The Future is Behind Us Raising Indigenous Knowledge through Multifunctional Urban Agricultural Practices in Honolulu, HI Carmela Sambo Approval Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Master of Landscape Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Oregon, on June 12, 2021 Master’s Project Chair Yekang Ko Master’s Project Committee Members Chris Enright Kory Russel Master’s Project Chair Approval Date ________________________ Signature _________________________________ Master’s Project Committee Member Approval Date ________________________ Signature _________________________________ Date ________________________ Signature _________________________________ Acknowledgments To my project advisor, Yekang Ko - your support, guidance, and time taken towards this project helped me get through this difficult year in my graduate career. This project would not have come to fruition without your patience and undivided attention, and for that, I am forever grateful. To our advisor, Chris Enright - thank you for your genuine kindness and wisdom. I am so grateful to have both started and ended this graduate journey as your student. Dedicated to my grandparents - Elisa Juanillo & Leon Juanillo To those who have helped with this project - friends at Hui o Ko’olaupoko and Paepae o He’eia, Sara Carr, Matt Gosner, Lala Nuss, Harper Keeler, Michael Geffel - thank you for your encouragement and knowledge. To my family and friends - thank you for always believing in me and showing me that with courage and determination I can achieve anything. I ka wā ma mua, i ka wā ma hope The future is secured by the past - Hawaiian proverb Personal Statement I would like to begin by acknowledging that although I was born and raised on the island of O’ahu, I am still, in many ways, learning about my cultural identity as a first-generation Filipino-American who calls Hawai’i my home. The shared values and beliefs of the Hawaiian culture have been instilled in me through my education and the community. Although I do not identify as Hawaiian, I consider myself a kama’aina, which translates to “a child of that which feeds me”. In recognizing this I feel as though it is my responsbility to care for the land that raised me as it continues to sustain my community, my family, and myself. My family currently lives in the Waipahu neighborhood, an area once home to Oahu Sugar Company, which brought a wave of laborers from the Philippines, Japan, China, Portugal, and Norway. In search for better opportunities, both my parents’ families moved to Honolulu from the Philippines. Over the years, our neighborhood has seen many changes with the sugar cane plantation now owned by Monsanto, numerous fast-food chains, and new transportation corridors for the upcoming rapid transit line. This project has become a reflection of my cultural identity and presents my hope for the islands and how we, as landscape designers and planners, should advocate for the recognition of indigenous wisdom. Image 1 ix Abstract With the closest port of call approximately 2,400 miles away, the Hawaiian Islands are one of the most geographically isolated and food-import dependent populations in the world. The Hawaiian Islands imports approximately 90-percent of its food and energy making it vulnerable to any natural or human-caused disaster that could disrupt shipping and supplies. Urbanization practices in Honolulu allow for limited space for urban agricultural practices, higher concentrations of people, and an increase in high-rise condominiums and hotels. Most importantly, Honolulu faces an even greater loss in its historical agricultural identity. Understanding the indigenous agricultural practices of the Native Hawaiians along with what remains today is essential to charting a pathway forward. The Native Hawaiians coevolved with their landscape and engineered a social-ecological system, called the ahupua’a unit, that maximized ecosystem services. The ahupua’a was a multifunctional land division that separated agroforestry practices in the forest zone, urban agricultural practices in the lowland or plains, and aquaculture practices in the coastal zone. Reflecting on the richness of this past system with the current design and planning of Honolulu’s Ala Wai watershed challenges us to rethink new strategies of implementing urban agricultural practices that raise indigenous knowledge while enhancing Honolulu’s resiliency. This research project is motivated by the ahupua’a model due to its multifunctionality and importance within Traditional Ecological Knowledge. The three zones of the ahupua’a model are examined using four selected precedent studies, ranging within the Pacific Rim. Each precedent study is examined based on its use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) composed of local knowledge, resource management, and worldview, and multifunctionality composed of production, ecological, and cultural functions. These studies will help formulate a design framework that can be applied towards spatial typologies within the Ala Wai watershed. xi Table of Contents Acknowledgements Personal Statement Abstract Part 1: Introduction 18-35 Background Research Question Significance Methodology Part 2: Key Concepts & Precedents 38-67 Key Concepts: Ahupua’a Model; Multifunctionality; Traditional Ecological Knowledge Precedent Studies Informal interviews Part 3: Design Framework 70-71 Strategies Components Part 4: Study Area 74-81 Ala Wai Watershed Part 5: Design Possibilities 84-115 Design proposal and visioning Part 6: Discussion 118-119 References Appendix xii List of Figures Image 1. Photo taken by Kathleen de Lara Source: Thac, Thai and Viet Dung An. (2019). Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/20/vac-library-farming- architects-hanoi/ Part 1 Figure 2.14. Children observing VAC’s fish pond Figure 1.1. Distance of nearest port to Honolulu Source: Thac, Thai and Viet Dung An. (2019). Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/20/vac-library-farming- Figure 1.2. Map of O’ahu showcasing SLR and urbanization architects-hanoi/ Figure 1.3. Ahupua’a land divisions Figure 2.15. Structure of VAC allows seating and bookshelves Figure 1.4. The Moku System Source: Thac, Thai and Viet Dung An. (2019). Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/20/vac-library-farming- Figure 1.5. Zones of the ahupua’a architects-hanoi/ Figure 1.6. Diagram showcasing connection between food, land, and self Figure 1.7. The disappearance of the ahupua’a system due to the impacts of colonization Figure 1.8. Diagram showing disconnection between self and production of food Part 3 Figure 1.9. Current non-profit organizations on Oahu, HI Figure 3.1. Urban Design Framework Figure 1.10. Methodology diagram Part 4 Part 2 Figure 4.1. Ala Wai Watershed within O’ahu island encompasses the Makiki, Manoa, Palolo, and Waikiki Figure 2.1. Ahupua’a model neighborhoods Figure 2.2. Multifunctionality model Figure 4.2. Analysis of Ala Wai Watershed - location of parks, streams, and schools Figure 2.3. Tradtional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) model Figure 4.3. Zoning of Ala Wai Watershed - 45% conservation district; 55% urbanized Figure 2.4. Plan view of Mahi Whenua gardens Figure 4.4. Agricultural past of Ala Wai Watershed Source: Nine to Noon. Keni Piahana talks with students of Te Kura Kauppa Maori o Hoani Waititi Figure 4.5. Current organization of Ala Wai Watershed prior to lifting kumara last week. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ ninetonoon/audio/2018645798/kumara-harvest-in-auckland-garden-with-big-history Part 5 Figure 2.5. Kumara mounds Figure 5.1. Mature taro Source: Nine to Noon. Keni Piahana talks with students of Te Kura Kauppa Maori o Hoani Waititi Figure 5.2. Life cycle of taro prior to lifting kumara last week. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ Figure 5.3. Concept diagram ninetonoon/audio/2018645798/kumara-harvest-in-auckland-garden-with-big-history Figure 5.4. Manoa Context map Figure 2.6. Mahi Whenua food forest Figure 5.5. Plan overview of food forest in Manoa Valley neighborhood Source: Mahi Whenua. https://www.sanctuaryunitec.garden/gallery/ Figure 5.6. Design strategies for a Multifunctional Food Forest in Manoa Valley Figure 2.7. Plan view of South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm Figure 5.7. Community center Source: Yerrabingin, 2020. https://www.yerrabingin.com.au/projects/rooftop-farm Figure 5.8. UH Context map Figure 2.8. Iron trellis for native pollinators Figure 5.9. Plan overview of urban rooftop farm at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Source: Yerrabingin, 2020. https://www.yerrabingin.com.au/projects/rooftop-farm Figure 5.10. Design strategies for a Multifunctional urban rooftop farm at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Figure 2.9. Group tour of garden led by Yerrabingin Figure 5.11. Outdoor classroom Source: Delicious. https://www.delicious.com.au/food-files/news-articles/article/grow-garden- Figure 5.12. Ala Wai Context map small-space/iulfmybc Figure 5.13. Plan overview of aquaponics structure along Ala Wai Canal Figure 2.10. Plan view of TURF Figure 5.14. Design strategies for a Multifunctional aquaponics structure along Ala Wai Canal Source: Landprocess. https://landprocessdesign.wixsite.com/landprocess/thammasat-university- Figure 5.15. Aquaponic structure as a learning tool, seating and shade structure rooftop-farm Figure 2.11. Students harvesting amongst terrace-like planters Source: Landprocess. https://landprocessdesign.wixsite.com/landprocess/thammasat-university- Table List rooftop-farm Figure 2.12. Community members harvesting rice Table 1. Urban Planning to support various functions of urban agriculture Source: Landprocess. https://landprocessdesign.wixsite.com/landprocess/thammasat-university- Table 2. Food forest plant list rooftop-farm Table 3. Urban agriculture plant list Figure 2.13. VAC Libary Table 3. Aquaponic plant list xiv xv part 1 introduction Oakland, CA es 0 m il Current Issues & Challenges ,402 Food Insecurity and Public Health in Hawaii O’ahu, HI The ongoing spread of the coronavirus and the resultant COVID-19 disease pandemic have exposed many systemic vulnerabilities to health care, the economy, and the normal functioning of society world- wide (Miles, 2020). For Hawaii, critical systems like our food supply, are also vulnerable to natural and human-caused disasters. With the closest port of call approximately 2,400 miles away in Oakland, CA, (Figure 1.1) the Hawaiian Islands are home to one of the most geographically isolated and food-import dependent populations in the world (Miles, 2020). The island’s critical infrastructure lies along a 12-mile stretch of low-elevation coastline on the south shore of Oahu. If a natural disaster were to hit the islands, the state would have a five to seven-day supply of food (Miles, 2020). The food system is also the number one driver of Honolulu, HI Figure 1.1. Distance of nearest port to Honolulu 18 19 global environmental change and the primary unhealthy patterns of eating and sedentary cause of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, lifestyles pose more stressors and health heart disease, and obesity (Miles, 2020). risks (Kaholokula, 2014). Areas that are near Social and health inequities parallel each other, fast food restaurants and liquor stores, have and certain ethnic groups in Hawaii bear a less access to fresh fruits and vegetables, disproportionate burden of these inequities offer few walking and bicycle trails and poorly (Kaholokula, 2014). Native Hawaiians, Pacific maintained public parks promote unhealthy Islanders, and Filipinos are more likely to be patterns as well (Kaholokula, 2014). undereducated, to be working in low paying jobs, to be incarcerated, and to be living in With rapid urbanization on the rise in poorer conditions than other ethnic groups downtown Honolulu, space for urban (Kaholokula, 2014). They are also the highest- agriculture is becoming limited, there are ranking ethnic groups in terms of obesity, higher concentrations of people, and open diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain spaces that are vital to the community’s cancers (Kaholokula, 2014). There is more health and well-being are being taken away than biology, such as poor eating and exercise to make way for high-rise condominiums habits at play. The length and quality of Hawaii and hotels (Figure 1.2). On top of that, resident’s lives has a lot to do with social indigenous methods of land governance conditions – where one lives, works, and goes have been disappearing and have not been to school, and the distribution of wealth and fully visible in urban cities. Property shapes resources in society (Kaholokula, 2014). These how a city functions, how it looks and how forces are referred to as social determinants people live. Property also fragments our urban of health and are vital in how we plan our cities environments and disconnects us from the and communities. Environments that promote natural landscape. - Watersheds Figure 1.2. (opposite) Sea Level Rise Exposure Area - 3.2 ft scenarioN - - Building Footprints Map of O’ahu showcasing SLR A Miles Roads0 1.5 3 6 9 12 40 ft Contours and urbanization 20 21 The Past Hawaii Pre-Settlement/Settlement