'l'he "•hilippine Inlr~nda 
-
.l;•.ebrua:ry e. 1899 . 
·y 
J'tn..Iill. ~ULf'"Oll 
Preae.nted to the Fa.cul ty o-f· t..l'le 1'e.d14ate School 
of t:he ~lr.i verci ty of 02--ego12 'V 
in p.vti".l fulfillment. oi' th requirmnen't.e 14-. 7. 
t·or the :legree of 1 1 -
l!nztcr of Arts 14 
-content 
:Vl' • l - 22 
II • .funilv y and " 2':J _37 
• 38 _5,J 
IV . ft 55-56 e ..... ce Treaty 
lo7 - i D 
~ I - cu 
VI • he • hi e ." n' u ur n . • 
li t : Fef .1· r,c r:. t~l<l uota,s fl:t·~ o nd t tn · e 1d of 
~ery ch,13.pter . 
CH.l'P' I 
erican .Expansion In The Paci fie 
There is a general agr ent. 
nd hiatos-1ane. tho.t the . quinit.io.n o! the. Pl1ilippine lslnnde. 
t t e ti or Dow y t bri'lli t victory at. ~ -nila ·~.y _. '= 
unfo.ntt}Gen and unexr, cted . It is l o st.-'l.t d that t .o ,·d-
., ini trot.ion t t emoo.rked on a wn.r m. tb Sp- n to fr e Cu't 
h d no kn lec.tge , no 1de , nor lnfor tion 0£ the e·ieteru:e 
of ~·p n• rich po sea iono 1n tt-..e F:· i~ 1'.· st . Prceid nt. 
c:Kinley , pea'ki t Younustotm , i o .,. Oe tob r 18. 8 9 • 
said: 0 T?hen ewey kt.he i ps nt ,fln1l.a_. a ho . ord red 
to do , it ,as not to ec:pttll" t.he Philippin n - it . to 
destroy the .::>panish nee • tl.e fl of th 1 tion t 
· ..iicll w, t 1·e T:a£;in• . :. "i.ar ,. snd ,e tl.ought that the oon t 
-r.ay to end thl.t -..nr n to d ... a troy tJ· e po • r of Spr in to mnk . 
.ey . •{11 " en more striking ia the 
:.ltat~nt or ncwey t,i elf . While o, his way t.c t .. · co , · nd 
of the Asia.tic Squ dron, h devot c pnrt of hi ti . to rend-
in, infor t1on bout t· Pl"iilippinea . T?,is is VJ 1 t h • .b· s 
to ay:{2) 
* l only reference tot.he I- i ippin ort 
paragr<l.!/ , to tb effect tlmt 'fo • som ti :e t.h n s-
papore contained ac ,ounto of r bellion in pro rco~ in 
the Phili:P ,inen'; but t t 'no o.ff'ici.al in or.nation h~ 
b en rec ivcd in rel.n.tion thereto , and no infer tin of 
nny · ort th~ t s o a Ii eriean int 1·ests o e aff cted . • 
0 1n £~ct . at that i c tl · Philippin er to u a 
te1,:ro. 1pccuzni ta . iO s 1ip o eur · orvice had be n l~e o 
for y ,.ra .. Vihen . aftt.:r my appo1ntnoth, as co ider f 
he i tic Squad on , l ought i fo mt":.tion on ti au ·cet 
in ta l1in ton , I ound tl · th l.at at offi in1 rcr,or 
rtl.ati vo tt1 t t ilippi ..:. c-...n fil in th - of fie of miv l 
intelli ence ore the d te or l87t . 
-2-
· th r dmiral De ey had • t de us of 11 U-1 .... il-
:.; l. soure · o of inf-0r tion or so one rn n ible 
oefully n 1-ig nt in not informing th d i ral. . Let e 
cite tut n fe in t nces . on sept. .sber !i , 1887 , J'uliu 
Voi t , th n United States eon ul_ at a.nil.a , in u port to 
th tttr d pl ring t e 
oi' "ent.crprisi.ne t~.. nciestt at that po-rt and t- indif'terenee 
to the • Ot-(Ml • . . . . 0-f dist nt rY.ets hich are w ll 
ys: •Ti con ulate iD continr.w,lly in 
receipt of inquirie and pror.10ooltl f - u inesn- s.eokin ho e 
irt • • • • f C e.c i yo 
rican establi en-t that ul.d devote it lt tho1· U{d ly 
to the intro uctio of home- ran.de rticl.e-e in thee isl nd 
c~n not ut be obvio·a un ~r the i ting circ st•- e , 
nd t.be everlan1.1n ~ :.sence of such house i mucl: to be 
r ret.ted . {3) t rr,ri slng ;m ri can e-0n.s1 l. , 1 M1.nde:r 
R. ebb , sent a l.7 p ea re o t ~o th sn -- de rtm nt on 
eo raphic" l. , hi toricnl , o e:ei J. , tc ., , 1tn the 
ub-head1n. s of this v ~ int r i,;t1nc r-ei:•ort , to wit: • o ,.-
rn hical and ~ istorica..t. .., • ttT}1 Civilize n ti ea , • •Public 
no nu" , T e ,n etc . l 
forc-ed to tl conclusion.," h nt the 1 ni:r: of hie 
r ,ort • t ·1 t 1·ic· n bu ·ines en , ru • lmn 
co par .tiv ely ll t tle of the v et a,1 J}O ulous territory 
embraced int Phil ppine 
poasi 11.i tien. tmd that they will g dly receive eomeU1ing 
ore tb.tn a rcl.y s · 'tcistical t teI nt. of lo. t y - r• s trr>de 
!'lnd c re • • • ( 4} We l rn in other part. or i.hi s report 
thnt Twenty-nine m rican v~o~els nter-ed th port of •a.nil 
uring the ye with n tot· 
J,. few years prior t.o the outbr ak of the wur 
scientific e:>.-pec.U t1on , headed b;y. Professor J . .st ms of' 
the Un!ve oity of _fchte;an , u.nd .ec -nied by nn C. ore st 1· . 
n1 o oft Uni verai ty of · ichi un , ri.lld Frank S · -·.ourn and 
lori · the 1 al.and J.n the manner 
of aciontific ien . There is no definite coooection betV;ecn 
the pro£ ssion l xork o't then ge~ tlomen and tbe • r i th 
Spain or t l tr devolo t · for th t matter . lt 1a 
. n C. "'orcester a.ft 
member 01 the Firot Philippine c ssion ent top cify the 
i~landa 1n 189 . 
Of coi.lr e , it . ;ay be said for y th! .~ n i ther tho 
r port of th~ ent•.rprising consuls nor the net 1tios ot 
th le~ ned en r, ntioned bo e oul.d be o,t i in 
i prer:ent v nture . ReverttJel ns , they ah t t the 
nt in .. ... s in ton was not ntir ly i t;no t of the 
Philippine reading of' •ey• etat ent quoted abo e 
ul.d malce us lieve . ·oth d Prc..,1d nt cf· nley' 
»t t . ts been quoted at tb 'b en s • una oubtedl.y • 
bo e all others , they ere h· t o men st .. e non i l 
~ t.J -
~or tho ~o uioition of th 
his decisiv llat!ffllering of tho Spn.nish :.tleet nt , aniln 13ay. 
brou ht , out o. ..............................:..P.. .l. 1.. ;  Presi 1 y . al.tho h 
eluct' tat irst . inally in•t ntal 1n th t 
cqu1ett1 n. 
Now let s ~U...."'Il to -the hiutori t i 
in n tire agreement 1 Ul t.l record f t,he t 
t.tmt the i of eonquent ot the Phil.ipp1n •- p to 
nd ev n ewey•a ictoJ"Y • ~· -"'·'"t a emote fr m the indn 
of tho -. er1can ~opl • bo 
,t. ctonislled nt. Cd.ll.1Pf\ t.o mind tba:t Slz-.1n ! ions ~P 
t 
three st .., ,e in th nego ti tiono thee• t l.ed to tile de nd 
for the -'hil.ippi l landn . In tn e , be 
it i evident Pre i ent "c -nl.ey . ao from the beginr.ing to 
t conclusion -Ruide he n otiati n • l'!ns :not in f or 
of deron.ndin3 the ov-ere1f;nty ..m d posses lon of the ielnndn. (o) 
He eit-e the e o.f the pro-toco1 to nuotain tl11 con-
clu ion . 
Lodge , tbe cb 1,1,pi on and · de.fen er of '"Cq11i i ... 1 on in the 
Sn t on e cont po:r~ ~ i tori n .f t.ho t, ni - ·r-
ican r 11.,_ ..  11J.) ey• 1ctory had come it} t.be 
ahock o:f a g.reat nurprise ell the spl "" ......  or a eat 
"' 
lory . iO on_ h d dr amed that th ·· nt. the entr.mc-e. 
or the Uni tod State into tho 01:ient . '.But t. 1ere the :f"l 
o . tl1ere it n~ttered victorious . · d the stx-&-~ o:f event , 
oo much .or • 1)0' (U ful than human lann1 e h .n they e 
_S-
th cutco 0£ .orld f'orcea . ve r 2entlenvly on . (6} 
J.ow .:.. trikin ly :0i ler to · aid nt cltinley' r., pronounce--
ent"" t Tylor Dennett . one of the r -cent bi tarinr·n on the 
subject •· says: 
en the outbreak of hout ·iitiea cl ti ·p in und the Hll" 
astern 4 uestion e cept that ther- e concur~ nee f dates 
in the d1oturb d condition in Chino. and the cli x of the 
of en recur ing die ur C in Cuba. and th t 1.:-oth syn-
c ronized t t e a.nGiv ove nt in Juacri r de 
hi.ch had~ 1l.o d tie recovery from the panic of 1893 . The 
d cau. a •ry notable str u thcning 
dda.: •!'be attack upon l!nnila y the crie n forcen "., s not. , 
e id nt l or unfor oe :n . Commodore Ge rg Dewey 
. u ordered to J ( cto er 21 , 1897) to 
.. . . . The int nt oft e e 
crders , nowevei"' , app ors pl inly to ~~ e be n to r · 01r the 
menace of th s1 ieb neet rather than to aequiro t.U1il¢ .•{8) 
~ at do tl Ee atatef::t nts .• an? They me . zactly w nt 
they say . FirGt _. t at tbe United tatcs u en tJ: e cl ration 
o v.ar trlth in •· a not. a·· re of t e e.ii.i t nee of tn 
Philip1in I T ,ey ere at the ti .· "' terr incot,ni 1:.r , 
to rcpeni th .ord~ of ~dmiral, ey . Soc ndly . t =t en 
e idea of cqui ,ition C.l.m t y r res;arde gift 
from th od n and accepted only t:..fter 
fa .sacred ns of duty . 
posuibl ing i;,O eo flieting aonelu ions ru.»n 
eneien in , rican hi tory ,hi · .ill t'hrm-r n. Kl' at deal of· 
of the Uni t~d ta.tea in the rar i.a t • roJ.i tica.l.ly and etkr;n1er• 
ited 
Str. tcs in th. ... las dt'ica<.:e of' t lC nin t. er_ th ceatt..:r.·y . 
i tcre t in the tr., de of' t .e 
the atudcr.;.t .f hie ory . }artly due to nece -it..,r, t e cloc;il 
·md th . urgent om_ployJ!..i-Ont o her idle fll{,_Tchant rt:t~i·ine , it 
~rtfit too tempting to b 1 nored . 
-l" -n!-"eo-.a -o-f' -~h-in-a w i .. h a...·ri ved in C ooton on th. 30th f ~uyust • 
on ,on. 
d l!-o.rfolk nl o f"i t ted 
s l in this tr _de . ln 1789 
in Canton n second only to that of G :a.t l."itti.1n; 1n t.1e 
f'our yei. Ct in e ort 
import int th t Ol"t wue cve-r .ti .o ·. • . {9) Tie f trade 
dd enormo1 sly tot i6 r t!ic . 
now thi ,,. t.r de re , by lea. s 1d bounds in ti e fol1o i 
d ~wdecr. 1 t is not neco sa tor 1.t here . Ti e ere , 
ho e er , eon ,.. uetroe oi.u.tin• fr thi c -crcial contact 
·.?th tr. orient T.n,ic c.e.1 1ot e vcrlooked . Fir~t . th re s 
t . pro 1cm o~ prot tio1 f the t.r-£de it lf d the n 
d ve els en aged in it . s c rut . • nd hie r 
i .ortu.nt ntc:r.nn ion .l rj. u.ry b re ut • - ·t 
ll(.-1:e o:ry tli t f,. er-ic nab not xcludc fr t. n.r· 
of thi trade y t, opean tlon~ ~: icb began 0 impose 
un·1.,,t ral co .rciru. prt 1 eg s upon ori tion • Thu • 
in the 1-E t er }'mrt of the ninet nt cnntucy , • e find the Uni tea 
St tee 'e nly int~r te4 in e d t. in tbe '< r :· t . 
zenlou in t..he protection of r t de and er on th al rt 
f'o.r incr t:U:t"'d "'1 ileees . liardly ha oo 1 k o the snkins 
tr t.y ccn dry Then curd ttnder t 
•~oa't fe. red nation bn. .... iau tho co erei al x·i . il --\.,-o 
,,.rn ted i t~. t treaty to th iti • lr 184-{. · 1 b 
Cu even b-t.t te in the 
Tr ~ y f an hia, uly 3 , 84-4 . ~hi dat nrko tl d 
of ~n poch -otn for Ch1 the United Statu , fo t 
f o er• 1 t u..s th prel.ude to tl great tr,... fo tions that 
took pl. ... ce i tl secc1 d h l~ i t 1 century . h 
ret. Tn.ir,ir c Ret>ellion; v.ne. fer the Uu1 te Stateo • China 
h,~ become_ poi ·eal question . 
inflltt:uc ·... t°t!t t led t c · 1 t ?'co,u .e . · th rhina 
wor ed in tl.e c tzh ~~apn.n - t~ de nd the pro'i.. .ct:ion of 
or it .,ia not cont. .. in tl1e all · i,ortant 
o. evt2r ., a .Den tt say , 
erry had in in .... more f--r- 1·ec.cl in~ po1l.L-Y t?10 • Ct e ting 
hioh • ·oul nth r toon , s ictly 
f1P ord to Co I ndcr _. llcy 
of tlw r 1. outh to 11e e form..... iO ees ion of ~ho E r-.in 
Ielando -~ si~niii ant . 
In the d .cEde p.r c uin ·t.l ar th · c 
cry notice-
re e f i 1r . , th olume 
ri l.e 
dee de from 1887 tc l.896 in 1 i e .. e her r)y :;ho'!!m , · z .: ( ..... 1) 
Chinn 
;6 6 
1880 4 , 582 , 585 
1889 2 , ?91 , 128 
.Ina 1!£mort-s 
1800 1l6 ,260 • 471 fi2 , ,94.-6 ,..209 
J..·9]. 9 ,. 32.l. . 850 a. 701. ,,cca 
l.892 2 .,483 . 21)1 6 . 033 . 497 
l.893 2C 6Z> •· ;.:;b, 3 , 9CC , 4!/i 
18 4 l, 35 .-C28 5 . ae,r ,42., 
189G 2 . r1t u aS29 a.e 1-a , a • 
l.8941 22 , .023. -004 G, 01.':.l. ,.933 
16&7 :L? ,114.1·1 S ,, :535 , 5-92 
1888 18 ,621 •.5 ?6 4 , t4 . ,..62 
1889 lG ~t:87 , 992 4 , 615 • 985' 
1000 Zl . l.llS .,324 0 ...~ .;~ .. 6~3 
lJ.J!tl 19 1 ~ t .,lt!8 4 , 807 , 693 
1892 23 1: ?90 ,.20~ 3 , 2~(, , lll 
,1893 2? , 464 . 22-0 3 , 19·!: , 49.t.l 
l.004 19 , -126 , 52.2 3 1 86 , Ul 
l.895 23 .,e05",9-5? 4 ,.G34 . 7l7 
la!io ~ . 5Zc7 , ~ ~, ,6s0 .6 fi 
int China am Japan rcspeo ivcly re mor or- lees .,,~iebl 
and indifteren t . Indeed , in the cane of tdn • ti1 yeo.r 
l.88'/ • -o rather unusual for tho export 0£ th Uni i,ed ·a \OS 
s in 189G , 
at the en of a decade .,, it reached to only ti, _l , f:S3 , -, very 
Gli •ht incr •a .a indeed . Disrog•)r-ding th-e wuaouol ireu.oot.:·:u1ceo 
u _l  .incre a: in 
the ol e of otll the 
and -Japnn during that decade . 
ln the neJtt t-wo y,eus the increo.s ot 
to China wao pli nrut1enal . ln l.8!.n it rose '&-0 9 ,. 193 .,583 
r:l' i e in t e fol.lo .ng ye • l&J ,, 1 t. wntt ~u . ll , 3;.:,9 . 
or tho exports to Cbina in 16. .. 7 b , 000 ,000 l 
the port of Sbanghai al.one . Consul 11oWler of ~hei'oo ~ 
'-- /D -
reporting to th t.a.t Depa.r " nt n Jugu t , 18 8 ., -ys; 
., ~ring t esc f i - res 1'11. t.h those fer 1895 ., it ill b 
,n thnt . lile •. rea.t. Eri tr. • n h n not qui t.e do u l, • th 
United .,tates h trebled • her x .. orta to Chin.., in ti e J.. . t 
tbree y ors; • .. • • thn.t th !:l1U Of the United tat 
'::J)Crt~ to Chin is groat r tt of l Contin .nt· 
rope t:•'.  nd th soiae , -~urop a.n tic- .. •,12; Ta e 
eir.gle item. , fl.our , for e , ,. le . " Talue () eric n 
flou~ report d d ins this r, rio r tr ~l n fo th 
co, ined rs of 1894., 95 . 189 189? • in tb po t o 
C rco in tho period erA1ng nn 30 , 1898 . T 1 • inde d • is 
.,t.t"Uly a derful increa . - in the rdn o:f Con ul l r . 
"Th:3r is not the 1co.st cloubt t , t our t d in th north 
cf China i - of r unt 1 por al'IC •t i concludes th consul . 
The incre e 1n port_ of l•erico.n ood to hi .-. ~ s 
'by no m~n r. ent , hoveev r . In f'"l.ct , it Car.l noti c· l 
in tl1e pr - iou y r . ·Th main rticlen or ex ort w •re 
kero ene oil . cotton goods > co 
.nd Jeans; fl.our d ri hinery . Up to 189 eri an .kerosene 
oi l d oy d oot o oly in the Chin t , but 
in 1897 it n t~ f ei Rn sinn nd comp tition . 
In al-1 the otl er articl • ho e er. e United 
xport,ticn 
0 8 re than co ~J no tod by th,.. 1·i in 
price . 0th ric product . ouch eo 
...__ If-
fr neinea . bicycle • n.ud lectrie---dl. end tele e end 
le.,3rapbi.c ma-chineey 1, 1,:tin to find th -ir way into the 
Chine ae ~;1fi..1• ts . 
sp ciaJ.l.y note .ort.hy wo.s tne ind11 trial and e • rci .1 
avlakc. itlfi of Chin t'lhict. 'Vt" a .apr,Br nt to everybody . Consul-
Gc11e1•r. .. l ~1 e nit.:,an o •• nnghai . ro: .-orti on lleo ber 22 • 13 6 , 
ea.yo: One of the ntoiit el 11ificant. f'eutur-en of th yf!f:;.r na 
the gr~.at inCl."ef.u,.a in the · lu of 1oported c-hinery . •{J.3} 
He mentions gi ning m11-ln. · •er~ving mills and r.Jilk filn-
tureu " pringing up {!S if by ·• ie. n in Sl'itu""rthai :lnd Vicinity . 
hep orts of in.creased :-w vi vi 'ty ha'ii'e a.1:::ro been recei v~d by th 
Jep:u"-t.n-,en.. of 8 t 1 t.e from the con1,ul -0f Chefeo • fin.nkc:n1 1, ~ y , 
Cauton. Chin iang un.d Ti ntsin . ( 14) 
It io perhaps n c s ary o r r r b;r efly to t eric---ei.• a 
inte.rt"h>t i.n Ha~mi1 . Aaid from ito eontigui t_y to the United 
St""tes end tber fore ·1 ts et.rJ. .. · ·ical importn.nee \ioth from 
a m1li~nry i~n nn.V' l. :point of vie • it hnd bc .... n a convenient 
stoppir..g ple-c.e tor J\J ... eriean vessels oi . to and from the 
rient nnd tho .Northt est coast . During t.he Clev ~,nd dmin ... 
i C!tr~tion tre!' ty anneri 1'.Jle 1 lrulds had m:rt-ual ly- een 
ratU"ied b,.r tbe Sen&t- ,ut t:. et.oaa by th# P:re 1den-t . 
u:rlng the period under i oussion th :? en timent- for t.h 
~nnG .... ,..,.tion of tbe islande very n:t. -... o • 1n eed and P2 • eid nt 
lf,c "inley- himself lla<l w.-ged 1 t . 'lthe p-.articipat.-i on of t-ne 
United .,;.ta tes 1n tb j int <:o-ndo,uinium over th S an 
isl.an in l."' g i • not · r proof of 'this in r sing i . t ~re t 
ir.i the F ant < n th.e .regions of the Itlcii'ic . 
