. Miller: Biological Section, pp. 188-343. 3. Johnson, M. W. and R. C. Miller. 1935. The seasonal settlement of ship- worms, barnacles, and other wharfpile organisms at Friday Harbor. Washington. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 2:(5):1-18. 4. Kozloff, 1974a. Brief natural history, pp. 95-96. 5. 1974 b. key, p. 82. 6. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 393-4. 7. Quayle, D. B., 1953. The larvae of Bankia setacea Tryon. Rprt. Brit. Col. Dept. Fisheries for 1951:88-91. Also: 1956: The British Columbia shipworm (1955:92-104); and 1959, The growth rate of Bankia setacea Tryon, pp. 175-183, In Marine boring and fouling organisms, Wash Univ. Press, Seattle. 8. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971, pp. 359-360. 9. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key and list, figures pp. 575-576. 10.Turner, R. D., 1966. A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, 265 pp. 11.Tryon, G. W. 1863. Contributions towards a monography of the order of Pholadacea, with descriptions of new species, 2. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 15:143-145. Original description, as Xylotrya setacea. Page 192 Bankia setacea medial ant. mid. post. shell a. left lateral showing lobes. dorsal I Bankic setaceo actual shell diameter: 5 mmi (can be up to 15 mm); 2. pallet x 12 cone-in-cone segments with slender projections, connecting membrane. x2 3.shipworm burrows x4 c. dorsal several sizes, some calcareous; pallet of dead animal. 4.a.,b.,c., shell x Entodesma saxicola (= Lyonsia) the rock-dwelling entodesma (Baird, 1863) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Biy aly ia, Anomalodesmata ORDER: Pholadomyoida FAMILY: Lyonsiidae Description SIZE-to 150 mm (6 inches) 8; largest of family (Dall in 6); (this specimen 60 mm long, 40 mm wide). COLOR-exterior white but covered with abundant brown, transversely striated periostracum. Interior pink, nacreous (pearly): family Lyonsiidae.9 SHELL SHAPE-oblong (valves longer than high); posterior gaping, truncated; shells strongly deformed by nestling habit. Exterior rough, with concentric striations, coarse or irregular ribs,or not radial ribs.Ventral margins flex, gape; left valve slightly larger than right. 6 Shell brittle, breaks easily. BEAKS-large, incurved 6; close to anterior end (fig. 2); urn- bones do not touch" (fig. 2). INTERIOR-pearly and iridescent; pallial line solid, not in patches 9; pallial sinus obscure, angular 6; two adductor mus- cle scars of equal size (different shapes) (fig. 3). HINGE AREA-no true teeth or chondrophore (fig. 3). LIGAMENT-internal: family Lyonsiidae. 9 Ligament is small, reinforced with a large lithodesma or ossicle, a calcareous plate (fig. 3). PERIOSTRACUM-coarse, heavy, does not extend beyond shell posterior (not shown). Periostracum often cracks shell as it dries; this can be prevented in collecting by applying a lubri- cant like vaseline. SIPHONS-short, not red-tipped (not shown). BYSSUS-(attachment threads): species characteristic s (not shown). Possible Misidentifications Of the nestling or burrowing clams of our estuarine rocky in- tertidal, most of the pholads can be immediately distinguished from Entodesma by their file-like denticulations anteriorly, and by the two distinct sections of each valve (see Penitella, Zir- faea). The nestling habit of some clams can distort shell shape and make identification difficult: i.e. Protothaca staminea var. orbella). Hiatella arctica ( = Saxicava) is a very similar, often de- formed nestling clam. It can be most easily told from Ento- desma by its white, porcelain-like interior(not pink and pearly), and by its broken pallial line. It also has very distinctive red- tipped siphons, which Entodesma does not. Petricola carditoides has an external ligament and 2-3 car- dinal hinge teeth, as well as some radial sculpture. It is chalky white, with purple-tipped siphons,and usually is narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. It lives in pholad burrows. A myid clam, P/atyodon cancellatus, is another rock dweller, but it is a burrower, not a nestler. 8.9 It has a chondrophore and tooth in its hinges, fine, almost lamellar concentric exterior sculpture, and a white interior" with a well-developed pallial sinus. Of Entodesma family, Lyonsiidea, Lyonsia sp. is not dis- torted by nestling, and has fine radial lines and a pearly ex- terior. Two species, L. californica from mud and a northern one, L. pugettensis from sand, could be present. There is another species of Entodesma, E. inflatum, smaller (up to 25 mm) and lighter in color than E. saxicola. It lives in compound ascidians 9 or in sponges (called L. (E.) inflata by Kozloff). Ecological Information RANGE-Aleutian Islands to San Diego, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: Fossil Point. HABITAT-among rocks in crevices and abandoned pholad burrows; also attached by byssus to floats, pilings. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal; subtidal to 45 fathoms. ASSOCIATES-other nestling and burrowing molluscs: Hiatella, Zirfaea, Penitella, etc. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common (Puget Sound 8 ); present but not common in Oregon. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-hermaphroditic, with external fertilization: eggs and sperm emitted alternatively.8 GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-suspension feeder. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR-adapts to its particular rocky niche by changing its shell shape as it grows. Bibliography 1. Keen, A.M. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1971. Stanford Univer- sity Press, 1064 pp. P. 291, family and general information only. 2. and Goan, 1974. pp. 87, 147, 159. 3. Keep, Josiah, 1911. West Coast Shells, rev. 1935, J.L. Bally, Jr. Stanford U. Press, 350 pp.; p. 128. 4. Kozloff, E. 1974b. Key, p. 88, as Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxicola. 5. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 394. 6. Oldroyd, I. S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. U. Wash. Press. p. 32 7. Packard, 1918. p. 262 8. Quayle, D. B. 1974. The intertidal bivalves of British Columbia. Brit. Col. Prov. Mus., Victoria. Handbook #17, 104 pp. p. 70. 9. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 575-7. 10. Yonge, C. M. 1952. Studies on Pacific Coast molluscs. V. Structure and adaptation in Entodesma saxicola (Bivalve) and Mytilimeria nuttalli Con- rad, with a discussion on evolution within the family Lyonsiidae (Eulamelli- branchia). U. Calif. Publ. Zool. 55:439-50. Page 194 4. interior, right valve anterior beak Entodesmo soxico/o posterior I. x 2. actual length 60 mm shell oblong, deformed; concentric striations, rough periostracum; beaks near anterior ends posterior truncate. 2 dorsal view beaks large, incurved; umbones not touching; posterior gaping. 3. interior, left valve pearly, iridescent; hinge area without teeth or chondrophore; lithodesma reinforces internal ligament, pal lial line solid, pallial sinus present but obscure. Collisella digitalis (= Acmaea) a fingered limpet (Rathke, 1833) PHYLUM: Molluscs CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Archeogastropoda, Pateltacea FAMILY: Acmaeidae Page 196 Description SIZE-about 25 mm (one inch); largest 30 mm 4 ; average under 15 mm 13 ; this specimen 20 mm, COLOR-greenish gray to dull brown; large solitary animals sometimes more brilliantly marked 13 ; ribs usually not lighter than spaces between them"; always a solid brown spot wl- shapedinside shell on the apex (fig. 3); a horseshoe-shaped muscle scar open at the anterior end (fig. 3)5 SHELL SHAPE-oval, caplike, fairly high elevation (but not all as high as this specimen, fig. 2); apex above or even overhang- ing anterior margin, forming hook. Strong rough ribs on posterior slope, forming moderately scalloped edge (fig. 1), may be absent on anterior slope. Posterior convex, anterior concave (fig. 2). BODY-no dark spots on head or sides of foot: species characteristic; a pair of uncini (flap-like structures) on basal plate of radula (inside mouth), a remnant cf marginal teeth,: genus Coll/se/la. This characteristic observable only by a drying and staining lab preparation. (Not figured.) Possible Misidentifications There may be as many as 15 species of rocky intertidal limpets on our coast; few are as adaptable as C. digitalis in tolerating different habitats, especiaiiy in estuaries. (C. digitalis and C. pelts are the only limpets which penetrate very far into Coos Bay estuary). Collisella pelta, sometimes estuarine, has heavy ribs like C. digitalis, but lacks the concave anterior slof,e. et Inc: latter (its anterior slope is convex). Its apex is suhcentrai, not near the anterior margin; its ribs are usually equally developed on all slopes, and it is smoother than C. digitalis. It can have a pattern of radial bands or of white checks. It occurs at lower tidal levels than does C. digitalis. The above limpets of the fan-illy Acmaeidae differ from the Patellidae in having only a single ctenidium ,leather-shaped gill): (figure 4). Other genera of Acinaeidae besices Collisella, above, cannot be keyed by shell atone: differences in radula are important as well.General ways of distinguishing them by shell include the following: Acmaea sp. have a nearly central apex, the shell is white to pink-rayed, and the radula is adapted for browsing on coralline algae. They are chiefly sublittoral. (The name Acmaea once en- compassed those limpets now called Collisella and Notoacmea. These have now been divided Collisella sp. have uncini (marginal teeth) on the radula; they have fine to heavy radial ribs and an apex anterior to the center as well as a con- vex posterior slope. Notoacrnea lack the uncini on the margin of the radula; they are not heavily ribbed, the apex can be subcentral to quite anterior.) Notoacrnea persona, a nocturnal limpet preferring shade and caves as a habitat, has an anterior apex directed anteriorly, and a straight anterior slope; the posterior slope is convex. The surface has fine regular striae, not strong ribs. N. persona can he large (53 mm) and is found above Collisella in the tidal zone. 3 It is chiefly an inhabitant of the open coast, but has been found in quiet waters in Puget Sound., Notoacmea scutum is a thick shelled, rather flat limpet with a subcentral apex, a coarse sculpture of flat ridges, (actual radial lines). It is occasionally found in bays (Puget Sound). Two other species of Collisella have heavy ribbing, and could be confused with C. digitalis; they also inhabit similar territory, at least on the outer coast. The chief inhabitant of the high splash zone is the rough limpet, C. scabra, with strongly projec- ting ribs, a strongly scalloped margin, low profile, and both posterior and anterior slope being convex. It has distinctive black spots on its head and on the sides of its foot. It prefers gently sloping or horizontal surfaces. Its range is generally too far south for Oregon. C, strigatella, formerly C. paradigitalis, was once thought to be a ybridof A. digitalis and A. pelta," It is the closest species to C. digitalis, but is smoother, has fine radial lines, but no ribs; a convex posterior, slightly concave anterior slope, and is only to 20 mm in length. its apex is often eroded. The interior is glossy, bluish white with brown stains, and with the outside pattern showing through.The animal is com- pletely white. This species is found with C. digitalis at Coos Head, just inside the bay entrance, under marine conditions., Ecological Information RANGE-Unalaska Island south to Guadalupe Island, Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -outer coast; bays: Coos Bay-Coos Head, lower South Slough. HABITAT-prefers steep slopes in upper (splash) zone pilings (in bays); tolerates ariable and hazardousconditions mud, swirling sand, debris, industrial pollution, sewage, strong wave action. In lower levels (Rickettszone 2) lives among barnacles, algae on flat surfaces. This specimen on a log. Avoids dessica- tion but tolerates and requires aerial conditionsFound on ir- tually all hard substrates." SALINITY-tolerates a wide range, from concentrated sea water to fresh water." TEMPERATURE-a cold water species; tolerates high temperatures less well than does C. scabra." Found more commonly in winter than summer (central California"). TIDAL LEVEL-oldest and largest animals are found highest found from higher high tides up into splash zone (Rickettszone 1); adapted to dessication better than most limpets, and is never found permanently submerged"; lower limit: zone 2, at about mean high water. ASSOCIATES-in flat areas of zone 2: algae, barnacles, amphi- pods Orchestoidea, Orchestia; gribble Limnoria, littorine snails, insects (springtails). On vertical rock surfaces, Coos Head: C. paradigitalis (strigatella), Balanus glandula, Littorina scutulata, Collisella pelts (at lower limit).On pilings: Balanus. In California: Collisella scabra, Lotto gigantea (at lower limit). Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-most common upper intertidal limpet in Oregon within its range, common from Monterey north. Tends to aggregate." Life History Information REPRODUCTION-separate sexes; eggs and sperm shed into sea; length of planktonic life unknown.Spawning winter and spring peak recruitment: spring, GROWTH RATE-very consistent fastest fall and winter. stopped in summer; growth decreased by crowding. LONGEVITY-occasionally six years. FOOD-encrusting microalgae: blue greens, diatoms. PREDATORS-sea stars, oyster catchers; shorebirds, Pachy- grapus.12 BEHAVIOR-does not omeprecisely like C. scabra, but has a home rangeHas a seasonal vertical migration: higher in winter (with higher waves). Secretes mucus sheet between itself and substrate to aid in slowing dessication. and because it doesn fit precisely into the rock. Can accumulate large concentrations of lead (ie. animals under Golden Gate Bridge).12 Bibliography 1. Frank, P W. 1965a The bodemography of an intertidal snail population Ecology 46(61:831-44 2 1965b Growth or three species of Aorriaea. Veliger 7(3)201-2 (pelta, digitalis , paradigitalis). 