History sea geographic units called ahupua’a (Figure 1.3). O‘io‘o Prior to any contact with human settlement, HanakaoeKawela Ulupehupehu the island chain was first home to unique life According to Winter, a more holistic Opana Punalau forms due to its ecological diversity. However, Pahipahialuaunderstanding of the ahupua’a’s structure over time and due to human presence, on the and function includes first understanding the Ko‘olau Loa island of Oahu, 85 percent of the land that moku system (Figure 1.4) which divided large Kaun aala ean na was once home to a diverse endemic set of K aislands into social-ecological regions and into Waialua P ahupuke ka ae Makao ecosystems had been entirely lost (Gon and alinterrelated social-ecological communities Auku‘u M Kapaka Winter, 2019). However, even with this loss K(Winter, 2018). The moku system had several Kikahi apaeloa Waimea Papa‘akokoPuna Hale‘aha the Hawaiian Islands remain one of the most Kawaihapai K nuesocial-ecological zones running horizontally uikuKealia L ila ou loa Kapanoh diverse places on the planet. Understanding uluacross each region and divided individual ui Puhe‘emikialuanK Wai‘ono the history of those losses and what remains communities vertically while connecting Kaena Kawailoa alu‘u Makaua is essential to charting a pathway forward unthem to adjacent communities horizontally Keawaula PPa‘ala‘a (Gon and Winter, 2019). Kamananui(Winter, 2018). This mosaic contained Kahanahaiki waKahana Ka‘a‘a forested landscapes, cultural landscapes, and Makua‘Ohikilolo Hakipu‘u Kualoa seascapes which harnessed a diversity of uKeaa Waikane Agricultural History ecosystem services to facilitate an abundance Ko‘olau PokoMakaha Waiahole a The Native Hawaiian society coevolved with of biocultural resources (Winter, 2018). Oahu is eWaianae Ka‘alaa e‘e ‘eia their landscape and engineered a social- comprised of 6 mokus – Waialua, Ko’olau Loa, aiaw aih lu‘uW HeW aimano aha ecological system that maximized ecosystem Ko’olau Poko, Kona, ‘Ewa, and Wai’anae (Figure Wai‘anae Wana K Ma n aiauW alu He‘eia services and the abundance of key resource 1.3). Waim li species (Gon and Winter, 2019). They not aku ao Kane‘ohean Kalau a a‘Aie w only recognized the value of the forests in N Hala i KailuaHonouliuli h producing ecosystem services but honored its lua ii alana khaui K u intrinsic value and associated biodiversity (Gon Mo Ka a an ala m u‘u and Winter, 2019). The resource management apK N uoa strategies they employed included designing Pa kiki WaimanaloHonolulu Ma food systems that could sustainably feed over a million people with no external inputs (Gon ‘Ewa Waikiki and Winter, 2019). The system recognized Kona biogeographic patterns, noting that different living elements are found from summit to coast and that they extend from nearshore to Figure 1.3. (opposite) N reef to the edge of the pelagic (Gon and Winter, Ahupua’a land divisions Miles0 2 4 8 12 16 A 2019). This resulted in the formation of land- 22 23 Mokule M ‘iao 1kule‘ia 2 Waipi‘o Kahuku La L’i ae ‘m iew Ka alo aip i H aa p ‘o u a‘ ‘u ula Man P oa alolo Wai‘alae Wailupe Niu Kuli‘ou‘ou ‘e iale aluWa um Pa Wa ikele e‘ae Ho‘a The land was divided into various scales – resulted in 100-percent self-sufficiency in a mokupini, moku, ahupua’a, ‘ili and further into small but intensively worked space. various types of agricultural plots (Winter, Each ahupua’a is comprised of five terrestrial 2018) (Figure 1.4). Of these land divisions, social-ecological zones, wao (Figure 1.5). the moku and ahupua’a were key political Wao akua, or sacred forest, was a restricted boundaries in the pre-contact system of forest zone for native plant communities and governance, managed by positions in the accessed only under strict protocols. Wao kele, ruling class known as ali’i’ai moku and ali’i ‘ai or wet forest, was an untended forest zone ahupua’a respectively (Winter, 2018). Land and left as a native-dominant plant community divisions below the ahupua’a – ‘ili and others zone whose primary function is to maximize – were derived through kinship and cared for aquifer recharge. Wao nahele, or remote forest, by specific extended families (Winter, 2018). was minimally tended and whose function was These land divisions were made to manage to maximize habitat for native birds. biocultural resources due to a growing human population and were able to sustain The wao la’au, or agroforest, primary function MOKUPINI (island) an abundance of resources for more than a was to maximize the availability of timber and MO’I (king) millennium (Winter, 2018). non-timber forest products. A zone allowing for the management of a highly tended The ahupua’a, which makes up only part of forest via an integrated agroforestry (native the Hawaiian land division, is the focus of and introduced plants) regime. This zone this research due to its ability in maximizing comprised native and introduced hardwood resources, productivity, and its complex timber, food trees, native and introduced design. The ahupua’a worked to connect biofuel sources, cordage and weaving material, MOKU (district) people and their social systems to place medicine and dyes, and ceremonial and ALI’I (chief) and were administered by konihiki, resource adornment plants. managers appointed by the ruler of large districts or entire islands (Gonschor, 2014). Within each ahupua’a, varying in size from as small as 100-acres to over 100,00 acres (Levy and Chernisky, 2020), members viewed the land as a sacred home of the ancestral gods that cared for all people. This view inspired Figure 1.4. (opposite) people to care for the land in turn which The Moku System AHUPUA’A (watershed) KONOHIKI (manager) I ‘ILI (neighborhood) ‘OHANA (family) 24 25 The wao kanaka, habitation zone, primary community (Levy, 2005). function was to maximize the availability of food, medicine, and housing. This zone The resource management strategies allowed for the conversion of forest to field the Native Hawaiians employed included agriculture, aquaculture, habitation, recreation, designing food systems that could sustainably and/or temple worship. feed over a million people with no external inputs, a population that is comparable to Native and introduced trees tended, today (Gon and Winter, 2019). The Native individually or in groves, for regular and Hawaiians were greatly connected to the land specific cultural services (Winter, 2018). – multi-generational recipes were shared, the Cloud Forest community knew where their food was being Uka (Wao Akua) The coastal zone provided most of the protein grown, and they cultivated their own food Forest Zone in fish, shellfish, shrimp, crab and lobster using (Figure 1.6). (Wao Nahele) fishponds. Flooded field and rainfed agriculture provided a cornucopia of vegetable foods such Kula Agricultural Zone as taro, sweet potato, bananas, breadfruit, (Wao Kanaka) Acacia koa yams, arrowroot and others. Nearshore edible THEN/CONNECTED Makai algal diversity provided vital minerals and other Coastal Zone Alphitonia ponderosa (Kahakai) nutrients (Gon and Winter, 2019). Cultivating foodKai Sharing meals Knowing where food Sea Psilotum complanatum comes fromArtocarpus altilis Heteropogon contortus Bidens asymmetrica The land was abundant and traditionally described as ‘aina momona, meaning “fat Musa acuminata Cordyline terminalis lands”. Through skillful, intensive uses of the Cyperus laevigatus Local Ecological Resource management Cordyline terminalis land and sea, the Hawaiians were able to keep Knowledge Cocos nucifera their footprint small (Gon and Winter, 2019). The ahupua’a model promoted self-sufficiency Traditional/Sacred through the exchange of fish, wood, poi, Multi-generational recipes Healthier whole foods Figure 1.5. and other goods between those living in Zones of the ahupua’a mountainous regions and coastal residents. An informal system of mauka-makai, meaning Figure 1.6. mountain to ocean, gift exchange allowed Diagram showcasing connection a high degree of self-sufficiency for the between food, land, and self 26 27 Post-Colonization In 1776, cultural impacts of colonization As the Hawaiian ecosystems disintegrated, following European contact resulted in so did Native Hawaiian society as the United massive habitat losses. The imposition of States government overthrew the Hawaiian anthropocentric technological solutions in monarchy by the end of the 19th century, and HONOLULU LIGHT RAIL transforming the landscape; the degradation imprisoned Hawaii’s last monarch, Queen of ecosystems by fire, overgrazing, Lili’uokalani. By the end of the 20th century, monocropping of sugar and pineapple Hawaii’s population surpassed 1 million plantations; and urbanization led to the decline people, but now heavily depends on imports to of the ahupua’a system (Levy and Chernisky, provide 90 percent of its food and energy (Gon RESIDENTIAL and Winter, 2019). A community that was once SMALL BUSINESSES 2020). connected to its land, has now become largely HONOLULU POHUKAINA SCHOOL IRON WORKS Hawaii was a once self-sustaining system disconnected (Figure 1.8). NOW/DISCONNECTED MUDFLATS prior to colonization, but later devoted much COMMERCIAL of its land to producing and exporting food SALT PONDS LANDFILL IMMIGRANT FISH PONDS “CAMPS” products. The 20th century ushered in the modern era that swept up Hawaii into the rest of the Western world (Gon and Winter, 2019). Figure 1.7. Wetlands were drained to develop Honolulu, The disappearance of the ahupua’a and agricultural lands and forests were system due to the impacts of destroyed to build suburbs to accommodate colonization a post-statehood population explosion (Gon and Winter, 2019) (Figure 1.7). Trees found in forest lands were cut for both export and as fuel for trains and ships, and these deforested lands eventually made room for cattle and sheep pastures. Figure 1.8. Diagram showing disconnection between self and production of food 28 29 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 O‘io‘o O‘io‘o Hanakaoe Hanakaoe Kawela KaUwleulpaehupehu Ulupehupehu Opana OpPauna lau Punalau Pahipahialua Pahipahialua Ko‘olau LKooa‘olau Loa Kau Kn aa u n a l ena a a a an a Current Agricultural Practices Waialua Waialua a K la an eP ah K anupuke Pupuk ek ha e a ekaa al ala Makao Makao With the decline of the sugar industry, current interdependence that returns abundance and Auku‘u Aukuu M‘ M Kapaka Kapaka Kikahi Kikahi Kapaeloa WaimKaepaaelo Waimea Papa‘akoko Papa‘akokoagricultural lands are returning to a new era prosperity to the community” (Ma’o, 2020). Kawaihapai PKawaihapai unanu PK e u a K nanue H le‘ahau Hale‘ahaiku uiku of small farms growing diversified agricultural Kealia iKealia L l ia oloa lou loa Kapano Kapanohul Lu auhulu nui Puhe‘emuiiki Puhe‘emiki products. There are currently over 5,500 farms Paepae o He’eia, located in Ko’olau Poko is nKawailoa Ka lua WaKi‘aolun ao Kawailoa Wai‘ono in Hawaii and 40 crops grown commercially a non-profit organization established in 2001 Kaena Kaena alu‘uun Mauknaulua‘u Makaua (DOA, 2020). Agricultural crops such as dedicated to caring for the He’eia fishpond. Keawaula Keawaula P P Kamananui KamanPaan‘aulai ‘a Pa‘ala‘a a fruits, coffee, macadamia nuts, flowers and Their program aims to restore the fertility and Kahanahaiki Kahanahaiki w aMakua Makua Kahana a ‘a‘a Kahana a‘a‘a w K K foliage provide produce and flowers to Hawaii lushness of the fishpond and share its bounty ‘Ohikilolo ‘Ohikilolo Hakipu‘u Kualoa Hakipu‘u Kualoa markets, but also have become major exports with the community. The pond maintains a uKeaa uKeaa Waikane Waikane Ko‘olau PKok‘olau Poko to places around the world. Some small farms brackish water environment, ideal for algae, Makaha Makaha Waiahole Waiahole are also taking more sustainable approaches, which helps raise herbivorous fish. Waianae Ka‘alae a Waianae Ka‘ala ea a a e ia a and early fishponds have evolved into high- aw w ihe‘ e iaWai W ia u ‘u aihe‘ ‘euH‘ue He‘e man ao W l Whaano hal tech aquaculture ventures (DOA, 2020). Kōkua Kalihi Valley Comprehensive Family Wai‘anaeWai‘anae Wai mana aia an au na WK KMa ai Ma aanlu aiau Hleu‘eia He‘eia Current non-profit organizations (Figure 1.9) Services (KKV) has provided innovative W m W aWai mWai continue to honor indigenous knowledge and programs that directly address the needs i iakul kul ao a o Kaa ne‘ohen n lau a w laua Kane‘ohe a a ie a iea wa work to restore degraded lands into productive and aspirations of Kalihi Valley’s families N Na K ‘A ala K ‘AH Hala KHonouliuli Honouliuli ua lihi a lihi ailua Kailua landscapes. (Ho’oulu’aina, 2020). In 2005, KKV was granted nal uiki Ka alun iki aa u K a 20-year lease from the Hawai’i Department oa ah a huaK uM laMa o aKna nm u‘u ma ‘ua In 2000 a group of community members of Land and Natural Resources to steward and paa N pa la NuK Ka a a founded the Wai’anae Community osustainably develop 100 acres in the back of Pau uokiki Pa kiki Waimanalo Waimanalo Honolulu Ma Ma Redevelopment Corporation to grow two of the Valley (Ho’oulu’aina, 2020). Ho’oulu’aina, Honolulu the community’s greatest assets: the rich meaning “to grow the land” and “to grow ‘Ewa ‘Ewa Waikiki food producing traditions of the region and Waikikibecause of the land”, is based on the value Kona Kona youth who were not achieving their academic