T ~ second f~etor in briri_ging a" 01.1 • :m ric •s inter rt 
in tho o i nt ,:lal} the west .f".rd move~ nt . l.ll!ost :.:,t the name 
ti, e tlm t · crieam · n.lcre . d t cl.din...,. vess ,1_s bef.tul to round 
t e Hern or the Ca.pc of ood tcpe in IH? 0 -irch of the ro nets 
of the 'brient • uett ere p 1n red ever th~ f l .- ..h  nieo in iri• 
c easi.g number; then nd finnll.y . 
-att the c mcti vc in bot~ c""ses . the aaari h for • 
clipper by 
• f; the century progrcs.acd ., <mch n inv rit· on 
incren.ain, the t.raf t'ic \,'i tL .. A orient; whi1e over . nd , the 
C 
ck horse an the pr ric coner. o the i 
A 
rtz o.f t.t; union ··nd .,. s if to di r-. .a.ln 
th ba. ..· .r-i e s of' di t e.cq. ired . 
tl Uniteu &tate~ became a nex -door neighbor o the countri 
0 
de~tini ,s togcth~r str ngcr thu..n 
T thi d aeto no.t uit ·c ately ro t tle trnit.d Otnt 
t the hi ippines a th~ fa.et tt,at this country , in t ,e -c-oar ,e 
of its century ""' · half of h:i utory n cnt n"\tion . 
· d almont invcria. ly fall n . eir t he terri ori n of s~ in . 
or the fo e:r terri to-riee cf thnt n tion . in th nc. .orld . 
L-/3-
This fact is but. one phnne of th" t goner 1 conquest of :a.11 
spaniab poese$Uions by ..hll5lish• n1>ea.king peoplec Vlbich took 
place in tho J.ast tn.o cent.uriee . ;The acqu1l'!iti"°"n e-r L.ouisiaiui . 
Florida. , 'Twms " Oregon a.nd .New ~er.icn ::1nd Ctl.lif mi , .. no 
mere ccident by nny .oonn . •ii."lnife:s't dentinyn or call it 
wh t you mny., ti 1'l taoic rema.hls -t.l1&t the armo.x,, tion 'f too 
J?l'~il.ippines t a ·c~·t the a t in the s.f<1•ieo of tbi ~ l:J.ntorieal 
event -· 1£ Chc.d'!;:r:ick oo:,s: "'}i1ti "'·· tc war ~s 12t · • e cul i -
.tlon of difficul tice \ deh .hul tl cir ... ,.H.d in t pt;t,•.ce of 
l ~G3 . ...'h y s:;,r~'°ug into 1' !e t. ·nty yea1•t;1 let 0 r ·. i tL tho M• 
vent. on the orld'o tage n1··tne /.iilerier,;.n union; rer1 .·JWd in 
i'ull. vigor for l¼· lt a ccntu.-y t.he1·eafter ,i th sca.r ely an 
int rvo.l 
more ,., unti fin..:'llly wn.r came in 1 98 to l"tin,/7e t.r: ~ .. st e~•ua 
ot friction ., iew of tJ e ono nuru:lra fi1 t cn.yePro from 1783 
to l89U ere free rm bit;crnoas !· e ling . The ar vt\.8 
hua but:. inal epi..,,odo in a century o:t d i p.lom.:.i.r.ie ill• 
f'e in,z., ~~m time do2"maut . · ut more ofte 1 d rously 
ac tc ,. •(15) 
tioned in the c '1ml rc:L--1 nnd induetria.l 
t the close o! tne nine eenth 
C nttU'.., . 
occapied •• aoeol"di ""' to .Liennett. "in rela.tion to -a.r , stern 
.,.,.ffaire, a. some,. . ha.t si l.:.:.r poei 'i~ion tc .e firat years of 
ti, ·c:-J.nl ./ au.mini t1·~tir.n . ln c .a· ca.Ee t.h nation , l ing 
--- ,y -
r · covered f'ro period of finrlllcinl depren in un 
found i tn l!' 111 tb eurplue of pro uce tor which· foreign 
d de i ble nd · oe sa17 . Int th in<t•nc · t 
.en rfiY of the o con e,po-r• 
neou.s ith h isor: aniz ti n v.nd unc rt. .. in int e nr 
ot to hicb j 1 tionc might 
ci e the p o?"t .ni ty to o 1.::iJ. ·n rmd 
rh~p... o clo ., t.h donrs. r.. ( -6) Tl. United 
t&to a hcth r it ~011ld ., to. lioh p:rot ct rat or nct11tir 
·r ·st to prot et hr t· de • 
.. t.e t:n;l,: for J "'l"ic·- n ets. t · en in th J.act t '00 
er cons real 
GCOJ?.C mor pro .in~ for 1897. t of 
c Clnley' i a u a ion , .A,i.i. rican t -a.n o .o ll 
in Eu op .-...n ton.. an t-hi , d t.o 
i:ndieate th- t t l""" t t-he .ericn 1 p c p.lo i,a r .... bed t l1 
point in tl eir in uc-trial cvel pm 1 ·1lle1.· the old no 
lonee.r. oaf ly ne 1le t tl ,'} of the orl,:i ~ lt · a 
b i~v~d ~v -c- ·nl y ~ by .. John ,.. • . cl 
and • ca to.inn o 1ne1uatry' , 
t. t the i:-1c n task 
proved to • soi eo- ·o.te • "' 13.'J  
Fo tar , r f ri co. . erci l t nd ncy ur1 ,_g 
thi a period , say ~nt for a complete ces ion(of 
tle Philip inon) fro a co ereio..l standpoint s t ,,, t tbe 
recent normouo incrc e in producti ness o l rican 
. inductri s , d in th exp rt trade auir <l an e .t nsion o 
-"' r-ket ; t it ~ c inipo sible t-o nter into -e p-eti tion 
-.11th -u ope. . n countriec without follo ing tl- eir m,.thod in 
cur-inr· °' so for commercial operntions-; Md that thougl 
th policy of t.h nit d ~t-·tc w- 'the op n do-o t , this 
cou1d not 'b. mn.inta 1ned 1dtnout as erting merico.n ,olitic 
po .er • eopecial1y in the po.rt of the world l:uu·e t.he ro teat 
mar eta ere nit 
T tts we se ho t .ese fo-ur fn. torn: tt.ie tr.;.;. e int reot 1n 
t~ orient , the~ .tinent~l e: .anaion , too quarre1 
i tb Sp:::dn . and th. c-oram.er 1 l and in 11-tl'ia. a.k nin o ... 
the United St tee during tbe last yearn of the nin te~ th 
ccntu.r.,y ll contri uted, 1 m-re or le s e r.e , to.a.rds t 
n nbould n t und-r t ~ nd li.y-
this th t these fo tr factor o.ked directly, s 1r for ordained • 
t-ow• • rds that end . ll t is . eant s that t :.L- tor ore 
pre ent 'nd hen tl Spnni:;ih•Amoric,.:r. ar br ke o ~t , tho 
-c i..;ition of the hilippin s !'itt din nic ly it-h theu ... 
te encies . The ieh nlso s r1.0t l· c 'ing . s er ~'1.\ d 
predicted in 1851 , 1 uring th a.git t.ion f'or tl o cnin o 
int-ere-our e :ith J· :pan , ti t: The Pacific ·e ,_ it sho ·e • 
its inland , &nd the vat r ,ions ~yond . ill~ come the ebie£ 
•·.h at.re of events in th o ts. u1·c t hereaft r . ,. ( 20) ·~in • 
in l.852 • by the ier 0£ Cl y.. sno ther exren · oni t • ewa;rd ., 
queotion , id: 0 :e • to 
• t t 
of Xptl.nd • e tl1 • • • 
ihe?ever t infltt 1 e io f-olt , flt d . ire for pro oct on 
de the~ i t tutionu is n akcned . to 
<~ ree a d , not- b,t nn.l diffieultie of re i ... tene ,. u.t 
fr n th .. de1 tio~ ,i ich r . ,_te .s.'rom our o :m interir l. 
one:t. t iion . tr,r, t _.. eatr int 111ny 
- 10 11 llO :rt. or l ow -r..,.r i ~ oug:t t. to 
yield? C b1---o• n t t1-, ...... ci nt eo t ents n r to 
r. n .. oni tionn - per. .po 
nf.--ctlor. or eo1 oni..,e tt ·re. . . • ~ven ill be 
r l 
co und r ou.r 3>-ro t c ti on • or 'be l.eft to ~, r di ~e rapidly 
u in e ual to the e .mic •t y q at on ? I _. a tiler is no 
t d the ui~it n et ts tl .. nt 
i l r-cti · tiao t or · .r..t ,. id: "In 
t four nntio-n 
uoue t I ud · ·nn .ot e rect t e 
e iti us lo of: inert! 
t , nm; onsi r h u 
t -0 Go ernment 0£ th · United States at the <ltlt reak o..,. the 
p oition,. s on outp011t or Canton for tl;e tmder l ether 
nortbwest canst . 11 (2~) In 181. 'l an Jmericen consul ppoint• 
in tho 'f:ay o tho e-ro·it.h or ,meric. n tri'kde though the conGul 
r•. . f'.1 not r co ized •6 (24) The nu.3aell ,. St.ur;.,.itJ t:.nd Comp..,"\lly , 
In the lo.et. 
six month"" of 1835 , J.3 .fJ?G ton 0£ l · c:rict:1...n hippi . ree:is-
te,:ed ~t this ort . 
L t ue· rrnc ~ d f1 rtt. r . During the il.k 
lB4~ , to tho Zort,h. st .coaot , 
suln ... ,tera , ma.king ob c1.--vatio .n ~ tou,..hod ~anilL . (~} The 
C le'b Chu hing lli ... si-on to Chinn n.loo found ooc·'oion to end 
~ v-e1mel to the PhJ.l.ippine IcL"lude . 
open inter ourne · i tr tl1e orient • also en.t veenel .... o 
(.:l t,) 
.t'.tdlipy.ine tera . t. a tt·r of !.net ,. during i~ o•t the 
~nt ·1·, period o'f the 19th centttry . f't.er tho United St t-
obtcined her 1nd..epandeno , t Faeific Oe an .and Chinese 
; t re t.e -· ed · i r-·can 
er _for d nnva1 co;:;.mn.ndere , equally 
a con ~ i n nd p~iv1leno... to: tb-n i r 
T of t.he United ) t s i h tll, Fhil r,pin Jn the 
-
to t'hc S,r.o..nirn-.. ricn.n. at. ll 
1.·1-cultur .1 products 
f o- the · ilip 1. e 1 Ja.nd i o i-:e Unived i a 
~cid d 
th fi ot i - . ntl a ndl ·! , so . 1898 1 th totrl ,.ount 
th ordex- o-f h i.i: v· lu ar t 11 .ir ; 
le fi K3 s ., uf cturoo of' v e 'bl 
.fi ~urea . nd to - 'C • ltx 189? , ccor 1ng 
to o ,f:iul · illi~ s t ._nile , th. e.;cno:r .. of • .. r.p ro. the 
h lippir.t st over 
t· c-ombi . A nipm nt to a1l otler com:rt i,e t-0 .,tller . 
irthermor • • 0 .ocln d tl...,.t: . 't tot --101' 0 or 
.enp fro. ... th Phil ppi s fo;:- tt. t.et ye:~ n 0- 1 ·!?'1 . 
'"''!!'.!Ot!Utiflg to 6 , ;:>.,8 • 9C5, 914 1 55 tone • -41 per ce t wet to 
:..r1t1 Unit cd Stat n • 
to 
on of • 0 hi 75~15 
666. 391 tons to Groat Dritnin, u:nd 41 . ~62 t-ons to Continental 
Europei hewing that. o. the t.ota1 ~porta. more than 55 per-
cent wen~ to the United St:3.$4-Ul. 9 (2'1} file United Staten during 
nl.l tlus J;Jet:iod he one of thtc sre· tei&t -consumers of Pl 1l.1pp1ne 
produetti ., ~eoonrl only t.o GrfJ, t Iiri tain. 
The exports of the 'United S"tea 'to the PbiJ.1ppine lsltmds 
a.re 'b! rder t.o determine ru.ui , on tJ1e su. .... face . in-eignificrnt . 
do -evi?r ., ae various , el:'1 en.n consuls t.11cr point ct au t ovcl"' •n o 
" in iu their re! orts to the 
1:igures in the custozs bookz ~t ~unil.a d-0 n-ot nhow t 1 real 
"' ount o ing to the pr,-,1.ctiee oi' ahipp1ng 
to HOtJBkong • from thence to ;J..anii .. e.n.d ereui ted to rong:~M".g 
in the <>f"ficial. rer,orte. . {28) Conaul AleY..ander .. . \',el:,b in hi 
report in 1888 J.!'lentifi'na oi' the case oi' a. hipment of i'lour 
lr. t showt 
t au.ck . Tbe ave-rug, nnnu: l es.ports to the l'hi.l:q,pines in 
tr.a t'lu, or threQ decades bef'.Ct.re 1898 ,Al.a r-rom our l undred to 
five hunu ed th u~d doll ·s !''tCCOrding to. tl1e '-o- k • The 
main it.e.'118 were petroleum, con.! . eunned go-od.s ., furni l.lTe., 
d Jug end ~ .ooucdls-. (29} lneident.al.ly • :it may p0rhs.pe be 
mer tio, oo here tt-4'. t the int •rcotn i the Uni t.ed ra~.tes wfio 
c l.d mo.st lik ly be r.ffectod 1,y r,.ey movooient- tor c..~ransion , 
such -s tru t. wltiCli cont.ro:uted the eU:i.t.e · u n o:f thit, country 
1n 1898 .:i th 1.•egnrd~ t.o tho Philip1d1i-ee . ru:e tI--.e bu~;ine~e 
men 'fthv import hetr.!J) . !.lugar . etc . trom the Fll1l-i;yii11~n and 
t ose. leo .c export petrole , co~l , c ed o do. e c . 
rid so rtien in th lent mont of 1897 r · 1th Spain 
loomed on the ori~on the meric n u.·niatration had its 
eyes on the h · 1 ppineo . Co o ore D "Y, whose p11 i .tment 
. a ue l.ar- eJ.y to hi ca.pa:..i ty 'for prompt and en ·r tic 
ction. w o o e .. ed tc tz.ke co.~nd oi' th. t:Sia tic fi U' .d1""Dn 
ontrt,s before the d0cltJ. aticn ol' r·r vrith ... :p"'in . Hi t.~rians 
in._,ir.t th t the oolo pur oe!l o ndinv. U1c r-1e :t to - .il 
F '3 "IThen r , doc r d -- .... s to remove the , en 01:' t.he 
:panicll i'lcct whic i";llt a:.,tack ti~ li 01mn. or .·c"on . 
urb.t: ps .co e h to ian c uld 1,,ell ho the o ,ani uh fleet in 
it.a sorry col i · tL. ... b 1·1 r of' nil. on tho eve ot ite 
'C tructi' n cc:ru.:d 
J.if,rnia ~n on . ~1d ... mer , to firi place to 
co~~l and 1-- it . ft r aest oyi his fleet , th irPt 
ess o:f to t r """'d nt rcque .. t .to 
._ 21-
t nc -----r- Cbapt r 1 
l . ..; ..;;..:~. ....; .-,...;;.;,_~;~;..-;-;r..4'".",,'"1"'' --.!!~...,;;;.--....,.~. .................................; .a. a'" h,~fl. •..C.fltoo J I OOJ f • 311. 
~2-. --------------- . 175 . House C tiV oc ., 5 th r r•a l t in , 18 7-•oo . 
C rcial Rel tiona, Vol . 51 , pp •. 9 9 9 . 
4 . C •, 5.&. a , l .,e oion . l 9-9 
tions , pp . 1'19-96 . • 
• o tr , . 403 . 
G. :tod e , n , p . 227 . 
? . p . 61 • 
9 • p • C1  t • , . p • 36 • 
l.O . nett , 
ll . 54th Co .re , ~d 
...,...-;..;;.;;........,~D• Vol .64 , p .1?4 . 
12 . Hou c ., 55t Co r 
-1ationo , ol . 7 , 
13 • • , 5 t Co , 2d c ion , l.89 
~...,;;;;~.r=;---• Vol .64 , pp . lG3-9 . port 
uuc. .....~ hai , c • 22 , .l • 
l . Hou 5th Co r , 2d ion , 189'1-8 , 
....... ...;;;_,,;;;.;;;.;;.;_ , ·01 . 66 , pp . 171-5 . 
15 . C -------;...--:;,.;;;..,._,;;,,;.__,..,_:;;....;;..... ..... .;;.;;.,;;..;.. .... -.....;...;;;;. ... _.,.,.;;;_;;_,..;;;;;......,,;.,;;;;;. 
- -. 
?l1l tt , p . 6 7 . 
• 
18 . I id ., pp . • 
1 • o t r , p . Cit . • p .40 • . 
20 . I i d ., p .135 . 
21. . Ibi d . • pp . 401.- 2 . 
22 • .'Oennctt , Qp . Ci t ., p . 2?2. 
23 . IbiJ. . ~ pp •.~ 4. 
24 . -I id · 
" nnett , · ricons in -untc Flin f · :1.1 b . 
27 . ~s , M ~ s ion , 18~8- 99 , 
1 . 1 .,, ~t . l , p . 1149.ft . 
28 • . ·ee por of C n::u de .,. S ... uer;.e.r en t , 
tugus l , 1888. ....x , t Con reo , 
lo csoi on • 1.389- l. ,. Vol . • 
C IT • Il 
Dewey• o Victor-.r tnd J ftcr 
The int,:rv l fr m the "'ttle of · nile. J y till the 
decision to t .e tbe hilippinen ran n.a.-ce - ci1en v th!. i. 
period of ou p no . 
Ho ever , if ouch pe. iod of ounp ns , or imlcci ion , in so 
fn.r Ub the ed inistr. .. t.:on , n cone rned hatl e-v r xi ted at 
ll • it did . o t et long . 1bio :111 'he sr,ov;n it:.1 ediatel • . 
/1, 
y occur,.  don t e Wl':OU 
oorninc of ny l . 1898. then tr ,dr n to ,...1rop 
r.ra.n to h .. Defore trie cable to ~lOngkO!lG as cut by the 
~~ quic'ly flaohed to n-d f1•om th ,rr- • by m ane of 
indirect sources , it r ehed ir 1 De y • s 
osu "b announcine hie gre" t victory was nt by loat 
a.a r .ceived 
on ·t.,;;y 4(1) . _n tbia men ,c the adm.ira.1 xcqueetcd th. 
nte . 
Tile exc teri er.t in .:..ehi ~ton c.J,uc d by tl c n s o"" tl is 
· ctor:r Vt.:.i.c ind ... d :p1•ofound . .. cnutor Froctor • if tll 
cnt , could h' rJ contain hi s lf upon recc.ipt of tJ!e 
me"sag of ~ ict ry !'.Pd bur t into oooevelt ' s _oom exclei.,n-
1n , ~de t thi uffcct: Di~n't It 11 yous ! 
How. r , l :t ua p sa 0 r 0 xu1t ti n 
.u rieul., • It is .ore i port t to kno· fJ&,t e· surea the 
~ iniatration too c up n r C -•ipt of -0 ey ' o sarre . 
r ident- ,..  :inloy C" l.ed ,ism 0 of co rr.tul ticn 
to Do,ay to Hongko 
t a.nil.'i. o=t ror. :ho ko . • .a. ut t is uu prisi 
i tll · f. ct that , upon th 
t . } c1· t ry of r , th ord ra tor the~ f 
olun eor i co · r . i thre cu y 
r ceipt o:f :ey ' s C b e , th 
stat m t cont inod on ...,  l G of the Repo rt 1. 
1898 , th en rder ive on . :y 
he o i'i ia.l da.t co oru.y ace by ~iotori 
n ~vy 'l , en a en led . e .' a -nt to 
i1·:. l i·~ nk o:f 
l , he ~ troopo ou ht to b ent to 
th t h need d 
,._, , 0 nen o "'control ·ppi1 c Inlnndo . 
L t UG r . C i1 t t ,i• u cture t w ounce nto of i~ 
inter zte ncsa rid t'h hich t, .. wit. ... a::~in ha.d n •;;.: ed . 