3. Fritchman. H.K. 1961-2 A study of the reproductive cycles in the Califor nia Acrnaddae (Gastropoda). parts I-111 The Veliger 3.57-63: 95-101. 4(3).134-40. 4 Haven, S.B. 1971 Niche differences in the intertidal limpets Acmaea scabra and Acmaea digitalis (Gastropoda) in central Cahfornia The Veliger 13:23148. 5 Keen, A. M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford Universi- ty Press, 1064 pp. Pp 323f 6 and Coan, 1974. Pp. 21. 133, 4, 153. 7 Keep. J. 1935 West Coast Shells rev. J.L. Bally, Jr. Stanford Univ. Press, 350 pp. P. 172. 8. Koziol f, E. 1974a Pp 121, 128, 255 9 1974b Key. 4651. 10 McLean, J.H 1978 Rev. Ed. Marine shells of southern California. Los Angeles County Mus. Nat. Series 24. 104 pp. 11. Millard, C.P. 1968. The clustering behavior digitalis. The Veliger 11. Supplement, pp. 45-51. 12 Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980 Pp 241-2 13. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 22, 25f, 291, 192, 237, 507f 14 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 473-8. 15.Test, A R.G. 1945 Ecology of California Acmaea Ecology 26(4) 395-405 16. 1946 Speciation in limpets of the genus Contrib. Lab Vert. Zool. U. Mich. 31. 24 pp. 17.Wolcott, TO. 1973. Physiology, ecology and interzonation in limpets (Ac- maea), a critical look at imiting factors Biol. Bud. 145,389422. anterior posterior 3. shel I interior x 4solid brown spot at apex) horse-shoe shaped muscle scar anterior Colliseki digito/is I.Co/lisello x 4 dorsal actual length 2 cm; strong ribs; scalloped edge; rough surface. 2. lateral x 4 moderate elevation; apex hook-like, near anterior end, anterior slope concave; posterior slope convex. 4.schematic of animal ,ventral Collisella pelta (=Acmaea) the shield, or helmet limpet (Rathke, 1833) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Archeogastropoda, Patellacea FAMILY: Acmaeidae Description SIZE-25mm can reach 40 mm farther north this specimen, 32.5 mm. COLORxtremely variable; called the brown and white shield limpet by Ricketts 2; gray, slightly raised ribs with white between them; some specimens without ribs, but with a checkered or striped pattern. Slightly hooked apex eroded. SHELL SHAPElevated (height usually greater than 1/3 length 3 ; surface with fine regular ribbing; anterior space straight or very slightly concave: apex subcentral, very slightly directed anteriorly (fig. 2); posterior slope slightly convex, nearly straight.Margin slightly scalloped. INTERIORlue gray to white, with subapical brown spot (fig. 3), arid horseshoe-shaped muscle scar joined by a thin, faint line (fig. 3).6 YOUNGome subadults (over 6 mm) with dark brown ex- terior, lustrous, smooth and with fine radial sculpture, living on alga Egregia. Interior light brown to gray, with postapical brown spot. (Notoacmaea insessa, to whom these subadult peltas are so similar, is dark brown inside.) Possible Misidentifications Although a very many species of limpets of the family Acmaeidae occur on our coast; only about four are found in estuarine conditions. These belong to two genera, Collisella and Notoacmea, both of which have a horseshoe-shaped muscle scar on the shell interior, joined by a thin curved line; an apex anterior to the center; and various coloration, but not pink-rayed or white. These two genera differ mainly in that Collisella has a pair of uncini or teeth on the radula (not figured), while Notoacmea does not. Also, Notoacmea sp. are usually not heavily ribbed, while Collisella species are.5 Collisella digitalis, the common fingered limpet, differs from C. pelta in having an apex very close to or even overhanging the anterior margin, which forms a strong hook; its anterior slope is concave. This species has strong raised ribs and a moderately scalloped edge; its rough ribs may show only on the posterior slope. It occurs higher in the tidal range than does C. pelta. Collisella strigatella, once thought to be a hybrid of Acmaea digitalis and A. pelta, has been found just inside Coos Bay. Like C. digitalis, it has a hooked apex near the anterior margin, and a slightly concave anterior slope. It is small, growing only up to 20 mm, and smooth, with fine radial lines but no ribs. A bay dwelling form of Collisella limatula, C. I. moerchii, has a higher elevation than fhe usual form of that species. It has buff and dark mottling, or greenish brown with white bands; its ribs are imbricated (set like tiles); its edges are serrated. It has not been found as far north as Oregon. Notoacmea scutum, found only occasionally in bays, is thick shelled, rather flat, with a coarse sculptured surface.It sometimes has radial lines quite like those of C. pelta. It has a subcentral apex and a low elevation and is often filmed with Notoacmea persona is also found in hays. It is large, noctur- nal and smooth. it has an anterior hooked apex and is dark brown with white checked edges. Young C. pelta can resemble the limpet Notcacmea insessa which lives only on the marine alga Egregia. N. insessa adults are brown, translucent and smooth. (See young, above). Ecological Information RANGEleutian Islands to Punto Santo Tomas, Baja California.12 LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay. South Slough. HABITAT onrocks (locally), also with various algae in mus- sel beds 13 , eurytopic South Slough: on floats, under rocks. SALINITY--collected at 30 oleo seawater. TIDAL LEVELust below C. digitalis and N. persona (Puget Sound); on rocks usually uncovered by the tide. On outer coastpper mid- to lower mid-intertidal. ASSOCIATESollisella digitalis; in mussel/barnacles associa- tion on pilings. With . algae Egregia, Postelsia Laminaria, Endociadia. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEot common in bays; relatively common on outer coast. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONeparate sexes; eggs and sperm shed into sea; length of planktonic life unknown.Active throughout year; spawns at sea temperatures of 48.560.3 GROWTH RATE probably grow faster than C. digitalis; to 30 mm in 3 years." LONGEVITY FOOD grazing herbivore, especially on red and brown algae." PREDATORSeastars: Pisaster ochraceus for which it has developed an escape mechanism. BEHAVIOR -- Bibliography 1 A Naturalist Seashore Guide, Mad River Press, Arcata, Cahf. 205 pp. Pp. 108-110. 2 Frank, P.W. 1965. Growth of three species of Acmaea. Veliger 7(3):201-2 (pelta, digitalis, paradigitalis). 3 Fritchman. H.K., II. 1962. A study of the reproductive cycles in the Califor- nia Acmaeidae (Gastropoda), part W. The Veliger 4(3):134-40. 4 Jobe, A. 1968. A study of morphological variation in the limpet Acmaea pelts. The Veliger, 11 Supplement:69-72. (The entire Supplement is de- voted to the biology of Acmaea). 5 Keen, A.M. 1971 Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford Univer- sity Press, 1064 pp Pp. 322-7. 6. and Coan, 1974. P. 21 7. Keep, J. 1935. rev. J L. Bally, Jr. West Coast Shells Stanford University Press, 350 pp. P. 171. 8 Kozlaff. E. 1974a Pp. 90. 114, 128-9, 140, 255. 9 1974b. Pp. 50-1. to Margolin, A S. 1964. A running response of Acmaea to seastars Ecology 45(1)4 91-3. 11 Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. Pp. 244-5. 12. 507/. 13 Smith and Carlton, 1975 P 473-81, 501 Page ,98 anterior Co/Ilse/14a pelt I. Coll/se/lc pe/ta x 3 actual length 32.5 mm, width 24mm; uniform gray. low ribs; apex subcentral; margin slightly scalloped. apex anterior 2. lateral view, x 3 actual height 17 mm anterior slope straight, posterior slope slightly convex. apex subcentral, slightly hooked. 3. interior horseshoe-shaped muscle scar joined by thin line; subapica I brown spot. PHYLUM: MolluscaTegula funebralis cuss: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Archeogastropodathe black turban or top shell snail (A. Adams, 1855) FAMILY: Trochidae, Monodontinae Description SIZE-to 50 mm or more high," usually less than 25 mm this specimen 20 mm diameter, 17 mm high. COLOR-exterior purplish-black, not shiny; with white eroded apex. Gray when dry. Interior white with a black margin; a pearly or "rainbow" deep interior patch. White around col- umeila.(fig. 1) SHELL SHAPE-strong; four inflated whorls; rather top-shaped, (conical) with a flat base; round aperture, nearly round, horny operculum: family Trochidae.Small snails are about as high as wide (figs. 1, 2); older ones become higher than wide. SCULPTURE-below the suture is an impressed line,or a scaly band". "foliaceous incremental (Pilsbry, 1889 in ") (figs. 1. 2). Whorls "spirally lirate," i.e. having up to 17 thread-like spiral lines (figs. 1, 2); sometimes smooth except for base, or strongly sculptured above (fig. 2). UMBILICUS-covered by a callus, nearly always closed " (fig. 3). Specimens with an open umbilicus do not have a flange be- tween umbilicus and aperture. COLUMELLA-spirally twisted,with two denticles (nodes) near base (fig. 3), lower node worn or indistinct. APERTURE-round, complete; no anterior notch or canal (fig. 3): aperture length less than shell length. OUTER LIP-smooth, black-rimmed, without sculpture (fig. 3). OPERCULUM- thin: round, numerous spiral lines; horny, not calcareous (fig. 4). RADULA-with a single central tooth; 5-7 pointed lateral teeth, 8-10 marginal teeth (fig. 6). FOOT-long, relatively narrow; with epipodal tentacles along sides: family Trochidae (four on each side: species funebralis (fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications The Trochidae are herbivorous, conical snails, pearly within, with round, entire apertures and thin horny circular opercula. The Turbinidae, a similar family, are also conical, but they have a calcareous operculum, and are represented here only by Astraea, a large subtidal and offshore species. The other common genus of the Trochidae is Calliostoma, a conical top shell, which is distinguished from Tegula chiefly by its lack of denlicles or nodes on the columella. Its whorls are not inflated like Tegula. Calliostoma is found on the outer shores, not in bays; it has many spiral ribs, no umbilicus, and various distinctive colorations. Snails of the genus Tegula have strong columellar nodes, a round, thin, horny operculum with many spiral lines, and a pearly interior. They sometimes have a periostracum. The three other species of Tegula found on the Pacific coast are not known to be estuarine: Tegula montereyi probably does not occur above Bolinas Bay, north of San Francisco; it occupies the low intertidal off- shore zone, often in kelp beds. This species is brown, with a strong, open umbilicus and a strictly conical (not inflated) profile. Tegula pulligo, in California; it is the dominant Tegula in Puget Sound,where it occurs in open coasts and in protected situations. T. pulligo has an open umbilicus with the inner lip produced into a flange (it is closed in T funebralis). It has a brown (not purple or black) periostracum; its basic color is brown or gray, sometimes with orange, white or brown spots on the edge. Its habitat is open rocky beaches. Tegula brunnea, the brown turban, is the closest to T. funebralis in Oregon; it does not seem to occur in Puget Sound,and is very common on the outer shores in Oregon and around San Francisco." It has only one node on the columella, as opposed to T. funebralistwo; its shell is brown or orange brown, and it lacks the scaly subsutural band of funebralis." T. brunnea is found lower in the intertidal than funebralis, or in off- shore kelp beds near the surface; probably never in estuaries. Tegula gallina, the speckled tegula, is gray to green, lacks the scaly subsutural band, and is found south of Santa Barbara. It T. the radulae are quite Ecological Information RANGE-Vancouver, B.C.. to central Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-marine portions of large Oregon estuaries; Coos Bay: Pigeon Point. HABITAT-avoids exposed outer coast situations" although it is found in rocky protected outer tidepools; marine portions of estuaries in rocky situations amongst seaweedStrongly built: can withstand surf. Females found in more exposed places than males at iow tide.Species is negatively phototactic: seeks the light." SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt. Cannot withstand con- tinued exposure to low salinity. TEMPERATURE-found in temperate waters only. With black color can get quite warm during exposure to sun at low tides. TIDAL LEVEL-on outer shores, most common at high inter- tidal (2-0 m; found in midintertidal as well." In estuary found at 0- + 1 ft. Small snails settle high, live there 5-6 years, then migrate to lower levels (to +0.6- -0.2 m"). ASSOCIATES-on outer coast: slipper shell Crepidula and several limpets (Collisella) which can be predatory. Empty shells used by hermit crabs. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-this specimen 4 gr. wet, with shell. ABUNDANCE-most abundant mid-intertidal grazer. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious; eggs and sperm exuded into water. Sexes can be determined by color of foot sole: males are light, females darker; female gonad bright green from egg yolk. Egg masses gelatinous, about 3 mm diameter; several hundred eggs, about 0.19 mm diameter. Breeding probably once a year"; reproductive size of snails 14 mm." Planktonic veliger larvae emerge on 7th day, settle 12th day. Long life of T funebralis ensures increased lifetime reproductive effort. LONGEVITY-lives up to 30 years; average age may be 10 years. GROWTH RATE-young snails grow rapidly: from 4-5.6 mm and 27 mg. a y . wt. (June) to 5.6-9.8 mm. 177.3 mg (following March)." California snails do not show growth rings of Oregon snails, which in older animals reveal an annual winter cessation of growth. FOOD-"a catholic feeder" almost any common alga. Prefers Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, Rhodo- glossum affine, Gigartina canaliculata: i.e. available, will eat encrusting green alga, Ralfsia pacifica, detritus. PREDATORS-Pisaster ochraceus in low intertidal. Although Tegula is not its preferred prey, Pisaster can consume over V4 the available snails. , Possibly limpet Collisella; carnivorous snail Nucella; crab Cancer antennarius. BEHAVIOR-larger animals migrate to lower intertidal. Species is sedentary, aggregates at low tide, moves up to rock tops at nighttime high tides (not diurnal ones)." Territory: tends to live in a radius of about 1.5 m for months; a daily movement of about 1m.Snails move well on rocks, are clumsy on sand. They place pebbles on the foot to alter balance." Escape predators by sensory perception (seastars), or by crawling onto top of predator shell (carnivorous snails). Bibliography 1 Abbott, D P. L J H Phillips, and R H Stonier. eds 1964 The Veliger 6 (Supplement) The biology of Tegula funebralis - ed Abbott. Blinks, Phillips. 82 pp. 2. Frank. P.W. 1965 Shell growth in a natural population of the turban snail Tegula funebralis. Growth.29:395-403. 3 1975 Latitudinal variation in the life history features of Tegula funebralis (Prosobranchia. Trochidae). Mar. Biol. 31.181-92. 4 Fritchman, H.K II. 1965 The radulae of Tegula species from the west coast of North America and suggested intragenenc r elationships. The Veliger 8(1J11-14 5 Griffith, L.M. 1975. The intertidal univalves of British Columbia Brit. Col Prov. Mus., Handbook 26.1101, p. 26. 6 Keen and Coan. 1974. Pp. 33, 134, 158. 7 Keep. Josiah, 1911 Rev. 1935, J L. Bally. Stanford Press, 350 pp. P. 53 8. Kozloff. E. 1974b Key, p 52. 9. McLean, J.H. 1969 Marine shells of southern California. Los Angeles Co Mus. Natur. Sci Ser. 24, Zool 11. 104 pp. P. 21 10 Merriman, J.A. 1967. Systematic implications of radular structures of west coast species of Tegula. The Veliger 9399-403 11 Morris, R H., D P. Abbott, and EC. Haderlie, 1980 Intertidal Invertebrates of Callforma. Stanford lim y Press 690 pp.. 200 plates. P. 253, pl. 75 12 Oldroyd, I S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity, Univ. Wash 271 pp. P. 171. 13. Packard, 1918 P 312, pl. 36. 14. Paine, R.T. 1979. The Pisasfer-Tegula interactionPrey patches, predator food preference and intertidal community structure. Ecol. 50(6):950-61. 15 1971 Energy flow in a natural population of the herbivorous gastropod Tegula funebralis. brood. Oceanogr. 1686-98. 16. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 33i, 49f, 152, 508 17. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 485, 502. Page 200 ctenidium mantle edge cephalictentacle epipodial 5.schematic dissection, left si detace (from Macdonald a Maino,1964,Vel. Suppl.) spiral caecurn 6.radular teeth xi one large central tooth; 5-7 pointed lateral teeth. 8-10 marginal teeth, last one serrated. (from Fritchman,1963). I. Tegula funebra/is ventral x 5 actual height 17 mm, diameter 20 mm 4 whorls, inflated; eroded spire; elevated lamellae below suture; thread-like spiral sculpture on whorls. base fiat. 3. anterior, x 4.5 aperture round, complete; columella white, interior pearly; umbilicus closed; 2 nodes near columella base, Tegulo funebrolis 2. variation x 3 strong sculpture on sutures and on whorls. 4. operculum x 4 round, horny, thin; many spiral lines. Littorina scutulata the checkered littorine or periwinkle Gould, 1849 PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Mesogastropoda FAMILY: Littorinidae Description SIZE-2-9 mm high, rarely over 10 mm. This specimen 9 mm (fig. 1). COLOR-pattern of checks: dark brown, purple or black and white, on erfectspecimens; but many are eroded or en- crusted with algae, etc. Pattern may be of checks, splotches, zig-zags or fine vertical and/or horizontal etched lines. Never with strong spiral sculpture. Interior nearly always purple. SHELL SHAPE-shell solid, not thin; taller than wide; conical, four whorls, No columellar groove (inner lip) or chink: growth lines of whorl come right to edge of inner lip (fig. 1). OPERCULUM-horny, solid trap door, with spiral lines, covering aperture (fig. la). ANIMAL-dissection, (fig. 3); Littorina sp. lack posterior or metapodial tentacles, have only cephalic tentacles.16 Possible Misidentifications A similar but smaller genus of another family is Lacuna, the small hinkshell, which has a groove, or chink, between the large whorl and the columella; Littorina lacks this groove. The Lacunidae are often found in eelgrass, (Littorina is not), and are never in the upper intertidal area, as Littorina often is.9 Other species of the genus Littorina, sharing the solid shell, and the absence of columellar groove, include at least three other species: Littorina planaxis is an inhabitant of the outer intertidal rocks, although found in Puget Sound, and occasionally in more marine parts of Oregon estuaries. It is stout and globose, and usually larger than L. scutulata,2 with a broad, flat, polished columella. 8 L. planaxis is essentially a southern form, although it does occur occasionally in Puget Sound, 1and its niche is generally taken over northwards at about Cape Arago, Ore- gon, by Littorina sitkana.15 Littorina sitkana, a fat, globose littorine, has a rounded col- umella, and strong spiral ridges on its whorls; it can be white to black, but is often a yellowish brown. 9 A smaller variety was for- merly called L. rudis. It can be strongly striped, or rough and striated. It is fairly common in salt marshes, and can be up to 15 mm high. 9 (See plate). Littorina (Algamorda) newcombiana (= subrotundata) is a small, rare salt marsh littorine originally thought to be a freshwater snail. It is light colored, with four rounded whorls, usually striped; the shell is smooth, thin and covered with a brown periostracum; the aperture is almost circular. It is only about 5 mm long, and has a simple gap, (not a groove) between the whorl and the columella.It is found quite high in the inter- tidal area of the marsh. Littorina littorea, is an Atlantic species introduced into California bays 100 years ago; it is quite thick-shelled, globose and colored brown to black, with fine dark spiral bands.It has not yet been reported from Oregon.16 Ecological Information RANGE-Sitka, Alaska to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-outer coast and bays; Coos Bay: South Slough; Siuslaw River, near Florence." HABITAT-rocks, pilings; this specimen on rock on muddy beach; occasionally in salt marshes, but rarely if ever in eel- grass.9 Very tolerant of near-terrestrial conditions. SALINITY-found near full sea water on the open coast, as well as in conditions of somewhat reduced salinity. 16 Doesn penetrate upper (and fresher) parts of estuary (Coos Bay): tolerance level about 22-24 o/oo seawater." TEMPERATURE-found over a wide range. TIDAL LEVEL-never more than a few feet above high tide line; found at higher levels in salt marshes; "just above the reach of the waves, along the shores of the entire bay" (San Francisco). 14 ASSOCIATES-barnacle Balanus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-relatively common in rocky areas 2; probably the most common littorine in bays, as well, at least in more open coastal habitats. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious (separate sexes); most copulation occurs in spring and summer-en masse. A similar European species (L. littorea) will lay up to 5000 eggs; one month later the fertilized eggs will be seen in small single or double capsules. , 5 Egg cases are pelagic-gelatinous capsules float easily. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- herbivorous; littorines rasp microscopic, and par- ticularly macroscopic, algae from rocks.Macro: Cladophora, Pelvetia, Rhodoglossum; micro: Endocladia; unicellular green and blue green algae; diatoms.4 PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR in a ome territory they stay in a small area near a certain pool. "Emerge by night, and submerge by day."12 Bibliography 1.Abbott, R.T. 1968. Seashells of North America. Golden Press, New York, 280 pp. Pp. 80-2. 2. Brusca, G.J. and R.C. Brusca, 1978. A Naturalist Seashore Guide; Mad River Press, Arcata, Calif. 205 pp. Pp. 110-1. 3. Castenholz, R.W. 1961. The effect of grazing on marine littoral diatom populations. Ecology 42:783-94. 4 Dahl, A.L. 1964. Macroscopic algal foods of Littorina planaxis Philippi and Littorina scutulata Gould. 5. Foster, M.S. 1964. Microscopic algal food of Littorina planaxis Philippi and Littorina scutulata Gould (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata). The Veliger 7(2):149-52. 6. Hyman, L.H. 1967. The Invertebrates: Vol. VI Mollusca Part I. McGraw-Hill, N. Y 792 pp. P 206. . 7. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp. 43, 134, 155. 8. Keep, Josiah. 1935. West Coast Shells. Rev. J.L. Baily, Jr. Stanford University Press, 350 pp. Pp. 197-200. 9. Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 120, 121, 125, 248, 249, 255, 262, pl. XXVI. 10. 1974b. Key, p. 56. 11.Matthews, Robert. 1979. A comparative study of preferred salinities among South Slough snails. Unpublished student report. Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, Oregon 97420. 8 pp. 12.Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 259. 13. North, W.J. 1954. Size distribution, erosive activities and gross metabolic efficiency of the marine intertidal snails, Littorina planaxis and Littorina scutulata. Biol. Bull. 106:185-7. 14.Packard, 1918, Pp. 320-1, pl. 35. 15. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. Ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 19, 30, 237. 16.Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 490-1, 503-4. Page 202 Littorina scutukita I. Li/tor/no scultdato anterior view x 12 actual height 9 mm conical, four whorls; columella surface checkered, interior purple no r groove , actual size Ia. operculum visceral MOSS 2. posterior view, xI2 3. dissection of a 1 Littorino sp. (from Hyman,1967, after Sou leyet,1852) mantle cut, turned over. Littorina sitkana (= rudis, sitchana, saxatalis) the Sitka littorine Philippi, 1845 PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Mesogastropoda FAMILY: Littorinidae Description SIZE-to 15 mm 5; but usually under 12.5 mm 9; Coos Bay specimens: 4-9 mm, average about 7 mm. COLOR-rough variety (fig. 1) can be solid colored: plain buff or gray. A smoother variety (figs. 2, 3), has strong spiral sculpture appearing as horizontal bands, especially on the largest whorl-brown to yellow or orange: these bands can be visible inside aperture and are usually fainter on upper whorls. Animal white, with black on tentacles and snout (fig. 4). SHELL SHAPE-turbinate, thick, pointed, few-whorled (3-4); aperture rounded, outer lip acute: genus Littorina.8 This species stout, globose, almost as wide as high (in contrast to L scutulata, for instance). OPERCULUM-oval (paucispiral); a solid, horny, trap door (fig. 1). COLUMELLA-rather flattened inner not perforated: genus Littorina; rounded, upper columella is flush with fourth whorl (fig. 2a): no gap between columella and whorl: genus Littorina. ANIMAL- white, with cephalic tentacles only (fig. 4), no n,etapodial, or foot tentacles (see Lacuna porrecta, fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications Littorines are turbinate, thick, pointed and few-whorled, with a rounded aperture and an acute outer lip. The columella is rather flattened but flush (appressed) with fourth whorl, and lacks a columellar groove. There are three other species of genus which might be confused with L. sitkana in Oregon estuaries: Littorina scutulata is taller than wide, with a purple interior and often with a checkerboard pattern on its whorls (never with a strong spiral sculpture). It is found on rocks Ind but rarely in saltmarshes, where L. sitkana predominates. Littorina planaxis is stout, like L. sitkana, and usually quite a bit bigger; its surface is plain, without spiral sculpture; it has a white band inside the aperture, and a characteristic flat, roughened area between the columella and the fourth whorl. It is an outer coast, rocky shore species. The introduced European periwinkle, Littorina littorea, has been found in San Francisco and Trinidad Bays. It is thick shelled, smooth, dark brown to black, with many very fine horizontal lines. Littorina (Algamorda) newcombiana belongs to an unusual subgenus with a simple chink between the columella and the largest whorl. It is very small: to 6 mm, but averaging 3.5 mm, tall, with a smooth shiny surface covered with a brown periostracum. Its color is tan or white, with brown or black horizontal stripes at times on the largest whorl. Small specimens of L. sitkana can look very like L. (A.) newcombiana; the important differences are the simple chink next to the col- umella, the taller profile, small size and lighter base color of L. (A.) newcombiana. This latter, like L. sitkana, is a salt marsh inhabitant, although it is found very high in the tidal zone. Another similar genus is Lacuna, the chink snail, quite tiny (2-4 mm) and distinguished from Littorina sp. chiefly by a definite groove or gutter between the columella and the whorl. Two species, L. porrecta (which see) and L. marmorata, have been found in our area, but usually in eelgrass, not in Salicornia marshes. Ecological Information RANGE-southern limit seems to be about Cape Arago, near Coos Bay. North to Bering Sea.Not included in California keys. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: South Slough. HABITAT-quiet areas of Salicomia marshes under debris and marsh weed. Seems to need less protection than other thinner snails.In Puget Sound, found with barnacle/mussel associa- tion on or under rocks, as well as in marshes. SALINITY-Littorinidae generally can withstand salinity changes well conditions that can prevail in salt marshes. Prefers salinity of 24 0/00 or saltier; found at 23-30 o/oo. TEMPERATURE-intertidal saltmarsh temperatures can vary greatly: L. sitkana adapts well. TIDAL LEVEL-near the high-tide mark.5 ASSOCIATES Traskorches- tia traskiana, pulmonate snail OvateIla myosotis, tiny snail Assiminea californica, other littorines, L. scutulata, L. (A.) new- combiana. On rocks (Puget Sound): Balanus, Mytilus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-often the dominant small gastropod in salt marshes. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious (separate sexes); small egg cap- sules can be seen about one month after copulation (Littorina sp.).9 GROWTH RATE- LO NG EVITY- FOOD-herbivorous; scrapes algae from substrate with radula. PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Abbott, R.T. 1968. Seashells of North America. Golden Press, New York. 280 pp. Pp. 80-2. 2. Keen and Coan, 1974. P. 43 3. and C.L. Doty, 1942. An annotated check list of the gastropods of Cape Arago, Oregon. Ore. State, Corvallis, Studies in Zoology, no. 13. 16 pp. Does not include L. sitkana, or many bay species. 4. Keep, Josiah, 1935. West Coast Shells. rev. J.L. Baily, Jr. Stanford Univ. Press, 350 pp. Pp. 198-9. As L. sitkana and L. rudis. No illustration. 5. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 120-1, 255, 261-2. 6. 1974b. Key, p. 55. 7. Matthews, Robert, 1979. A comparative study of preferred salinities among South Slough snails. Unpublished student report, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. 8 pp. 8 Oldroyd, I.S. 1924. Marine Shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. Pubis. Puget Sound Biol. Station, U. Washington, 4:1-272. Pp. 148-9. 9. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971, ed. Hedgpeth. pp. 19, 237, 510. 10. Tryon, G.W., Jr. 1887-1913. Manual of Conchology vol. 9:229-314: Lit- torinidae. Pl. 41. Page 204 Littorino sitlama 1. X 10 solid, rough variety; actual height 6mm, width 5 mm: (almost as wide as high). a. anterior view solid color, ridged surface; rounded aperture; oval operculum; sharp outer lip; columella oppressed to lip fourth whorl. b. posterior shel I thick, turbi nate; 3-4 whorls. 2. smooth variety x 12 strong brown and yellow lines visible on inside as well. 2 a. columella x30 whorl and columella flush: no gap. mm dorsal view, shel I Lacuna porrecta the wide chink shell Carpenter 1863 PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda ORDER: Mesogastropoda FAMILY: Lacunidae Description SIZE--2-4 mm high; I/4 to 1 Littorina. COLOR-white to golden brown, with some spiral marking; sur- face wrinkled, with fine, wavy spiral striae (figs. 1, 4). No white band on inside of aperture; no carina (keel) on largest whorl. SHELL SHAPE--broad, compact, globose, only three whorls (fig. 1); shell thin, outer lip ffuse(extended); aperture semi- lunar. UMBILICUS-chink is large, with a sharp ridge (fig. 3); this groove between whorl and columella is an important key character of the genus Lacuna. COLUMELLA-flattened (fig. 4): genus Lacuna. OPERCULUM-aucispiral flattened on one side (fig. 2). ANIMAL-Lacuna species have metapodial tentacles which Littorina lack (fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications Adult Lacunidae can be differentiated from Littorinidae by their much smaller size, metapodial tentacles, and chiefly by their umbilical fissure or chink which Littorinidae lack. (Lit- torinidae have a columella flush with the large whorl). Lacuna are often found in eelgrass; Littorina almost never are. There are several species of Lacuna on the Pacific coast: Lacuna unifasciata is more turbinate than globose, and has a sharp carina or keel around its largest whorl. It is a southern species, its northern boundary being probably at Monterey Bay, California." Two Puget Sound species have been identified. Both are larger than our Oregon species: Lacuna vincta (= carinata, = solidula"), is large, about 10 mm long, with 3-4 strong, smooth whorls, a small umbilicus, a white columella, and a strong carina on the last whorl. Lacuna variegata is a tall, high-spired form, up to 6 mm high, found in eelgrass (Zost- era); not described in California keys. 1 L. variegata has a spreading outer lip, a wide chink, and zig zag markings The species most like L. porrecta and often found with it is Lacuna marmorata, the marbled chink shell, usually brown and white, but with a carina on the large whorl, a narrow columeilar groove, and often with a white stripe inside the base of the aperture." It has been found in Coos Bay, 4 and hybridizes with other Lacuna spp., (Friday Harbor) Ecological Information RANGE-Bering Sea to San Diego, California.9 LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay, several stations: South Slough, also. HABITAT-in algae, eelgrass (Zostera), or around its roots; in tidepool algae at lower Littorine level. SALINITY- TEMPERATURE-genus Lacuna essentially a cold water form; few tropical species. TIDAL LEVEL-mid- and low intertidal levels and subtidally; never in upper reaches.6 ASSOCIATES-hermit crabs, amphipods, littorine snails; en- crusted with bryozoans. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-not common. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-Lacuna variegata has eggs like life preservers: yellow, about 5 mm diameters GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD-family is herbivorous. PREDATORS-in eelgrass: seastar Lepasterias. Few fishes eat Lacuna! BEHAVIOR-it waddles as it moves one side of foot, then the other. Bibliography 1_ Carpenter, P.0 1863. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the molusks of the west coast of North America. Original description, p. 656. 2. Dail, W.H. 1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of America, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum 112: 217 pp. P. 154, pr. 14 3. Keen and Coan, 1974. P. 43. 4. and C.L. Doty, 1942. An annotated check list of the gastropods of Cape Arago, Oregon. Oregon State College, Corvallis. Studies in Zoology, no. 13. 5. Keep, Josiah. 1911. West Coast Shells, rev. 1935, J.L. Bally, Jr. Stanford University Press. 350 pp. Pp. 200-1. 6. Kozloff, 1974a. Pp. 248-9, 251. 7 Morris, Abbott and Haderlie, 1980. P 257. 8. Oldroyd, I.S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity Pubis. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 4 1-272. Pp. 149-50. 9. Packard. 1918. P 321. 10. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971, ed. Hedgpeth. Pp. 300. 509. 11. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 491, 503. 12. Tryon, G.W., Jr. 1877-1913. Manual of Conchology, vol. 9, pl. 50, fig. 55. Page 206 Lacuna porrecta I. Lacuna porrecta anterior view x 30 actual height 4mm, width 3 mm: 3-whorled, globose shell with fine, wrinkled striae; thin shel I; chink between whorl and columella; outer lip extended. ridge aperture 2. operculum x 30 columella dpercul um 3. close-up: shell aperture umbilicus: sharp ridge, large groove, flattened columella. 4. dorsal view 5. Nassa ri us, with metapodial tentacle. from Hyman, 1967, after Adams and Adams, 1858. Assiminea califomica (formerly Syncera translucens) a small salt marsh snail (Tryon, 1865) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Mesogastropoda FAMILY: Assimineidae Description SIZE-less than 4 mm high; most specimens collected near 3 mm. COLOR-glossy chestnut,smooth, transparent (largest whorl); interior porcelain-like, not pearly; spire often almost black (Coos Bay specimens); animal white with black markings (fig. 4). SHELL SHAPE-five whorls: rounded, convex; globose to tur- binate,taller than wide; aperture subcircular, without notch or canal; inner lip spread out as a small thickened callus(fig. 3). COLUMELLA-continuous with inner lip: no shelf, no folds, ap- pressed to whorl. Spreads into callus. (fig. 3). ANIMAL-eyes on short ocular peduncles, no tentacles: family Assimineidae(fig. 4). Radula with three basal cusps on both sides of central plate: genus Assiminea (not figured). OPERCULUM-very thin, transparent, subspiral, convex (fig. 2). Possible Misidentifications Assiminea califomica is one of a small association of salt marsh snails. Within our range it is often found with or near Lit- torina (Algamorda) newcombiana. This is a slightly larger lit- torine (to 6 mm) with four whorls, a nearly circular aperture, and with a simple chink between the large whorl and inner lip. The general shape and appearance of the two gastropods is quite similar. L. (A.) newcombiana does not have ocular peduncles. A second snail common found in salt marshes is OvateIla myosotis, a pulmonate of rather olive shape, up to 8 mm long. It is subcylindrical, not turbinate, with a short spire, three col- umellar folds, and no operculum. (See plate) Littorine snails are larger than Assiminea, but can be super- ficially similar: Littorina sitkana, often found in this association, is globose, almost as wide as long, and has either heavy striated sculpture or dark horizontal lines. The animal has long tentacles, not Assiminea unusual ocular peduncles. Littorina scutulata, the checkered littorine, is occasionally found in the saltier parts of marshes. It is quite a bit larger than all the preceding snails, and is patterned on its exterior and purple inside. Ecological Information RANGE-Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -Coos Bay, many stations: South Slough, Haynes Inlet. HABITAT-under driftwood, debris, Salicomia, in mud. SALINITY-generally a wide toleration of salinities: to 24 0/00 seawater; possibly to 16 0/00.8 TEMPERATURE-varied (salt marsh temperatures). TIDAL LEVEL-family Assimineidae are intertidal 4 ; all live above the low tide level; this species likes upper, usually dry parts of the marsh, about 3-4 feet (South Slough, Coos Bay). ASSOCIATES-littorines L. pulmonate OvateIla myosotis, amphipod Traskorchestia tras- kiana; plants: Salicornia, Distichilis, Fucus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common in Salicomia marshes.1 Life History Information REPRODUCTION- GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS many snails found in gut content analysis (Coos Bay).8. Bibliography 1. Bartsch, Paul, 1920. The West American mollusks of the fam:ies Rissoellidae, and Synceridae, and the rissoid genus Barleeia. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 58, #2331:159-76. 2. Carpenter, P.P. 1865. Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of California, Part III. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. sci., 3:207-24 P 219 3. DaII, W.H. 1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks c, the northwest coast of America U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull 112. R 161 4. Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Stanford Press P. 371. 5. and Goan, 1974. Pp. 41, 134. 152. 6. Keep, Josiah, 1935. West Coast Shells. rev. J.L. Bally. Jr. Stanford U , ,iver- sity Press, 350 pp. P. 202. As Syncera translucens. 7. Kozloff, E. 1974a. P. 261. 8. Matthews, Robert. 1979. A comparative study of preferred salinities among South Slough snails. Unpublished student paper; Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. 8 pp. 9. Oldroyd, I.S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity Pubis Puget Sound Biol. Station, U. Wash. 4.1-272. pp. 157-8 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp 484. 490. 504 Page 208 ASS//77/1100 cedifortilco I. Assirninea colifornico anterior view x.30 actual height 3.3 mm: 5 convex whorls; taller than wide 3 3 r? Inner lip x5o columella continuous with lip: peduncle no shelf, a thick callus; lip oppressed to whorl. 4. animal, dorsal view x 30 note eyes on ocular peduncles; no tentacles. Nucella emarginata (= Thais) the rock-dwelling emarginate dogwinkle Deshayes, 1839 PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Neogastropoda FAMILY: Thaisidae Description SIZE-rarely over 30 rnm, 9 usually up to 20 mm (Puget Sound); up to 40 mm, but rarely over 30 mm (California)"; this specimen (Coos Bay) 20 mm. Females slightly larger than males (average 18.9 and 17.8). COLOR-exterior brown and dingy white, dirty gray, yellow or almost black (if diet of mussels); yellow, black or gray periostracum in grooves between ridges; ridges sometimes white (black in this specimen). Interior: aperture and columella chestnut brown or purple. SHELL SHAPE-fusiform; short spire, expanded whorl. Shell thin, not heavy. 