that the health of the land and the health of the potential (Ma’o, 2020). WCRC then created people are one (Hooulu’aina, 2020). a social enterprise called Ma’o Organic N Farms (MA’O) and developed programming Ho’oulu’aina dedicates multiple programs in Miles Miles0 2 40 2 84 128 1162 16 A geared towards mentorship, education, and the restoration of ancient sites and sacred empowering youth. Ma’o is an acronym for places, reforestation, agroforestry, and a Mala’Ai’Opio, which translates to youth food community garden that provides Kalihi garden. It is an affirmation of their belief that residents with vegetables and revitalize the “when we restore the relationship between dormant farm-to-table culture of the Native youth and ‘aina (land), we restore our Hawaiian’s ancestors. ancestral connection to the land and foster an Figure 1.9. (opposite) Current non-profit organizations on Oahu, HI Ma’o Organic Farms Paepae o He’eia Ho’oulu’aina source: https://www.maoorganicfarms.org/ source: https://paepaeoheeia.org/ source: https://www.hoouluaina.com/ 30 31 Mokule M ‘iao 1kule‘ia 2 Mokule M ‘iao 1kule‘ia 2 Waipi‘o Kahuku L W a L ’i a‘ie a em wip Ki a alo ai ‘o ipH ap ‘oau a‘ ‘u ula Kahuku La L’i ae ‘m iew Ka aip lo ai H aa p ‘o u a‘ ‘u ula Man P oa alolo Wai‘alae WMailuapne Pa Niu oa Kluoli‘ou‘oulo Wai‘alae Wailupe Niu Kuli‘ou‘ou le‘e aia luW um a ikele e Pa Wa Ho‘a e‘a iale ‘e u Wa al uma aike le P W e Ho‘a e‘a While urban agriculture efforts continue to inputs on-island an encouraging small-scale multiply, food production in cities is still often backyard farming through programs and policy viewed as problematic (Lovell, 2010). The (Ola, 2020). most common urban agriculture typologies are not valued because they rarely produce However, there is currently no design food and provide beneficial social and framework within landscape design and ecological services to the entire surrounding planning that is focused on the importance of Reclaim Public Space and Amplify Indigenous Voices through Multifunctional Food Forests system and ecosystem (Lovell, 2010). The integrating food systems into urban areas in introduction of an ahupua’a based model that Honolulu, HI. This research explores the role Reflecting on Hawaii’s agricultural past and present has shown how humans have transformed integrates a multifunctional food forest could landscape architecture has in empowering the environment to support production and cultural functions for thousands of years. provide a new approach in responding to indigenous voices through the creation of a Reflecting on the issues of Honolulu’s food insecurity, health, and indigenous knowledge also food production while enhancing social and sustainable, multifunctional food production raises the question of: ecological services. system. In the past, the ahupua’a system provided a Significance self-sufficient landscape while the current How can multifunctional urban agriculture contribute to restoring Hawaii landscape poses a challenging indigenous knowledge and ecosystem services that we had lost while This would contribute to the development condition with larger population sizes, higher of new strategies of action that allow not population density, and limited available enhancing Honolulu’s resiliency? only the strengthening of today’s localized spaces. This research places emphasis agri-food systems but also the revaluation in the dense urban core of the island, as it of food systems forgotten or guarded by the faces future additions of condominiums and How can we create an alliance to advocate this landscape? indigenous populations that remain present. industrial buildings. Urban agriculture may also reduce the Urban Heat Island effect As part of Oahu’s Resilience Strategy, the and contribute to building more resilient island hopes to “Promote New Agricultural communities and sustainable cities (Tidball In designing Oahu’s future agricultural landscapes, we must gain knowledge from Indigenous Models for Economic and Food Security” and Krasny, 2007). Introducing urban voices as Hawaiians are masterful ecologists, naturalists, landscape engineers, and resource (Ola, 2020). Oahu’s current resilience strategy agriculture into open space areas can be a managers (Gon and Winter, 2019). According to Gon and Winter, recognizes that O’ahu must return to our cornerstone to turn derelict lands into urban traditional values of equity and responsible amenities and can bring people together and stewardship (Ola, 2020). According to ignite social innovation (Mancebo, 2018). “If we choose to live in a world where indigenous cultures not only survive Action 10 in the O’ahu Resilience Strategy, but thrive, and their perspectives on resource management are honored and the following recommended actions are Incorporating the ahupua’a concept introduced: with current plans from the Ola Oahu embraced, we can couple that with the best that Western science can offer, Resilience Strategy in design typologies reestablish caring reciprocal relationships between people and nature, and 1) Engage an “Oahu Food Policy Council”, would be beneficial to the culture, history, remain hopeful for the future of our grandchildren's grandchildren.” made up of local food policy and farming and sustainability of Honolulu’s urban leaders to guide and advise the City on best neighborhood. It could improve Hawaiian practices to ignite a more robust local food ecosystems and formulate strategies at and urban farming industry in Honolulu various scales and spatial typologies. This research hopes to provide a pathway for 2) Create an “Urban Farming Roadmap” and landscape architecture and how it could partner with nonprofits to pilot projects to respond to the importance of indigenous support struggling farmers and showcase knowledge and cultural landscapes. This container farming in the urban-core to test research responds to a needed conversation potential to scale more broadly on island of how landscape designers should raise indigenous knowledge and wisdom into their Agricultural sustainability should be practice. encouraged by producing more agricultural 32 33 p --- ? I I +--+ ~ I • L _________________ J URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK LITERATURE REVIEW PRECEDENT STUDY CLASSIFICATION PROJECTIVE DESIGN Methodology Each zone within the ahupua’a will be further the ahupua’a system. Journal articles written and logic of design organization within key – for example, how might a particular design analyzed through literature review, typologies by Native Hawaiians were collected to fully concepts. strategy, such as process of ecological and case studies pertaining to food forests grasp the history of the islands, while providing interventions, transform a type of site such as (forest zone), urban agriculture (agricultural space for their voices. This served as a way Precedents are used to understand what other an abandoned suburban airfield (Deming and zone), and aquaculture practices (coastal in listening to the many perspectives of the countries, specific to the tropics, are doing Swafield, 2011). zone). Precedent studies have been selected island’s culture and provided insight in new to increase resiliency and raise indigenous for their usage of traditional ecological inquiries for design. knowledge in food production systems. In design experiments the research questions knowledge and incorporation of urban Understanding current strategies will aid in will explore how new knowledge, values, or agriculture, food forests, or aquaponics. A mixed-methods approach of literature and determining a design framework for Honolulu, principles might emerge from the creative case studies will be used to examine the HI. The selected precedents and literature transformation of familiar design contexts As shown in Figure 1.10, Literature Review spatial layout and design of existing food review help aid in building a set of typologies (Deming and Swafield, 2011). My research is used to establish a baseline for available forests and urban agriculture systems in that will assist in the final projective design. question explores how a particular design knowledge on any given topic and can be a the Pacific Rim/Tropics. Literature review strategy and set of principles transform useful strategy for initializing new inquiries is also used to define the different zones of Design experiments are set within a given various sites such as public open spaces, or theory (Deming and Swafield, 2011). For exploration – agroforestry, urban agriculture, context, and the investigation applies different greenways, and rooftops. this project, literature review was collected and aquaculture. A classification strategy design-based strategies to investigate the to gain insight on the agricultural history of type of collecting information is then used to possibilities (Deming and Swafield, 2011). the Hawaiian Island and especially towards provide a clear understanding of the principles These may relate specifically to the context Figure 1.10 (above) Methodology diagram 34 35 initial obser c vo an tic oe nr sn /s topical background k p er ye c ce od ne cn et p s tstudy criteria p in rete cr ep dr ee nta t t sio tun dy typologies strategies d p eo ss igs nibilities part 2 key concepts & precedent studies For this project, multifunctional urban agriculture ahupua’a model consists of elements found in the ahupua’a system - food forests, urban agriculture, and agroforestry urban aquaculture agriculture aquaculture (Figure 2.1). Each precedent will (Uka) (Kai)(Kula) be analyzed on its multifunctionality as defined ahupua’a by Lovell (2013) as consisting of three key model Figure 2.1. dimensions – cultural, ecological, and production Ahupua’a model functions (Figure 2.2), and Traditional Ecological Knowledge as defined and explored by Berkes and Watson (Figure 2.3). traditional Multifunctionality ecological multifunctionality multifunctionality knowledge Cultural functions, which represent the social realm of sustainability, include recreation, production cultural ecologicalfunction function function visual quality, cultural heritage, education, and other benefits directly experience by humans Figure 2.2. (Lovell and Taylor, 2013). Ecological functions Multifunctionality model are represented by the environmental realm of sustainability. This includes climate regulation, carbon sequestration, water infiltration, biodiversity conservation, nutrient cycling, and Key Concepts other benefits within environmental health (Lovell and Taylor, 2013). Production functions relate to Ahupua’a Model the economic realm of sustainability, since these traditional ecological knowledge Multifunctionality functions contain some market value through Traditional Ecological Knowledge agricultural products including food, animal feed, resource fiber, and medicinal resources (Lovell and Taylor, local management worldviewknowledge 2013). Figure 2.3 Traditional Ecological Knowledge model 38 39 Table 1.0. Urban Planning to support various functions of urban agriculture (Lovell, p. 253, 2010) Function Description and Supportive Planning Strategies Community Community members often Along with community garden Justification Socialization find gardening and farming spaces, integrate other activities Production Urban agriculture produces Provide suitable, accessible and to be a social activity and features to encourage fruits, vegetables, safe land with good solar access through sharing food, socializing mushrooms, herbs, and an irrigation source knowledge, and labor medicinal plants, and other Human Health In addition to the known Explore opportunities to develop products benefits of access to green community programming around Economic Urban agriculture Create networks to connect space, urban agriculture gardening/farming as a healthy Revitalization ventures offer new laborers, farmers, and markets to offers healthy food and lifestyle jobs for neighborhood help retain and grow new ventures encourages physical activity residents and vitality from Cultural Heritage Urban agriculture can provide Integrate community garden improved economics of the access to are ethnic foods that spaces in areas known to have high community are typically not available in immigrant populations, and link with existing markets culture Energy Conservation Producing food locally Develop transportation systems Education Children and adults learn Offer gardening and urban agriculture reduces the embodied and networks to efficiently get about foods, nutrition, cooking, activities within existing programs, energy resulting from food to consumers environment, economics, particularly during summer inputs, transport, and and cultures through urban packaging agriculture Waste Management Organic waste products Identify systems to collect, divert, can be composted and and transport organic wastes used as a fertility resource away from landfills to urban Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) for growing food and other agriculture products Traditional Ecological Knowledge is comprised of four interrelated levels of ecosystem management, defined by a model known as the Knowledge-Practice-Belief Complex coined by Biodiversity Agricultural systems can Convert open spaces areas of low ecologist Fikret Berkes. Traditional ecological knowledge is defined by Berkes as “knowledge, support a wide range of diversity to community gardens practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations species, including some and farms by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings, including humans, with one native plants, as crops or another and with their environment” (Watson, 2019; Berkes, 2012). The first and foundational associated plants level is known as the local knowledge of animals, plants, soils, and landscapes. The second Microclimate control Urban agriculture can Allow edible plantings in built level is including resource management, which encompasses local environmental knowledge, positively alter microclimate areas to combat the heat island practices, tools, and techniques; along with the understanding of ecological processes and through humidity control, effect and other unfavorable performances (Watson, 2019). The third level involves community and social organization, wind protection, and shade climatic conditions offering coordination, cooperation, and governance (Watson, 2019). The final level is of Urban Greening Community and backyard Support efforts to convert vacant worldview. This level is centered around religion, ethics, and general belief systems. gardens contribute to the and derelict lands into productive greening of urban areas, green spaces for use by residents Economic, social, and cultural values were used to evaluate the design’s multifunctionality, improving aesthetics and while local knowledge, worldview, and resource management practices were used to evaluate well-being the design’s use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). 