It a for he pur l} of r iu Cu ~ t1~om er elty d oppr -
ion . "o 11 n on . .natJe of th .f 1il.i,.. pino I r nds . Indeed , 
to repe. .... t he ordn 0.1 a ir Dewey , the• o t the time 
• t the o_p·n n or hcrntiliti o , en n 
i ful. · -Y morni ,, • the d1·al tu. lea int.o "·nila ay 
• nd onnihil"'tc , th QP~•l l h 1 . 1. . On th vo y c d y be 
nt a l conic e~s ·e to President ,cY..i.nley ennowc·DG his 
re, t · ictorJ • Yet he t'ound occa ion to sk i'or :r .- ·nforce nt.o 
t o control he hillp inc o n " • In even i:f 
it io conceded the s .cret ry Algei·•e t"-tl"mcmt iz inm>ri-cct , 
to 1 ove ontl order for · ... som 11 th':'! troop.., at 
r~ncisco wer i en on . y 1: . :1ly De ey' rc.que t tor 
r - nforce ento on the very ""r, .,e duy o hiEJ i r:tory? ,!'nd 't'illy 
tl qui ik ·csponse from t'.he a.dninist a ion i.1 the a1...cvc cit d 
o aer. .. ? 
nd tho du ini ti· ti n in · D.1J_,.in ton 1:o t 
Ii vin · .. ith :rwi•ft-et (:OO!:u1 .. a .. ion . 1.hile it i,., fl t :pr umed 
to st..: l:lieh ... r .... ct t.~ e" d ductio ~ ·• 1 >I r, i - ""tron:-
p1· suml')ti on .. h .... I. i.uO had e n decided e..nd . d upon thr-n 
cou d b .,r v n by dee . ~ .. ntary e id nee . Le Roy . on 0 r 
ha i , ex:plai._s th · fnc... · y th 
nsit· ple ob .. dio e, to tl} e 1·ules b;r w.~ic1 . r i e w, "' d • 
.o ever , i plico t,.=t ev ·y ef ort hall b . m...,de to cripple 
tiie ne , and that ev y dvunt· e ohull be follo ,ed up 
. :dle .:1 l st ; nd thi tG:p o! prepar tion no " ll t 
or natura1 at t ·t e~rly date , if .~ ~·ppo A th t Der.ey ' 
let er of ··r ... eh 31 , ruq,r ... uin his confid nco t · t the 
Spru iuh i'leet could be ta. ..t  n and l f.l cJcfc. acn oi a.n · 1" 
r duced in one dt.y , ad chcd · hir. ,to t ne ,s 
of victor cwmc . " 
. io or c~t . In an 
addreirn to Congr s o ... ''"o.y ., , th a a·n lud r ouree 
to his hp~ phras s . At t .is unourp ~ ... ed a.cl icv. nt( ev.e • 
i ctory) , h ..,. .. id , "the re· t tenrt oi' our n.. ion th o bo , 
not with bo: ..;ting or reed of co11q ... ot . cut rltii de p 
gratitude tlat tb.i-s triµ.i,iph has come f.._ n ~uut. cause and 
th t by the 1·ace of Cod .:r..n effect· e at IJ ha~ t;.h1..a been t "'en 
t.c · · .. d the att ·llf?.Al'lt 0£ the wicl1ei1 r-or cn<W . u (4) Coul.d 
c h 
'tlle doul ter for ~vir-5 11 '4 il.;,.;ned , or ev n ntert ... incd t i c 
min ~tr tian . · t , ten da s _ t~r . ri it on the .e .ln of 
his proolr~· tion , the ~rcsid nt a~nt t e follcwing col:CITU!lic-
is ""' of tnc tioul 
· .... ..._. ...1 1:l t.t!e .a.nl'u tho eutn a 1 lilt 
tl c~u. l')?YJO.r . • • • • • . will the e 
oif t"'t~- Ce>ul-.Jand .:r of tl_~ ...; pt:~ i-i on . 1 . . y 
upon .hin :JZl' in t.t1 isl.-inda , to pu ... 1inh ~11. procl.,mi -tion 
dJc1nrin; t,n. co.~ a not .,o meke via U"' 01 the P'-Cplc 
of the l:hili s , nor U"' on any pert or :fc.ction ~-u ... ori.. . 
the• • 1:;ut t~ xrotect th,.: in · ci.r ho. ..... cs , in ...1. 1oi r \,.;umloy...-
ents , ant! in ci pe. o n,l u r li ·iou. rigllts . • 
.n an idc~stic .l co.:nunicm.t on to th S c1·etary of th. ':.re· ury • 
he said: "l ha e 
hilip in~s "-'.hicb m· - be i t'he cet "'1 l"!IUoe cion of 
our llit.·r ocm. .. patic.m r11..:y con~i uc , to ~he comm• •,,o of 
n1l neut~ :th:.tiona , :;..n .ell a, our o~m . in cn-ticle not 
cont.r"l.b:.md of 'W -,.,. · u n payi fH t cf th rates C du.,9 £1..i.ch 
may b in 01:'CC ct ti C !/me .ll n ho $00' ... re il vrted . tt { It 
lle..,. ' ri.:::i. 1in the i "k"'' "" tisl. st.1 dent C nno t ut arrive 
t .o o e,:- ,1 ted 
a.rove m~ni. ot .. ticulouo 1u···ai-ht 1.ith rcopect t.o the 
.ili t.u.ry r...e~sur n of the co-" , tnder- in-chiof .- c rt inly not 
\.U~~rtlnt rd UJ' ·,ili tary pot:HH :;;aion • or they are ev1d · rte of 
uu int~ntion of ~~gresaion Pt t~~s ~rly d~te . Let ~~c reader 
d1.·,. l • , om conclt sions . 
The first · roli ta:v e.x-.,cd · tion un er 'the oo.~and of ~.rigadier-
Gcr eral Thom,. o : . Andercc.m "':'11l-c~ 'from San .. rancicco on ~DY 25 . 
Two .ore co11t.ingonts 1 undc1· tbe ccilltlcnd c,f 3ri . .,/ lier- enc nl. 
Pr, n ; in V . Grf. ne nd aJor-~·lmeral .. .:""lC.J l crr:itt 1 rm:rp<rt ·vely . 
tte lr ter dtJsigna.t£d PS coirJ -m~ c1· c f the n, .. n c,yrc-t cnt o ... 
.,.f,e ' ac.i f _:en • left h~ ;rune . l::ri'nr;ing UE total rn.tr:ibe:r of 
iv <: ~1c for es up to ;;u1y 31 ' ·o o er 1 , COO v1~:ficers a d 
men. Tl -5.a considerable fc c~ hr,rl .. en cent to ~r.-- F1ilippine 
Icl nd nea rly t o ont ec befor,e the i .. eply to the SPl•niah 
-que t 1'ot· e illa:it • en of l1oatili ties .,_ July 3 , the d...,.te 
enerall r rd(Y.i in; ti . i'iret titre 't:lHS1 th ad. inintrntion. 
manifeoti::d r>cy in ention at ll of r t-inin thoc.e · n1 ndp . 
Adtlir- l Dewey rc1:qitt.;hteri only 5 , O o !llen to 8 contro1 Ue 
P ili .. in-" I -lunao" 1 ill hi,; desyotc .. of ~ay lS to the Pre.,,.id nt • 
.i.vi:1dently tl'le a ·n1a·"':ratj_on believed tl.ot 1e • s 
necesa~1-y . · by? I ei-th.nt11lly , it it:s im, rt ... t to mcnt.ion h ... re 
that the fire t ezpcdi tion under 'Prig~..ei or•';icn ral s"-.nderuon 
·Y on June :rt . 
'l .. o fac:ts nhoul.d 1,e .ke:pt in mind in (Ir 'er to uoo.erstond t· e 
".'ttitude of the !'J..dministr, ti<m at this t · c. . "iret: ,hnt t 
do ~th the ili ino n oconlt: 
t l delic te int. rn"tion~l i tu.i tion in the F r ·B."'t nt this 
tioe , tt,e cntod e it re, l:y tl.e offcnaivo at.ti ude f the 
ernnn f.-e t in the l:url or of' 
dnir.1 .,e ey . see:::.e tc ...,uin· 0 .-ell n }l :from 
th e ~i:nnir.. • Jl t tl:oir :firnt in crvlew. h i d ure d Don 
cm he 1. ... enncd w1 "hin t o tort1f1 a it . of' : uilo . ~o 
: ll grati 1 ,d ,'' the ndrni.ro.l o er tl:u .r:: rPo.n c.nce of h i s 
... rotege th- t u, m d 
tey : 
er vi te durine tl' l::.at. .eek; th y b..,:vc l1 d 
-. .ish troo,.., • o native . "(7 ) 01 June 12, ancth .,.. entry 
6fll .. . Insurgents contin 
pr ctic.ally '-"11rrounded ~nnila . .ney h •ifc taken 2 , fiG0 Spanish 
prisono s , lo... i y treat most rwly . ·.rh<;) do not intend 
to attack c · y pxo er until the •ri 1 of Uni ~ ~t&tos 
t r ps t.hit' er; I hnv ad 1so • ( I ) 
"do not int d to tte.ek tho c tg roper until th ... , ...• ri al 
h last n. nee in ti a cot rQ ort refcrr d to ~bove 
i s sig ific· t . lt .leru.·ly re s Admir- 1 .De • .. y -. po icy · 
() f' ui~ >ins t nilipino 0 a nat t:il Op ni .J:ds 
ndil t .. ,.. ... r V'"l of' re--onf re n ll<: n k d fo:r on~ 
13 . It furtl.:!r ala a plan to 1·e ·ent t ipinon :f'rom 
c~ uri bef re he nrr 1 r .. nez-i m tx·oo_p • The 
er thi i.., o .viour. . hi .e F.;lipi!lo fore 6 w r 
l in deci ~ tin he on y ,. , Uic m ... t not r ittad 
to cc ~p,/ • i . la. t :-,ight p ovc 
to · ,<. plr 
ud 00.J. l"' if 
., 
Cin une ... • in".J. o i aucd no 
. 0 d war. fo ... - .. ., i 
~a rnu:cnt . • tor Lotl e le. u. in rage o ~ 
or 
one. , .. _ > an i .. s ... nso of .1i 0 • .lt it 
necct-... .J.r r to cf ,hie l. duly appri ~ed 
dmirn1 .De.ey . 1 On v.uotnor oc 0 sion , tr u nto. said: 
All around nn·ln ~er the inc · cnts , oupportc. in theory , 
but untrustwo ...~ t • r~~ • .n  er p ... l a y 
nt of nc 1 no ·l i ll 0 1.' t~ on. ith 
ov·1er p ¼' .~,,;·  intrieui t th s ~i st 
u · " { 1 0 1 # wi.t"aJ. e. ~ • .o . V tl i ttrntion 
Ji .,}·. ,.?erftL i y fo · • en J· l .-,, • 
und r I:ri ... - ru ~ a n r i d :'~ ili • 
T o cond in .rna ion·J. s:i u, t.i • 
-- :1 D -
o ·di ' to bi 
the da.r. cro f th , , tu. ti 1 . in icen. bot .en th 
f tne G r. n fl ~t • 
t Ho 
""Gr t: cy e1.·e • t o .in rican h' tory . 
'l'l e alte1~ca.tic ul 
i drie:t s Qf t..110 let :.1s not iJ.ilport.&nt. in i1..eclf 1 
e.~ce, t to t· .ril. .. t . it i, ut.lou o l'\t\.r gc rations pan. !JG • 
1:ut • . nt:rvc-·t:L-elc:::c . it .cav,3 "ed 1.11 t naenc .. o vi' tt situ tion 
in t .e : ,.I· .t.at at 
.or p ·cnt 0 , .; SC. U.of • 
J'iE:ri d t C ct 0 • ich only 
t ,1• C .. coro tn r C S..,l.On of 
U·e L'uctui pc u 0. 
. pire to lea t e u 10 
8 to gr·~nt th.; s1,h res 0 nnucnee . Ger iany .. rpcci lly , 
he.~ '!'e1 8.1.et! -.n ,J. 1-._1 ng lr n Ul. • d , kn 
intri uinc in intervention int 
S , nish--. ci·ica t;: ~ . n (1 1 ) Lodg 80 ... rye tb· t or ei tl e1· 
ly o er t i ,:0, ull nly 
le. t e. .. cuac r inte • • ,0 11,} 
Let u.o nou ..lC1.: i d oi.co l hnt n· een trGno-
pi1·ing in t w t ,., .en ·10 • t hi ti rue • held 1n 
their mnds 'tl; den · .c Cinl ·Y • 
d • 11 os a lost of ot .re .-•• ho uch 
u d ley our 11 dg on t , 
said OT (! d ·' ictl tl.d prov eonelu iv l,y hat 
t Jo 1th too bil.ppine I t th ti. • 
at h c onae ed n 110 perpl pr l m! 
i ti - and ~" story - by the do ,. to 
4, 
ue,. .t'.i tur _ .h..  -.... eident . ..,, h it. is dif'ficul t to 
C u~ b'y lat .... C n .l..1ai01 • ~ith "r :i'f!iOUS , 
d t. •ll d • D.l ...o ut ... ..,nd .on ly , h .r ir..de , o uother 
r-h"'ffl Lincoln . There io 
l iJ o "n st· tc. cnt in h . s .~ count of o d ci ,.. to · quire 
-re id .nt io ctin lo k1n r . Cort,Jl.you 
in hie di· ~y en 1 , 15 , 1808, "the olor fad d rorn 
i.1 r.n tl c r·. s 1, in one er noti en.bl · l ut 
hi .;:y .~.. . (.:. a) ot··:u. e dtWt>ted l . l e •n p in ly t look-
i ~f e- the nortr.ouo det· ·10 C nncct~· with le 
r nd tiJ.l e:i:-J lat in • • evenin.~, • inter-
i W$ fl' a . ious IJother a. ...p.  t ~ 0 hn. ·"i htin 
in t.!ll .a 01· t.1.1;: di t nt ,..hili- inc::: , CC . -~ e 1 ent 
rnestJ.y .d i .. tently , 3 in 
.,r . Cor"'cl ou , · tco ac\m in l iG dirry on Jtme l? , 1.898 . 
in th ind o:f th F 
nc .., . If . h" f r .cl dcctt::ion b t en tll 
dnt oi' th t tle of ani 1, r.ry · nd the r qu t for 
c ouation of bootilities by th~ Spo.ni. Go r?ll'OOnt on J ly 
22 , 898 , he h ,d kept them r.o bi . 
ti o i re r Ji is that he l:...S retie nt on ti 1"" au ,j ct . 
od',.c , :i:-iting to noosevoit on July 12 , exprenues :lffl 
ov r t.he pparent ind eision of the !re.cident . He sys: 
"He( cKinley) is entirels cle· r ...,G to Cub ---• and l think 
also to orto Rico . Uc ie r over firm 
interfe · no , ut he is _..........,_....,..."--o' __v_ e....r.. . _t_h,,..e._ ..;;l;.. ,. .............- .i...n.....{. ...;e;.  ----
.h.e.. .................................... ..-_.... ............- .. ......e. _n~t~l.  l.,but is a little 
-1t . 11 (1A 
lio·.eve , there ia reu..son to -..eli ve tnat t·c Pr~oi ent'a 
decision as only on the s rfo.ce . !for Lod e eoco on to 
o y: 11 Ther is on t.ing that h s i en m. r nt eneour .a. 
en t d t r- t is the: taking of tl1e L d1·ones I l nds ---- he 
. uot h ve ordered this ~er ~ uck in • y when tte -Ch le ton 
1 ft Sen Francisco . (15' c:far-rin° • "'nin to he ta in of 
" . • • no-n h ~ the e idont illould h tho e 
· el."r '", nless h ,:pe~tc to hol~ on tc t, i p .:nes 
l ca:, net conceive . Ie int.ends to hoJ. in the 
Phi . "'m:l thc.t ~int). · })!')i. t the t \"i th 
· im e ... h ov r ..{ body i o \] n e 
C"' :-11 s n p ..n o free. . 
o .:. o :1 e ck to b 
info y very ·re the P ·out ! 
cm hop~ng for the b ~t . 
Colone Ro?beve. , writi nator odg in (h: t 
n .r San ntonio, ex.as , " '-oy 25 , repli .n: "I a.'t'n. tly 
peace ill only 
.___.... 33 -
be •"de on cc11aideration of CU a l1oing independent . .. orto 
:Hico <HUS mi the PhiliJ,Jine ~;en -_v, y fron .. :J)oin . • {18} 
11 unc 12 , on the d y of the cm.be:rknti cn1 of' lli""' regtn:.ent 
a~ Fo1·t Tamp"", •lorid. ... , bound for Cu"t_., , "1ooscvel t a.er in 
Cl'n lJe pj1-0wn t.o anyone , but. l am going to keep you in:-0:1: i d 
ao to t.f..e ft;_cta . ~n~ for t-he er •di t of the country r 1 nd ,·d• 
~ini t1·atio:u l ish you t uld t1'"Y to trai· \\-t:m thir•-a out . 
I .kt10 wb~t u f1ght. you huvc on otrictly t:t.o line of your 
ov:n duties , old 
no mt: .. ttcr "\':.ht'"t ha'r1nr~s to the t.;.dr.ninistrr~tion yo
oi•.r~ --'-u-- -m-·udo,t._ f_!: _t,  
r ::mil-~, and Ha.tmii; you must prevent. rJ¥ _,c., ~ ~ of pe-ce until 
-,e get Pnrto Rico P.nd th Pi,ili 'PI inco au "'.'ell n s-ocure th 
inJcpendence of Ou11a . .. . 
sig.nific1:nt for the ... caoor1 tl:i.o.t. they do not only l' veal hio 
own viot:s but that of Ireojdr.nt ~Kinley. Duy , nd othc ·s 
m;yio ..r it., , :md I do not l',elie-va -the u nat e n Lold out-. Vt:.ry 
b.1 in ..:»6 r-.., p ncticn.llJ ~ettleo. . Th wl cle r: licy of 
of events . You ny jud . e lit l of th C en 
t ll you- tl1u. t Jud ,zy- oaid to e t o r th 
'thi.;re i::, o cour no qu ..,.ti n ·~ out oi·to _Bice . ~ ryon 
Li n reed en tll"" t , tlro on. ..s  q eLtion :for us to c n id 1· 1s 
should do in tl , .. bi ip i a .• tt( ,q , ! in d ya 
(Day} 
dined Vli h me t other ni ht , 1d 'le n and l taJ. -a the 
hiJ.ippin-~ .i th im for r.-. o .o ·rs . H oaid t tile ,~nd that 
ho ht thnt e eoul.c. not. s "- e u.r de·ati l < re . 1he 
f lirl[; oft. Otmtry - I OV • the 
hil.i p1 inc - b· ek to S , in . T · t i cl~r to tl e moet ca u l 
rynn n.'"l unced tmt he ie against colo!li~~ ti-0n , 
us ...u i..~ ·8 h s nd 1tt ly inst ~nn ,io • I e 
ehc.ll .SWt~e ~ t e cmmtry on .~'t io u 1 ey ju C ' nt . Tho 
R publican onv ntiona re 11 dccl rin tl -t mer th :f .l "-
one g o-s .It it mu t n VE"·r CO!i\ down • . • • cna it 0~ s 
h r .y .orth . hi:.lr~ to tell rou th t I d .cti ,,. 11 my 
str th to ec ring tho ~nn ... :x. ti-0n of Lawai · • (20 ) 
T.he corrc ondence b t cen . od 008 lt ·S liab a 
e e.l im ortnnt :inc;s . oth oos welt nnd Lo c re 
r ed on g ~t-c,1ne- ho l hili £ in ,o . ro t c b i1 nin;) n , 
if 'ti. y . d tl. i r o 1 , 'Y , o ld '.c.ve ursued a mor\;; i gorou1;; 
en d - ·nite pol·cy . r e .. dent cKinlcy ap:pearc , r ic 
d ta~ing his o·n coun 1 lut n t n stepc l adi ~ o. rd· 
<---
the cquisition of th- Prliippi es . He hnd ord rd th 
t ing of tbc Ladrouea Isl nds and ur ed t.he .Y..ation 
of Ha a.ii . The cntim-ent fo1· :,nn x tion nlso n ro ir~ 
inoi st.cnt , · 1.tl o ·h we auopect that it as bci " carefull.y 
fostered by Lodg ,. nd his follo, ra . 
The concl.usion , therefore , is thnt reoident cKinley 
h d f'igr.u·ed on taking the I_.)hili ppines somet cfore the 
draftin of the r ply to th- oponilJh Governmcnt• o rcqu st 
for a ec tion of houtiliti s . If his ind s not ~ efini te 
on the sub ect , he as not-aver to ringif}fl ~tout~ situation , 
s eho n in 11 s v, rious mili ta.ry ord rs , micl ould v, no 
other outcome . --r . Cor~elyou ys th t President c inley hr-d 
shown him. copy of a .. emor.nd '"'hich the pr nident .hil s lf 
h~d prepared on the very so.me day tl - t the o-o nic· tion f'ro 
t e Sp ni h minioter for ce~a tion of ho til.itico h·d been 
received , July 2~. In this mornnd , it as i tteri: (2f ) 
"Third . On s1Mil~ grou11da t ..e  United i,;,ta.tes is 
entitled to ocuupy . and Vlill hold , th-e city . y .?nd 
bar or of .~ nil pending the conclusion of tre ty 
of po·~ e hich ;oht J.l deter .ine the control . disposition 
and eove n nt o tho Phil.ip1ines . n 
Lod~c•s l t~er to ooo velt on uly 23 corro orates t1i 
st ent , follo ·s: ( 2:Jl 
•I h~d a lon talk i t.h tho I-re iuent before J.e , in 
-aohiflgt.on and h wan very cl.e r : nd atron al o t both 
Cuba and ort Rico . lle is not givin such conoid rt.tion 
to the P il.ippin a ut the quc tion in his ind 1 how 
uch he 111 toke there . I think bis 1- ~ in tion is 
toucied by th ituation , ~nd It ink he r pa it full . 
e order d the t king of t Ladron s ~ y back in M._,y • i_:;d 
thy re of v~ ue only as a tep.ing utone . H did every-
thing to s cur t' e :me_ tion of H.-.~ :- ii , d oi; ... lea of it 
no • step in u rol19l · " 
Refer-coo For Cbapt r II 
l . i11ley ta e& in hi .... a end c n _;a. 
e . , , that t his uespe:tcl. -t: iveu on 
cay ? • Seta _ ____ ,_a_n_-a_·.,_ _lt=. ._;I?_..~..t ..- r_o_1_7t_t_l_1_ __i_dS Etti, 
Vol . l., p . 6 
2 . e toy , · ln. .. t.l~. -P 
also' 2 . 