3-4 whorls; nuclear whorl inconspicuous. SCULPTURE-base and spire with similar sculpture: genus Nucella: alternating large and small spiral ridges over most of shell, can be nodulose; sometimes ridges are obscure and sur- face is fairly smooth. Axial sculpture wrinkled, not prominent. OUTER LIP-thin, crenulate, not thick and layered: species emarginata." No denticles or anal notch on posterior (upper) end, no single strong tooth near anterior canal. No row(s) or denticles within lip. COLUMELLA-excavated,arched and flattened below: species emarginata; no folds, (fig. 1). SUTURES-not deep (fig. 1). ANTERIOR (SIPHONAL) CANAL-short: less than 1 length: species emarginate (fig. 1); canal narrow, slot-like, not spout-like; not separated from large whorl by revolving groove. APERTURE-wide; length more than 2 shell length.Ovate in outline, with a short anterior canal but no posterior notch (fig. 1). UMBILICUS-closed: species emarginata." OPERCULUM-dark brown with nucleus on one side (fig. 2). EGGS-pale yellow, vase-shaped, about 6 mm high, in clusters of up to 300 capsules" (fig. 4). Each capsule with 500-600 eggs. Each capsule with a longitudinal suture and a hard clear escape aperture. VELIGER-4 stages: advanced shell measures 775p, long" (fig. 5). Possible Misidentifications Snails of the genus Nucella can be distinguished from other carnivorous estuarine gastropods by their sculpture (the same on both spire and whorls), by the large body whorl and by the large ovate aperture. Other genera with a siphonal notch, and generally fusiform shape include OliveIla and Buccinum, which have columellar folds; Ocenebra and Ceratostoma which have a spout-like siphonal canal, not a narrow-slot-like one as in Nucella; Nassarius and SearIsla which have a distinct revolving fur- row or fossa setting off the anterior canal from the body whorl; (SearIsla has spiral sculpture only on the body whorl; the spire has both spiral and axial ribs); Acanthina (also fo the family Thaisidae), which has a strong tooth on the anterior end of the outer lip. There are three other species of Nucella in our area. Two are not likely to be found in estuarine conditions, but they do look quite a bit like No. emarginata: Nucella lima, the file dogwinkle, is subtidal, short-spired, and fairly rare. It is whitish to brown, with about 15 alternating large and small file-like spiral ridges on the large whorl. It can be up to 43 mm, somewhat larger than N. emarginata. Nucella canaliculata, the channeled dogwhelk, has a high spire and a prominent shoulder below the deep suture. It is light (white to orange), and sometimes banded Its 14-16 spiral ridges are very evenly shaped and spaced. It is an inhabitant of outer shore mussel beds. Larger than N. emarginata, it averages 26.5 mm (male) and 24.8 mm (female) (California). The third species of Nucella is quite likely to be found in bays: N. lamellosa (which see) is the most common dogwinkle in the northwest, and one of its many variations is very like N. emarginata. N. lamellosa smooth, or have strong horizontal ribs. In this last case, it must be carefully separated from N. emarginata. N. lamellosa higher spire (usually 5-7 whorls, including the tiny nuclear whorl); it is heavy, with a thick layered lip, not a thin crenulated one. There is usually at least one row of denticles inside the lip in N. lamellosa; its anterior canal is longer than that of N. emarginata (more than 1/4 aperture length). While N. lamellosa can have strong spiral ridges, the body whorl in this species is then often flattened and angled, not expanded as in N. emarginata, and the horizontal ridges themselves are not alter- nating large and small (compare fig. 2, N. lamellosa). Nucella lamellosa inhabits much quieter waters, as a rule, and a lower tidal range than does N. emarginata. Its color is usually lighter; it is rarely blackish. Page 210 Ecological Information. RANGE-Bering Sea south to northern Baja California, but rare below Pt. Concepcion." LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: marine portions, i.e. near bay mouth up to Fossil Point. HABITAT-almost entirely on rocky shores; in fairly heavy surf"; also in semi-protected areas.Outer shores in mussel beds, on jetties. SALINITY-full seawater; collected at 30 o/oo, TEMPERATURE-cold to temperate waters: small animals high in tidal range show great thermal resistance active at range of 0-30.2 TIDAL LEVEL- ASSOCIATES - its primary prey, barnacles. especially Balanus; mussel Mytilus: Pisaster ochraceus. Commensal flatworm Nexllis epichitonius entrance jetty. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-1.5 gm (wet). ABUNDANCE-common to abundant much less common in inner bay than N. lamellosa (Coos Bay). Life History Information REPRODUCTION-spawn throughout the year (Bodega Bay, Calif.), but most activity is in November-February. Little her- maphroditism.Spawning not salinity-, photoperiod- or temperature-related.Females gregarious (groups to 20), deposit egg capsules in clusters. Each female lays 8-9 cap- sules; stalked capsules have about 200-300 eggs each,many of which may be sterile nurse eggs which are consumed by developing larvae. Veligers swim in capsule fluid and metamor- phose into snails about 1.1 mm long, emerging from plug at top of capsule.Pacific northwest hatchlings number about 10-20 per capsule average; Bodega Bay about 5% hatch (10-15) 11. GROWTH RATE-Pacific northwest: 2.5-3 months from egg deposition to hatching; possibly more rapid development far- ther south." LONGEVITY- FOOD-prefers mussels Mytilus edulis and M. californianus, also barnacles Balanus, Pollicipes, Chthamalus, mpets Co/- lisella, as well as herbivorous gastropods Tegula funebralis Littorina. Feeding is by drilling with the radula. inserting the pro- boscis, and feeding on the soft body within. Species N. emarginata shows a wide food preference, but individuals seem to be consistent in diet."- PREDATORS snails prey on eggs. BEHAVIOR-presence of N. emarginata elicits several escape responses from prey Mytilus edulis: gaping, spontaneous valve closure, foot activity, byssal Bibliography 1. Bertness. M.D. 1977 Behavioral and ecological aspects of shore-level gradients in Thais lamellosa arid Thais ernargrhala Ecology 58.86-97. 2 , and D E Schneider 1976 Temperature relations of Puget Sound wards in reference to their intertidal distribution. The Veliger 19.47-58. 3. Connell, J H 1970 A predator-prey system .s the marine intertidal region I Balanus grandula and several predatory species of Thais Ecol. Monogr 40:49-78 4. Hollimas, J T. and c. Hand. 1962 A new species, genus and family or marine flatworms (Turbellaria Tricladia, Mancola) commensal with mollusks. The Veliger 5(1h20-22 5 Houston, R.S.1971 Reproductive biology of Thais emarginata (Deshayes 1839) and Thais canallculata (Duclos 1832). The Veliger 13.348-57. 6. Keen and Coan, 1974 Pp 55, 137. 145 7 Keep. Josiah. 1911 Rev. J L. Bally . Pp. 240-1 8. Kozloff, E. 1974a, pp 130, 140, 255 9 1974b. Pp. 61-2, key, as 10 LeBoeuf, R. 1971 Thais emarginata (Deshayes) Description of the veliger and egg capsule. The Vesper 14.205-11 11 Morns. R.H., D.P. Abbott, and E.C. Haderlie, 1980. Inter-HE/a! Inverlebrates of California. Stanford Univ. Press. 690 pp 200 plates. Pp 2823. pl 89 12. Oldroyd, I.S. 1924 Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity, Univ. Wash 271 pp. Pp 104. 106 13. Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 Rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 210f. 398. 467. 510-1 14 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 496-7, 509 15. Wayne, TA. 1980, Antipredator behavior of the mussel Mytilus edulis (Abstract). Amer. Zool 20(4)1789 Nucella marginate 2 operculum perture lip thin, crenulate 4. egg capsules, x 4 5 a. shell,advanced veliger (from Le Boeuf, 1971) 175p 5 b. larva, advanced veliger (fourth stage) (from Le Boeuf, 1971) I. Nucella emarginata ventral x 4 actual height 21 mm shell ovate, body whorl expanded, spire short; aperture ovate,wide; sculpture: alternating large a small nodulose spiral ridges, wrinkled axial folds; columel la flattened,unfolded; umbilicus closed; outer lip crenulate, thin, no denticles; short anterior canal. 3 . dorsal view, x 4 Nucella lamellosa (= Thais) the wrinkled or frilled dogwinkle Gmelin, 1791 PHYLUM: Molluscs CLASS: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia ORDER: Neogastropoda FAMILY: Thaisidae Description SIZE-to 50 mm (California)", 100 mm Puget Sound and north largest specimen figured, 54 mm (fig. 1). Largest of the Nucella. COLOR-white to brown, some are pink, lavender or orange tan; not highly polished. Inside whitish, sometimes with color showing through. SHELL SHAPE-shell heavy, solid, strong; spirally coiled, fusiform (spindle-shaped). 5-7 whorls; nuclear whorl small, in- conspicuous. Spire usually high; siphonal canal relatively long for genus; aperture ovate, almost 2 shell length. SCULPTURE-extremely variable. Spire and base have similar sculpture: genus Nucella." Axial ribs present (fig. 1). Three chief variations with many gradations): lamellar variety with strong axial ribs, developed in quiet water specimens into frilly ruffles (fig. 4); (2) Nucella from rough conditions are smooth, with only faint axial sculpture (figs. 1, 3); and (3) strongly sculptured spirally with one to two strong horizontal ribs at top of each whorl and smaller ribs below; axial sculpture only be- tween ribs. This variety has flattened and angled whorls(fig. 2). OUTER LIP-thickened, smooth, without denticles on posterior portion of aperture (near anal notch) no single strong tooth on edge near anterior canal (see Possible Misidentifications). Outer lips rounding smoothly to anterior end of shell. At least one row of denticles within lip (fig. 1). COLUMELLA- (central pillar): without folds incrusted, smooth. SUTURE-(between whorls): impressed, distinct, but not a deep groove. ANTERIOR (SIPHONAL) CANAL-short, but longer than other Nucella species; narrow, slot-like, not spout-like (i.e. with edges touching, making a closed tube: see Possible Misidentifica- tions). Not separated from large whorl by revolving groove (fig. 1). APERTURE-almost 2 length shell; ovate to quadrate in outline, with a siphonal notch, but no anal notch (fig. 1). Widest part of aperture (generally near its middle) at least half as wide as shell. UMBILICUS-small, often closed (fig. 1). OPERCULUM-usually large enough to close aperture; con- spicuous, with strong spiral lines; with nucleus on one side (fig. 1 a). EGGS-vase-shaped, yellow, about 10 mm long; in clusters on underside of rocks"; called "sea oats"; (fig. 1 b). Possible Misidentifications Nucella can be distinguished from other predatory estuarine snails by its sculpture, which is the same on the whorls and spire, by the large last whorl and by the ovate aperture (about 2 the shell length). Unlike Nassarius, it has no distinct revolv- ing furrow setting off the body whorl from the anterior canal.It has no single strong tooth on the anterior margin of the outer lip, as in Acanthina. There are no columellar folds as in Olivella, Buccinus, etc. The siphonal canal is not spout-like, as in Ocenebra, and Ceratostoma. There are several species of Nucella in the northwest: Nucella lima, the file dogwhelk, is a subtidal snail with about 16 alternating large and small file-like spiral ridges on the large whorl. It is fairly rare, is whitish to brown in color, short-spired and somewhat smaller than N. lamellosa (to 43 mm). Nucella canaliculata, the channeled dogwhelk, is white to or orange, sometimes banded. It has a high spire, a prominent shoulder below the deep suture, and rounded spiral ridges of equal size with axial lamellae between them. It is small, to just over 30 mm. Usually found in mussel beds, it is rare in bays. Nucella emarginata (which see) is the other Nucella most often to be found in estuaries; it usually occurs in heavier surf than N. lamellosa. Called the rock-dwelling dogwinkle, it is generally only up to 20 mm long. This snail has alternately large and small, often nodulose, spiral ridges over most of the shell. (These ridges are often obscure). It has no noticeable axial sculpture. Found in the mid- and high intertidal in mussel beds, it is easily confused with variation of N. lamellosa (fig. 2). Nucella was previously called Thais. This name is now re- served for subtropical and tropical species. Ecological Information RANGE-Bering Strait to central California." LOCAL DISTRIBUTION -Coos Bay: Pigeon Point, Empire; Ump- qua estuary: Ziolkouski Beach (2 mile from mouth). HABITAT-on rocks with mud, sand substrate; often in pro- tected bays"; below mussel beds on outer shores. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt: lower, more marine parts of bays with more constant saline concentrations. TEMPERATURE -cold to temperate waters: geographic distribution would indicate a preference for cool temperatures. Lower part of bay does not generally have high temperatures. Smallest individuals have highest thermal limits snails active at 0-30 .2 TIDAL LEVEL-found at low intertidal, below other species of the genus. Largest animals lowest in tidal range. ASSOCIATES-its primary prey: barnacle Balanus; the under- rock community: porcelain crab Petrolisthes, brachyuran crabs Hemigrapsus and Cancer oregonensis, chiton Mopalia, isopod ldotea, anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. artemesia, nudibranch Onchidoris, gastropod Tegula; Pisaster ochraceus. Discarded N. lamellosa shells are often inhabited by the hermit crab Pagurus hirsuitusculus. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-largest collected (including shell) 28 gr. (wet). ABUNDANCE -one of the most abundant intertidal snails of the northwest; becomes less abundant in California. By far the most common Nucella species in the Coos Bay estuary. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-breeding in winter and spring (California) by aggregations of snails; individuals become sexually mature in 4th year, when they often return to their hatching site and join a breeding group"; individuals tend to breed with same group. Egg capsules deposited synchronously by females; develop- ment varies with temperature: snails emerge after 140 days (at 6.8), after 67-91 days (9.6-11 ). Capsules rarely contain "nurse eggs" (sterile eggs to be consumed by the developing snail larvae): nearly all eggs are fertile.Just over half of eggs reach hatching stage; high mortality among young snails: of 1000 eggs (from one female, one year), probably fewer than 10 grow to 1 year of age. GROWTH RATE-varies greatly with food supply. Shell growth, type, dependent on food: barnacle diet produced heavy, stout shells. LONGEVITY-sexually mature at four years." FOOD-primarily barnacles: Balanus glandula and B. cariosus, on which it is the primary predator (Puget Sound)." Mussels (outer shores), periwinkles and other mollusks. Radula penetrates shell of prey with aid of secretions from boring organ on foot." PREDATORS-egg capsules and young snails heavily preyed upon by other Nucella. BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Bertness, M D. 1977. Behavioral and ecological aspects of shore-level size gradients m Thais lamellosa and Thais emarginata. Ecology, 58.86-97. 