40 41 Forest Zone –Food Forest AHUPUA’A PRECEDENT STUDIES Permaculture is defined by co-originator and instead feature traditional shade trees, David Holmgren as “consciously designed lawns, and other soil-cover plantings, including FOREST ZONE landscapes which mimic the patterns and public food forests can increase nutrient AGROFORESTRY relationships found in nature, while yielding recycling opportunities and provide biodiversity AGRICULTURE ZONE an abundance of food, fiber and energy for and habitat for species (Krishnan, 2016). URBAN AGRICULTURE provision of local needs” (Holmgren, 2004). The introduction of an urban food forest in current regions of Honolulu’s watersheds SEASCAPE The typical food forest design is based on a could increase its food productivity. By AQUAPONICS/AQUACULTURE 7-layered model, according to Robert Hart: integrating urban and peri-urban forests, it 1 ) A canopy layer that consists of tall fruit can produce a range of foods to supplement and nut trees. local diets and provide a focus for community 2) A lower tree layer of dwarf fruit and nut activity. Edible green infrastructure, in the trees. form of urban food forests and trees can help 3) A shrub layer of fruit bushes such as address a range of problems caused by rapid currants and berries. and unplanned urbanization – food scarcity, 4) An herbaceous layer of culinary and poverty, deterioration of human health and medicinal herbs, companion plants, bee- well-being, air pollution, and biodiversity loss and poultry- loving plants. (Castro, 2018). 5) A ground cover of edible plants that function as a living mulch. By integrating the use of edible plants that are 6) A rhizosphere layer that consists of root influenced by historical, cultural, and socio- crops. economic factors, urban spaces can provide 7) A vertical layer of vines and climbers. urban dwellers with many benefits such as social cohesion while strengthening local The inclusion of public food forests in urban communities, and enhancing biodiversity neighborhoods can be a successful addition (Castro, 2018). The strategic use of to urban agriculture typologies as it generates woody perennial food-producing species space for organized activity of urban foraging, in edible urban landscapes can improve recreation, and education. The introduction the sustainability and resilience of urban of food forests can also reduce household communities (Clark and Nicholas, 2013). Auuccklkanlad,n Ndew, NZeawlan Zd ealand food expenses through food production, while creating jobs and increasing surrounding property values (Krishnan, 2016). As most cityscapes are devoid of edible components Opposite image Diagram showcasing selected food forest precedent study that represents agroforestry zone of the ahupua’a 42 43 D Open space Project Name: Mahi Whenua Gardens support the community by showcasing organic horticultural and permaculture Location: New Zealand principles, promoting the production of Mani Whenua Garden nutritionally-rich food in a sustainable way, ecological cultural and maintaining the gardens and food forest Food Forest as a community research and demonstration resource that promotes self-sufficiency. The current landowner is the Ministry for Housing and Urban Development, and the mana worldview production whenua who will receive a land title to the space. The guardians work collaboratively with these groups and work to maintain positive relationships with them. The garden local knowledge resource management also serves as a food source for the local community in times of emergency. Located in New Zealand, this garden reflects a traditional Maori garden and incorporates Ecological Functions a multi-layered food forest (Figure 2.4) that is accessible to surrounding residents and Mahi Whenua is recognized as a biodiversity visitors. As Auckland grows and intensifies, hotspot with more than 400 plant species. the gardens and food forest become a shared Educational workshops are provided, and space that foster principles of permaculture. recycling and composting are incorporated in the design with nothing going into the dump. No-till techniques increase the amount Cultural Functions of water that infiltrates the soil and organic matter retention. Rainwater is captured and Figure 2.4 Mahi Whenua is a resource used by used through water catchment systems and Plan view of Mahi others as an educational tool or a place of cultural mounds (Figure 2.5) are oriented to Whenua gardens contemplation and enjoyment. The gardens catch the sun. serve as an accessible green space that Figure above Typology of Mahi supports local initiative such as the Auckland Whenua gardens Zoo. The guardians, or tiaki, of the space 44 45 Production Functions 'we learn from those who have gone before us'; or 'by understanding the past we can know There are 120 different tree species on the the future'. Tools uncovered at the site indicate property. Varieties of citrus, banana, apple, that it has been cultivated continuously plum, guava, and feijoa are just a few species since pre-European times. A precious adze listed. Edible plants grow on lower levels. The is embedded in front of a carving in Unitec's communal gardens provide food to more whare whakairo (carved meeting house) than 60 members and their families and local restaurants with proceeds raised by the The mounds are named Wairaka for a Maori gardens being shared with local charities. ancestor of the Mount Albert area; she is known as one of the beautiful daughters The intention of the food forest (Figure 2.6) is of Toroa, chief of the Ngati Awa tribe and to promote a highly efficient, productive, and captain of the Matatua waka (canoe). Wairaka sustainable way of growing food. This food is known throughout New Zealand because forest creates habitat for local wildlife, pest of her bravery and is a strong leader for her control, pollination, and healthy food for the people. community. It also provides fibres, wood for heating, materials, and helps to reduce water usage. Traditional Ecological Knowledge Mahi Whenua gardens look to the past to inform the way they move into the future. The gardens highlight the importance of cultivating plants and food in the area throughout human settlement. Kumara mounds (Figure 2.5) are placed and oriented to catch maximize sunlight and traditional methods of a mara kumara garden are shared. These mounds are viewed as a gift from Mahina, the moon. As the Māori proverb Ka mua, Ka muri tells us, Figure 2.5 (above) Kumara mounds Figure 2.6 (below) Mahi Whenua food forest 46 47 AHUPUA’A PRECEDENT STUDIES Agricultural Zone - Urban Agriculture FOREST ZONE In cities of developed countries including Among these are parks, schoolyards, AGROFORESTRY the United States, urban agriculture offers cemeteries, churchyards, and roadside a new frontier for land use planners and right-of-ways that could possibly support AGRICULTURE ZONE URBAN AGRICULTURE landscape designers to become involved food production. Public green space can be in the development and transformation particularly appropriate for multifunctional SEASCAPE of cities to support community farms, urban agriculture, including cultural benefits, AQUAPONICS/AQUACULTURE allotment gardens, rooftop gardening, edible when education is considered as part of landscaping, and other productive features the programming of the site (Lovell, 2010). of the urban environment (Lovell, 2010). The Replacing street trees with productive fruiting challenge, and opportunity, is to design urban species, establishing a small orchard in a agriculture spaces to be multifunctional, park, incorporating herbs and vegetables into matching the specific needs and preferences planters, or creating a hedge of fruiting shrubs, of local residents, while also protecting the will have a large impact when urban residents environment (Lovell, 2010). can learn about the connection between the food they eat and the landscape on which it is Urban Agriculture includes: produced (Lovell, 2010). The benefit of urban Edible landscape/streetscape agriculture is its ability to positively increase Urban farms the well-being of surrounding community Community gardens members, better health opportunities, Rooftop gardens access to food, community development and Institutional farms empowerment (Hou, 2017). Aquaponics Pathum Thani, Thailand -... Most urban neighborhoods contain existing tracts of public or community green space that offer opportunities for establishing urban agriculture as part of the green infrastructure. South Eveleigh, Sydney, Australia Opposite image Diagram showcasing selected urban agriculture precedent studies that represents agricultural zone of the ahupua’a 48 49 D Rooftop Project Name: South Eveleigh Cultural Functions Native Rooftop Farm The South Eveleigh Native rooftop farm (Figure Urban farm Location: South Eveleigh, Sydney 2.7) is open to community members with hopes to inspire locals to grow plants in the South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm spaces they have available. The garden acts ecological cultural as more than just a green space as it provides sustainability workshops on topics like native permaculture design, pickling, preserving produce, making beeswax wraps and an introduction to bush foods in the garden worldview production (Spring, 2019). Ecological Functions local knowledge resource management The previously unused rooftop space was transformed into an environmentally friendly rooftop greenspace on the edge of a bustling Built on the 500-square-meter (5,382-square- city. The design interventions of this project feet) rooftop space of an office building, the supports a wide range of species while native rooftop farm (Figure 2.7) uses principles improving the aesthetics and well-being of the of Indigenous knowledge, collaborative design city. This cut down food miles by encouraging and permaculture to create and maintain the those working in city restaurants to stop and Australia’s first Indigenous rooftop farm for forage. Since trees bear too much weight urban food production. Located high above on the rooftop, iron trellises (Figure 2.8) are Figure 2.7 (right) Sydney on the roof of Yerrabingin House, the instead incorporated to attract local birds and Plan view of South project has grown over 2,000 edible, medicinal wildlife. Edible, medicinal, or cultural plants Eveleigh Native and culturally significant plants. located in circular beds also act as pollinator Rooftop Farm beacons. Image above Typology of South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm 50 51 Draining soil was used along with plants Yerrabingin manages workshops, events that require little irrigation. Drainage cells and tours, workshops, native permaculture, are hidden under the soil to catch and hold weaving and art on the rooftop. Yerrabingin rainwater, while excess water is drained off the mostly hires out for functions and works with side of the building. small businesses and indigenous catering companies. The space is also used as an Indigenous cultural space for music and Production Functions dance performances, along with traditional workshop practices like weaving and tool Farm produce is intended to go to local chefs making demonstrations (Spring, 2019). and restaurateurs, who are encouraged to Designer Christian Hampson says, “the idea of forage in the garden. More than 2,000 plants people understanding the origin and cultural are flourishing, some of which include bush knowledge of those foods [is important]. foods such as warragal greens, ruby and People, especially younger people, are very seaberry