4 . 
5 • -I i-id • • p .• 6569 • he 1 tiJJ.i~n v..r mine . 
8 . -Ibid .• p . l 6 . 
9 . I,odµ e , The 
l • lbid •• p . 20-? . 
lS . lc1>tt , The Lite f ,:"1il.liam ~~L.inley. Vol . II , p . 54 . 
l..4 . Lotlg t Ro.os elt , .Ju1y 12" l.898 , Sele ~ona rr_,o spt>n<!-
enee 0-1' ..T heodore !loo :He~ Cn'fot, I;'. o , __ -.L'1l8,, 
'ol . 1 . p .3:l! . 1:lie I · mlmi: 
15 . Ib1d . 
16 . Ibid .~ p . ~23•4 . 
1~ . -I id ._, p . 3Cl . 
18 . 1 it: ... p . 300 . 
19 . lbid ., p . 3ll. . 
20 . Ibid .• p . ~\13 . 
21 . oicott . on . Cit •• p . 69 . 
22 . Lodge 4 ., !MlSf.:V t , July 23 , 18 , Qp . yi,!, . • p . 330 . The 
i tali s are mi." • 
Clii P'i' ::R JlI 
• n.o Independence I romised? 
The sitaation hich e .. ey h -d to fnce {lt i~ n i l: 
cxtr~ oly dol1c ·te . Hewn ae .ral tnou · d i le .ny fro. 
his om(; bnse nd ... ._ not too fri ndly fl t • s in tho he.rl.or 
c·tching his V ry ove • On to r these , th ro ere the 
ilipino "insur ents whom he bed b ou ht over ::,nd encour•,,"'ed 
and ided to rcne,,. their r, elli.cn a.in~t Sp in . Verily • . 
or trJing ai t 1 tion od n V.el..  r~ ed an _· eric n· l of:fic.r 
in ·orei n aters . Let him d • C ib his o.n f li ... in !,is 
0 n ord-s , viz .: ' tmon t.ne situation l had tc det..J. pro.ff t.l.y 
D they a.rose , hen I could not del. y t.o c-onaul t t."'hingto:n • 
th most co.lint , as tl. •t o! tl e Filipino iu::mr • ntr. . 
ca le , dat 
.._A , h db en r.c ived fro our consul- .ene:r 1 it :pore , 
o yi 1g t t · ilio uin do , the innurgcnt hi f , 
in t...pore ~d ould proce d to ron lmng to nee me if I so 
de ir d . I reqte.t d him to co e , e it was po.si le that 
} C ight }~ lu ble info davion tc im~ t · t tic hen 
no ..,ource o info :-zn.-..tio-n • to eglccted • ( 1) 
De.ey , . t h SU? estion of Consul. ratt , brou~h o r 
·,.guinol.do to "nn11~ • i'o-r what pur:posc , . ioe from the 
11 v._ · ua~ le infer tion the "'ili:pino leader ay pos, ss 
~nd l. e 1 c.Y .._1u~ l to th , dmir ? nFro. ol~... v t · ns 
of I •uin. ... 1.do n · hin ad iser , • decl red 
th t .it . u d b um:itL to coop '1i t} i~i r hi ad -
h rents in offici l . · nner • • • • ln hort • :ry lie 
w s to avoid .ny entru ,.li:n t: llin.nce with the inour(> . t• , 
whil. I np.i;r ciated t-h .. t , pending the arr1v: l. of' our trnopo , 
i 5ht be of s rvice in cle·rin th. long n.ck of land 
th t. stretch s out from Cavi tc penirH,ula to t:hc environn of 
anila . -(2} This ia < pl in a unaff etc r cital of a 
policy to use th Filipinos in clearing ~h la neck of 
1 ndn and others prcsuma ly . He sroa.ku as i:f l. . c wao l ri:Ieing 
over band of condottieri from the oon in toad of the 
leaders of people ho have een f'i lltine,,, ain t Sp"niGh 
op ,1•0~ sion . 
, t un turn again to Sen· tor Lods ncl see , t le b to 
s y . As lf to anticipate tl c fut ... re di ngreemcnt bet· en 
the t cric- s ~1d Filipinos , his vf.)r a.,ly r<;lr-tion 
let•,-con the t .o forces goes one step fr-rther . Ji ye : "The 
in..->u ·gent ,'hiefs , ho e er , stimul.a.ted by tl1 approach of 
trou" l e et cen the Uni t.cd St tea !:lnd Sp~in , put thems .. ea 
in ommunic· tion i th ·· r . ildmon ,. our <maul , t Iionr-ko • 
nd op ned nccotinti.ona with him . They decli red t.1 · t they 
desired annexation to the Unittid St t.s , a,ov all ind .pendenc 
of . pnin o.nd relief fror-.a Sp iah rul · • .. nd m.sh-cci to ·d the 
· cricui n in a.ll po ei l · dmir· l ·-cy too - th 
ob ious courso of 11courogin them • • • • 
Dewey• s .uto io ra hy " w.1:i tten o aft r the e nta 
}1 r co ds • d of which he , a t.,h c principc.l act or , took plnce . 
Ot.er teoti onies on his cu jcct are elucidnted inn -eric 
~ t./D-
of lieari .,s fore 'i ~n. .. te coD'lli tt.ec in 1902 , u~ 11 d 
,_s encte oc mt 331 -. :?t. .. 3 . rk on tll ~ubjee-t , 
e 
porn-ncoualy i th tl: coe o t:,rJ't.n . otl D. 91 ' • nnd Loage ' s 
ctut. · nt r 
couraged and aid d the i1ipino n1noorgents• in tbeil' nr 
ainst .. the C"'r~ ni ·dz ; 2 . Th t this aid r.aa so· · bt been.use it 
op ~rations . Lod e , l t it be rc",eated , we t f'"' *t 1er d dee-
l r s t t th· Fil.ipinos 6 de ired me ~tion to tl,e United 
A mer- ,:_cent opinion on tl:.ia sun· ect is thet of y:lcr 
enn,~tt v;ilo a y : "\il1il.a Deuey w· o ....· efUJ. 'to mak~ no promise 
to .- ,. i1~u.do , he di.d gi e no lit i.l - encour e nt ~nd turned 
over to h · the nrsenr\l a.t Ct .. vi te end per,Jii tt. d 
hia insur ... nt force.a within the 1Wl ·iean linen . Con ul- Genernl 
Rounsc:velle ,ild, n had nlso sui..,ted t ..c  insurroctos to purcb . e 
r. e 1n Mon ~kor • . uin: , do gr- e out tt.te ot.'l.t · · n t to the 
·ilipinos th t the Unitt-.d Stat s .ou.ld Nl 1 t the insur.r .etc . .. 
I 0Ul-0r ord , Consul.- Gen r P1-;: tt . t .. ii·< 1 D . y . l'!d wny 
more ere re fi ~. at ht d een stated hundr do of ti s 
by JJD.orictill rep1· · ntt, tivcs in the Ea t since th dcys i :r: 
Rol>erts made his ir ·· ties , viz . , th, t tho 
United St.ates nad ne1 ther th . int ntion or t conet tu ion•l 
r1 ht t..o n •quire colonies . In sup ort ui· th! opinion tl r 
--- y / -
w •. s aloo trio very recent declaration of 1?1--esioen-t :rtoKiriloy 
at the outbreak of t e war tlw. t the ttcqui&i tion of terri to 
wn not tb.e purpose or- the United Statoa . "(3) General. .Anderson , 
in an interviev1 _publiabed in tlle Chi-cago Repord , Februar.r 24 , 
19( C . said: •A1tery Araerie-Ull who ea.rile- in corrtact m tb the 
Filipinos at the inc ption 01~ the Spanish War , or at any time 
within t-z fet1 nths after houtili tiea began probal: ly told t1 oo 
he ta.l.ked -ith • • . • tnn:t we intended to free thee fram_ 
Sp nish opprcs0ion. The general expression was •we intended 
to uhip the Spnnicrdo r-Jld set Yo rree?"{4} 
These cr-e conflicting verclona on the much rliecus~ed question 
as to -vi et-her Dewey , Consule Pratt , Wil.dman cn-d i:111.11:1 i.S , or 
rmy other ofl'ieial representative of' the United Statl:o in the 
Philippines or the Fa.r "rast , who have had contact With the 
Filipinos durine these daya , hr➔d 11ro1 1 .... ed. independence tc them. 
Let- us review the f'acta over carefully . 
The outbrce~Jt of the Spo.ninh• A. erican vm.r !ound group of 
Filipino iea.ders of' t.he abortive rebellion of 1896 cgHinst 
Spain in liongko!J8 , nursing : scheme towards the e.ne~ l of 
the wnr of liberation egninst- that. p.o1'1e.r . • ere w-as ~ situation 
full of 1>0 sil:,111 tics: ,Af:uinsldo , the leader of tr.e ili pi ~Os 
!')ml Dewey . the c~nder o-! the Aeiat4'ie Squndron , both in 
Hongkong ? ]loth h d a cot.m:!On altn , the dootru.otion of Sp:,in • 
pow r in tne Phi1ip1;ine • rht'.t hCT_ppy coincidence! .And yet. , 
a.s events proved , little did that small band of Filipino 
• 
revolutionary leaders in liongkon ~ dream at t,. , ti e tm t. 
their 9 C Ol)ei·ntion or *cl.li nee• \'ii th t.li.e repre' ntative 
of' tllis n . power m· to end di st.st1•ous1y r-or t· i r cause . 
It t1as inevita le tl t Dewey cmd cuinaldo re brought 
together . "The c hul been san ccmmunieation bet .e -n Dev: y 
and the insurgents in Hongkong ur1 t-~-!:!rch end f,pril{l898) , 
upposedly with r gn:rd to the l, ttcr accompa.nying th fleet 
to ""'nila. f r the purpose of ot · aul ting -the n tive opposit.1-on 
to the Spaniarde . • HOV1evcr , •.h· t ~er .were the propositions 
tlen discussed , it ca.me to nothi , on either eide . "(5) 
or some reaeon not quite ell knoffll , P.guin'?ldo deJYl.rted 
for SingrJlore on April ? , end arrived th ere on the 21 t . ;., 
.Broy. in true 1o-Sroton fnshion , sensing tl:t r,oeoibilitien 
in ths presence or (Wincl.do crid the ~pproachin r d.t.b 
p in , a.rra ed fer m intcrvicv: bet-we n the :for- er end Consul--
G-enernl '" .,,...,tt , ni t-ed vtu:te.s con ul · t Q1.nt pl· ee . Th re is 
1 much-colored ~t.ory or the inte1-vie et~-een tl.e t ,o n , 
01" how a Fil.ipino· tring bnnd then in Sin a.pore ser neda.d 
the consul's resioence while questions of .empire ere being 
discussed . oi how both men stepped out on the verlllld • the 
eoneul ' o right a.rm nround tte insur ent• lend r•~ y'oul er 
hile he ofrered a toast to the future Philippine Re ublic? 
.lust exactly .,tiat po.used bet ecn the t · o princip· .ls to the 
intervie\7 perhaps only tlie int .rpret r could t 1.1 , the 
stories r the principal.a confl.ict . Consul- ""en ra.J. Pratt 
reported of'i'icinl.ly- at the time • end hns alwa,ys mcl.ntuined • 
th. t- he limited hims.el.! t.-o eooecvo-ring to se-c~-e the coop ~ra.ti.on 
of Agu1nal.do as s l.ender of insurgents rit-h the rmertec.l1 fleet ; 
thc.t t,nis C(H.IJ!eration ,1au. sc f'a..r, as hi:0 nogot.iationo ent to 
be unconditional ; and that he decl.ined w d.icmuss the future 
pol.icy of the united State-a \tith rego.rd to the Philippines . 
Aguinaldo claitun i;hat. he \faa promised in tbeoo int-crviews th t 
the United Statea1would at 1ea.st reeogniz the independence 
of the Pl'iillppi11t?D under a naval p.rotecwr~·te ,• .rmd tlw.t the.re 
ns no need for put.ting the sgreen nt 1n r1.tit1g , a-a he 
aued . since ' tbe word.a of' tdmir~ l Dewe_y un4 the t.merienn 
c-ono:ul v:e1"e &<,.crad • ' ( 6) 
In the obsence of poei ti-ve evidence mo of the two en 
oulo one believe • Pratt er l;,guineldo? ~ranting tnn t Pratt 
was n rascal , one woul.d be bold to su_ppone th.:tt he , ·ratct , 
did aotu.ell.y deceive himself for n mooon't into b--el.i.eving th t 
be ws in a poai Uon to contra-ct ~ alliance -w1 th .Aguinnldo . 
4rho l.a.tter'-s credulity , on the other hand , if his s-to.tem nt 
111 true, is en. y to understand , due , partly tc a raci trait , 
l1ie ignoranc:e o.f constitutional. lnu and , perhaps • cl.so to a 
denire to bolnt ,.r h1u O\ffl caue • 
'i.ihichever be the true aec-0unt re arding tl'lis £. rcict:.l 
interview • both Connul. Pratt and .Agu.lnal.do were s:..tinfi:ed . 
l"tc tvas a gr-eat e;twe . Indeed , so ¥ieU s;~tini'ie as !Ar .Pratt 
that on Apr-il. 21 , he c led -ttl tl.ie State Department the 
-
- <--- - '.- -f' ·tl•  --
r"'l :.1 lineldo 
o ·k on an· e wit • cy coop r ti n insurgents in nnil • • 
Thre d .... ys l ter , be oent t t. nt of ui ldo ' d nds 
in deop teh tot e BdL1 d p rtm .. nt . 5 , he .nt cli -
pin fro the Sing pore .......,,,__ _____e__ s_o of y 4 hich printed n 
ccount of ii int rvic ith uin J.do . On June 22 follo d 
anotl r · despa.tch to tb ~ e nt fro the h ppy eon ul , 
·pruioi himseli for h-~ine; • nnsistod tl eau e of t Unit d 
st ts by ccurin- in do's coop r ion . • Hf'.id ~ .Pr tt 
stopped to reflect for mo- nt upon th prove bi,l un rat -
fulnc s of r ~ublico , he probably uld b o kept bi tions 
to hi o li' . On Jun· 8 he sent nother clippi fro th 
ng por p·per , und r tho dat 1 • 8 ... y wne quot d 
t t 'independence 1 t onl poa i ie lution of 
th hilippine qu etion . '"(?) 
Did co ·tt hi self to in ldo re .r i1 t c in • 
cpend ·nee of th hilippinca? In n int ic . bet een the 
tVO OD ,, 19 , on \lo rd t lympi , cl the 
cric n dmil.· • l nooured him that he • th :v, no dou t 
concerni t1 recognition of hill in Ind p nden e n the 
p rt of the Unit d t. tes '; that • ric .as rich in lEnd 
oney and did not need oloni · • ' Ti .... t ny 1ch sp cif.ic 
decl r""tion ev r de by dmir .l D y re t 
'-.......;UDCU ort ,.d t • ti ny of uin~ldo; it ·d be-n y t.i eo 
I 
expr osly denied by dm·~·l y d 1 th ttri ut ry 
circu.motanc sup ort th• deni · 1 . " (8) Le Roy , from '110. 
the a ave stat :utcnt is ta ~en • doeo not e'".plain . h,:. t thc~e 
at tri l u tv.ry c:ircu.i .c tanceo . were . 
1-,c,1opaper ac ow1to of u.lleged n nura.nces . i ven to ; uinuldo 
by the consul t Hongkong Pnd Sin apore and by n y o:t'ficir.la 
bet;.,an to r r-ch t' e Stat Dc:p rtruent and sc .. n official re:poi·t 
· ·as dernrnded of .Dewey . "The latt r r plied at i.. .. n th on 
ttne 2?, reiterating his state ,ent that the United St.ates had 
not been compromiued ~ith the in ur cnts in :my wuy , denying 
t t he hod giv.en tl cm di rcct uistnnc.e , and rm.yin tl t 
J\fiuimlldc .as actin • inde.tJeudcut "':}I. of the At the 
s::une timo , he st t ct th:1.t I :dnaldo llad bceu , llo .ed to or-
. unize his ormy under the J:merican fleet • o guna , t .at he 
bad conferred per..,ona.ll.y t:1 th t .e inuur ent leader . • d .. 1· d 
:iven him to underst d thi t h con ide..:od the in ur ent-s as 
friends, ein or;poaed to o O· r.on enemy . td thnt he had 
n llowcd recl't its • n . s • ru d ai u1 i ti ons for 1' -ui nald o ~u, p· ss 
the block. .de a.nd h:-d let him tr e Spani .,..h :1rms nd ~ uni tion 
from the o.rse al . " ( 9) Yet in hi n o ;n otatem nt before the 
S-n~te Co mi tte of l 2 . te ti i ed to the ollo in,- • · hen 
naked as to ,hat p sed ct,-e n him · nd tguin"J.d durin0 the 
interview he l" .d i th him, vi? .: tt .;uinaldo cc. ,e to see me , 
l .s · d , •well. o 1 , go aol ore t ere; T.'e h ve got ou forces 
n.t the arsenal t Ca.vi te , o shore • d ~tart your 7 rr.rJ .' lie 
hour-a .n~ to 
leave },t;;re; I ·nnt to go to Ja:p~ , .. ' l a • 'Don' .. (ti it 
up uon .• ilio . ' L.:_g.nt- ,h.._i_s._  mu He did not 
l e ae1 or t1,at ni ht; .1e el pt on c"I."d t ehip . Th 
next ox-nine, h \. t on h e. still s . ' d 
nn ecrui ti -:r me :1 . ,. ( 10) .Asl<ed o to vihy b ~ r.·cce , ted 
guinn.ldo • e lelp , the cdmirt!l. replied: 11 I wn .. i tin or 
roopo to arr1~·e , rtnd 1 f 1 t ml.re t at th· ilipinos could 
not take nnil , nnd l thought th t the closer t};ey ~nve.,toq 
th city ad to 
march in . Tho J.t'ili·.inoa ;e1.9 our rienoo , c. 1 ting us; they 
ere doi our work . "(11) 
To be oure tl11n 1 earin"' s inst·tuted in o er to oil nee 
1o·ever th criticisn hicl o e piouo per~ons l •clle 
~ .innt the men ~o ere r. ponsi l for this farce . 
r: l p int o vie ., it ...... ;,ur.e .·1ste of' of ort , for it. io 
rdl.y p, cible to ju. . tify or condeinn fully one aid or the 
ot r . Pc ·ho.po fro EP..i itary poi t 0 ic . -rent ... 1 
.h, 0 to b ll' 1d for De~.ey • That t1in co 1try to nich h; ,...,s 
rin i ov r te:.uin ldo r::nd his men p ened to be their 
country. - ~hat i their is ortunc . 
If we turn to th ri u.., stat>. ut e unc.i t.d by r id nt 
· nley enc: " n pro inent. i.u t ,a RoJ}U lica.n dm.inintr~ tion 
o tbc ti c • m~ t do t .1ey · vco.l to uo? In hi annuc 1 1uesea., 
to Con r sc on d l-":red th,~t if th on -
i tions in cu a n c oi tatcd int rvt.11 st,ion on t e par tha 
United 3t tes . it ould not be ·we the occanion for ::i me.x-
ing new tc1•ri torico . :Rear:o ,1uine in th. o .... e v in , Senator 
Lod . stood up 
.e r\,pre"ent the opiri t of i erty " d the cpiri t o. the 
nc. time , nnd .rk in is ovc a.g·.in. t us bee se she is · ev:l , 
.ruei , dying . ·e have gra p·d no mnn ' o territory , ,eh vc 
.. 
t en no. n•s property ,. we h invnd d no man•o 1:i l1to . 
c do not no th ir l 11ds . .. (l2} Doubts nn to t .e • inc(u·ity 
of thewe cJtpr saioi1t1 of' clisint· r st dn oa ore ">'Pr escd !1t 
· ho c and ". f'O <! . A• i:f to qt i t and z·e soure ti1en doul>t ·n 
opirito , it ,a sole yd c~r .dint' e dcclar·tion o ar , 
to d. t: {13) 
"Fourth : 'l'.. t the United Statco he1·cby di scl ims any 
dieposi tion or intention to ex e:r is,: sovereig ,ty, j r-
isdicti on , or cont1·ol ov r ,. d island except for the 
paci fic&tion thereof , d ea u to its dot r i tion 
11cn t .. hat i · cco :plished . to l ve the ,o rm;:mnt 
nd contz·ol of the inlc,.nd to i ta peol)l.e . 