2 and D.E. Schneider, 1976. Temperature relations of Puget Sound thaids in reference to their intertidal distribution. The Veliger 19:47-58. 3 Conner, J.H. 1970. A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thais. Ecol Monographs, 40:49-78. 4. Dayton, P.K. 1971. Competition for space. Ecol. Monographs, 41:351-89. 5.Griffith, L.M. 1975 The intertidal univalves of British Columbia. Brit. Col. Prov. Mus. Handbook #26. 101 pp. Pp 75-6. 6. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp 55, 137, 156. 7. Kincaid, T 1957 Local races and clines in the marine gastropod Thais lamellosa Gmelin. A population study. 8 Kozloff, E. 1974a. Pp. 130-2, as 9 1974b. Pp 61-2 10 Lyons, A and T M Spighf, 1973 Diversity of feeding mechanisms among embryos of Pacific Northwest Thias. The Veliger 16:18994, 11.Morris, R.H.. D.P. Abbott, and E.C. Haderlie, 1980. of California. Stanford Llniv. Press, 600 pp., 200 plates, Pp. 283-4, pl. 90 12.Ricketts and Calvin, 1971, rev. Hedgpeth. Pp. 126, 185, 196, 315, 420f. 13.Smith and Carlton, 1975 Pp. 496-7, 509. 14.Spight, T.M. 1972 Patterns of change in adjacent populations of an inter- tidal snail, Thais lamellosa. Doctoral thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle; 325 pp. 1973. Ontogeny, environment, and shape of marine snail Thais lamellosa Smelin. J Exper. Mar. Biol. 13:215-28. 1974 Sizes of populations of a marine snail. Ecology 55:712-29. 1976 Colors and patterns of an intertidal snail, Thais lamellosa. Res. Popul. Ecol 17 176-90 A.G. Birkeland and A Lyons, 1974. Life histories of large and small murexes (Prosobranchlai Muncidae). Mar. Biol. 24.229-42. 16. Stickle, W.B., Jr. 1971 The metabolic effects of starving immediately after spawning. Comp. Blochem. Physiol 40.627-34 1973. The reproductive physiology of the intertidal pro- sobranch Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). I. Seasonal changes m the rate of ox- ygen consumption and body component indexes. Biol. Bull 144511-24. 1975. The reproductive physiology of the intertidal pro- sobranch Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). II. Seasonal changes in biochemical composition. Biol. Bull 148:448-60. Page 212 Nucella /omellosaposterior 10 mm no revolving groove anterior canal I a. operculum x2 I b. egg cluster x I Nuce//o lome//osa x 2 smooth variation actual height 54 mm fusiform; 5 whorls (nuclear whorl inconspicuous); axial sculpture on both spire and body whorl; ovate aperture almost 1/2 shell length; narrow anterior canal; smooth outer lip without posterior denticles, anal notch or marginal tooth; columel la without folds; interior rows of denticles, umbilicus closed; suture not deep. 3 smooth, bandedvariation x 2 2 spiral ribbed variation x 1-2 strong horizontal ribs at top of each whorl, smaller ribs below; fine axial sculpture between ribs; whorls angled, flattened. 4. frilly lamellar variation x I axial sculpture strong. Olivella biplicata the purple olive (Sowerby, 1825) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda ORDER: Neogastropoda (= Stenoglossa) FAMILY: Olividae Description SIZE-large for family: to 30 mm long 3; mature at 16 mm males larger than females. Width usually about twice as high as wide.This specimen 18 mm high, 9 mm wide. COLOR--gray, purple fasciole (band) at base offset with dark line (fig. 1); faint vertical striations, but surface otherwise polished, unsculptured: genus Olivella.13 SHELL SHAPE-stout, robust, sub-cylindrical; spire only slightly elevated; 5-6 whorls. Body whorl convex, nearly flat near thin straight outer lip; aperture elongate, triangular, with anterior notch (fig. 2). COLUMELLA--strong callus, with a fold of two incised spiral lines or plications in lower portion: species biplicata (fig. 2). OPERCULUM-small, horny, thin, half ovate, apical nucleus (not figured). ANIMAL-eyeless; foot plow-shaped, for burrowing.Long siphon for water intake (fig. 3). Radula with three teeth to the row: Neogastropoda (not figured). EGGS AND YOUNG-egg like a dome-shaped hat, about 0.5 mm diameter (fig. 4a). Veliger 0.2-0.3 mm (fig. 4b).1 Possible Misidentifications Olivella species are the only genus of the family Olividae in our north temperate waters; the larger Oliva is a warm water genus. The genus Olivella may be distinguished by its smooth surface, slight spire, elongate, notched aperture, clean sand habitat, and in 0. biplicata by its columellar folds. At least three Olivella are found on the west coast: Olivella baetica, slenderer than 0. biplicata (21 x as high as wide), shell tan or cream with red, brown or purple markings and lines: it can be found on protected beaches and subtidally. It Is smaller than 0. biplicata --only up to 19 mm. It is found in Puget Sound as well as in California.6. Olivella pycna, another small olive (to 19 mm), is stout, and has brownish zig-zag lines on its whorls. 13 It is not found in Puget Sound, but is a more southern species. Characteristics of the family Olividae include a polished shell (indicating that the mantle often covers it), a subcylindrical, spired shell with an aperture greater than 1/2 the shell length. They are usually sand dwellers. Ecological Information RANGE-Vancouver Island to Magdelena Bay, Baja California: Oregonian and Californian shallow water marine faunal provinces. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-outer, marine portions of most bays and estuaries, including Coos Bay, Netarts.75 HABITAT-sandy beaches and spits of bays, as well as outer coast. Can concentrate metals in tissues, apparently without harrn.8 SALINITY-full sea water. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL- intertidal to subtidal waters: lives in quite a wide band s ; found higher than and associated with the razor clam, Siliqua patula. ASSOCIATES-Sit/qua patula; parasitic trematodes 2; in southern California, hydroids on spire. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-common intertidally.13 Life History Information REPRODUCTION-dioecious (two sexes); mating behavior observed at every low tide, all year: no ear classes in Oregon waters. Mate selection by chemosensory means; internal fertilization. Only sexual dimorphism observable is larger size of males. Sterility rate may be as high as 50% due to trematode infestation. Single egg cases deposited usually on empty shells; egg development time variable: 10-28 days.Veligers nonpelagic: swim near substrate. GROWTH RATE-to maturity (16 mm) in one year: males grow faster than females and are larger. Growth rate varies from 0.1 mm to 9.7 mm/year. 14 Few young reach maturity; most popula- tions of older animals, which have a low mortality rate.2 LONGEVITY-possibly several years: as many as ten. FOOD-family is carnivorous; scavengers animal matter; large Olivella will eat polychaetes.2 PREDATORS-Pisaster brevispinus (Coos Bay, North Spit)?: small Cancer antennarius and C. magister; shorebirds, par- ticularly gulls; fish; man, for ornament 14 In southern Califor- nia: mollusks Octopus, Polinices, Conus, echinoderm As- tropecten.15 BEHAVIOR reactsto predator Pisaster brevispinus by crawl- ing or by rapid upside down swimming. 2 Trails near surface. shell partly exposed. Larger animals active at night, hide from predators during the day. Bibliography 1. Edwards, D.C. 1968 Reproduction in Olive/la biplicata. lesser 10-297-304. 2 1969. Predators on Olivella biplicata, including a species- specific predator avoidance response. Veliger 11:326-33. 3. Keen and Coan, 1974 Pp 51 137, 156 4, and C L. Doty. 1942. An annotated check list of the gastropods of Cape Arago, Oregon. Ore State, Corvallis. Studies in Zoology. no. 13 16 pp, P. 15. 5 Kozloft. 0. 1974a. Pp. 205-6. 6. 19740 P. 58. 7. McLean, J.H. 1978. Rev. Ed. Marine shells of southern California. Los Angeles County Mus. Nat. Hist. Science Series 24. 104 pp. Pp 50, 51 B. Morris, Abbott and Haderlie. 1980. Pp. 290-2. 9. Oldroyd, I.S. 1924. Marine shells of Puget Sound and vicinity. Pubis. Puget Sound Biol. Station, U. Wash., 4:1-272. Pp. 87-8. 10 Olsson, A.A. 1956. Studies on the genus Olivella. Proc. Acad. Nat Sc, Phila. 108:155-225. (taxonomy) 11 Packard, 1918. P 340. 12 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 286f. 509-10, 511 13. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 495, 511. 14.Stohler, R. 1969. Growth study in Olivella biplicata. Veliger 11:259-67. 15 Stout, H.. ed. The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Or. NSF Grant EPP 75-08901. OSU, Corvallis, OR, 247 pp. P 240 Page 21A Olive//a biplicata I. Olive//o biplicato anterior view x 4.5 actual height 18 mm about twice as high as wide; polished surface: gray with purple tascicie. stout, subcylindrical ; slight spire; 5-6 whorls; long aperture. 2.columel la and aperture x 1 animal, dorsal view columella with strong cal lus,two folds; aperture notched. 4. egg and larva x 100 a. egg case b. veliger, frontal view. Edwards, 1968) a. Ovatella myosotis (= Phytia setifer, Cooper, 1872) a bristle-bearing ear shell (Draparnaud, 1801) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Pulmonata ORDER: Basommatophora FAMILY: Melampidae (= Ellobiinae) Description SIZE-to 8 mm; this specimen, 4 mm. COLOR-variable: chestnut, purplish or yellowish brown; black with striations. Interior porcelain-like.10 SHELL SHAPE-rather olive-like; higher than wide, no spiral ridges; spire pointed, elevated; five or more whorls (fig. 1). Aperture rounded, ear-shaped, about 1/2 shell length. COLUMELLA-three folds above anterior end, one weakly developed (fig. 3). EYES--at bases of cephalic (and only) tentacles: order Basom- matophora 1(fig. 2). OPERCULUM-lacking in pulmonates. JUVENILES-with small hairs on edges of sutures, disappear in adult (fig. 4); juveniles wider than adults (shells). Possible Misidentifications Of the other salt marsh gastropods, Littorinidae and Lacunidae are stouter and larger than Ovatella, turbinate and without elevated spires. The somewhat similarly shaped OliveIla sp. is much larger (to 30 mm) and has an anterior canal in its aperture; it lives in clean sand, not in salt marshes (see plate). Assiminea californica is a tiny (about 3 mm) brown gastropod sometimes found with 0. myosotis. It resembles Lit- torina in shape, being stout and convex; its inner lip is a small thickened callus, without folds. The many species of the tiny Opisthobranch Odostomia spp. resemble Ovatella superficially, but lack columellar folds and a radula. They are parasitic. None of the preceding snails is closely related to Ovatella. Snails of the subclass Pulmonata, which includes the land snails, have a vascularized mantle cavity serving as a lung, in place of gills. There are no other similar pulmonates known in northwestern salt marshes. (Melampus olivaceus is found far- ther south). Ecological Information RANGE-Puget Sound to Anaheim Bay, California.Probably introduced from the Atlantic coast in the 19th century. (Ovatella myosotis is the Atlantic name; Phytia setifer or myosotis is a west coast equivalent name used by some authors2). LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: South Slough, many sta- tions. HABITAT of docks, pilings. SALINITY-brackish water: about 16 o/oo seawater; avoids im- mersion.Tolerates all salinities including freshwater; well adapted: an air breather. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-near high tide line at levels which are rarely in- undated: it is often the only invertebrate at this high level. South Slough (Coos Bay): found at + 6.0 LLW. ASSOCIATES -ciliates in mantle cavity 4 ; prosobranch gastropods Assiminea california, Littorina sitkana, L. (A.) newcombiana, L. scutulata; pulmonate Melampus olivaceus farther south. Amphipod Orchestia, isopods. Plants Spergularia canadensis, Distichlis, Carex. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCE-very common in marshes: often only in- vertebrate found at its tide level. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-hermaphroditic, GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY- FOOD- PREDATORS- BEHAVIOR immersion: an air breather, possessing a lung. Bibliography 1. Hedgpeth, J.W. 1962. Introduction to Seashore Life of the San Francisco Bay Region and the Coast of Northern California. Calif. Nat. Hist. Guides. 9; U.C. Press. P. 107. 2. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp. 7, 41, 142, 156. 3. Keep, Josiah, 1935. rev. J.L. Baily, Jr. Stanford Univ. Press. 350 PP P. 276. As Phytia setifer. 4. Kozloff, E.N. 1945. Cochliophilus depressus gen nov.. sp. nov.. and Cochliophilus minor sp. no., holotrichous ciliates from the mantle cavity of Phytia setifer (Cooper). Biol. Bull. 89:95-102. 5. 1974a. P. 261. 6. 1974b. Pp. 54, 81. As Phytia myosotis. 7. McLean, J.H. 1978. Rev. Ed. Marine shells of Southern California. Los Angeles County Mus. Nat. Hist. Science Series 24,104 pp. P 60. 8. Matthews, Robert. 1979. A comparative study of preferred salinwes among South Slough snails. Unpublished student report. Oregon Inst Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. 8 pp. 9. Paulson, E.G. 1957. Taxonomy of salt marsh snail Ovatella myosotis in central California. Nautilus 71(1): 4-7. 10. Smith and Carlton. 1975. Pp. 484. 