saltbush, river mint, finger lime, interested in their food origin and what better native raspberries, lilly pilly, grevillea and thyme food origin than food that’s got knowledge honey-myrtle. that’s thousands of years old” (Spring, 2019). Educational programs are also incorporated on Traditional Ecological Knowledge the rooftop farms with local schools. Projects are geared towards environmental studies and The South Eveleigh Native rooftop farm science. The rooftop also serves as a space introduces the importance and value of for Indigenous employment opportunities and indigenous vegetables and herbs and how it a range of community benefits – workshops can be distributed locally. Local environmental on sustainability and well-being. The farm is knowledge is provided by the Yerrabingin self-funded through the delivery of sixteen designers while the community center offers events per month for visitors and South a space for locals to share their resources and Eveleigh’s 18,000 workers and residents. knowledge through events and workshops (Figure 2.9). Figure 2.8 (above) Iron trellis for native pollinators Figure 2.9 (below) Group tour of garden led by Yerrabingin 52 53 D Rooftop human civilization. A place once rich with Project Name: Thammasat University food sources and fertile marshlands has Rooftop Farm (TURF) transformed into a space filled with concrete Location: Vietnam developments. Bangkok and cities across Southeast Asia have become victims of Thammasat University Rooftop Farm unregulated urbanization on rice-producing Urban Farm regions. In response to reviving the land, ecological cultural Thammasat University Rooftop Farm offers modern landscape design with traditional agriculture of rice terraces to transform a wasted space into a productive organic worldview production rooftop farm. Cultural Functions local knowledge resource management A large amphitheater provides accessible and flexible recreational and educational spaces while also providing 360-degree panoramic Designed by landscape architects, views of the university centered in the urban LANDPROCESS, this rooftop farm is located farm with open sky. The design reflects the at Thammasat University Rangsit Campus tradition of rice terraces and incorporates in Pathum Thani Province of Thailand. It indigenous vegetables and herbs (Figure has a total area of 60,000-square-meters 2.11). An outdoor classroom reconnects both (645,834.63-square-feet) with a 22,000-square- students and community members with their meter (236,806.03-square-feet) green roof history and educates them about sustainable, (Figure 2.10). organic growing practices. Amidst the climate crisis, both food and water scarcity pose huge threats to Figure 2.10 Plan view of TURF Image above Typology of TURF 54 55 Ecological Functions year, which in turn provides approximately 80,000 meals. This design provides access to Instead of another wasted rooftop which healthy food. contributes to urban heat islands, the green roof utilizes its vast space as an infinite TURF serves a source of local jobs. Staff source of clean energy, while the farm creates are hired by the university to tend to crops, a microclimate that attracts pollinator bird and farmers offer workshops on sustainable and insect species. This design repurposes agriculture, permaculture and nutrition. previously unused space into regenerative Students and community members are invited agricultural space. to participate in seasonal seeding, harvesting, and maintenance (Figure 2.12). Designed to Cascading layers of planters hold soil improve urban food security, the rooftop farm together and slowdown runoff, food waste is also open to anyone who wishes to grow is composted to fertilize the farm, and water rice, vegetables, and herbs. from the retaining ponds is used to water plants. This creates an entirely localized, circular system. The water system also retains Traditional Ecological Knowledge and utilizes runoff efficiently to grow food for the campus. By building both the organic food Indigenous vegetables and herbs are source and destination in close proximity, incorporated in the garden and serve as a part the system is able to reduce emissions and of the educational experience. The design waste-produced during production, processing, also incorporates the resourcefulness of local packaging, transportation, and disposal from farmers on mountainous terrains across start to finish. Southeast Asia. TURF’s landscape architect integrated the earthwork of rice terraces with modern green roof technology. Local Production Functions environmental knowledge of rice terraces was highlighted. During the design and planning of TURF produces 20 tons of rice, herbs and TURF, public hearings with university students, vegetables per year. Some of which include staff, and neighbors were facilitated. Figure 2.11 (above) red and green oak-leaf lettuce, Thai eggplant, Students harvesting amongst green rosells, Thai red pepper, and dill. The terrace-like planters rooftop farm supplies canteens on campus with 20 tons of rice, herbs and vegetables per Figure 2.12 (below) Community members harvesting rice 56 57 AHUPUA’A PRECEDENT STUDIES Aquaponics FOREST ZONE AGROFORESTRY Aquaponics, a technology that integrates Aquaponics has been used extensively in the aquaculture and hydroponics, combines the education of natural sciences however little AGRICULTURE ZONE culture of fish and plants in a recirculating has been done to assess the social aspects URBAN AGRICULTURE system. Aquaponic systems offer several (Rizal, 2018). Food security and infrastructure will become a central issue due to increase in SEASCAPE benefits. Dissolved waste nutrients are recovered by the plants, reducing discharge human population, and aquaponics may prove AQUAPONICS/AQUACULTURE to the environment and extending water use to be a solution. (Rizal, 2018). Aquaponic food production, which began in the 1970’s, is highly efficient Today, many urban areas around the because it re-uses the nutrients contained world face the challenge of a food supply in fish feed and fish feces to grow crop infrastructure. Therefore, aquaponics plants (Rizal, 2018). Aquaponic systems are implemented as either urban agriculture or as characterized according to the way plants community farming can help alleviate food are supplied with nutrient solutions in the deserts (Rizal, 2018). In more dense, urban hydroponic systems, e.g., floating polystyrene settings, aquaponics can fulfill other functions foam sheets (floating raft), nutrient film aside from food production such as an technique (NFT), or media filled growth beds educational tool in schools, interior greening, arranged horizontally or vertically, while fish and as a unit in social institutions. Aquaponics are kept in standard recirculating aquaculture can help increase food security and food conditions (Rizal, 2018). sovereignty. Duong Noi, Vietnam Along with its ability to serve as a food production system, small aquaponic units can also be valuable teaching tools as it can demonstrate ecological cycles and serve as decorative elements in homes or public spaces. The principles of combining fish and crop production can also be implemented from a low-tech level to a high-tech state-of-art system (Rizal, 2018). Opposite image Diagram showcasing selected aquaculture precedent study that represents coastal zone of the ahupua’a 58 59 D Pi.Jblic Space Project: VAC Library activities at their homes and neighborhoods (Khan, 2019). VAC is an acronym for the Location: Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnamese phrase – Vuon (garden), Ao (Pond), Chuong (Cage). Located on the garden of a villa in an urban area of Hanoi, the project Aquaculture VAC Library invited kids from nearby areas to experience ecological cultural the joy of reading, while simultaneously gaining knowledge about recycling, reusing, and the lost practice of ‘living close to nature’. worldview production Ecological Functions This project integrates a living frame which not only attracts visitors and passersby but local knowledge resource management the biodiversity of place in a dense, urbanized area. The site designates areas for recycling and reuse, and the living structure is an Located in Hanoi, Vietnam the VAC Library active aquaponics system (Figure 2.14). is a 55-square-meters (592-square-feet) Wastewater from the pond, filled with Koi, is landscape project led by Farming Architects fed to the potted plants which are placed on and completed in 2018. This design offers the climbing frame. The structure works as a distinctive aesthetic, environmentally a space organizer with flexible applications sustainable product, and one-of-kind that include seating, storage, lighting, and a experience to the community (Figure 2.13). solar panel integrated roof (Khan, 2019)(Figure 2.15). Chicken cages are also present on site and sit at the rear of the space. The chickens Cultural Functions contribute to the library’s miniature ecosystem, providing eggs for the public and manure to Figure 2.13 The design of VAC Library was inspired by the help fertilize the vegetables. VAC Libary deep-rooted lifestyle of the Vietnamese people who love tending to farming and agricultural Image above Typology of VAC Library 60 61 Production Functions Along with eggs from the resident chickens, the VAC Library’s aquaponic structure is able to produce lettuce, tomatoes, cilantro, carrots, squash, beets, and cherry tomatoes. These vegetables and eggs are used to create meals on site. Traditional Ecological Knowledge The design serves as a resource for visitors and educates them on how to recycle, reuse, and importantly, how small interventions can produce vegetables in their own homes. The design concept is reflective of the community, as homes across cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh developed their own aquaponics systems. The technique gained prevalence over the years in response to the rising contamination in food. The community, who are true DIY enthusiasts, took matter in their own hands and started, in whichever capacity they could, to grow organic produce. In small, narrow apartments, they cleared out terraces, backyards, and small balconies to provide space to the system. Figure 2.14. (above) Children observing VAC’s fish pond Figure 2.15 (below) Structure of VAC allows seating and bookshelves 62 63 Precedent Summary Findings ecological cultural Thammasat University Rooftop Farm South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm Selected precedents have shown that indigenous knowledge was incorporated through a careful selection of native plant species, through designing with terraces to highlight past management styles, or through continued educational workshops given on site. Stakeholder meetings that invited local farmers and residents were a way to generate both local knowledge and resource production management. Designs that highlighted traditional belief systems and history of site highlighted worldview the importance of worldview and resource management concepts within indigenous knowledge. Mani Whenua Garden Mani Whenua Garden There is a stronger relationship between self, plant, animal, land, and others that is evident in the selected precedents, as each site highlights indigenous history, tools, and native species. Each precedent addressed multifunctionality in multiple ways. Designs that achieved high ratings local knowledge resource management of production function were based on food forest designs as agroforestry yields the highest South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm South Eveleigh Native Rooftop Farm output of produce due to its multiple layered design. Designs that achieved the ecological function within multifunctionality addressed agricultural design that responded to biodiversity conservation, climate regulation through its site location, and water infiltration. 