Aguinaldo ~ his fo1lov,ere ct Hon Jcon11 kt ev of t11e. e 
decl1P·utior1s on t e r;urt of the United St~t.es . Th 1·e ere 
the oi'fir::i"l prontWi""' ilentos t'i ems lve • F1,1rthc1·mo.re " every 
1m.ericf'n in 01ficlal .. d unof. iciul c·.paci ty i th ! om t iey 
crone in contact repeated tl o r asur·· :1ceo . To be ... ur 
the sol ·m gu.u Ll,ntc mo.do L th ti cl ration of .~r "t'Jas in 
refer·enc , to Cuba. . Dut could yonc d ubt !or n .om nt t Jat 
uinaldo took the ob icuo concllloion that if the United 
.., diointcrcstod jn u·na it could not .onte pl. te 
-- tj <; -
gc;rcs.sion in the bil.ipl.-.ine '? In hi &idrcss to Pr side t 
·cKinlcy, "P1·esid ent o;f the Republic of the Great /Jn ricnn 
N..-"tio"" . @ he r . ere tl..  aw. .. s to tbe J:, ericnn people ' or the 
e ficient a.n'1 iair:..terent d protccti-on r..!1i<;h yoli 1r.. e de,..ided 
to iv to s'iiake of'f t11e yo -: o:f' th cruel t.nd corr pt Spani.3h 
domil"a.tion . .n you ;r,.re d..')j n s to the eq ~lly un ortu r- t • Cu-,- • 1 
He adds:-- • rhe I·hi. lipp1nc p opl .. • lH.i.Ve occn in your 
nation. ever inc<: your noet otroyed in a m nt tl e Spanish 
fleet "'Li . w. .. a ere .. • • .. tI,C c. el ,.ho is the hn.rringbr 
of their li ,urty; · <l tl1ey 100 _ike .. ,sin l. . . . . 3 
soon no I trod the e m or G; ... n captured in ten d<:.y ne .rly 
the whole ga.i·rison oi' thi a province 01' Cnvi te in ..o s-o riort 
l ha c my govo.1 ant -- 7 tl1-e cona-:nt 01· the :,.,. r·.l of your 
triunph-nt fle t . 0 (14) 
.ASter :ill 1hat has be ... n .. aid re- · rding • 1legcd or · -ctun.l 
pro set: ·e,.. t. r."'d een u1ade t.o the :Filipi.no i.n.~urg nts" con-
cerning inaex:-cndonce th, decisive .i."ctor in the c s ::.io t.he 
t ti tud of the droir!i ~.tra ... ion 1 tsclf . For eve . i £ it ~ore 
to be admitted that Dewey , Pratt , il.ia o and ildJ;; ma.de 
ouch p1·omi ne to J. ;)uinaldo , tl ey re ct1n- b -.1ond tl1ei r 
conntitu1:ionnl ri ?;hto and 7it'1out the consent 0.1 th cuthor-
i ties in a.nhin ·ton . It seom • nlao that. tlle p. r 
State had .urned Co r-•ul Wildmmi t i-:ongkonr; tc have no dealings 
i th -;ho "insurgel'lts' Hti earl FS ece ber .. l 19'l . In .., 
on llay 20 , he s gi m. tl e fo11o ing 
1nstruet1 on: •1 t iu denirabl " s i'a.r poa i bl • ~nd con. .. 
si.stcnt i'or your oacc us o.nd r-.afety , net to hav pol1:tical 
1liance. .. ,1th th. insurgents or · n f'n ~!.ion in the io -nda 
t at ould incur li ili ty to • int· in tlwi r c . se in t e 
future , " 
TheP co unicntions let d to sever l con,lueions . irct , 
t! t the administration h 1 d bee , p ri ~d of tt1e in ormal 
ne otL.tiona with the 1 insw.· f!nts" is obvioun; second , the 
ut. ri tiee in Wasl in ton , •hi.le 1 ot king , ny explicit 
prohr i tion . v,,arned ..,,g nst 1•p<ili tical. a.llinnceatt tlr t "would 
incur lia ility -tc ~intain in tho future . • Tt-e 
l· t phi· eservoc a moment! p .. use . Their c use .,., , in.st 
bom? Spain? Imposci ie . for ·oth ere n1 ·e~dy U£:itg ar 
inat th, t po er . he United Staten? If the latter i 
me nt , it proves th t the tot "ONen in ''as ington were 
f llo-ing · op ortu 1 t licy utterly inconsistent ·th 
their p. ool un: tions to t.h , ·:orl~d . 
en Juno l? , Conoul Prntt .s instructed by e~ble to 
•" void un: utho izcd ne otia.tion., wit the insurgen Lo . ' In 
a let tel" sent rrom ushington the de..y bf~fore • l.e i s told : 
"To obta·n tl e unc-or1ditio11--l :p rson, 4 sictc...nc of Gene. _ 
,uinr;J.do in the expedition to M ila a..s proper , il ir so 
doine he W· s not induced to form ho es ., ich it m t not 
be practicn. l to gr, tit",. . Thin Go crnme t 11· a kno ITT ti.ie 
hilippine insurg nts only :.n oisc ntented a d :r bellioua 
su ·c.wt..., of ..,pain , :md ia not :.i u. ntod '1i'"'h their 
purposes . hile their con teat l'li tl that p-0 e1· h, s b -en 
n mutter of put.lie not.Qriety , they h ve nei th-er aoJ:-ed nor 
received fr m tl1i s Gover.nm en t any :rccogni t.i on . T11e United 
Staten , in entering upon the occ -ipation of t:1. isl·-mds , ac 
the reaul t of i to mili tnry o ,oru. ti ons in tl t quarter • 1 ill 
do in the c:::erci ue of the ri ,hts r.hich the sta-te o:.. ·ar cont .ro , 
and will expect :from tl1e inlmbi :.c..nts i t'hout rf card to t~ cir 
·fo mer uttitud to ard the Spanish Government , t.h. ... t obedience 
hich will e ,-wfully du frcm them . If , in the courcc of 
your conforenc:cs with General .f..guinnldo ,. you .,ct eel upon the 
assumption th t this Gov rnment would cooperate ,·th him 
fo.::· t~hc fu.rth.rancc of any plan of llis o , or that , in 
accepti hiG coo e ation , it would conaider itself pledgud to 
r cognize ,ny political cl is which e might put for. ard . 
your c ·ticn was unnuthorized snd cannot be ,.~p:proved . (15) 
Somet.hat later • bot}1 Conoul 'iJ.dmn.n t Hongkong , nd 
illiams t '',nil- were wained not to co , it th ·msel eo 
,ith the "ins ento . To the u.-.tter , it . s stated: "Your 
course , vihili:. nm.int inine -mic 'ble relt.tions '\: i th th , i -
sur ents , in abstainir.c from any pn.rticip tion in the ~.doption 
of their no-celled provision 1 gov ,ent . is <ppro cd . .. {16) 
The po ic of th adttinistrc.tion v, o cl a.r fro;:"1 tl.e 'bcgin-
nine , "'liz . : not to invol"iEJ themnelvao 1.ith tl1c 'in~~urrenton in 
a ..... y that ou-d .1.0 1 an obstcclo to ,l t.c e pl no they 
already h:.:ict then in conter..ip .-tion r ga1:ding t e l·hilippir cs . 
on the ot r bend , .hat oul Jig inn~. do do under th 
<! · rcumst ices? F of int .:-n· ti on l l· 
hie cu, a .h ~d a. l· tent .. co.kn. i th:: t his uvern nt hrd 
never b en r cognizc offi -·1 lly by the Jn1ted stat-o or 'by 
· y other po er. r ,,p.a , kno·uiug this , he contented ·.1 
a1,.;lf ri tb vr:i u • and illucot·y promia s tru-at-i _ th~-t God helps 
th ut un.ortun.!!.taly , v~ the God 
, ip ent . 
In vie o f such .onf:11 :in_. o i- nc 
co c.1.uoiona. oui· o i itH l ueetion :10 tc ":"hetlrnr in enendence 
d e n ro · sed o .uirY do ti • Th 
lit e!'at re on ~ uvject is eno oua . ·"' rccly u i tori n -
the ,-;or· 1 ueed 'rnr • ""via. ly - h d not token o .. o or 
t o .. h r . The ority of opi~tion , ho v,J., ~ ems tor !¼t 
on the conclu&ion h,.,t no 1>ro ise of indcpen cnco had eon 
or .~  illl::Jn • mllu .ri ~er • l er fore • e.tin do tlO a.r:n in 
his on opinion . 
of the ar i tl p in , th 
liol. rld kne tl t it . a coming . The.r. .. n Prea·dent 
cl~ l .,,r t annual e s e to Co re on ec er. lP.97 . 
It '\'10.S . t once c..  ine ··n a -en C 0 .,;) in . en tl e 
pro~ ~ i lly 6 ecpy orient he rd. t r , blings of the C ing 
atr • Tri Filipino cvoluti nr-ry i.mt- in Jic CKO"' : 0 rd 
it end Con ... ls l'~ tt . ildrru:n and ,ilJ.irJ.ma lr:;o ho~.rd it. lt 
ould not be natur l if tb y did not . To th Filipino it 
be "up and doing . lnd "up nd oina" tl:t ,,y e e , eapccio.lly 
Consuls 1·a.tt and . 'ldman . Cl, ibo c in eat Florid , JaPkson 
nea-ol- , fouaton ·n T t:l.o ... .:cus t1 udi ···on , let 
us supiose , h d not been ev k· in e min s of 
c ire uild~ '•  Pratt ..,nd ilu an h·d only t d cl vne;ue 
0 .., SC~ to uinrl.do . • ri tin,, to guin ldo un June 
25 , 1898 , s~ "d: •.vo :1ot for et tl, t the United eta.tea •mder-
took t ia ··:ar fo tl" e nolc i·u1~pc2 f r lie?' i. th Cubans 
fr U1 er l ie naer v; .i h th :y , 1~0 ouffer-ir. ,. d not 
for th~ lov of conqu ot or the hope of gain . Thy ar_ 
actuuted by reels. y too s~ f line. .. for th· .1 ilipi. cs . • (17) 
.As fo:i: e ey , i t • ;.l~ l ot be c sy even to wl i day to 
q :t ntion ... e trut ~ of his a "'e1·tion that he llk"1.d · no pro i ...;cs 
to A uinc..ldo , • e aanctit tho.t c -s h dee the ..... ory of 
th victor of .eni la :r. remcins ct ~ tacl trJ bi l 
inquisiti e s . Jsked in one or the Cor~i~ ~ion l +t.ce 
inves tig&. ..,ion 1·e., rdine, th t ·ut. of guj na.ldo • v PS..i 1·tion 
~hi .h it -s ~tntcd t • 
romised hi i d.e11.en ence- , the c.d ir 1 C lled t ·insurge- t 
chief lir. • Le oy c:ol-o di is e._, t~ e inci nt .it} the 
cimple st te, t thn ct,e n le rd of ldmiral D ,, y :."Yld 
""Uin ldo U1 :: c n 1ot 1. h ai tation in iavor of th cdrr.drul. . 
Gr·uted no pr •1  sos ~o Aguin do • 
th- fact still ins tl t he ueh Aauino. <1' op ration 
~nd u.r ed nnon .ilio" not to eive it up •hen the l tter 
SllO'.i,ed si of faltering . "l U'"lt d his tlelp , you ·no .. • • 
nd .Aguin do 1:-;nt on to fi ht • 
a.t the ris ot only of' ~ i • Ol l i fe ~t of thou ands 01 hi 
own countryiien . b c use h tr sted linrl1y , not e~en XPCti 
pro•"ise • ve · al.zy or on !JPP er , for hie faith .cl th3 of hi s 
ople ..,  hi_.hcr ,..h 11 t .. ... ord of dmir=l e""ey ·md the 
r.i.si ,. m. .. ition .of tb f. ,.e1·i rm peop1 • Tie . ' ole min r le 
buaincs y be 6 d UJ) in the rd of Senator ... son o , 
spe .k ns dur1n the d bate 0 :1 ena or Poc'.r ' o resol.uti in 
the ,..,enHtc l t th United Ste tee had o 1 t und .r 1,he 
constitution to cquire t-erri ·orie• , ·id: tt ht t we hr.. v e 
caiated the 11-ipi 10s i"" ur1doubt dly rue . r .:;.t tney assi t-
ed i.s • o t:r e . are told ti- uin' do could not 
r av got bacK there but fo. n \~~,. . Then De,:ey Jut Ji ac;::,k . 
Tben und all ~he l , of co on honesty he ia our lly. 
C eser %,it a.ll. hi crue1ty ,. c.i:;;--e • ~ · ro , nr.ver ccept d tbe 
assi;;.1ta.11c of .,,n nlly and 1:!p ed hi. enemy on th n turned 
hi •unn upon the on who h 1:ped hun. . (:18} 
Referonc-e» F-o-r- Cha.pt.er Ill 
l . 
... . l id • 
a. Dennett. 
4 . 
5 . Le F~3 .. ,i . ., ri,:~mpo in t;.e Plii}.1pP~.P,P,, ~01 .1. 1:) . 179 . 
6 . }bi!,• • , .180t.f . >gui~ldo's ~:ec"uut of tr.is interview .;s 
e.l.l as tl1· .. e had .1th ey is e:ont-::.ined in l is 
F':.e en_ ..21,diyf1{7rue f.ccount) . *Thi i Ctlf.m v rid.ic , • 
-or, nta Le Roy , •ts &O inacou te o.nd Wlc did tb t 1 t 
Will not, do to accept ny tatemt:.11t restin , on its 
author! ty . « 
? . Ibid ., p . 1e1 . 
. . -Ibi . • • p .184 • 
9 . -I d .,·  p .185 . Tr.itt its.lie ..: t min • 
l ·• -s . D. 331 , 
ll. . 1bid ., ,:p . 2936 . 
l.2 • .f!p~apional Rt:c-f>~d• pril l.3 i' 1.898 • p . 3 .1. 0 ff . 
14 . -s .n. 62, ~ . 362 . 
15 . -.. ... '62.. p .354 ~ Roy , .- , , ..C i, t .• p . 18'? . . e no .footnote . 
16 . S .D. 62, p .329 . 
17 . 
The eque:.. t of the S!l''l .ish o er co tion 
.. suut .;; in 
all n is · ~ned 1 the no:::;t .... t · tie 
t:.itm:.ont of h r de~ire to come o pea.c • n A• .. d o •e o 
ish 'to .. ..L. . ro .. tl1c Fi••;; -'id .n•· of t}, United 3t· too • 
concluded thi uote . upon hich ba i.3 · iglr. . t) e ta 1-
politic .°.). . uat in CubL~ . and t. "..e ir t u .... . et ·11·l:! 
ich .~.ild conti t# ith ut ~ ·& 'J Pllould 10th 0\ €.!"l' nt 
ree upan tl'I r avs vi· pucify1ne • e isl·~ .d . 11 (l) .:ot a 
~ Ort! a.tout. tl e h1 lipp;ne lnlo. d • ven ti; :i.·e!\ r nc- to 
Cut~ 6 ,h ... er!pect to ci:fying th· iel nd . 1' Littl 
i th s~ 1 h "ov rnment di· ,., t tli• ti. • e q # t l ey •- .lld 
l,; f reed to relin .ui -. th l)}1ili pin l. land • 
1:r . le tt • in hin io,-ra.phy Pre1;:tidcnt 'cf"inlcy , tcllo 
the Fo'tomac in . , , 'l.C.tl 
,..idont. , 
for thC? pu. p 11 of i usain tl· t · s of a r p y to t 
pt.mi ~h G v rnm.en ' 8 co..•~imunic ti n . e que tio o 
ret 17 Dli. and J t torney- -
nd; 
only . Fr oid nt 
licK1nJ.c;r• d.cci.ei.on ,·.u "to keep all tr.e iala11ds . at le-ast-
t..er.1.i,-oruJ:ily . ruid a.1.:uit -develot,mcnt'b . "{21 Jfaturally thie 
vie prevailed . 
Cabinet diseiuloion on t-he subject ecmtinrted till •uly 
30 1.r..en the reply to the S})anish vernroont. woo ent . r::r . 
co~·tclyou t-cutif1en in his ditiJ.o/ to tbe nasidoou5 and· D, n-
hiu cron und hie gu:idir hand will be oee.n u.t every potnt in 
t.r..c nih::.Otiatir.m .. •-(3) It nhould alao be k:e;pt 1n mind th• t 
tl1e President had • on or a ·bout the day of ·t.be ree~ipt o.f the 
Spa..ninh Gove.rnmen-t • s note on July 2:1.,. p1•epared in a memorandum 
demand regarding the Philippines._ hieb d-e nd as includ(;,d 
vcrlm.tbl in the note oi July 30 to the Spanieh Gove't'rlment . 
This dom.q_nd is as follows: (4) 
uThird . 011 nimiln.r grounds the Uni~ St-at~ i e ent.itled 
to occupy• o..nd ~ill hold , the c.i ty ,, bay • ·a n<J hart.or 0£ 
" nila pending the eonelu.sion of u trec.t:, oi" pe·ce which 
ah..ru.l det~~ ·ne the euntrul . di~po !tion. and go~ rn, ~nt 
of tlw lbilippine-e . " 
Tho ord1-ng of thi:3 nrtiela obviouely requires kftow.1edge 
of U:i.e ccntent of tti..e i'oregoing one. "The Pr •<l>idaut . • it 
l7(.l.B ,et ted in .:.!.rticle · wo • 0 dec1:rowa o£ exl1ib1 tir,g !lignal 
generosity . ~~ill. not no put forth any demand f"or r,e tutinr., 
i:ndQI!l...'li t:, . llevertbc.le-ae • he oun oot b--e ins-flnui "I- le to the 
or to t ra ela.ims of our ci t.izens f"or ir..j11.1~1es to their _pe-roons e-.nd 
property during t-btt la.te i n;.u1rroction in Cu.1."n. . 'Ho 1m.u1t- there,.-
i'cre require t..he c,,ss:ian to the tJni ted Stnten • .. • • • of 
The domMd for the Phil.ippineo was 
tber fore a. p'l.l"t o.f t. be dem&nd f.or indemn.i ty in u.p1 te of 
the s . range d:iaclailaer at tlJC bo;_:inning of tha. o.rtielc . 
regardinr"' the T-hi.i.i:ppincn . The pnrag:rnph sta.t.111,g ttc Spanish 
contention tlit"ows auch a gro t deal of light on the ui t.uation 
rrn i ·t _otood the11 tre t 1 t 1 n -quoted here nt lengt . " viz . : ( 5} 
KTh.c ternm rel..-,.tin · to tht~ Philippineo ae -m. t-0 our 
understanding . t.o be quite indefinite ._ On the orw •~nd .__ 
t:t.i.e "round on v.-hieh tr,.o Uni tcd States believe t.l1emsel.Ve"' 
enti tJ.od. to occupy the 'bay , too t.u::.J:"bor -, and l.he ci t.y o1" 
_.,_.:mll"" , pending the con<:lusien of ~ troi. t7 of pe e . cnn 
not l.,e thnt of conquest. , uinee in api 1;e- of t.he locl udo 
... · n t.a.ined on fH,a by the 1.mcricn.n fleet • in epi te of t-he 
$iege cutabll shed on lu11d by ... n-1lti ve supported tnd 
pn-rviAed for by the tmeric::n adt!dral , ,fanilr• still holds 
its omi , nd the Spanish -t;ltnndaro still •.. ves <'Ver the 
oi ty . On t.he other 1- -nd , tlio whDlo urchipe.lago of the 
Philip_pinee · s in tbc powot" ood und~r the so--v-ereig ity o:f 
""~"'in . T"'nerefore tl'.e Uovorn nt of Spr in thinks tmt tho 
temp-or· occ pa ti-On 0-1' ll;ri.ni lo .. nould connti tuto n gu.-.mntee . 
It is stated -t-hat the treaty cf ~eo.ce sn.c'1.ll deteroin-c the 
c~. . trol. , dia1miJ.i.tion . E,nd , t1rmr-~11t of the T-bil-ipp.d:1 s ; 
but ES the intentionn of tbe Jtede.ral Government by r , ore"£!• 
ion l:'et ain veiled _. thcrot"ore tbe Spanish Gov Jrn!ll-e-nt 1nu,:yt 
declnr-e thnt . .... hi1.e aco-epting the third co dition. they do 
not ~ P1._i,orJ.- renounc-o tlle novereienty of pain over the 
~hipeJ.~o . l ~ving it to the 11egotintor t-o 3grea as to 
such X<?f~l".US 7hich the condi tio of thene pos-n asiona ~nd 
the leve1 o:f culturr; of thoir .~tives r-.,y- ender d-osir ble . 