488, 513 Page 216 actual length 6 I. Ovate/lo myosolis anterior view xI2 higher than wide; 5 or more whorls; elevated spire; aperture rounded, ear-shaped, half length of shell. E E ro 2. animal, dorsal view x !2 note eyes at tentacle bases. Ovate/la myosotis 3.columeiia and aperture close-up anterior view x 32 three columellar folds, one weak; no operculum. z-1-.juvenile, x 15 nairs on sutures Alderia modesta a sacoglossan sea slug (Loven, 1844) PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia ORDER: Sacoglossa: hield tongue FAMILY: Hermaeidae Description SIZEo 8 mm long; Coos Bay specimens to 5 mm. COLORreenish- to yellowish-tan, black markings, base ivory. BODYaeolid changing; an oblong, flat-bottomed form without tentacles or tail (figs. 1, 2). RHINOPHORESeduced, rolled not solid (fig. 1) 7; (Kozloff calls these cephalic projections orsolateral tentacles, not rhinophores). FOOTo parapodia (lateral flaps which could fold over dor- sum); foot extends laterally beyond body. CERATAorsal projections, about 18 (fig. 1), in two loose branches on both anterior and posterior halves of dorsum. GILLSone. EYESmall, black (figs. 1, 2). ANUS long tube originating on a medial line, resembling posterior ceratum. EGGSight yellow, in clear skein (fig. 3). Possible Misidentifications Sacoglossans are a little known group of few species and small size, but which can occur in large numbers. Alderia modesta, like others of the order, feeds on a specific alga, has a wide distribution, and could probably not be confused with other Opisthobranchs. Sacoglossans resemble superficially the more well known nudibranchs, but unlike them, most do not have a circlet of gills, solid rhinophores, or oral tentacles. (One exception, Stiliger fuscovittatus, has solid rhinophores; it is tiny (3 mm), transparent white with reddish brown patterns, and lives in Polysiphonia, a red alga.) Other Sacoglossans with dorsal cerata and rolled rhinophores include, also in the family Hermaeidae Aplysiopsis smithi ( = Hermaeina), greenish to brownish black with white edges, bulbous cerata, up to 22 mm long; it lives in Chaetomorpha, Rhizoclonium (its preferred food), or Enteromorphal It has prominent rhinophores and a tail. Aplysiopsis oliviae ( = Hermaea) has a Y-shaped mahogany line from the rhinophores to the head midline; it is pale yellow with a pink spot behind the eyes. Hermaea vancouverensis is a small (to 5 mm) brown and white slug, more common in Puget Sound than in the south; its habitat is eelgrass (Zoctera); its food the diatom lsthmia.9 Placida dendritica ( =Hermaea ornata) has a long, obvious tail, long cerata, and is pale yellow with dark green lines. It is usually on algae Bryopsis or Codium in the rocky intertidal, and is found in California and Puget Sound9. Olea hansineensia (family Oleidae) has only about 10 elongate cerata on its posterior dorsum; it is gray, and is found commonly in bays in Puget Sound and probably not in California. None of these is yellowish tan with small black markings, a tubular anus, and living in Vaucheria. Ecological Information RANGEan Juan Island to Elkhorn Slough, Calif.; Europe. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoos Bay: South Slough. HABITATound only in mats of alga Vaucheria in Salicornia marshes. SALINITYrefers 1 6-1 7 0100 seawater; cannot survive in nor- mal seawater or fresh water,although eggs develop in either seawater or brackish water. Cerata pulsation rate varies with salinity. TEMPERATURE TIDAL LEVELt higher levels of marsh (Coos Bay): about 4.0 ASSOCIATESnsects; alga Vaucheria. Quantitative Information WEIGHT- ABUNDANCEommon in its particular microhabitat, Vau- cheria. Life History Information REPRODUCTIONermaphroditic; eggs laid in September, Coos Bay (this specimen). GROWTH RATEo early veliger two days in lab (this specimen). LONGEVITY- FOODlga Vaucheria, exclusively. PREDATORSome sacoglossans emit nasty repellents. BEHAVIOR Bibliography 1.Gonor, J.J. 1961. Notes on the biology of a sacoglossan opisthobranch from the west coast of North America. Veliger 4(2),85-98,13 figs. Very thorough account (same family). 2. Hand, Cadet. 1955. Distribution of Alderia modesta in Washington Nautilus 69:(1)22-8; (2),72. 3 and J.E. Steinberg, 1955. 4. Hyman, L.H. 1967. The Invertebrates: Mollusca I. McGraw-Hill. N Y 792 pp. Pp. 442, 473. 477, 489, 510. 525, 526. 527, 520. 542 5. Keen and Coan, 1974. Pp. 140, 152. 6 Kozloff, 1974b. Key, p. 67. 7 Smith and Carlton, 1975. Pp. 523, 537. 8. Steinberg, J.E. 1963. Notes on the Opisthobranchs of the west coast of North America IV. A distribution list of opisthobranchs from Pt. Concep- cion to Vancouver Island. Veliger 6:68-73 9. Williams, G.C. and T.M. Gosliner 1973. Range extensions of four sacoglossan opisthobranchs from the coasts of California and the Gulf of California. Veliger 16:112-6. Page 218 rhinophore A/deria modesto , I. Alorio modesto x 30 actual length 4 mm: oblong,changeable body; no tentacles, tail, or parapodial lobes; dorsal cerata ; anal Vibe; small rolled rhinophores; light lan,biack markings, eyes. 2. lateral view 4. 2-day veiiger PHYLUM: Mo//usca Onchidoris bilamellata (-= fusca) CLASS: Gastropoda, OpisthobranchiaORDER: Nudibranchia many-gilled onchidoris nudibranch (Linnaeus, 1767) FAMILY: Onchidorididae Description SIZE-usual length 15 mm 6; this specimen 15.5 mm long, 11 mm wide, 6 mm high. Far northern and Atlantic specimens can reach 30 mm length. COLOR-translucent brownish-white with irregular dark or rus- ty brown splotches, sometimes as irregular longitudinal stripes. Commonly a light spot between the dark rhinophores; gills dull white, underside a dull white. "No yellow pigment, " 4 but some specimens without brown color. BODY SHAPE-doridiform: oval; generally large, with a broad flat foot, thick fleshy mantle and conspicuous double circlet of ails dorsally (figs. 1, 2). Dorsum covered with many large round aciilae, becoming smaller at edges. Surface firm. No large processes except rhinophores, gills, papillae. RHINOPHORES-a single pair, perfoliate: genus Onchidoris (fig. 1). Rhinophores not especially long. GILLS-16-32 (or more: 36 this specimen); urtipinnate, almost erect branchial plumes arranged in two semicircles just anterior to anus: species bilamellata.6 Gills not completely :it ctible 4 (fig. 1). LABIAL TENTACLES-none; fused as an oral veil. PAPILLAE--mushroom-shaped, with protruding spicules (fig. 3). EGGS-type A a short, stout spiral ribbon attached along one edge(fig. 5); Capsules of 1-3 eggs, ribbons of 6,000 eggs (average). VELIGER-shell average iength 146.9 x 95 2 (fig. 6). Possible Misidentifications There are other oval dorid nudibranch? t.h e same general coloration and shape as Onchidoris: chidoris, and especially Acanthodoris brunnea are all found in our area. None of these has 16-32 single, branchial plumes ar- ranged in the unusual two semicircles. Acanthodoris brunnea can be distinguished immediately; by its very long rhinophores and conical papillae (not round ones), and by its but 7 branchial gills. A pulmonate, resembling a small shell-less limpet, is colored quite like Onchidoris: it is Onchidella borealis. Close inspec- tion reveals it to have stalked eyes, and only 20-24 papillae dorsally s (p. 342). Ecological Information RANGE-Aleutian Islands south to Morro Bay, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION-Coos Bay: Pigeon Point. HABITAT-usually found with barnacle Ba/anus; at Pigeon Point on and under rocks; mudflats. SALINITY-collected at 30 o/oo salt. TEMPERATURE- TIDAL LEVEL-intertidal to 250 m 6 ; collected at mid-intertidal. ASSOCIATES-Ba/anus, chiton Mopalia, crabs Hemigrapsus, Cancer oregonensis, gastropods Tegula, Nuceila, sea star Pisaster ochraceus, anthozoans Anthopleura elegantissima, A. artemisia, isopod ldotea P. wosnesenskii. Quantitative Information WEIGHT-wet: 0.7 gr. ABUNDANCE-"freguent" 6seasonally common. Life History Information REPRODUCTION-hermaphroditic but not self-fertilizing; inter- nal fertilization. Eggs laid in ribbons during February-March, and October-December (Puget Sound) 2; May to mid June: British Columbia. GROWTH RATE- LONGEVITY-most opisthobranchs live less than a yea 8 FOOD-barnacles, mostly Balanus.6 PREDATORS-many opisthobranchs are toxic or bad-tasting; predators are mostly other nudibranchs.8 BEHAVIOR- Bibliography 1. Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell, 1954. Onchidoris fusca (Muller) a predator of barnacles. J. Anim. Ecol. 23:361-3. 2. Hurst, A. 1967. The egg masses and veligers of thirty northeast Pacific opisthobranchs. The Veliger 9(3):255-88. 3. Kozloff, E. 1974a. P. 188. 4. 1974b. Key, pp. 78-9. 5. McDonald, G.R. and J.W. Nybakken, 1978. Additional notes on the food of some California nudibranchs with a summary of known food habits of California species. The Veliger 21(1)110-118. 6. 1980. Guide to the Nudibranchs of California. American Malacologists, Inc., P.O. Box 2255, Melbourne, FL 32901. 72 pp. Keys 25-9, description, plate pp. 42-3. 7 Marcus, E. 1961. Opisthobranch mollusks from California. The Veliger 3 (Part One) Supplement: 84 pp., 10 plates. pp. 27-8, pl. 5. 8. Morris, R.H., D.P. Abbott, and E.G. Haderlie, 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford U. Press, 600 pp., 200 plates, P 328, plate 171. 9. Oonoghue, C.H. and E. Oonoghue, 1922. Notes on the nudibranchi- ate mollusca from the Vancouver Island region II. The spawn of certain species. Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 14:131-43. As Lamellidoris bilamellata. 10. Smith and Carlton, 1975. Key, pp. 517-8, 522-6, 540. Page 220 2. lateral view, x 5 5.egg ribbon x 2 (from 0 Donoghue Oonoghue,I922) 3.a single papilla, x 40 spicules protrude. .5 mm , 4.a single bronchial plume, x 30 unipinnate gill. Onchidoris Moine/leo 2 mm I. Onchidoris 61/G07e/iota dorsal x 8 actual length 15.5 mm; solid oval dorid nudibranch covered with round papilla; a posterior double circle of 16 - 32 or more gills; bilamellate rhinophores, .01 mm , 6.a veliger, x 250 (from Hurst, 1967). Pisaster brevispinus the pink, short-spined sea star Stimpson, 1857 PHYLUM: Echinodermata CLASS Asteroidea ORDER: Forcipulata FP.MILY: Asteriidae Description SIZEne of the largest asteroids: to 320 mm diameter (2 ft.) this specimen (Coos Bay) 190 mm diameter. COLORlways pink. Keys sometimes indicate mottling with gray-green or maroon-purple; Oregon specimens are pink. SURFACE PATTERNpines do not usually form reticulated pattern or crescentic arcs; there is at least one straight r ow of spines down each arm (fig. 1). Spines occur singly or in ;mall groups of twos and threes or more, separated by areas of soft tissue: the spines in the center of the disc do not form a distinct star (fig. 1). Body is firm, not weak and flabby. SPINESORSAL SURFACE: short ("brevi--), single or in groups of up to five on single plates, surrounded by areas of soft tissue(fig. 3); large spines are often shaped like onion domes; a straight middorsal row (or rows) of spines down mid- dle of each arm; species brevispinus (fig. 1). SPINESENTRAL (ORAL) SURFACE: four rows of flattened (elliptical) blunt spines with small clustered pedicellariae at their bases, and one row of long thin spine-like adambulacral spines (fig. 4). A few clusters of pedicellariae occur at the bases of these spines, but there are no pedicellariaet on the spines. CENTRAL DISCarge, raised, but not set off from arms as in class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars); contains madreporite (fig. 1). Spines in disc center do not form a star. RAYS (ARMS)ive, unless damaged. Tapering, broadest where they join disc. Not broad enough to give webbed appearance. AMBULACRAL GROOVESong furrows on oral surface of arms, which contain tube feet; class Asteroidea (fig. 4). Adam- bulacral spines line the groove. PEDICELLARIAEtalked or sessile appendages with pincers, used for cleansing surface of invaders. Two-jawed in Forcipulata. DORSAL (ABORAL) SURFACE very small pedicellariae cluster around spines (fig. 3); no large sessile pedicellariae visible; VENTRAL (ORAL) SURFACE: two types: (1) small. clustered around bases of oral spines, and (2) a few strands of small clustered pedicellariae and large stalked pedicellariae on bases of adambulacral spines (fig. 4). No pedicellariae on the adambulacral spines: genus Pisaster. MOUTHarge, in center of ventral surface (fig. 2). MADREPORITEilter plate for water into the interior stone canal; raised, with channels, conspicuous on central disc (fig. 1), TUBE FEETn ventral side; four rows, staggered down each ambulacral groove (fig. 4). Possible Misidentifications Pisaster brevispinus is readily identifiable by its pink colora- tion, its seemingly soft appearance, and its unusual (for sea stars) occurence on soft substrates. There are other five-armed Asteriidae with thick, low papillate dorsal spines and pedicellariae: Evasterias troscelli is slender like P. brevispinus, but is generally orange-red or blue-gray (Coos Bay), not pink. Its clusters of oral pedicellariae are on the adambulacral spines, not just at their bases as in P. brevispinus (fig. 4). Like P. brevispinus, it is subtidal.Its preferred range is Puget Sound, although it is known to northern California. Orthasterias koehleri has large, sharp dorsal spines, each surrounded by a distinct ring of large pedicellariae. These spines are arranged in distinct radial rows. Orthasterias is often red with yellow mottling. Two other species of Pisaster can be found: Pisaster giganteus is bluish gray, with blunt, clubbed dorsal spines, each surrounded by a ring of blue flesh around which is a ring of pedicellariae. P. giganteus is a low intertidal sea star, and usually is more southern than Oregon. In spite of its name, it is smaller than P. brevispinus when fully grown. Pisaster ochraceus is a common coastal sea star, and is only present in lower reaches of high salinity estuarine systems. It is red, brown, or ochre (juveniles are gray), never pink. It inhabits only hard substrates (rocks. pilings. etc.), not soft sand. The dorsal spines on P. ochraceus form reticulated patterns; the straight line(s) of spines down each arm typical of P. brevispinus are absent from P. ochraceus. Fisherdescribes two forms of P. breospir.i, F brevispinus, from Puget Sound to Crescent City with an dance of abactinal (away from the mouth: dorsal) spines. spines are in large groups, up to 8-10, and can form radial bands. P. b. oacispinus has few spines, standing singly or in 2s and 3s; the spines are usually stout with subconical acorn- shaped grooved tips; papulae (respiratory surfaces) are numerous and conspicuous in this form (fig. 3) Ecological Information RANGEitka, Alaska, to Santa Barbara, California. LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONypical form of offshore sand bottoms; also found in channel bottoms of large estuaries, i e. Coos. HABITAT- in quietest waters; also on wharf pilings, rocks; cannot tolerate exposure to air or to low salinities for long. Note: these sea stars are sometimes transported into harbors by fishermen cleaning their nets. SALINITYollected at 30 0/00. TEMPERATUREound in cold to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVELow intertidal to deep water: (many found at 60 fathoms, Monterey Bay, California"), ASSOCIATESn low pilings: Pisaster ochaceus, anemone Metridium, tunicates, mussels, barnacles. Quantitative Information WEIGHT ABUNDANCE Life History Information REPRODUCTIONeproductive cycle much like that of P. ochraceus. Separate sexes, breeding season January-May (Pacific Grove, California; gonads ripe April. spawning soon after. Sexes indistinguishable during resting period. GROWTH RATE LONGEVITY BEHAVIORan apparently sense and dig out clams (Sax- idomus, Protothaca) from gravel.Sand dollars escape by quickly burying themselves when P. brevispinus appears, Bibliography 1 Boolootian, R.A. 1966. Reproductive physiology, pp 561-614: references In. R.A Boolootian, ed Physiology of Echmodermata, Wiley Interscrence 822 pp. 2 Bullock. T.H. 1953. Predator recognition and escape responses of some Intertidal gastropods in presence of starfish. Behaviour 5.130.140. 