64 65 Paepae o He’eia Fishpond Hui O Ko’olaupoko key takeaway key takeaway Informal Interviews Native Hawaiians were Main principles of organization - resourceful and managed Ecological principles to sustain themselves Community input To gain a deeper understanding towards indigenous knowledge informal interviews were conducted to fully grasp the concepts of local knowledge, resource management, and worldview Cultural Heritage in Honolulu, HI. The relationship between self and land are prominent. As the land sustains and Education is important - nourishes the people of that land, the care and respect must be reciprocated back. This breadth form of activism; allows Land and medicinal plants of knowledge can only be taught by those who work to restore and care for the land – the beliefs and lessons to survive are a teaching tool nonprofit organizations and volunteers. To provide space for them to continue those teachings is an important addition to a space. The history of site, traditional tools, cultural traditions, and & thrive native species are all woven within the watershed and should be taught to the public through Wayfinding signage - signage or educational workshops. Education, whether that be for indigenous or non-indigenous Instill the values of important to educate visitors peoples, is important because it is an act of activism, it teaches people how to survive and thrive, our ancestors about the watershed and and instills tradition and knowledge that can be passed down from generation to generation. There is an abundance of knowledge from multi-generations that must be highlighted through history (mo’olelo) of place the restoration or land back motive of this project. To work for this future strengthens the Responsbility to take care responsibility the people of Hawaii have towards caring for the land that our ancestors have built of the land Ahupua’a is a connection for us; it enhances sustainability efforts by providing food for the community; it protects our of all the elements ecosystems and advocates the health of our land and water. Advocate for our ecosystems Body by ‘aina - connecting Gratitude - land is connection with land to lead a healthy to the gods/ancestors and active lifestyle 66 67 part 3 design framework Mountain Lowlands/Plains Coast/Sea Agroforestry Agricultural Aquaponics Uka Kula Kai Food Forest~ Urban Farm AquacultureOpen space Rooftop ~ Greenway I II I I I I URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK Multifunctionality Traditional Ecological Knowledge tion fu nction logical functi uncti on ledge urce m anage iew Strategies uc co o l f wkno so m orldv My collection of literature review, 0 precedent studies, typology analysis, and informal interviews has allowed me to synthesize a framework of design strategies (Figure 3.1)(See Appenedix) to be implemented in the Ala Wai nctions/w e of commu hots tiona of plac r fu o nrk iv ity families and ity p r oe ers t ed uca l tool stor y e fo s t Watershed. or st v i Urban agricultural typologies consist of food forests with mixed layers, urban farms as rows, and aquaponics as and comp ccessibo ility e fs veget ltural sp ac i g e l a a fo e rn s cu m l b li us r a a closed-loop system. The following l joor loca bs en ous bles us ic e f spatial and design typologies were adopted from selected precedent studies and literature review. ontempla are re Agricultural practices, specifically atchment sys of c tio to sh sour for landlaborers, fa rmr ers r c to , m tudef n tk tion - s ts, st e caff in urban areas, will be implemented ra , along urban open spaces or parks, along greenways or right-of-way, or on rooftops along selected sites. unte food mile rkshopsor vol ere f ing own s wo al programs tion (STE Figure 3.1 Urban Design tor beacons a Framework ip - self + land - cultural pra ion with non ayfinding education espo nsibili n th c t p r yns itio ti ora ro w 70 Strategies Strategies Informal Interviews Precedent Studies Agriculture x Ahupua’a Model Spatial Typology relat foio sour ne o tw sour d pc o c f rr od t pollin cut wrad d ate recy bc iodi e c col l a pla u ltura b ce educ coa lla b indig h loco al spac indig se pn ao ce re respe cu r l et flu ec w ons trad iti s ance ent hop nd d a ces rbs ors + h e eigh b n M) fit n ces emsn t rantsu ark ets a p a rt 4study area Study Area Ala Wai Watershed .. .. .. The Ala Wai Watershed is an urbanized watershed on ...... .. the southern shores of O’ahu that encompasses the neighborhoods of Manoa, Palolo, Waikiki and Makiki (Figure 4.1). The Ala Wai watershed’s population MANOA accounts for roughly fifteen-percent of the state’s Total state population 1,415,872 - MAKIKI population and, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, is PALOLOAla Wai Watershed comprised mostly of those who identify as Asian. The Population 353,968 watershed is comprised of 3 major streams, Makiki, '' Manoa, and Palolo which empty into the Ala Wai Canal and is home to a 66 schools - ranging from public to private (Figure 4.2). There are also 66 acres of public 17.1% Two or more races White 22.1% '' open space for recreation. The upper portion of the 0.8% Some other race watershed is zoned as a Conservation District, while the Black or African American remainder is heavily urbanized with some of the most 1.2% densely populated neighborhoods of Honolulu (Figure Native Hawaiian and 4.3). 7.3% Other Pacific Islander American Indianand Alaska Native 0.2% WAIKIKI Fgure 4.1 Asian 51.3% Ala Wai Watershed neighborhoods, population, and demographics 74 75 11 ACRES OF OPEN SPA1C1E /APCARREKSS OF OPEN SPACE/PARKS CONSERVATION DISTRICCTO (N4S5E%R)VATION DISTRICT (45%) 3 MAIN STREAMS 3 MAIN STREAMS URBANIZATION URBANIZATION 66 SCHOOLS 66 SCHOOLS Residences, CondominiuRmes,idences, Condominiums, Hotels, Businesses (55%H) otels, Businesses (55%) a a ai Ca o S tre C t re Ala W na P alo Ala Wai a o S l nal P alo • ALA WAI WATERSHED ALA WAI WATERSHED N A 0 4,000 8,000 0 16,000 4,000 8,00024,000 16,00032,000 24,000 32,000 Feet Feet Figure 4.2. Figure 4.3. Analysis of Ala Wai Zoning of Ala Wai Watershed - location Watershed - 45% of parks, streams, conservation district; and schools 55% urbanized 76 77 Makiki Stream l Manoa Stream m Makiki Stream l Manoa Stream m t po tato fee the early Europeans to live in the valley was hogs, and a poultry farm. The farm continued land taro John Wilkenson, who started the islands’ first until the 1950’s. e, h og, pou sugar plantation in 1825 in Manoa Valley. He land taro also planted coffee trees which were reported Over time, the population continued to grow, ry f arm to be found in the valley as late as 1956 and with that so did the diversity in agricultural ponds (Deleon, 1978). crops. Vegetable and flower gardens sprung up with taro fields still consistent in the upper The valley of Manoa was once heavily wooded valley. In 1919, the Hawaii Sugar Planter’s en in the beginning of the 19th century with Association established an experimental th ‘ohia lehua trees and other natives (Deleon, substation in the rear of the valley (Deleon, 1978). The valley floor was suited for growing 1978). In this area, sugar cane was raised wetland taro or kalo, and by all reports Manoa for experimental purposes, along with trees was extensively planted with this crop (Deleon, from all over the Pacific region to see how 1978)(Figure 4.4). they would adapt to the Hawaiian environment (Deleon, 1978). This substation eventually By 1890, the valley changed with full- became the Lyon Arboretum, which is part Site History scale agriculture of taro farming. Native of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, who Figure 4.4. Hawaiian population and traditions slowly continues its work with nonnative trees. Agricultural past of Ala Manoa Valley, which comprises most of urban became suppressed in this area as Chinese Wai Watershed Honolulu, once belonged to the ahupua’a of immigrants, who worked in the sugar Eventually, the overproduction of taro brought Waikiki. Once ruled under Kamehameha the plantations, moved to the valley, and produced prices down and soon the number of these Great, some of the mountainous regions were and took care of these taro fields. During this farms decreased. Flower gardening, however, planted in sweet potato. Because the plains period, dairy farming took over lush mountain became profitable due to the Hawaiian custom that Honolulu is situated on was a hot, dry sides to provide pastureland for cows. of giving “leis” or garlands of flowers on special environment, the Ali’i, or Hawaiian Royalty, of occasions (Deleon, 1978). Some flowers the early 1800’s sought retreat in Manoa. In 1901, the mouth of the valley quickly identified were asters, gardenias, marigolds, changed due to its proximity to the city. The African daisies, easter lilies, carnations, and Manoa Valley is home to several institutions – area transformed into a residential community. maiden hair ferns (Deleon, 1978) and were Mid-Pacific High School, Punahou High School, Then in 1912, the College of Hawaii known sold to the city’s florists. Vegetable gardens and the University of Hawaii. Punahou School now as the University of Hawaii at Manoa was were also grown and consisted of dry land was once a site of dairy, started in 1844 by built near Mid-Pacific Institute. The school taro, burdock, radish, sweet potato, and William Harrison Rice (Deleon, 1978). One of was once an agricultural college with cattle, carrots. These crops were sold to wholesalers 78 79 rice fish dai wet cattl dry cof swee ltry or green grocers in the city. Several banana (Schuler, 2019). Waikiki was once a fertile detrimentally impact people, the economy plantations were also produced in the valley delta. and the environment (Kaufman, 2007). and were sold in Honolulu, with a third of their Urbanization also limits the amount of space crops being shipped to San Francisco (Deleon, In the 1920s, years of history was dredged up for agricultural activities and recreation. At 1978). At the center of the valley was a small and pumped into the wetlands of Waikiki in an ground level, buildings dominate the landscape business district that consisted of three attempt to drain them forever (Connelly, 2008). (Figure 4.5). general stores, a laundry, a barber shop, and In the first part of the 20th century, Hawaii’s two gasoline stations. territorial governor and the US Army Corps of Engineers filled the fishponds and dredged As the population grew, both the Hawaiian the two-mile-long Ala Wai Canal, draining the Figure 4.5. population and importance of agriculture wetlands and setting the stage for a century of Current organization of Ala declined in the valley. The taro patches that hotel and condominium development (Schuler, Wai Watershed followed the stream bed down the center of 2019). The Ala Wai Canal, old enough to be the valley were now either vegetable gardens, declared as a monument, is a murky artifact pastureland, or abandoned (Deleon, 1978). of injustice that must be remade, rededicated, Much of the stream’s water had also been and redeployed respectfully (Connelly, 2008). diverted for the use of the island’s increasing population. Today, Waikiki is a three-block-wide stretch between the Ala Wai Canal and the ocean, Today, Manoa Valley is a pleasant residential located at the base of a steep, densely community with a suburban character. populated watershed (Schuler, 2019). It is situated in a dense urban core and provides n Arbore Ala Wai Canal/Waikiki a loop-trail for cyclists and pedestrians. The canal itself is utilized by many paddling teams, dential Waikiki – named for the springs and streams both private and public organizations. The i that extended from the shore far inland – was environmental health of the canal, however, is dominiu noted historically for its luxuriant production contaminated with bacteria, pathogens, and n of food, reef breaks for surfing and canoeing, automotive pollution. Most locals understand rtments and special sites of various dedications the unsafe water quality of the Ala Wai Canal . (Connelly, 2008). Hawaiians cultivated taro and and often avoid any contact within it. els 0- built fishponds to raise striped mullet. Later, Increased urbanization and density in Honolulu farmers grew rice in wide, irrigated paddies are creating more barren, harsh rooftops that now 80 81 hot apa co res Lyo tum ms part 5 design possibilities LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE establishment establishment OF KALO LIFE COYFC LKEALO establishment SITES OF KALO matuSriItTyES gmroawttuShrITitEyS establishmgmreonawttutrhity establishmgreonwtth maturity Design Concept connecteeds tharboluisghhment growth HISTORY maturity connected through maturity growth connect s trengtheH eIdS tThOrough growth neHdI Sby RY TORY The kalo, or taro, (Figure 5.1) is a plant that Goals WISDOM was once grown throughout the ahupua’a strestnrgenthrogethneende dbyoted in by and is highly respected by the indigenous The goal of this design is to integrate a S TRATWEIWGSIDIESSODMOM people as it is viewed as their ancestor or sustainable, multifunctional food production roorotoetde din in elder. The design for each site was inspired by system that includes production, distribution, ST SRTARTAETGEIGEISES the structure and life cycle of the kalo (taro) and education. This would enhance the Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 environmental, economic, and social Mature taro Life cycle of taro(Figure 5.2) health of those living in the urban district of SITESmaturity The first phase of the taro is the establishment Honolulu, Hawaii. The goal of this design is stage, which is represented in the coastal to strengthen the community’s responsibility growth n)establishment ntai to care for and respect the land, along with .. •ukmaa (mou SITESturityzone - Kai - through an aquaponics structure. HISTORY SITESmaturityThe second phase is the vegetative stage, respecting one another. It is our responsibility, growth kai (sea) n) where the leaf and root begin its growth. This as farmers, family members, and as establishment tai growth a (mou n uk I ntain) is represented in the plains and lowlands - individuals, to actively collaborate with private -establishment ou HISTORY kula (plain) uka (m HISTORY Kula - through an urban rooftop farm. The final and public agencies to promote healthy and WISDOMkai (sea) stage, where the corm begins to develop, is the abundant food security and production. kai (sea) ain) maturity phase which is represented through Caring for the land means preserving land for kula (pl a food forest located in the agroforestry zone future generations, and respecting our self kula (plain) STRATEGIEWS ISDOM - Uka. means creating better connections with food WISDOM and our personal health. CD As each site is located either near an C) i ) STRATEGIESountain elementary school, a university, or an elderly CD uka (m STRATEGIES community housing, these alliances form the foundation of wisdom needed to nourish kai (sea) the urban agricultural zones. These urban ountain)kula (plain) uka (m agricultural practices have been situated in) respectively on a park, a rooftop, and along a tauka (moun kai (sea) greenway. kula (plain) As a whole, these three separate sites form a kai (sea) multifunctional urban agricultural . kula (plain) Each site is rooted through history, strengthened by indigenous and local wisdom, and rooted in the proposed design strategies (Figure 5.3). Figure 5.3 Concept diagram 84 85 KA FoodU Forest .s.