The Govern.YJ:1ent vf He1· Ma.J e~ty nccepts -th third c-cnd. .. 
it.ion ,, i•th tJ)O abo-vc-I.'tt.lfltioned decle.r, tiona . tJ 
.;iGC eta.ry Duy ' ;rer,ly t-o tbis note , a sent to it .Julee 
Cambo .. on t.ug-uat 10 . ~:rt. of tibich is ns follcwo: ., .. . . . 
note . douLtlos o 'ng to t.he various tr:1nafo ,-1,."'?.ti-cms i hieh 
it h :in the -course of it..-. circui tcms tr""nsmia, ion y 
t.ele r ph d in ci.,her • .i.;; not , in the form in 11}1 ich it ha 
r ached the _nnd• Of the Pre ident, cntir ly xplicit . •(6) 
or the v r ee t n oidins mis-und rstanding in th i'utur , 
be pro1 o d t' t .the t o Gov :rn nts e ofJy the e . r. i . 
p ·otoc(j • . dr ft of ~hich , on the pert of the United tate1t , 
w included in the co ..w mic~ ...: l on . The articlo rc!la ·ding 
tlw hili1:1pin ooid:(7) 
Hart cl ~ . he Uri od St•tns 11 occupy 
tbe city • c ::, • alld l1ai· or :anilo. penctin t con-
c uzion of n r ty of e~c ich a.lit211 de ine the 
control , di poai tion, :...nd .;c 1•11.J nt of t Ihilippi ~es . 11 
The prot st r th sp:mi ... l Government of Jur;ust 7 r ""a 
f· t l . \.he er it furnisb~d: th. .. t:n.:.t d Sta ...... ver .~ t th 
t air po ition vdth re.nrds to 
ourmi e . .lt ney 1 , tl: delcy 
oc cnioned in th f t p1·otoco 1 en. ...b led th 
t erica.n o.cee efo o ent r tr t ci .. y o 1-- ua 
13 . !he r,rot.o.col cis siened at ,;aching ton by ~r . Dv.y .... :r · • 
C(. bon at 5 p .n ., .. u ~ st 12, W.1. il tl.o t.meri cana ent·r 
··anila at 6 a •. on u u t l.3 . 
·oec 1n. t•. r on he 1ueotion ,h tlLr th occ tp .... t:i n of a .il,... 
r sted by virtu ot the pro ocol or of conqQest . 
ln ecordauce 1th the f'itth article of the protocol , th 
reeident ap ointed the following co w.silion rs o n oti .. t e 
treri.ty of' peaee 1th SJ:ain: ,illl , • l)tcy , C i . · n ; 
cu 
Reid . J hn - e-oett erctary ·nd eoun }1. . 
r . ry . -ho r ni.red d to 
ine ; 
X • y , of • 8el1$.tOr .vis and , 
~ n tor -~-;r y ~s th lone cmocrr t in th e<: i 1:oion . 'r .Reid 
R publi~a.n . Tl1ey 1e • not outst 
rd xcept John - snett oor~ ._ t er t .. ,ical 
is tmt 
United State in . ,., ~in po ce Eihould fol t 'UH1 ,:;.., high 
1·uJ. of conduct bich gt:i ed it - r . • • • he lu tr 
· n.. r~J. str · ·th nttr--e.nin, a cause hich ~ n be con!'idently 
oft ·orld .h uld net 
-r any i l oion 01 he hour 'b di· .,d y , 1 tCU"io de ,lgn 
w iic 1 i ht tempt u into- exee iv d 1'lnd or into an 
, dv n uroun • • • ·-olJ.o . ed o. 
stiat en t of wl'lat :rro ld be 
PhilipJ inec , lt dee rd: • he Philip" ne 
~e uisition , ti p e once~ -c-e e of our rms a.t ·unilo 
imr,o · es upon us obli •· tionu .·hich 
n o E:Jrru1. hu • • • 
I nc tt ntPl to our \.1., 1ure in the hili pincn i · the corru,,e.r. .. 
ci~ o<-port.n i ty to h.:ch t erican atnte lp c" not 
e ind fferent . It i just t e , 1 i 1. ,e o: ns 
.1.or the nl nt of / l'.'i e; b t es k o -
V" r. tag .. ti in th ot conimon t u l • • • 
inevit.nbly 
ss c.iu.te:d i th tl.1 e new o eni11 de nda less on 1 1· e 
ter1..  i ~orir::J. o , ·ion trr.:.n t1p n · 1 cid u:1--·te eo .... c.1·ci J. 
si a • • • • of , hat h .o teen sto.t d . .t. Unit d 
Stv.te<· se •.n  11ot cc t 2 oc tl - tb . ccs ion in fu 1 ri lit 
i a sc ,1 ..· r ant c:r he islrnd of umn ,. •• "(8} 
The mo" t int rcr:tin • :Pzu~t of' t 1i e i tructi on i t e der-.And 
for nthe ec ....... i n i:a full ri ~ht nnd .ov rcicnt of th ln~:i:nd 
, tl ad nistr·ition follov;ine .., re J.d policy 
o'f' feeling it or ciid it h no .oliey in vi •. ~t ll? 
: -..ill nee .o in the p-rogr~rn of the .1rneot1 i..io at r rie 
thi.., de~u'!d for a. .rt. of the Pl i1ip ,i es finally cu"" i1,ated 
in a emand for he enti:re archi lngo . 
The Jtmeric n t"'n<l Spanish :. ce o, iaoion rs t d 
aeions on Octo er l .,~t _'tiri • efore d 
r ni cnt h~d pl c din tho h' ds oft e 
ioner , , iral e, ·y ' ~ fipin.:.on re"" .rdin the-
dvi a ility of elem iding ti"ie c sr; · on or l~u£c111 . ..D 
inq i ·d fro r .Hay , tih. . n 
-- ,,_ 
.. --~6 inf'orr1cd tl~·t neral -c-·ritt . •.to was on .is t,"-... to join 
tl. yeac. co· Ssvi ncre . ,oul .;;.ire him the nee<>. sa . info 
6tion . 
G ncr. .. l ·e-ri tt rri·-...d .... t . .tis o o..: ~lrout Oo.,o r 6 . 
stut n,ent • t.it hilli ! or O• u 1· l GreEine , 1•, on {!u.rnc(9) , 
·0-,.;or "'cl1 , ~ ir l J • 'Y • ;olon l ~e ctt, , 1>croo1 l opinaena 
of t:rc l:1-eJ ian ·ons,t::'..  ;. ·nd.J.·.,. 1 • s corr o,e,ponelence of 
he mc1·icon .ill t 0Z'fi-0er iu t:! • hlli_ppin s ...~  th u:n ldo . 
h oub ... t u1 of tneoo ... t.:. t entn is that t· .»ili ~1nos er 
not ea.:pa'ble of self- o 't'•n: nt ; t. · t · ·uinP..l o !ri,;:.int in . ut 
-precnrioue :,old u o t11e peop , ue t.o rnci l , t:i~il,al nd 
rclicious ifr rences; th~t th ~ili~in ¢Uld a ,it ~o 
. i .... . r i j t eri • nt :,s red ; t}, t 
t' . is- dn 'f.o 1 ld ::ift !nt.o a :- -C y Md be seizod b n urop " • 
ow r if lef-i-. tl.em lv-es . et • 1.'l e ougge..., icm t 1:;. .. t cre""ted 
the mos p er 1 re et t of Concu.l !ndr i, 
declared thnt the Unit d take al..1 or notbin t•t a. l . 
n , 
o im;ion . 
r . cy e~tle::d the in .on ti ont:, to the :-ret1id-e t l it t ia 
evi:de-rit t.l t tl,e r i-clcnt e ore br.nd . 
T ~ cruciLl oint in th fate tl,e n•.ili-p ine Isl n.._,s 
in the e" oti ti n of tlie tr t of _ eac:e nt ., ri ~ 6 r ,r ct;e 
i ul thneou l.y on ,ct.oner 2r,; • ti.e fir t a.t ,a.111,in t n . in 
tter dictated to ti pe1 co issicn s 'by r .oidcnt 
·n1ey , t eond , ~n ""' 
it , the co · .iaai..one ·" to ca 1-.. tl ir o inion , t e ~ .... ,cident 
id: "T .e e is V ry ecn l'E!l ·elin .. at tie Unit d St.s.tco , 
t c ...~  it t 11r to ··} 1.., :pinet:. . 1~ 1, a i tuatic.n 
-an? . ., o • t· i t i;end ncy f the ., e::.-a1 
.",. . .- th ir clo e ri:::::ationn Ji t~l Luro. , t 1e cry gra.vi.: 
pr C l n.t ill fi~CO f th p· t we d n t" ::e , are 
io _ of t:t.e peopl , ,d· it 
is i.y iu 'g 
i y. oul ui..y r-q e :mould toke the tol -reh-
1 pc .·.1. 'n"0'",  ."(l '; 
Thz OJjinion of t J CO!o;,ii asi ners law ca"bled t t e l'rer:i 0 nt 
o ti sam dr:.y . 
and ott r con id rations , 
t. y dcclr-..rcd tL. •. t: "C er i ll r • <i · i ai on f -r } i .• ~lago 
u d n t. o ., nc d2esoly eu .a.1 li 1. dn crou-s rivals a.t our 
d o , but -ou.l .: .p;:_i1· vnlue of .P .rt • kept . Present pro 
peri -;, o tanilr: e.t'er!ds o i t,c • 11 nr tu .,.l c nt .r of imJ)o1·t 
ole its 
u in cc d i d f. 1 ilo , Ci,· u . Jld oth,,r J'IOi n.. . out. ... , . 
.,. ld tl1C!H. . ould to provide efor·e-
h nd for di rsio of ' U.f,i ll 8 fl'O ll U.L. OtJl'l 0 
~ -.., • •n l' C •ion . ::3 0 St;; ur-' Lu~ori. dj cent 
dE 0 ft t d,t i • r st t v in 
tion vi t11out th c:onncnt o t1.e Unite Sttt.teu . 
pp< ccd nnei:at · on 0£ th• n1ili1.ip neo on he ound 01· 1 cing 
l,-ncfit •.,  clt,,i ed . ut cc c ncedi .11 1 enefi t cln.1 ed 
• • 
nnd .., :.rcn th to o G ned 1 \y k ·L. " our \i·ord to .~, tions of 
t.le rld • • • . ror o,1btful teri d b 
fui ~t r,ping do.m 
opi ions ~er. r - s nt to 
l exprctH in5 the inrlividur..:.l co ~ nda.tions 
t t: u <Jonm1isf,,ioncrn , r:r .lfuo o ta ine oecnoion f r th first 
.rci, l a 0 e 
l' . l:lc,y cpli .d to r . Day nei:t d y • . eo tent 1 o ot~d 
in full , s follo~a:·1~~ 
"The in:f ormat · n :--:hich h,..,n e to t:rn, P 
yom· de .. convir1(.; cs him t.·e a.ccep 
· .eaio ~ lone , lt;a in ho rest o d~ 
.r:ul:J r:t ·r~ rue , or to 'te the ou ·c re 
con~- ot be ju~tif po1itia , 
r Lt rounds . -=-· n e 
c.t·e 11-. nr; . T • .h bJ.e , 
st thcr-e£ 1 :id nt 
1'. s 1- eion f o h r-"tion 
h w o 1- ec t , I.' ' 1 · ~m s i bl e;.i~:-.., N-e 
ons · ·iJ.1 tj \?.a it dl ~ ving s eourc 
en i e1'l• t1·ou1- 1 er , ·,ml he 0 iden ·il1 
1.1 cu -e .be inter eople in~ ol a ., for 
1l1oae w f 'tlO c iaLili ty . • 
·.rh rn ._he :;_, at ot,. .c e in t 1e ,.,'"";;;. . nd for the onti:re :H1iliJ,pine 
•·rcbirclaco wr..  s rc.,chc:d by the a~ .ini.~ia'nt:1 on on Oct-01 er 
lin the 1-rt?nident firutlly cri:.u to 1,1,i~ r-t .cinion ill aJ.'W'S.yu 
an i11t;.;1•,,..,t::. •. .., ou ject i"or stndy on the l)"'".Xt of the cni·l ous 
cm· at·hc hi storin.Il . There i o the Prt.alde rt"~ o-...n ~t-nt ,1rHnt as 
to-ld i!l,.an ini. 1·vicl' he hat., T.i+,h Genzr·cil .~ra~e F .Ruslini.., , lUn1op 
Th i ," s l O'Wu~' l1 .- _ i shoy .; ohn ,. • l ur•·t • 1):r . Sarau .l Uplln.m ;,H.ld Dr . J ohn 
.. 1 .ruel"lcy . all m.tm11crG o:f thr. Gu.,er""l ..S t;;~.i.cuary ConrnJ:ttce 
or the J:'t"'t'1odist r:1.;isco 1 Cr urch tben !11 Bc~oion in the city 
of ta~bi.n.crton on or ··tout oveh. .l or 21 ,. lBt,9 ._ wren the into1'"Vis,·.r 
w5th t ,c "'rcrddc.mt t ok .l--ce . 1rhe Chr.ietian Ii.~"!?<:~ :p:r·ntecd 
• 1 account of the.; ntc ... view on .,1r,11uru"y ·t . 903 cr:d Hr .Olcott -. 
one of tht'. l" :.c nf, r.;io ra. !!icrn of i r ..,id-a t 'cKinley , quo~es 
it in full on . p:•g-en 109-111 1 Vol . XI.of l'Jio book . The au.tote.nee 
er thia statement - ~ccording to Gener~:t RuMling , i"' that the 
President , inu ,ir_d 1;y , ~~ea1 !.o •ur.,lift and civili.1,e o.nd 
Ch:- ctifl.nize" th1 Fi' lpin s , tren de .ided tc ask for tbe entire 
1 $l 1da . PcrhaJHJ tl ~ whole trutlJ will never ~ ,c knm;-1r1 . 'fl1e..!'e 
is no acu t •. hotm·,n:r , t}y, t t.JG opinion,. of fd-rniral Devoy• 
Gene1·a.l. }te!•ri tt n1d C:r(;t'!ne , l'!r . jloreman ... oo • eGr...eci.rlly , of 
Jonsu1 nd1·c , t.O r:c ~ c told , r., o were n.ll _n  ti.c spot .in 
quoL:-;ti n . nd undou ,t - ly :ne, 1:ondi ti(lus }wd v ry dE i-- ive 
cf'f ct in th~ mi 1d Pr end d eu t . 
nd on 
to )ov .. 1'l ·.at cc ld live b1 Sp~i n :hicf. accepted 
·s felt surpris d 
.....  . y enl.lnd 
o:f August 12 t. u m·  i tar.v occn tio of /',u -ust 13 . .i! r a 
aioners tlu.·c· t ned to 'hr ~ak ff egc ... 
ia.tione cm.1p.Letcl • ina ly , on ovcr.t"~ er 29 they •;Je1·e 1 rcught 
co ptansa.ti O""t, . The Prusideut en led hii. tl;;.,.y,..k to t c 
r renc.e For Cb ptor 1V 
l . Pr-ca.id • iO . l. , l.800 , 
- 55t 19 . {! OU8C 
CU, .. l . ) 
5 . Ibi_d . • p . • 
6 . lbi ., pp . 
"'Ii* LEA 
7 . l id . , p .824 . 
8 . Ib1 d • • p . 9 ? • 
9 • Ibid .• _pp . 
13 . -Ibid . 
ChAI?T:£ ... V 
The Ba ttle,...  __F-_-o_-_r_  R.._ atification 
•The struggle in the senate over the ratification of the 
treaty , " says Olcott , •1marked one o:f the moot critical periods 
in the administration of President McKinley . The sudden 
acquisition of great possessions in .Asiatic territory brought 
new problems 1Vbich could not be readily grasped nor their 
real significance foreseen . "{l) This statement is repeated 
here with certain reservations . If the .American people 
"could not readily grasp • • the sudden acquisition of 
great possesoions in aiutic territory , " such ,vas not the 
case with the men in Washington . 0 ! aend you , 0 wrote 
Roosevelt to Lodge , "an advance copy of a poem of Kipling(2} 
which is rather poor peotry , but good serise from the expan-
.:tl.2n standpoint . "(3) On January 12 , 1899 , he again wrote 
to Lodge , to wit: "On thinking nn t ters over , it see!!led to me 
it might help if' the :Uew York legislr.:.ture passed a res.olutio 
in favor of the treaty . "{4) \bout the elosc of 1898 President 
McKinley stnrted on a tour in the middle weet to ·vin popular 
support in f a,vor of the ra.tification of the peace tre,, ty with 
Sp· in . }md we shall see ho'1 a small group of men , fired by 
zeal and endowed with all the gifts of eloquence and persuasion, 
,ere able to bring popular pressure the.t became insistent" 
when certain Sena tors SlO'!.'led signs of vreakcning . 
· t ~nq et o· th lo'tr o" ... mac __a  aeoci~ted ,iti~ens 
o~ Sa ano!1 ,. ecrci ~ , · ccc111)cr 17 2- 1398 , Prc1~ident l:..cKinlr:y 
orti ': • f , followin, the cl<~ r prec -ptn of duty • terr1 tor;:,.-
. lla to uo . r:.nd the 
r.uidnnee , d prct ·,ct:i on . ~ ~o -.vill thri !.k rem tho resr,onni'tili t.:, , 
f:1 . .,:ie tl.o g · · t m.~"' •~? {/:ppl·,une) Can -r: lf. .~.  c therm covie , 
, o ., 1,y 1.he fortunes of ,ar i.... ••d  our arm ~ctnh e1·y true , ax~ 
he"lp es,., end ~.thout c covcrr •. nt{?) , to el:.nos lend n.nr:rcl'.y , 
, 'ftcr t:'.: hnvc do:::?troyed t .• only ccvcrn .• nt tl' 1c.,r h-vo hr:a?•(.e) 
t. pudic:nc tin;.t it n••r; not n .c fl""l'Y I o dcr troy th:1. t ,o ern• 
ric t . "Ha:vi. g de tro.fod '-!•a gove:r.n. •e nt . " he continuc:d , "it 1 
t d·ty o1 the ,ne1·!.c·n pno l· to pr vide :for t.hC!I'" e ... tcr 
one . " > pl .... nse-} "fhir: '7-o r n 1!1!)1l8' :i. o their sen~" 'f duty., 
or r0spo1rni ili t~l , or who. to e:r. tr t r.--y be . r. ut thn t ~1.s not 
o 1gb . "De .cy n.nd ·err5.tt , p1•ncue ed the Fi·e ident , 'took 
t ..e t.'!. (Crea t .ppl:,u~c) . end th eountzy itt:::tnntly c.n·r uni ve-r--
ally "pplr cd . Co 11.d e ~ "c :.:oueht ne1. y --:ey "'.i tbmt 
univercr-1 co de. :it.ion ::~t ~ny tine front, e fi:r.ut of 1ra ... , the 
day of his b:r. li:nt -victory "hich thril1fJd t\e .. 01·1d with it 
of J:.ryo.nt • v ·a. : 
J 
h 
rtump.!S..J. 
d en e 
u ci·u.i so o"" th oco indeed to 1rill 
the c t .de t 
oral sc ltplc.; m:i.ti""ficd . 
l cti rm , 
t C 
i · i ~ i .... hcd • The r. e ..: c t.L ~ 101 cd i, r,e:rit linto ,. . nd 
··tt , a.11 
d ant.1-· . Ciiali tn 
cue and 1n&1)iratJ.on .from Ho . , Carl. Schurz and ex-Pre·- io-ent 
Larrison; whil.e a. third group , men of the. type of lult<..on ., 
:Mc.Enery • aeon and •llen oceutied too t ilight zone h(rt .een 
the ~we forme-r grou:ps . The first wm, n. eam.J}act orgruii&t-tion .. 
Pctine ,1th cotcsion ::md disciplin~ under the nm.s~crful gui4-
~nce of :Frcsiaent t.1eKinLey _. Lodge mid Roosevelt ; the see0:nd 
and th.iri:l group were uni~ed for the t.irr~ being only in their 
""Oeal opr,-osi tion .. but lttekcd. tt.ic t unity and dcte ... c:una t1 on or 
:i;:rurpc-so eaaent'\nl to -vietoi·y . 
Sun~tor Jloe.r , ~.no led t-lw ~ttack on the co, titut.ional rigl1t 
or the United s~atos to anqui1e coloni •s , based bin nrgu~ents 
on the conaent of the governed artd the letter and s1,irl t of 
the Ccmsti tu'tion and the Deel.ant ti on of l:nti1tQend~nce . Reading 
tl;.e deb:J.tcs in the Consr-essioIJP..1 Reeord as the- Sn-r~t tor fro, 
.~a.., chu.snetts doelak-~rl. his pon:del'Otts nreu-ments on get.e- the 
p~inful irnp.1."'ca:tlion t.i~ t t.ho Sona.t.-0:r ><-.8 hopele-ssly out of t-he 
times . 'fi1ere w rr !mimonts ., however , when the e-c1rne!Jtt1ess and 
eloquence o:f Sena tor Hoar created n pr-ofound imprcru:;ion . l:u~ 
this Tia.a onl:, tempo'l"n 7 . Senn.tor :Fontker br 10. oo aai-ae centemp-
tuoqal.y the argumenta of Se?T~t-Or H r by referring him t,0 the 
aeries vf' territ.o:ri: 1. a.cquisi tio,ru. . since the Lou.i .. inna purcha e . 