3 Farmanfarmalan, A., A.C. Giese, R.A. Boolootian, and J Bennett, 1958 Annual reproductive cycles in four species of West Coast starfishes. J exp. Zool 138.350-67. 4 Fisher, W.K 1930. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters Bull 76, U.S. Nat. Mus.. Part 3. Forcipulata (concluded), 356 pp. Key pp. 3.5. to genus 162-4: species description 180-7. Plates 74, 76, 78. 79, 86. 89-93. 5. Hyman, L H. 1955. The Invertebrates: Vol IV Echinodermata. McGraw- Hill, 763 pp. Pp. 245-412 6. Kozloff, E 1974b. Key 1957 MacGrnitre and Macanitre, 1949. P 226 8 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971. rev: Hedgpeth. Pp. 246-8, 307, 356. 368, 524 9. Smith, L.S. 1961 Clam-digging behavior in the starfish, Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson, 1857). Beahviour, 18:148-53 10 Smith and Carson, 1975. Pp. 623-7 Page 222 3. dorsal spines, madreporite x8 spines short, some onion-domed; or in small groups; rounded madreporite; pedicel lariae clustered; dark papulae. 4.ventra I spines, groove x8 oral spines blunt, elliptical; adambulacral spines along groove; pedicellariae clustered, single or stalked. Pisaster brevispinus 2.one ray, ventral x I adambulacral groove with tube feet. Pisaster brevispinus x I dorsal surface short spines, single or in small groups; a straight row down each arm; soft tissue between spines; color pink; five tapering arms; large raised central disc. Pisaster ochraceus common Pacific sea star, ochre sea star Brandt, 1835 PHYLUM: Echinodermata CLASS: Asteroidea ORDER: Forcipulata FAMILY: Asteriidae Description SIZEverage (Monterey, California): 140 mm diameter, each ray (arm) 40 mm; width of ray base 40 mm." This specimen 150 mm diameter. Puget Sound, regularly 250 mm.e COLORboral (dorsal) surface red, brown or ochrehe last especially on open coast; Puget Sound: purple; oral (ventral) surface ochre. Juveniles gray with brown aboral patches. SURFACE PATTERNateral and dorsal spines form reticulated pattern; spines at arm tips form series of separate crescentic arcs (fig. 1): species ochraceus." No long straight rows of spines down arms. Dark centers of reticulated patterns are respiratory surfaces (papulae). Surface stiff, harsh .6 SPINESorsal: low, small, serrated, rounded, bead-like or papillate (figs. 1, 3); formed into crescentic arcs at arm tips. No straight middorsal row of arm spines. Spines in center of disc form a distinct star (fig. 1). Ventral: spines serrated, blunt and heavy, more spine-like than bead-like (fig. 4). Adambulacral spines: (lining odes of ambulacral grooves) articulated, long, thin (fig. 4). CENTRAL DISCarge, convex, arched, not distinct as in Ophiuroidea (brittle stars); contains madreporite, anus. Diameter of disc less than , and more than 1 genus Pisaster. RAYS (ARMS)ive, unless damaged; tapering, thick, large; not sharply demarcated from disc,but broadest where they join disc_ Not broad enough to give a webbed appearance. AMBULACRAL GROOVES furrows on oral surface of arms, which contain tube feet; class Asteroidea(figs. 2, 4). Along each edge of groove are adambulacral spines intermixed with stalked clustered pedicellariae (fig. 4). PEDICELLARIAEtalked or sessile appendages used for cleansing surface of invaders, i.e. barnacles larvae: two-jawed in Pisaster species VENTRAL SURFACE: stalked, three types: (1) small, clustered around bases of oral spines (fig. 4); (2) small pedicellariae clustered on expandable strands between adambulacral spines (fig. 4), and (3) large pedicellariae on these same strands (fig 4). There are no pedicellariae on the adambulacral spines: genus Pisaster.6: DORSAL SURFACE: dorsal spines (but not in raised rings around them); and (2) a few solitary, large, sessile pedicellanae scattered over dor- sal surface (fig. 3). MOUTHarge, in center of under or ventral side (fig. 2): Pisaster can extrude its stomach through this opening to engulf food. MADREPORITEmad-rep-or-ite): a sieve-like structure which serves as the water intake into the stone canal. ; conspicuous about of radius from center of disc (fig. 1, between arms numbered 1 and 2). ANUSnconspicuous, near center of aboral surface; probably not functional surrounded by small pedicellariae. TUBE FEETor locomotion, and part of water vascular system; on ventral side in ambulacral grooves; staggered in pairs, four rows across down each ambulacral groove (fig. 4) Possible Misidentifications Among the large five-armed sea stars, Pisaster sp. are noted for their thick arms, low, papillate dorsal spines, and for their pedicellanae. Two other Asteriidae share these characteristics: Evasterias troschelii is a rather rare, low intertidal species with a small disc and slender arms compared to Pisaster, and a varied, though generally oranged-red coloration. Evasterias has clusters of pedicellariae on its adambulacral spines, not just at their bases as in Pisaster ochraceus. Orthasterias koehleri, another Asteriidae, has sharp dorsal spines, not blunt papillate ones; these spines are each sur- rounded by a distinct ring of large pedicellariae. Orthasterias dorsal spines are arranged in distinct radial rows (those of Pisaster are not); Orthasterias is often red with yellow mot- tling, it occurs in the low intertidal and subtidally. Two other species of Pisaster can be found: Pisaster brevispinus occurs not on rocks and pilings but on soft sub- strates, where it feeds on clams. Its aboral spines do not form reticulated patterns or arcs, but occur singly or in groups of 2 or 3, and are separated by areas of soft tissue. P. brevispinus appears to be weak; it is not. It has a straight, distinct row of middorsal spines on each arm. This sea star is nearly always pink: it can be mottled with gray-green or maroon-purple as well.It is one of the largest asteroids, growing to 320 mm (2 feet) in diameter. Pisaster giganteus is bluish gray; its dorsal spines are blunt, clubbed, and each surrounded by a ring of blue flesh, and around that a ring of pedicellariae. If has tiny pedicellariae thickly scattered between the dense spines; its spines are not arranged in radial or concentric rows. P. giganteus is a low in- tertidal sea star usually found further south than Oregon. Despite its name, it is usually smaller than P. ochraceus." Sea stars are extremely variable within species: Fisher, listed three definite forms of P. ochraceus. Although these names are not used in systematics, it should be noted that the Puget Sound and Oregon outer coast variety of P. ochraceus has a flatter, smoother surface ornamentation than does our Oregon bay form Ecological Information RANGEitka, Alaska south to near Pt. Concepcion, LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONypical form of the open sea coast; in bays on jetties and pilings only in marine parts of large bays, Le. Coos Bay. HABITATetties, rocks, pilings, bay mussel beds: hard sub- strates. Larger individuals can stand exposure to air. SALINITYollected at 30 o/oo saltwater, cannot tolerate long- term reduced salinities. TEMPERATUREound in cold to temperate waters. TIDAL LEVEL wide vertical distribution, being a hunter; intertidal to 3 meters deep (Monterey Bay).Large sea stars usually found at low tide mark in Puget Sound, probably for warmth: they do not move down in Monterey. ASSOCIATESussels, barnacles, limpets and other snails: its prey. Other inhabitants of the mussel bed can include poly- chaetes, anemones, nematodes, etc. Pilings in quiet waters: barnacles, anemone Metridium senile, tunicates." Quantitative Information WEIGHTwet): range 37.8-834 gr. (28 animals). ABUNDANCEthe most conspicuous sea star of rocky inter- tidal areas" (Puget Sound); the common predator of the lower Mytilus beds,where it is the most obvious member of the mussel community." Life History Information REPRODUCTIONeparate sexes 6 ; ten gonads like feathery tufts, two in each ray, next to disc. Definite spawning period: March to June eggs and sperm extruded from between rays and from dorsal surface into water. Pisaster does not brood its eggs or young as do some Asteriidae," i.e. Lepasterias. Em- bryos develop to swimming larvae, metamorphose and as new stars, measure less than 1 mm .6 Asexual regeneration of arms characteristic of the Asteroidea. (Regeneration of whole animal from an arm not possible without some of disc6). GROWTH RATEaries with food availability, roughness of waters, etc. With constant food supply, proper conditions, a sea star can feed continuously and increase its weight from 2 to 30 times in a year.It can survive at least 20 months without feeding. Animal size not related as much to age as to food availability. The more even conditions in a bay ensure greater opportunities for feeding than do open coast conditions. LONGEVITY- FOODavorite prey seems to by Mytilus, on which it grows fastest: also east barnacles, clams, crabs, chitons, etc.: omnivorous. PREDATORSeagulls (on adults); school children and thoughtless beachcombers. BEHAVIORan right itself vigorously when oral surface is de- tached from substrate; can evert stomach to envelope prey. Some invertebrates, i.e. limpet Collisella can avoid Pisaster by a special escape mechanism (see Collisella pelta). Bibliography 1 567-78 In R A Booloottan, ed.. Physiology of Echooderrnata. Wiley foe:- science, 822 pp 2 Dyakonov. A M 1950 Sea Stars (Asteroids) of the U.S.S. R. SSeas. Key to orders p 13, to families, 88-9. to genera (no Pisaster) p 96 Trans 1968. Israel Program for Soles. Transl. SrinthsoniaoNSF, Washington, D.C. 3 Feder, H M 1956 Natural history studies on the starfish PIsaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835) in the Monterey Bay area. Doctoral Disserta- tion, Stanford Univ. , 294 pp 4 1959 The food of the starfish, ochraceus, along the California coast. Ecology 40.721-4 5 . 1970 Growth and predation by the ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus, tn Monterey Bay, California. Ophelia 8161 .85. Good bibliography. 6 Fisher, W K 1930 Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Rua 76, U S Nat. Mus , Part 3. Forcipulata (concluded), 356 pp. Key, pp 3-5, genus 162-4, species 165-172 7 Hyman . The Invertebrates Vol. IV Ech ynoderrnata McGraw, Hill, 8 KozIon, E 1974a Pp 98. 114, 143-5, 171 9 1974b Key, pp 195-7 10 Mauzey, K P 1966 Feeding behavior and reproductive cycles in Pisaster ochraceus. Biol. Bull 131 127)44 11 , C. Birkeland and P K Dayton. 1968 Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the Puget Sound region Ecology 49-603-19 12 Quayle. D B 1954 Growth of the purple seastar. Oyster But., Brit. Col Dept. Fish 5(3).11-13 13 Ricketts and Calvin, 1971 ed. Hedgpeth. Pp 155 180f, 184, 240, 247, 356, 369, 506, 524 14 Roberts, Michael 5 Personal communication 15 Smith and Carlton. 1975. Pp. 623-7 16 Spence,. W K and C W Wright, 1966 Asterozoans. Part U Echinoder- many. In R C Moore, ed , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Univ. Kansas Press and Geol Soc. America 3(1)4-107 Page 224 adambulacral spines 2 one ray, ventral surfaceambulacral groove with tube feet; adambulacral spines. small stalked peaicellariae madreporite I. Pisoster ochroceus x dorsal surface stiff, harsh surface; reticulated pattern, spines in arcs; five thick,tapering arms; large arched central disc. adambulacra I small large pedicel lariae spine \ trand - --- mall clustered pedicel ; oral d I - V .-P spines papulo 3. madrepori te, dorsa r,r)ines madreporite large, flat, filter-like; dorsal spines short, rounded, bead-like; pedicel lariae: stal ked, small, clustered; sessile, large, solitary. 4. ambulacral groove (ventral surface) x 12 all tube feet removed except four, to show four rows across groove. adambulacral spines along groove; pedicel lariae: small, clustered on expandqble strands with some large ones; small and clustered at bases of oral spines.