~------=------ ·•, - - Site 1 Ecology Access ........__, ~ ~---c Manoa Elementary School • ~ - I _, --- / • .. ,( •• I \ Existing Trees / Manoa Community • Trail• • • Stream RoadGarden 4-foot Contour ' ,'< . ' Parking / ' ' ' / / ; Manoa Gardens • .. 0 50 100 200 300Feetfor Elderly Housing Afternoon Heat In .de~ x. .., ~.•~ ;" /.~ i ~#.., -85.1 - 88.5~# 88.6 - 91.091.1 - 92.9 ~ ,. , - -93.0 - 94.4 #, ... ~ -94.5 - 95.5~ -95.6 - 96.5Manoa Valley ,• 96.6 - 97.4District Park 97.5 - 98.3.·~·~ --98.4 - 99.699.7 - 107.3~~ N 0 90 180 360 540 720Feet,..• A Tucked in the Manoa Valley neighborhood, located NNE and SSE providing access for the first site is engulfed by tall mountains all. Converting the site into a multi-layered and diversity of native flora and fauna. The food forest could enhance its biodiversity and Manoa Stream Manoa Valley is rich in biodiversity and is mitigate encroaching urban heat islands. reminiscent of the agroforestry zone in the ahupua’a model. The site is surrounded by To strengthen the community’s connection Site Boundary Manoa elementary school, an elderly housing, with the land and food, an alliance formed 0 50 100 200 300 and various recreation activities such as between municipalities and agencies, Feet softball/baseball and swimming (Figure 5.4). community groups, non-profit organizations, The site is approximately 1.74 acres, which and schools could be formed to make use of could yield 8,000 pounds of produce for and maintain the food forest. Opportunities for the surrounding neighborhood and school STEM could be implemented for the nearby Figure 5.4 (Figure 5.5). Surrounding the site are an allee elementary school. Context map of trees, recreational trails, and parking lots 88 89 Figure 5.5. Plan overview of food forest in Manoa Valley neighborhood Manoa Elementary School Student enrollment: 535 ALLIANCE municipalities & agencies Food forest community groupsnon-profit organizations school district 1.74 acres 8,000 pounds of produce 0 50 100 200 300 Feet 90 91 8,000 lbs of produce Space for career building opportunities, Figure 5.6. workshops, celebration/festivals Design strategies for Convert urban open space to food forest Signage - a Multifunctional Food Provide access to surrounding neighborhood history of site and Forest in Manoa Valley indigenous agricultural practices O@ Volunteer opportunities, Community workshops Community involvement led by non-profit organizations PRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL CULTURAL LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WORLDVIEW 0 Production of fruits, Multiple canopy layers Open access allows for the Children and adults can learn Center for non-profit organizations Conversion of public open vegetables, herbs provides habitat for production of healthy food and about the environment to offer workshops and career space to food forest provides Provide accessible and native species while encourages physical activity Offer STEM + history education building opportunities space for healing and safe lnd for production altering microclimate Encourages socializing - urban to elementary school Space for indigenous/non-indigenous celebration Offer jobs for neighborhood through shade foraging and education Inclusion of local plants populations to share agricultural residents and nonprofit and site knowledge organizations 92 93 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE   Common name Botanical name To enhance indigenous knowledge, the design 5.6). Similar to Yerrabingin Rooftop Farm, a Understory Cassava Manihot esculenta for this site is reflected by the maturity phase community center can become the central Pineapple / Hala kahiki Ananas comosus of the kalo. The kalo is reflective of the Native hub (Figure 5.7) for the local community and Hawaiian’s belief (or worldview) of it being an non-profit organizations to host meetings, live   Squash Cucurbita spp ancestor or guardian. performances, and career fairs. Various non-   Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas profit organizations, such as Ma’o or Paepae   Giant taro / Kalo Alocasia macrorrhiza To boost production for the neighborhood, o He’eia can utilize the space for educational   Okinawan Spinach Gynura bicolor various edibles are grown in the food forest. workshops and gardening workshops. The nearby elementary school can also utilize the   Walking Stick Cabbage Brassica oleracea longataIn the agroforestry section of the ahupua’a breadfruit and taro were normally grown. This space for STEM opportunities. The location of   Edible Hibiscus / Hau Abelmoschus manihot food forest provides the same plants seen this site provides access to ethnic foods (Table   African Blue Basil Ocimum kilimandscharicum x basilicum 'dark opal' in the past while also providing more room 2) for the diverse residents of the Manoa Valley   Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis to grow an abundance of fruits, vegetables, neighborhood. and herbs. By converting the open space area   Thai Basil Ocimum basilicum var thyrsiflora into a food forest (Figure 5.5), it becomes   Hawaiian Chile Pepper / Nioi Capsicum frutescens habitat for native species as the food forest Figure 5.7.   Turmeric Curcuma longa provides multiple layers for local pollinators. Community center   Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus The food forest converts the space into Table 2. Middle Story Banana / Mai’a Musa spp. a productive landscape that can host Food forest plant list community gatherings and workshops (Figure Kava / ‘Awa Piper methysticum   Ti Cordyline fruticosa   Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium   Papaya Carica papaya   Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan @paya   Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum', - ____. .... "... ..... --=-· ~. Overstory Water Apple Syzygium spp.   Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium ~   Ice Cream Bean Inga spp. tain Apn ple @   Poumuli Flueggea flexuosa  Breadfruit / ‘Ulu Artocarpus altilis i’a ‘   Yam / 'Uhi Dioscorea alata ‘Oh   Mountain Apple / ‘Ohi’a ‘ai Syzygium malaccense s Apple   Tahitian Screwpine / Pu hala Pandnus tectorius  Kukui nut Aleurites moluccanusni   Avocado Persea americanaNo   Coffee Coffee arabica 8   Lychee Litchi chinensis  Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Kalo   Hog Apple / Noni Morinda citrifolia Shampoo Ginger / Awapuhi Zingiber zerumbet 94 95 Taro Hog Mou Pa ai A Ur ban Agric L ultu -~-~- ?5¥- ---- ~~ - _.;...- ...-.. :-----=;;._, .,. Site 2 KU re Ecology Access . ·: -.gr; . • . . ,: . ( '1:" •'-~. '?':\.(:.'. °'·•.. . ' .Je. I . ~.·,.: ..... ..___·-~,· . ---- Faculty Housing -• Existing Trees TrailStream Road•• 4-foot Contour• - Parking•• 0 50 100 200 300 400 Feet Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies Afternoon Heat Index --85.1 - 88.5-88.6 - 91.0Dorms 91.1 - 92.993.0 - 94.4-94.5 - 95.5-95.6 - 96.5-96.6 - 97.4-97.5 - 98.398.4 - 99.699.7 - 107.3 N 0 50 100 200 300 400 Feet A Parking Garage The second site, located on the University shared within the University and community of Hawaii at Manoa’s campus and near the members at local food banks or for sale on flat lands of the watershed, is at the rooftop campus (Figure 5.9). floor of a parking lot. This lot is conveniently located next to the university dormitories, As the city continues to implement BikeShare Site Boundary faculty housing, Kamakakuokalani Center for programs and carpool options, parking lot 0 50 100 200 300 400 Hawaiian Studies, and a working lo’i patch space can be a viable option for an urban Feet (Figure 5.8). farm, as it offers adequate sun exposure, can mitigate urban heat, and can withstand heavy The site is approximately 1 acre and would structures. allow for 2,500-pounds of produce to be Figure 5.8 Context map 98 99 Figure 5.9. Plan overview of urban rooftop farm at the University of Hawaii at Manoa ALLIANCE Urban agriculture school district/universities institutional workers volunteers student groups & volunteers UH enrollment: 18,025 students 0.57 acres 2,500 lbs of produce 0 50 100 200 300 400 Feet 100 101 Transform parking rooftop Native pollinators ..... into productive landscape and edible plants ~o to im , prove urban quality Figure 5.10. Design strategies for a Community Center Multifunctional urban seed storage; volunteer rooftop farm at the and job opportunities Outdoor Classroom - University of Hawaii at share multi-generational recipes Manoa 2,500 lbs of producespace for workshops and events PRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL CULTURAL VALUE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WORLDVIEW 0 Production of fruits, Parking lot space On-site consumption Use of native edibles Space for non-profit organizations STEM education centered vegetables, herbs transformed into Center can offer act as teaching tool to lead workshops, events, around history of site and Develop network to ecologically friendly space internship opportunities Offer STEM opportunities educational opportunities protection of watershed efficiently get food Native flower beds act as a Offer healthy food for potential + current Provide tools for students to Instill foundation that to students and faculty pollinator beacon Students can learn about college students learn importance of recyling and revolves around respect members Improves urban quality foods, nutrition, cooking, Multi-generational recipe composting between land and people economics, and cultures sharing 102 103 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE This site is designed to have a community clubs and organizations. Outdoor classrooms Common name Botanical name center for outdoor learning and a gathering also offer an opportunity for hands-on learning Okinawa Spinach Gynura crepioides space to share recipes, as well as for outside which is important with COVID-19 celebration and performances (Figure 5.10). guidelines and regulations. The community Edible Hibiscus / Hau Hibiscus sabdariffa The design is reflective of the agricultural zone center can offer workshops hosted by various Chaya Cnidoscolus aconitifolius of the ahupua’a model and the growing stages non-profit organizations. The selected plants Cassava Manihot esculenta of the kalo (worldview). An alliance formed (Table 3) can be altered by organizations and Ginger / Awapuhi Zingiber officinale between university students and faculty, non- could be sold on-site or to nearby food banks. profit organizations, and volunteers would be Pigeon Pea Cajanus cajun formed to maintain and care for the garden. Hawaiian Chili Pepper / Nioi Capsicum frutescens Moringa Moringa oleifera In order to respect the land and each other, we Taro / Kalo Colocasia esculenta must educate others of what the ancestors have taught us. Outdoor classrooms (Figure Waimea Pipturus / Mamaki Pipturus AlbidusFigure 5.11. 5.11) are designed for Hawaiian Studies Outdoor classroom Tumeric / 'olena Curcuma longa classes as the Hawaiian Studies Center is Kale Brassica oleracea nearby, non-profit organizations, and school Table 3. Brown Mustard Brassica juncea Urban agriculture plant list Arugula Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa Yellow Passion Fruit / Liliko’i Passiflora ligularis Spinach Tree Cnidoscolus aconitifolius bis Arugula Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativae Hi cl us Parsley Petroselinum crispum Swiss Chard Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Hau Basil Ocimum basilicum ea Piptum ru Sage Salvia offinalis Mam aiia n Chili Pe i Nio Passiow n F Liliko i 104 105 Yell Wo Haw ai Edib aki s ppe r ruit KAI Aquaponics ~ ~-- - -- -~ ,. . ,.......__, " , J ' -- .,.