He taunted the 'Senn tor for h!l.ving voted in !avo:r 01· Hawaiian 
nnnex'-"'tion . Did .his eonst1 tut.ion:i1 aerupleu det.er- t,lle ~t"!iat.or 
from a a. cb1HJa('l!t.t in tho et St' of hm, ii . Frey• hv then 
ob.7e.ct to tl,e acquisition cf the Phil.ir,p.1:ne 1s1- ds? 
j 
r . r 1:1hl t ," no clue! d ea.to: Foraker . 1' ·he troubl with 
cf · ,.. "!di i n h... e- i ts . he. i t e yr·ctic~l conaitio 
'° ont . 1 c 1 •• F; are co C"erncd , ;.,nd whnt ho.v - , en .tors on the 
o er dd.e offe!"Pd for t.,G solution of tl e sit, ~tio11? e had 
i t.J. .. l·· <l to le .. et urned to S 1a in or they hul to 1,~ ·~en by 
to l:f, lf:!t ir1 .n 
on 
·:--s involv d . :?:rtlctical 
te loo ,ce<l g . v 
' eir ne~dn · t r ; . ined n st nch in their conv · ction 
H ~ ond hi ~ 110. rs , 
.y n ... dm ~ t , nev .rt .i.. . l so , 
~ ,re plt:ccd in e" ver; ctiff cult :poaj tion of c •- t.i·t1cting the 
1: eing .''"le to present .., &ll 1,ti tute . 1e dnct ine of the conuent 
of the cc-ve ·ne1. ·ec 1!'~ a f'aree . l1en "enator . aon dcclaimea: 
•You e~ .not. .overu ♦..  r,hiliJ i ..e  1 ti,out ,-1n !' th· . . 
You h~ ve not yet their concent to tu them . . ou ·prcpos 
nin to t- ,rj;t1 ou:t r pr ~ntnt ion . look out for tea - rtie • 
These cemi-aoeial f'unctions re liu.lJ e to o cur• for Y 
ood le and .Diri e t1t1d tr.e Star-tip ngled Earmer i nve >een heard 
i.n t re i pal · o . " ( 8} 
t:rangely e,otgh i .., givinso n.o to ti~e mor"l.ity o..: t e tren-
saction· r,. oused the r , n te"'t in ,c ~ t . f'fon tor- :r con a ed 
oet tlement ... i th 
i--er-ardo to the A 11i1,p1nee dif'fere 1t f'rom trn t of Cuba . ~Just 
of' f, a there s no otrplica,ticm "..':h tever ~n 1v · a "'ny oth r 
0 
p r exc t only the power n nd tl .nited e tat s , 
A 
dint te c-1 se r, th bilippin lo : nds th re wcr. c 1 pli •ions 
tac I eanno't speak of he r in •his open chr:mb r i ti , cp:::-i ty . " 
ni a explt.1.n tion · !'.!t not conVi~ -: ng to O""l:? tarn . 
s enntor ~. on ut it : Tell me y we ohou ... d adopt one :pl·n or 
cu na no~h cr for b hilip'Oineo . o you -nay -ith t.c 
explo..,ioniata - I rae:m the expe.n innints - ' e _.ro- aed 
~uld not s~e Cuba , but .~ did not ~romis to h~e~l tte 
omi 1 te in 
the nond? • • • • • .i1l y-ot tell plc e ., ho • gr· :nd J; rceey 
nd c·imi al ~ rcs·ion in C 
Oc ., n wti ·t? e chanc. tho code of thics ~-1d good rnl s 
we cha nge he cm cnaar rmd the nhi;os ' clock in c ,..., in ?tt(lO) 
-oraker e oked f,n•th ,.r <ii~c .L ion ir1 t e Scnat..... . " -nator 
ten; wr T ller;' I 'Waut.~d it< th~ Teller P-.m-c11dment -or 
its effect upon urot.e . .... ·i.nt ,d · t o.a a 
cua.ran-·te-e to th of wJu.\t ,e arc deeln.r1ng 
we er:: f;Oin·" to do . r, 
Senator ...a eo11: Als here nny l & r"' .ai>n fo.r t iving tho 
,gu .. ,-ante · o! oQ r~i th to ·.u.:.-- c nntio 1e 
no, tl- n t.hcro en c F ::H •ci your 
re olu.t.1.cm? 
S rmt:,~..  Teller:-uTh l:uro 1 ..e a.n tio h n otl'l1 to o \ it 
~ quesyion no. . e a~ "ot int•·rfo1~ing; 
thy ~re entirely i ic to 1 us do 
f,, we will . .. 
:l a.to 'a13on: u ~ .t c.d .ey tc o in U e otl1 r cue"'?* 
Senator Te .lcr: 'Tl ey we1·e t. ate-n inttn:v .. ntion ., nr, the 
r• nntor kno 
rmat.or ,t..ao : "Is it c1--0., true, t1 te = r)y · r cue-
.h:-1:,. spok non y e ., tl:--:1.t hey are 
rJ:-e.ateninc int !"V on no?" 
:uenator l ;. er-:. lio • they arP not . n 
.,eiia tor- l ·• o~ : "The Ger,· n ohi n n t t 
Denat i"· 'tell r: Ge ,.."ZJI.Y is not r t .ning 
und ill not iutervenc ao ?; • e "Te 
in po-.;a. sn.i. .. 01· i dic,_te t ·~ we ·,.nt to 
:.:·<.'!?l,,'1.J.t.! in .l oooc si n . The c i ticmo Ul"t? 
enti1·cly dif;f •h .nt . " ( ll.} 
persistently conf1:ont the tu ent o history i"' t. e. t nt of 
.y t.he i!n.i tcd St. t. .e . There er rumors 
o an "llian ·, <1f tho t'\r.o J.nglish• s coking _p. _ple~ in rdf>J:" to 
of et t:t res_i ons of th cunt in ntn.l. o-- •:,.- in t · Fn.r ',c ot. 
f.d. 
1 t . •" I ~~~t;;;U. w<i-'k.'"\. (. 
e 
l..rce · 
O.i. t1.e 
"' Z-041 Ut; - i c. £ . ,io ure 0 il!l" ·rtn ._ d claritd or 
t--y~ ol'"'ll l'" V m,e f: t: d , in our ator . 
... ore . 4 .. .i.. 0•7in ... Ii, t: .. ~ im a-t-- .. ions 
of r .piC•\l,. ;r::ro ct • ,.,U. .:il ...i.£ ~ )(;ar • efi . 
_,,.._; 
• --·~IJIA to'baccc . H(l3} 
le.rg e in-cren. · c o'£ z 
foolinn eff'ort t.o 1ngrn., t a eolonin.l _.._ 
parum.ge of r::r1.y 1:-~o hich '~uld pln,ce the alevieh cu<Jl · e 1a.l or 
- '76-
:ht ....t r .:n i.,h proi, ued 0 iti n in 
eP.lliI:.g ahe p? 
y · · .td r er ep? 
y i here G le 
fact? 
'-l put r.:.y vlu aud iiO  t. .1c::t _. 
,ire ·• r, n . · rn i,ur y? 
To ..... 11d let li _e ... c·. . e y pley? 
,o. , sir; not by n oi~ht ·ou u.nt ta 
c fiu: .... cr-e · · ta ore id . 
. • r big 11 onlt · n y1 cpe:n <.loo-r , " 
o l!;l.... · .1. • ion' t giv• 
::or ~nd a:e.!n ·t . UC a ·r· 11t"'.J. an 
lso pluyea a. P-0 part i t,rt de11L e 
:f't.r theeio influ nee he-ir ote i~ e:r:y 
· fficult to d ermine . 'i.'o thoa 
t t) materi intcrpre"' ion o · h · c tj o ,s~ i: e c01,:me1·ci ::. 
ti a .cal 1 s - t ha e p::J. • y d t \;; o. irw.!' t. 1- ·t . :it ould 
b h ... po _. t opl ie . ea.ted 
.. hey v1o.xed el quent ov 
.or. .. l i antu co1.wi1e o. ,ions .10-•c finally in ~uc d in 
tb t il~ ifl 1 ti~ flo·t fore er . " 
.&S f'o1· tl'.~ reli .. ious or mi s a1· \ ent , o.e i tit ati n 
a. :,Q ito infl,.. 1 _.,, in tl SC! 0'° lean d :f'1• t}lt:> rorde 
of Demtor 1 il.ll. , i ..:.,. . ..  fl e a a chri ti· opl. ·1d our 
¥· 
-7 7-
i aion.: rie or t.hos 11 'bucd " ti. tb misaio rs spirit . 
la r 1'01· tl~e t.m~c.;:- at.iot; of thoeo · sL,.,,nda por t.1.e ,. urpo&e 
tlwr.:i. '; C li r,:i:, t C., .. b'!l go f'jr,el • 
dl • i tl. hi::: ·r,wed ... enr. ..: y t. Chr:i 01..j n.n 
r 1 n to th c o e u_ CJ_,. the Jmi?-t ,of 
a the day t•.s; :, ,tin on tt~c t ty drew nea · , t . p ·, ...c tict1..l 
c neiJe· ... .ion OVt,; ~! E'do e 1 · 11 t. 
• . . 
. it t;:1. ti c,_n . '· c ·o -or,- Q,:rrJ :t..·1:r m •ca, ~ upon t e tl eo:t·y tl,at ·:i::..:; 
.. , i:i ti--.e:: ¥ 11d 1..hfl :::!1:.ptt .c~ :,,..-.. thias cession the Uni tea S~atu 
u C{:-. . J1,:. 1,,(} .. ti i.lc of n verci nty of p~dn 
0 er J.ip ~ .. o . " (19) ' or-· effct: ti v .c. .. c the 
0 ..., t e 
i t.l{..•ld '. ;'-Ck t.o C'JiP in; •·t ,d l c-e ot CCH'lC:eivc 
u}.o l1 ' i.Jc ill. ng to ·1 tlla t . Lu 1, 0 ,:-, C Wv 
.very ::,en i 1 . m- •1 in t e 
't the earn tin 'WO 
nd the repudiution of the 1· ident in nueh m tt r a 
thi is • to ._13 rr,.ind • the lu.uni l i•it1on of' t 
in tl eyes of t civilized ....?r.kind and brt d u peopl 
incnpa -le of r t. a.f:..;airo or of t :.ki b long . 
i.J n - oi • • • Th President 
c, not. 't t back ·con t~ Atl.n.ntic int rson nf is 
i s-~i-oner ,, , lint in h nd • 0 say to Spain ,i th "b..,t' brcat t 
• ... ' l1c:rc in or, ..ti~nce to ·l , .• ma ....  of ;;tin rlty 0 ono 
1.,i,ird of -!'lC ae."lnto to tell yo r.t t e .1:av J n too ·ctor1o • 
and tk.1t yo t.1:.:.ve yie ,,.od 0- much , e.J1,d tiiat l W-.!l ry oorry 
·h··t I tu .R 'I- 1111 ·. rinos i'ro .,l  u . • J, 0 r,1 V tl it t t 
criccn 
WC l l'Jinh l im t,, . {20) 
_ ...-ert.heloce, 
of the ~ ed in 
to · ·· , : ( "·l 
n .. nplr:t_l o ... w y 
the 11avy u-e 1.ia" c o not 
-.: ,t.l"•"' - , ; :'l.l d in 1 orgottcr1 tLe 
hieh and th., lofty ;:;i.e d .cl~ • tion 
of,., omdcd . · 
Re! 1· cc For Cha.pt V 
, JJ . S~HL 
4 . Ibid • • ;p . 388 . aesolutiona urging the rat.ii'ict•tion of -the 
tr~· ty ~ ere sent to tt scne.t by th 1 rinlatw.:en of 
St.a.tes of !ndiu.no. , "'innesot· • Jr braska , i !am:ps .ire . 
York , Nort_h Da.kot • ,~oeth n.kote. , • yoning nd Oregon . 
5 • ID?ee ,. soea of -eKir.lc)". .arch 1 . 18 ? 
t Y I "pp:r'14- • 
G. Ibid . 
,, . Co ecord , 55th Con{;.ress , 3d Searrion , V 1.s~ . 
• vanu-.cy 11. 1899 . 
8 . !bid . I p . r-29 . January 10 , 18 9 . 
• !bid •• p . 5?2 . ianuar:, 11 , 1899 . 
l.O . !bid., p .531. Jan' ry 1 • 1609 . 
ll . lbid •• p .92ltf . January -.,,.,, · 189 • 
12. 
15 . Ibid ., p .1736 . 
14. ln·d ., p .1489ff . 
15 . C<W-,Gresaioik.'ll ~ec~ri~ 65th Congres , 3d wes~ion . Vol . 32 , 
11t . i , p.ioudi't . 
1 . Ibid . 
17 . Ibid . 
18 . Convr s ion.al l\, ord , 55-th Con0 .r su - 3d Session , Vol . S~ , 
1t£ . f1~ p . l532 • Veb:rua.ry ? , 1a,9 . 
19 . lbid • , p . l.492 . , brua.ry 6 , l.89 • 
20 . Olcott , op .pit ., p:p . 13 9 . See al o Storey tmd Lichnueo . 
The Con<"u,o~ of tbe P~ilipgine. • p .8 1'f . 
21 . gon,g:re!Z'aiornl ,. .coi:_d, ., 55th C ngr • · • 3d hes• ion , ol . 32., 
. l:>t • I • p . 52.Sff. J a.nu ry 1 • 1899 . 
-fl-
J!AFl'EU 1 
That tho ratific tion o:f ,,,} trea y 01· peace l 3 the Sena't 
eo ce ed ev~n by tb~ oppcnan of nnnex·• tion ~ 
the feveri eh astc of hE:il' la t - in·· te ral y . No l. & then 
n 
t e1npt to co. d t. th:i c com,try to a plsdae to i, t ta r 1ilip. . 
nden £0\! rnmc t tihn11 
ho. e been atu li... d therein , M to .., d cla ti n they 
shall n t b incorporated into ~ e United St• no r.•htll tl 
L lu: bi 't· nts co • ci ti:zenu t.h of . Jennt r . c.E ~y.. reeol• 
ution , ~o utiencta by Senator 
nn ol ed , urt er , t~.IUt ti United St-~t i claim 
ny disposition or int~ntion to ex~rci~o p t over i 
ty , ;juri c..,,iction , o ... con· r the o id !1 • and 
their det n._ tion I ll l ind gov er 
smll. i v - .. cted 1-ed i d ement 
of the .o "· -0! fr.£: s to on s 
euc to · to ai 1;.;n L , upon icb nh 11. 
b,. son ju~t .,_ ts s ecured under the c suion 
y t ereu the iicvorru n 't nd control 
of t.h :ir • 
I.. dintelv, :, outcry ro t tl11. r o lut ... on . V· inly 
did 8 nator Caffery explP-in th t.. it JJpxoviae for not ~ing mor, 
t n a p1.·ote •·orate coupled i h o e ... eignty t e pa.rt of 
un· ~e St tes . . . . 7La.t i e r to lieru::.t-
1-i e , t.o oel1 tl m. to di pose o"" t :i.e in · ny 
o for t- t ui t tho ·or ·r a 
0 • • • 1 dc":potic 
prot~ct.or. ... t , without 3XJY cuarnnte 01 imh-~p dent self _w-ern-
m t wh te er u .. on the p~i·t of t!1e United st~tes toi.ard ,hes 
people . Tll y m.·e only t !> le cduc--ted up ,tf) i e.t re a.re pl .;.::,s Jd 
to term local ncl.f-uo !':!rr.-.r t • and in d ·e time c a c to we.k 
U"'h disposi ~ion . f tr-'6..-m &.:.::. \till. b st pro:roto , firot , th 
int ·c tti of t.bc ci ize.:.10 af .:.he Uni .c:i ;.;tates , r n. tl1 n t •. -
p oplc of tl e :tn;..li.l:'pi·,1c Iul.c...~ s ,,,,. oui~ int , .ut ,ri~·'+l'.Y , 1mr-
4
-rnount all t t1 ..1  , -:. i thcut vny onnl ... n tio · Jn.,L 'er o t 
i j.ec of tlose p o_p o . l'(2: hl do net. 1u~o:r-o o by my ;c,te , " 
d c ai:od t nator C.1·,.., • ':,it. .. ..1 t" t r.c .c ,. 0 tc, tH1 render t Tt ~lo 
. . . 
n l y m.all ·:m ,. kc: 1j,~ot:li...,.ct: to .,_.i..:.i ino• , '" - :-·ke ~ena.tor 
.. '° nd ! y , n ho a.--c o.llootit~ down our ... ola 1er t.o n ~ • 11 h 
""le did no·~ m, '"t: and he'{ e not r.ardc .:.:.nd t.Ve r c·t been ~n - #d t-o 
e ta t ·iu Cul.- ',u • · .. r.o r1t-.ve been our ·1.·.:. end .-..11 C ,. 1'.l? (t1) 
... •;..sid .n ... c!an. .. c,; never dou t~d f r u 
he iaau t ·.on , !Ji,;.;l' ,ae dcustc 
i~t~:n .,ili t ..... cy f.o c~R in the Philippinea . Jft r tatinc in 
:pl . ·1 l · 1C ' c tJm.t the P:1ili ine l,.,Jl_ dD w re LC-.. ir ,d 
:,,y rigLt of conqa ,,.·t . lt dee, ·od t . .:.t >nth"' fat ;;re co1 trol ., 
viapoaition . c1d 
c · d d i-0 t Unit Tiord .. 
t o . .cH,slon 
- 8'3-
on the pert o1' t mush Govern:, nt . Let us follo the 
r n~ 0£ the pro.cl"" .. at.ion , aa follows: .. In the ful_filJ. er1t 
of tlte rit:hts r.,f novere1.snty .-tt 1 t cnid , •thus .cqui .d and 
th respon 1 le o·i1 a ion:o thu ·n umed . 1.h a tu occup-
. tion and iuiat.r tion ui' the entire group o- th hili -
pine Isl.and l! mes illlmediately ncces ar'Y -. t:nd t ilit.ury 
ovcnJitCnt l•e .., :eto1' r rnuint·ined by ttJC United s e in the 
city, ldll"tor nd lay of · ila is to be ertende ;i th ~ ll 
ot1 ,ible di. p tch to the whol. cedod torrit.ory . "{5) 1,n e!:£01.-t 
't':tl.o roude to 1;in ho pe ceful nu i ion o'l the ,111r1no "by 
n nttring them in ev ..,ry ponoi ble .'•:Y tint ful1 mea are of j.nd• 
ividual. rigbta t.md J.ib.o-rtteo which iu the llertt g o! free 
p ·Oples , nnd by provin0 t.o them t.h t the mission cf tho United 
s ~tc.s is -one of •benevolen-t ~1 ilt':.tion' ub titut1ng t.tie 
ild m':ay ot 1u. ticc and :.eight f'or t<,r •i trary r le . .. ou1d 
the iliJJinos reait.t t.hin policy of • ... enevolent ir il~ticn' , 
they w1l.l b ro ht i t.hin the lawful rule • • • • J th 
irmnens if' need be • • ... " Thus concluded this curi-oua 
.tixt ?' cf cr.jol. ry nd inti ·ida.tion . 
nator Ca.fr.cry ptl.y ctl(~ruct -ri.eed the Pre !dent ' s prae-
l r.tion on tl£ floor of' te s similation ftor 
the . nner o:f the CQnda t allows its victim .u There 
1c alm a very notioca.ble ch.Mge in the tOlle f'.l'ld ,Ording of 
this proclamz: tion e compared 1i tt tJ e F.reo!d 1 ta .i.Orr£1Cr 
pronouncement • It was mutter of fact , ter e fir • o 
longer~ c it ne-ce oaey to pr f• c it 'itl: w did 't nt 
t. m,. don .. t you eoe? .uow he merely &nnounced: o.t th • 
"' .hat · re you oin to do about it. 
The promul ation or ttJ.o proc n tion fir lly convinee4 
the Fil.ipino th· t the Uni tcd S t s .... det .1n · d u ,OR 
t ir eo .u s • i p tty deception practic~d by Ge 1e nl Otis 
by om.i tti th ord •oovt-..reignty and inimeuiot extenoion 
01" t.hori ty in th~ Pre •ident • prnclrunat-ion m1ch th~ enoral 
a.used to b roa. en t-od hei htened their di tr t ,d 
picion. Th t n ion be'tl.:.een t o tile force f ci c ch 
ot·1er at nila s ...o und t'O r l t in ct l. cl of · • ( G) 
The fateful event took place on obrunry 4i l8v , to days 
b ... fore tr~ r·- tific .tion of t.~d? tr ty in the .:r.e ... t . 