•-- Site 3 Ecology , Access Ala Wai Community Park ' • ' • ' ' •• ' ', .. • • \ • •• -• Existing Trees ' • ' Trail•• • Stream '~.. _ - .. Road:• 4-foot Contour Parking \ ' ' ' Ala Wai 0 25 50 100 150 ' feet ' ' ' 0 25 50 100 150feetNeighborhood Park Afternoon Heat Index -85.1 - 88.5Ala Wai Elementary School -88.6 - 91.091.1 - 92.993.0 - 94.4-94.5 - 95.5-95.6 - 96.596.6 - 97.4-97.5 - 98.398.4 - 99.699.7 - 107.3 N 0 140 280 560 840 1,120 Feet A Ala Wai Canal The final site, located near the Ala Wai canal, the greenway and offers a wooden structure is known for its abundance in toxic chemicals. that can serve as an aquaponic system, Ala Wai The canal is used as an entryway into the seating for visitors, and shade for vendors. Community Garden ocean for paddling teams across the island. The structure is approximately 700-square-feet The canal is also surrounded by recreational offering about 700 pounds of produce to the trails, lined with lawn and palm trees, used by community (Figure 5.13). Site Boundary surrounding community members. It is near the neighborhood park making it accessible to The heavily urbanized area could also benefit 0 25 50 100 150 feet the public, a community garden, and the Ala from the design as the site faces increasing Wai Elementary School (Figure 5.12). temperatures throughout the day.The section closest to the canal contains a bioswale which The polluted waterway and inactivated lawn could help mitigate any runoff from the trail Figure 5.12 space prove that a more multifunctional space and nearby road. Context map can increase ecological functions on site. The design for this canal is centered along 108 109 AQUACULTURE Figure 5.13. Plan overview of aquaponics ALLIANCE structure along Ala Wai Canal school district community groups volunteers non-profit organizations municipalities & agencies 1 STRUCTURE = 700 SQ. FT. Ala Wai Elementary SchoolGrades: PK-5 700 lbs of produce Enrollment: 353 students NTS 110 111 Aquaponic structure Space for vendors, outreach, Connection with canal can support native pollinators and workshops strengthens relationship with provide shade watershed and site history for people 700 lbs of produce Seating area Community gathering spaces used for outdoor learning opportunities Figure 5.14. Design strategies for a Multifunctional aquaponics structure along Ala Wai Canal Bioswale - can alter microclimate and support native pollinators Connection between canal, parks, and recreation sites connect laborers, farmers, and markets PRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL CULTURAL VALUE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WORLDVIEW 0 Production of fruits, Structure can offer shade for locals Offer healthy food and Structure can act as a teaching Greenway design can connect Connection between vegetables, herbs, Structure can support a range of encourage physical tool for all indigenous farmers and organizations canal strengthens and tilapia species activity Offer STEM opportunities for to venture and grow new ventures relationship with Offer new jobs for Location near city center reduces Provide access to food all levels of education watershed neighborhood residents energy resulting from transport and Community programming packaging around gardening as a lifestyle 112 113 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE The structure is representative of the importance of the watershed, of food, and the establishment stage of the taro life cycle. island’s history. Agricultural classes offered by Herbs, vegetables, and taro are grown within the University can be held here and it can also Common Name Botanical Name the floating trays of the structure. Families and serve as potential research opportunities. children can peek inside the fish tanks and sit Butter Head Lettuce Lactuca sativa var. capitata within the structure while walking along the To preserve indigenous knowledge and Red Romaine Lettuce Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Ala Wai canal (Figure 5.14). Being near the Ala wisdom, the structure can serve as a seed Okinawan Spinach Gynura bicolor Wai canal can help visitors understand the sharing and saving library (Figure 5.15). Similar Bok Choy Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis importance of our watershed and waterways to neighborhood free library stations, wooden Green Onions Allium fistulosum (Figure 5.14). Having this understanding boxes can be set along the structure’s shelves allows members to take better care of our to keep any seeds. Watercress Nasturtium officinale island’s water and see the possibilities it has Taro / Kalo Colocasia esculenta by producing food and providing habitat. The The location of this structure serves as Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus surrounding plants can become destinations a beacon for the surrounding residents, for local pollinators. especially since this neighborhood is rich in diversity. This structure can serve as a link for Honolulu’s art and food scene are thriving the community and provide access to various allowing this to be used by artists, farmers, vegetables (Table 3). and local vendors to sell their work or use as a stage for events. The vendor space can serve as an educational area where children and adults can learn about foods, nutrition, Figure 5.15. Aquaponic structure cooking, cultures, and the environment through as a learning tool, seating and aquaculture. The nearby elementary school shade structure can use this space to teach children of the Table 3. Aquaponic plant list uce oy Ch wan Sa pin Kalo 114 115 Taro Okin Bok Lett ach part 6 discussion Based on the scope of this project, my projective culminating spaces that both heal and celebrate organizations, and professors at the University designers when designing agricultural designs designs showcase how urban agriculture the rich history of a place. This starts with the of Hawaii at Manoa. The precedents I chose into their sites. It also serves as a guide for the practices can be sited and designed within the acknowledgement of the spaces we design for to analyze were specific to landscape design in community if and when deciding to create their Ala Wai watershed that is both multifunctional and highlighting the technological ingenuity that urbanized areas, although there are many other own planting interventions. and enhances traditional ecological knowledge. indigenous peoples have created. working farms across the Pacific Rim in both rural Each site was reflective of the ahupua’a model, and suburban settings whose work could also be an important aspect to this research with These designs may not have responded to analyzed for the project. the resulting designs not being limited to the each category in its fullest sense, however this designated spatial typologies assigned. These research responds to a needed conversation of To further this research, strategies towards seed designs can also be woven together to create how landscape designers should raise indigenous saving and sharing can be incorporated. Seed a hyperfunctional design. These designs can knowledge and wisdom into their practice. There is sharing is beneficial to indigenous knowledge also be situated across any watershed within a lot that indigenous folks have done that is a pure as it preserves cultural identity and serves as a the Hawaiian Islands, and the corresponding reflection of what multifunctionality means today. teaching tool for the younger generation. Many plant lists can be incorporated into residential If Honolulu, along with other cities across the of the crops on the islands are also vulnerable to backyards. nation, has its concerns towards climate change, natural disasters and human-caused disasters then traditional practices should be investigated especially by the introduction of genetically- After listening to some folks speak of the as it could be beneficial towards the makeup of modified organisms (GMO) farms. To take control important relationship between us and the our industrialized cities. of what we eat, we must also take control of our island, reading of other countries and how they island’s seeds. The waterways of the Ala Wai place indigenous knowledge at the forefront of As seen from the precedent studies, centering Watershed could be further examined due to the their agricultural practices, and examining the design around indigenous knowledge can manipulation of its directionality throughout the history and structure of the ahupua’a system strengthen communities and provide opportunities years. Healthy soils and water work symbiotically and how it self-sustained communities present, for growth. It is important to acknowledge that making it a valuable addition to this project. I learned how indigenous knowledge still is not our cities have been quickly built over indigenous at the forefront of landscape architecture. Place lands which calls for us as designers and planners As landscape designers and planners, we must is an important aspect to this profession, and to rethink our zoning laws to become more be more critical of how we design our cultural it is dependent on local knowledge, resources, inclusive. landscapes. This project shows how not many and traditions. Memory and storytelling are projects, especially productive landscapes, do not ingrained in local knowledge. The native species, Given the event of the pandemic, more work could highlight traditional ecological knowledge as part waterways and trails are part of our resources, and have been done towards meeting with community of its design metrics. This research, therefore, as designers we must learn how to work towards members on the design stage, nonprofit provides a framework for future landscape 118 119 Bibliography Ho’oulu’aina. Ho’oulu ‘Aina Nature Preserve. 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Accessed: February 5, 2021. 122 123 Appendix URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK AHUPUA’A MODEL Mountains Plains Coast UKA KULA KAI URBAN AGRICULTURE X SPATIAL TYPOLOGIES D D D Open space Rooftop PIJbucSpaoe ~ Aquacullute Food Forest Urban ~arm STRATEGIES MULTIFUNCTIONALITY TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Production Ecological Cultural Local Knowledge Resource Management Worldview Production of fruits, Producing food locally Community members Gain insight from Provide space for work- Belief systems - Learn vegetables, mush- reduces the embodied en- often find garden- literature, articles, shops – allows members indigenous knowledge rooms, herbs, medic- ergy resulting from inputs, ing and farming to informal interviews of the community and and teachings, and how it inal plants, and other transport, and packaging be a social activity nonprofit organizations to can enhance agricultural products through sharing food, share agricultural and site development knowledge, and labor knowledge Offer new jobs for Organic waste products Offer healthy food Knowledge on plants, Embrace indigenous tools Holistic approach forms neighborhood resi- can be composted and and encourages animals, natural phe- and techniques; appreciate a greater understanding dents and vitality from used as a fertility resource physical activity nomena, landscapes local environmental knowl- between the environment improved economics of for growing food and other of specific site edge and self the community products Provide suitable, acces- Agricultural systems can Provide access to Offer space for com- Community members, Environment is part of sible, and safe land with support a wide range of ethnic foods that are munity members to indigenous community, both social and spiritual good solar access and species, including some typically not available share local knowl- nonprofit organizations are relationships an irrigation source native plants, as crops or in existing markets edge of plants and vital resources associated plants animals 124 125 Create networks to con- Urban agriculture can pos- Children and adults Develop space to Offer space to instill Instill a respect for an- nect laborers, farmers, itively alter microclimate learn about foods, generate exchange knowledge to the younger cestors, respect for self, and markets to help through humidity control, nutrition, cooking, en- of multigenerational generation respect for each other retain and grow new wind protection, and shade vironment, econom- recipes ventures ics, and cultures Develop transportation Collect, divert, and trans- Along with commu- Edible plants can act Create network to connect Instill a strong foundation systems and networks port organic wastes away nity garden spaces, as a teaching tool, indigenous farmers and that revolves around the to efficiently get food to from landfills to urban integrate other activ- especially medicinal organizations to retain and respect between land and consumers agriculture ities and features to plants grow new ventures people encourage socializ- ing – urban foraging, recreation, education Convert open spaces areas Explore opportunities The zones of the ah- Agricultural land can offer The ahupua’a connected of low diversity to commu- to develop commu- upua’a offered space space for community mem- people with the land and nity gardens and farms nity programming for foraging, recre- bers to grow food their ancestors. The kalo around gardening/ ation, and prayer is sacred farming as a healthy lifestyle Allow edible plantings Integrate commu- Agricultural land can Community gardens provide in built areas to combat nity garden spaces offer STEM opportu- space to grow ethnic foods the heat island effect and in areas known to nities for all levels of other unfavorable climatic have high immigrant education conditions populations, and link with culture Support efforts to convert Offer gardening and Community garden vacant and derelict lands urban agriculture ac- spaces can allow into productive green spac- tivities within existing indigenous/non-in- es for use by residents programs, particular- digenous populations ly during summer to connect and learn 126 127