B sponsibil1ty e to ho ired t e !irat ehot d thus 
started the ar i still a matter f contr verey . ev r , 
tt con~~ uene o th <roby .bad no come hi1;1cto:rieal fuct • 
Tl. exponent oi' nne:tD.tion er ~ .:.le t.o point t.c 1 t as 
n act of' trcr..chery . of rebellion ninnt the .on ti tuted 
uthori ty of t.h United stat • The tr ~,ty c .ded the ili:p• 
pine to tho ni tcd ..:i'tn \ce n 1"' ,na thoi s to rul • -t>ul.d 
Se tore obstruct the tific~tio of the treaty of' pe e 
ith Spain whil their ol.diere beln« allot do" by the 
'-
•111aur "e11t n n the flag 1nsul.ted no t no? an ca . tor& 
& uirtned in t ir c iro . 
red in T~rioU quart ?'· that h t.ili ie 
• r be un at the inati a.t:1on of th admini tr tion 1 11 the 
im il'i view or in1'luencing the decia1on of the Sen."lt •. 
sonnwr Pa.tte:rat.U'l s~d: •That nttaek of February 4- end 5 
became an e.baolU-te neCOtl""ity f-or the mccesu of tbe imr,er:i list 
marplots t1-t. f.'ashington . The trenty was before the Senate . 
It. had been nareed that u vot-e upon it. woul.d be tnkefl on 
. 
February G. It. we.~ knO't'm -w everym.1.e t.bt!t there were in ing 
tv;u votea o.r the n'Uf!lber required to ratify it . The lt11ip1nos 
.. ere praying tba t its rn.tit!c..,,tion would be aefeatui :, tor 
then th~ treu&y w-ould be 
_sovereicnty over the hilivrines as it provided for Cuba . The 
l!'ilipinoa .h.."ld o.l.J. to gnin by prcocrving the et!'.l.tuc ot the nrmics. 
an 1 t. wn .... be.t'o1·e Febranr;y 6 . the imperiuliat.s had everytlling 
t.o gain by precipitating ~ eontlict . •(7) 
On the other ru:1.nd , Dc.nat:er- Spooner cl"..arr"'cterized the affair 
a 11pr. .. meditated and W&nto» attack by ti'~ Filipinos upon 
tho ,, riean forces . The rather foolish and p:recipi tnt 
fli ht of At;;Oncillo , :op.ruse11tativc o.f the Filipino .:;o·v .·11. .. 
ment in a.stiington at the time , t"'urni hed an excellent eir-
" 
cumstn-nt.ir-J.. e idence 1'.or Sano.to~· Spcon. r ' o e:tmrge . •y st.crdoy 
rece.iveu f .rom 1Jan1la , neithe~ the ltr nJ.dent nor anyone in 
t.hie cottnt.rJ had tho lea.st ooepicion , a:o tar a,o I lmo , of 
~ny purpose 011cr tl10.re to ntto.ck ?~nnil.s. , to tt ek our out-
~ o t , to br-in° ou a.n engP...gement wf. th our t.1-001;0 . na turday 
1 onoill.o nnd 1 """ssocia.te , ,ho have b en p nd1 ::.i some 
ti · in t.be eity of ' nin ton , .ham our · Deptu'toent :tu:.u 
properly retuoed to r(.eo. nize ' !o1ded treir tents lik t 
-nd siJ. ntly atol.e r- y • to r. na.da . ¢ome on ma e 
~ble tc find me atisfactory expl tion ft t co sistent 
· 1th ~he th ory th t Agoneill.o di not know of this pro osed 
t ..- ek , rbut b· :ve not been able to do eo ., " (8) 
Th Unit.ed st-- tee , tiowover, u t ahoulder the re pon i il1ty . 
s nator Caffery put it:• 11 • I s y th t on E eco1~mt 
of the rela.ti n th. .. t ha. C d et :e n t .. pl.e and 
the Unit d C!ts.t · sucb occur nee , though dep.Lor•· le .. an 
i ly to l I> en . c are 'there a c,onq eror • i • did not 
ear the message of peaee r-..nd ldndnd3& ta these p opl.e . e 
ore tne m no e or subJugution to the e p ople . ( ) 
Tbe vot1 on t tre~~y s t fo,: '"el: ru"' ry 6 . ':'ension 
increased a t £at f'Ul d~ p .ron.ched . arty 1e ,.d •rs 1 · n d 
up tb ir chat~ eo , urging . c~joling nd tbre~t ni ·hen thi s 
CB e nee sa y . :very weapon ot oll tical otr: tea nd 
t c .. i.cs s ploye • ... oppor1 nto of o.nnex t.i ou tried to 
l' ve vote on the v l.l'ious r ool1.1tion ir troduccd , . t of' no 
~11 . u ato H~o.r •s resolution to tti" cff ct th Unit~d 
tat ea h3.d no po-w r under the coue i tution to cquir c loni 
w- n t~ bled - i't r t :o •td er-a voteo . Too- "c -nery r laticn 
t tle same£~ c . ten er like pi cs of m r-
ch naisc . ..., n or .l\llon vi oro . ly denied t t. ·o i d to 
- 't7 -
vote in fa, or ot tbe tr bty u i:cn ti1c pro ae of th,1 adrainis-
t tion to cecu.r-e in J."(.,._clect~on in Ilebra!lka . (10) Sen tcr 
'l'illm openly <ieelared on tl'..e £1-oor o:r th S'<:!m te that nu 
great mnny o"f t.bc vote.., have gone to t.he· tr .:i ty • • • • lave 
been caat by en ,:,ho ba.Y been in grc(_t dou\rt. An to t.1£ir 
duty .. v.-ild have c.t la.tit yiul.dcd to p1.~aas,u·e tl;un to r,;ny cona-
cientioue or cn.lm con ido.rc.tion of t.oo reoult . .. (11} }J."Ven 
en tor c~r.cry vo (!U fo the tre ty in the em . 
Tlio vote en tt~ tret ty 5tood 57 !G: nnd 27 aeainst . ~he 
clo2cnes,o cf the vo indica t.~o a J"illXltc." -em.:ape for the ~d-
r.inist.r.1tion . It ia not proba.blo . bo e x· •· tl10.t t .. e • l'C'sult 
could h· ve b en othc iu-e . the G"'ntimcnt to anne.xo.tion ,,.,.,. 
too a-t.rcn,a to 'be de,f\,.:....t.cd at t:t1 time , antl the -eircurrtstnnces 
:e tt.i."ln pi-ovidentia.lly favorable . Th .real do i ·:iv· factor • 
,owever., as t.be bCt,innine of the war ·n t the • 11pinoa wtom 
. ric 11:,. nt the _11:i• , reg:lrded n r 'bels c.....,.ainst the United 
"tates and ev .n the most obuurate anti-imp ris.liat were h rd 
put to s.q a.ring their pos'i tion t i th .. heir Dtmt; of duty . 
rr . ry.n.n tm.s n.inly r sponsible for the ratificn.'tion of t e 
trea ty . ne t1re6d us .,:eonal .,:ol.-owcrs in the Demo~ tie party 
t.o r~_tify tho treaty . If' lliu OIJpO ition to nnne:xst.ion waa 
since n . for once l1.is pol:iticm.1 "1.grwi ty failed hi • ..xplainin 
t,.1.., conduct in this int:.tnne .. h, .., -id: •':'he rat.ifi c:.l,tion of 
t ~ tr .tity in:.1t.cra o! co.-nniti11t;'? the United States to a 
t oloni " ·po1icy really cl f..rs tho i: ay i'or tt.e re o ni ti.on of 
the hi:ippi Repu lie •••• Could the inde end nc of tt~ 
i ipinos e s cur d .... ore ooaily by oiplomaey fro ore n 
nd lo tjle n tion tl n it c n th.t·ou(( tlle la' s p oed by 
Co .rene nd oicin...i the scnt.i nt of the f:lm 1 n p -ople·? 
If ·'nd cc i"' oro deoi le to our p:(..-Op than .. 
colonial 11 Y, is the e nd :ba.t i there t.o prevent 
the recognition o! ~hilippine in e:pen ence? lt i C f3Ul'd to 
oay that the 1 t d State er- b tr--- nsfur ed from a 1:· piblie 
(, tl.) 
t SI.fl el:lpir .it out conDUl tin tho vet - • Ho t s ·eat 
Commonc.r ea , to t 1 otra e co1 .lueion p· rhap on one of 
future bio r pbera · 11 b. 
e ~ "e s n l" t.ho battle in th Senate o er the r-t1f'ication 
of the trc ty of pesce ni •h ..~  ~in enter printip·lly over 
tll 4-..,nn x. tion of t Phili pine l l ~nds . i ve a1 c s .n 
o. the •1.0 :I'· c of v ts ,.• st-1· tben d 'by co-n 1 eJ1:·a ti onn 0£ 
., ctic~l e~ ~d .. ncy . pointed to th one and on y .olutio • 
'l'l .. e OU!) 
did not onl au .ed in ail.on-ci " nll o potd tion , but re 
ctool. y t•l to ui.ld up a -p ilo 01-hY that de t t:' quia-
ion of th Fhili1 pines ~ or 1 nd c 
t, ugl in " to hn.t tl,e ut· tea. en · th· putlic h· d be n 
ro. . ine for , tll np c, red · in f t-he IWlt,azinc apling'e 
tam u pou .. : .. 'l'hc ihi t-e an• u1· on .• 
e tot ll , l-0 ev r , tis oem WR read in Scmte 
tl da3, after tl'l ~ t1fier t.ion of ~ tr - ty . nd "'t ti 
e en f!Wr tr·nge 1a tit .no re a n r wnent. , too l ,t 
to oe our , gainst tho aeq 1 ition of the ~h lippinvn . sen~tor 
1 lmo.n ret..d ti fir t et n.za , ,_ o ollo a:_(13) 
"Take up the lhi te ·an ' s urden -
send rorth the ceut ye br d --
Go . · ind your ons t~ ~ilo , 
To rve your ctf~i ves ' need; 
To wa. t , 1 h ·vy ha.~. . o , 
on flu tered follc ~ d ild -
Your nu -ca: ht ullen oop!es, 
llalf dc~il and hal.1" child . n 
tt · y do '70 o.s a p ople , he eked . " ,<,;nt to in o·rpor· te into 
citizenship ten millions more of different 0.1· of dii' ering 
s , three or four of tl1em?t1 Renda e ond st.· nzn: 
Take u_ the ~hite nrn•s burden -
no iron rule of ki •s .,, 
~ut toil of s rt and s,caper -
Th tole of eo on t i o • 
... .t.e port , ye ial.l not ent r ,. 
The o ds ye 11:il.l. no.. tread , 
Go , ~e tt.&Vll ith you~ living 
ntil<e tr.om i th your dead . " 
0 • icti .., o.r·e o t of e up· nn 
t 1a tar of m las 
"T .e up · c , hi to Io.n ' s urden - -
tnd r • p hi old r ... aTd -• 
The bl e or tho c ye ett r . 
Tho hate of tbooe ye u. rd --
fi.te cry of hon -e ye hw.rtQl' 
{ h , slow y t } to.ard the l i ght - · 
• vct,y rough t .. C t lJ from onduge I 
Our loved ~gypti n ni ht? •" 
aTbon peoples . " Sen tor till.man co,cluded , naxe n t uited 
to our in ti tu tion • mhey · c not r dy f'or 111 e.rty s ,:1e 
un,lerst.:.. .. nd 1 t . .by a.re ·;e bent on forci.1 u on t.hen 
1 .tion not ouited tot nnd h1c.u only ,!" •ns in th i 
vi 1~ ,l>tion n . one 
l n th l es of' lif · t , lf?0 
Duri the cl.osi ,. ye .r of ,e nin t. nth ecn ury hen 
n.r ith in o er cu 
I ~nds '13:Uddenl b C. e i rt .n t 1 n t . . ey · o of he Un· t ed 
utate· overllliJent . l riccn 1 t !rest i t hi .a ction 
tra c and :(Xlr t ly at:. r ult of ito o 
to the ~1ric Ocean. the Jnitc Staten hnd manif ted ~rtlh~t 
conce n 1n tho affair of t .e Far 
t · cent .ry . ~ rti tion of Ci in· bici'1 pp ared i 
in the l t d c,.. M r o thi century . t>:Ync~ ni ina . • it did 
I\ 
d th th· ind •r•tri~ l • nd com.."'.'lerci l c=.pantl n of t United 
.. ,tate , ma it 1 t rr.t.iv that his count -y .. ecure a b oef' 
nor of tne nd rot ct i ·t t de in tttis 
p rt of the ,.i ·old . r imps . 'hen the .ar ~.1th ..-> in .ina.lly 
ro e out thi.., country had no in ention of · ression in t. 
Phi l ip.t in · n a . he t victory 01 - e~ y . no e 
coupled \ it~ ·1 t gla or c.nd itG if;,"Dificnm~" fO'i.' tll fu re 
er at-d de .. nd for annexation hich inally b......, .. .,,,u.•,·?., 1 r 1 t -
i l • 
---- 9 /-
1 . ,Sona,recmiontll R~or,2 ~ 55th Ccngre.so ,. M Sessit);J't , ol. . ~2 , 
lt . lI , y.1479. ~oornaey o . i899 . 
2 . rid ., p . 1490 . 
3 . lJ)id . 
l . Meaa:~.e.s UBI Ps.r,1:,rs of t:r..e Frcnid.ants, Vt,l. . l-4 , l) • 
G. D an C .. Wcr-ceeter in hit1 'bock "The Phil.ir:ltines Pant ~nd 
~ ;;1:.2cnt," 2 volume.a., 11res-nnts an irnmen1:;e af!l .unt -of 
vidence in l1iu n-ork 1n an att~:upt to p~-v - tha:t the 
J'i 11 l}inou : r (.. · pi tr.. too the co nfii c"t • sen tn.eunt • o 
.Thi.: ... f 1 ~ ·.i~E.!;t.t peeum;tion p,f. t,): · H.?iliI2J2ins.s for the 
ot%Alr a14~ of the art;t.m.ont. 
7 • b1;01"~f6e,~ _Lich~11.CfJ , .'\,he ponqupst_, of, tho, PhiLiPJ?ine,e , 
p . ~ . 
8 . C~nsr.es~~?. .l ,flfrCOX:d .. Mtb Congre53 3d Session , Vol .32"' 
. t . ll • p . 1493 • F el>ruary 6 , lJl99 • 
9 . l'bid ., p . l49l. . 

I . Sources: 
House ,. vo: .t.-o . l , -~.. ...... ..._. ............ ......,.......;~. .......- .. ... 
J'O 
Tu eioe'n s . 1898 . ion . un(!e... in . tho p nd 
oo . at1ve to ni tua . in CUl•t the 
dtJ-te of t.end irig o-r -otfic-ea cm ti. part of' the 
United , u1;c en July l • l.897; the various ""teg s 
tbttt l d to Ae de-0lP ,tiou of vro..r; docume ,t.a ert,,,iliing 
-to the n .,o-t-iationrs , uch as in1.1truc .., :tone to 
a e012!unica. bet'Cletm U1em o.nd the 
d d testi . e the lean pe (~ 
i rol. ti to n te in th 
treaty. rnment ntin otrtce . n ton . 1°01. 
Con.gt'c 1aion ord . 55tl1 s , 3tt < on . •t. . I and 
II~ Vol . 32 . See under 1;,c itm, ,r Tcr,ritor,;r; the 
.J.'.u. h. i... .,L...,;i;i,,i.p.: .e. . .1.. . P... ...-........l.. .a.·..  n .., ..d. .s... ttti d th tz n til _,6 2 "i;,n . 
}lt?o..sMee. and Pn;e.e.~s t.J£ ,the Prfrsip · n~..!• Vo.1 . l.4 . 
Coo ionts or the · ted Stn.t.o:e contain1n · :full 
ii<m eucl" a and exp · a , :reports 
o u tes eonsule d , etc . »e undor 01~. 
China an, the Phi iJ>.pine lslnndo . In Hou --. ·o-~r  
d'ou ..- e ve Doe·. ent' , espt..:a:illy -vol es 31 , 44 • 
64 . ?6 . 
c:b 1 . 189? 
u.rc Co,r;q»:my • 
See .t1,ppendix . 
~election J'lCG of Ti e1f. 
W l{ 19i§". 1 tf,e 
pe.rt p d .e il'l ,ion 
o£ th P pp1 • In 2 vol. f'.", es 
cribne ' s c. ne ... 'Be York r.n ndon . 
rc~~nle.y ., ~il 
a 
. · ewnent , t • _ • 
• 
or 
3 
io 
ct, 
i 
II . ••  
l 
k 
nc .:  . =-.___;..::C-'='~ 
.J.._ , • • 
t , Tyler • 
u 
the t 
conn, o or . 
"'he .IJK.I•"'-"•• lan 
ewey •- George • Admiral. 0£ t;i. l1avy. : H.i. ;O,'qio,&X{}J;;hl,, q~ . 
Bai.>'eu on o!t:ie.ic.l. doeum nt.e and personal roc.o:llcc -t iono 
-ot the attmirnl . lie 1°(1:r·k ,. CJm. . el G Seribncr•s O-ons . 
1913 . 
PG%1~mPn . ,.· otm . Tl.le PniJ.¾,m:in~ l~lc.rw,s . 1 otJtly !tr,n.ot:rnr.hiool. 
~ 1d ®ciw. l;u1. 1J.J.~o c<'Uttuins accow-1~ Q--f fllW-Jll. oh rule ond 
, r.i.c.rican occu.pet.iin1 . n- . Jroreir.an e;ave tu-stimony befn.re 
tl:£ m~:r:icr n ;,--.-cc c01:mdseionera in ~la oo o~a ti!l ~1 
am1r:~tn"'ion 01- t.be : hilll)J.)ine IBlu.rida . .Nu";: Yox:k . Cht1rles 
Scrj. bner • s Sons . 100€. . 
Footei" , '1olm tatoon. 2~;-~f!. ~iJ>l~~l: .u,J :tJ'~ ✓,iel,l_\ • . 
Heeft1l t,o Uhdn:.:~;t nd United a tatffo polACJ" 1. the i01·1m-,t 
in the nin0t.eent±1 cerrtJlr,y . :Boston snc! l:Htffl: Yol?""" . l'o\lf:l1tcn ., 
lti ff lin till<l <~.ny . 19U3 • 
noar,. Gct\rtt~ F~abie •- .t1r~op_19gn!.n& 'if.. . s-«r.vcn,t;,, ze: .1:..ff: r .1Io&r 
f OJ.ti' t- a los:ing c a:,e aga.1.nat the ann~'tion u:f t.ne 
:rr.J.l.ip:t, ines in the Unit.eu !:itnte:I,; - enate . Ch: ·~ e:., 
Smtib nex• e i.lODS • 1903. 
Kolcrnt., He r.:.un Henry , aom, <l~f.-.1.nley to Hardi!!S-• ) ~r~onnl 
r c oll.ectionn o f -our !_;rcsdenta. .New YorkamJ J~ndon . 
Chc1.r·los veri bn r'ti Sons . l.925 . 
Lod("-,, O '# Hem.,' ' Cnbot • .... ~· h.tt- .\\t.1,...,l. :t"'. .• ,i tb 0"0"'~n41 . l cont.. Ot.'1},,"'0l:'ney 
1.:.ork on the even to 1 t ur lfr71,~ec · .. ., e<! on of"1'1 cia l dot tit"'..-"' nt-s 
t- ·ctd ini'o..~a.tionn from cyf!'-\:iitneaue...., .tJ{,, portieip.;mto. 
r . Lodge a_t1, the eta.nd:.est advocate of' Ph11.i ~I !.ne 
,;,nnaY..ation iu tl1e Ord.too -sta;tra senate durintt t his 
per-it>d nnd hi n m-r-k i tne:reforc vnluobJ~o for int.cicpret,a " ion . 
'.reti York end London . U::..rpc r anrl .1Jrothcrs Pu .i1sl1e1•s . 1899 . 
Le Roy ,. ,., oon ·\ ., ~he 1rce::-' • Sti.ll 
tllo mo~ t. tJ1ortmgr1 -o.nd p: ubjeet . 
·cri t ten tr-w" .. 110 - rly :z:.ad aimo.s t- impartial. point £ 
Yi • In 2 wlwnec, . Fost. n and lfew Yo-r-k . !tougln.on . 
11r.r1,.n company . .t.91A . 
l1 tt.,_,:,ean . lrTc•d,#rtek L . • !riistor,Jf nf tl~ -mel"'iCP--D irc.ntier., 
1"1 r.. ;.  ... ia93 • F+0s tGll ;-n"d" new' Yori •' lioqhton, if[lt·fin und 
Comp.-'lllY . lJ1~14 . 
ion . 
roo y :r • T 
'i'ur 
i In 1 
0 ,-L - • 
•·c. 
t L·t rt c: 
Ori i 
b ri li in 
1 n , Gov 5 , 
rti lo in 
, 189 - s.