Little Boxes on the Hillside: An Inventory and Analysis of Wildfire Lookout Structures in the Pacific Northwest Region 06 of the United States Forest Service ..,.: - .. : - . ·;)}{}};1:i~~y;:/',,;.;,'''· Terminal Project Prepared by Megan Berryoung For a Master of Science (M.S.) in Historic Preservation From the University of Oregon College of Design, School of Architecture and Environment Department of Historic Preservation Laurie Matthews, Committee Chair Allie Wenzl, Committee Member March 19, 2021 University Edition Edited by Elaine Berry, 2021 Cover photo: Buck Mountain Lookout c.1960 on the Willamette National Forest. Photo by R. Resler, USFS Negative no.505566; foresthistory.org University of Oregon Historic Preservation Program Terminal Project Approval Page Student: Megan Berryoung Title: Little Boxes on the Hillside: An Inventory and Analysis of Wildfire Lookout Structures in the Pacific Northwest Region 06 of the United States Forest Service This Terminal Project has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Historic Preservation Program by: Committee Member: Committee Member: ----------------~Date: ____ Degree awarded: March, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Fire lookout structures capture the hearts of many interest groups spanning from Horsemen Associations, Wildland firefighters, Boy Scout troops, backpackers and day-hikers, poets and landscape artists, bird watchers, cross-country skiers and snowshoers, etc. I am deeply appreciative to all of you for sharing your passion, personal stories, and photographs as well as offering support and encouragement for the completion of this project. A personal thanks is extended to Stuart Chilvers at the Colville National Forest for suggesting this graduate program at the University of Oregon, introducing me to lookout history and preservation trends in this region, and for the opportunity to participate in the rehabilitation of Timber Mountain Lookout during the Passport In Time (PIT) project, Summer 2017. I would not be in this program researching this topic if it was not for his initial guidance and friendship. My sincere gratitude and appreciation goes to both of my committee members-Alexandra (Allie) Wenzl, Regional Historian Heritage Program Manager for the Pacific Northwest Region 06 of the US Forest Service, and Laurie Matthews, Adjunct Faculty at the University of Oregon and Director of Preservation Planning & Design for MIG, Inc. Allie was a fundamental constituent and collaborator throughout the duration of this project; in which she provided access to Forest Service Heritage data, professional contacts and advice, office space, source 'material, and previous incantations regarding the subject matter. Laurie provided extraordinary academic oversight as my Committee Chair and her encouragement, both personal and professional, was integral to the success of this project. Both Allie and Laurie provided countless hours of support, editing, and mentorship that fostered a wonderful learning experience and I am eternally grateful. Thank you both for believing in me and nurturing my potential. Countless Regional Program Managers at the Regional Office in Portland, Oregon provided key information to complete the catalog and analysis of standing lookout structures. Special thanks are extended to Charles Ruhsenberger in Engineering and Steve Rawlings in Fire & Aviation for providing key data regarding the current use and staffing of lookouts regionwide. Many thanks are also extended to the Heritage Program managers dispersed throughout the Region that verified the accuracy of my information, provided excellent feedback and relevant management information. Most importantly, I could never have completed this project without the love, generosity, support, and cheerleading from my friends, family, and benefactors. I am so blessed to have Tivoli Berryoung, Elaine Berry, Ron Cekovich, the Hoko clan, and my East Coast framily in my corner. Thank you all for lifting me up when this project felt insurmountable. I will forever be grateful for your patience and tolerance with me throughout this process. Thank you!! ABSTRACT Fire watchmen have been employed by the United States Government to serve as guardians over the Nation's timber since before the establishment of the USDA Forest Service, originally the National Forest Reserves, at the turn of the 20th Century. Very early in its history, the Forest Service realized the value of providing an enclosed space or shelter for their firewatchers. This led to the advent of two types of lookout structures-Live-in and Observation-only-expressed through 16 different architectural styles. With the advancement of technology, it is no longer economically feasible for the Forest Service to employ fire watchmen at every established patrol point. Steadily over time, the Forest Service began to abandon or decommission their lookout structures while at the same time converted certain lookouts into profitable recreation rentals or communication relay sites. Several different departments and specialties within the Forest Service actively manage lookout structures including Fire, Recreation, Heritage, Facilities, and Special Uses; however, Region 6 does not have the means to manage every lookout. The goal of this Terminal Project is to provide a single document that all departments within the Forest Service can use to make a holistic assessment of the remaining lookout structures and use as a tool to determine which lookouts to invest in, which ones to nominate for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and which ones to decommission. This is achieved through three means by providing: 1) An historic context that outlines the history and character defining features for the different lookout styles, 2) An inventory for all 17 Forest units, and 3) Metrics to help guide preservation efforts and maximize use. The Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6) of the Forest Service has 173 standing lookouts within its administrative boundary-52 of which are in Washington, 119 in Oregon, and two in Idaho. Of the 173 total lookouts, only 139 are actively managed. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments Abstract ii Dictionary of Terms & Acronyms vi Table of National Policy & Events Affecting Region 06 xi Introduction xx Problem Statement xxii Scope xxiii Methodology xxiv PART I - HISTORIC CONTEXT Chapter 1 Development of the U.S. Forest Service in Region 06 1 Chapter 2 Early Forest Service Period (1905-1911) 5 Early Forest Rangers 6 Early Forest Period Tools and Technology 8 Alidades & Plane Tables 9 Crank Telephones 9 Early Fire Detection Structures 11 Rag Camps 12 Spar Tree 12 Tree Platforms 13 Crow Nests 14 Platform Towers 14 Lookout Cabins 15 Chapter 3 Intermediate Period (1912-1932) 16 Changes in Technology 18 Carrier Pigeons ( 1919-1921) 20 Fire Finder's 21 Heliograph 21 Panoramic Landscape Photographs & Photogrammetry 22 Intermediate Period Fire Structures 22 Cupola Lookouts (1915-1929) 23 Cathedral Lookouts ( c.1928-1931) 25 The L-Series (1917-1957) 25 iii Aermotor Towers (1915-1950) 28 Chapter 4 Depression Era (1933-1941) 30 New Deal Programs and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 30 Depression Era Lookout Structures 33 The L-4 Continued 33 Chapter 5 World War II and the Post-War Period (1942-1960) 34 The Lookout Air Raid (Sept 9, 1942) 36 Post-War 37 WWII & Post-War Lookouts 38 CL-100/106 38 R-6 Flat 39 Chapter 6 Modern to Contemporary Period (1961-present) 40 Modern & Contemporary Lookout Styles 44 PART 11 - ANALYSIS Chapter 7 Distribution of Styles Remaining 46 Cabin 47 Tree Platform 49 Crow Nest 52 D-6 52 Aermotor 54 L-4-AR 57 L-5 57 Cathedral 60 L-4 60 Platform Tower 64 R-6 64 L-6 67 CL-100/106 67 Octagon 70 Replica 70 House 70 Chapter 8 Temporal Distribution & NRHP Significance 73 Intermediate Period ( 1912-1932) 73 iv Depression Era ( 1933-1941) 74 WWII & Post-War Period (1942-1960) 74 Modern (1961-1980) 75 Contemporary ( 1981-present) 75 Chapter 9 Uses 75 Fire Detection 76 Emergencies 76 Inactive 76 Special Use Permits (SUPs) 76 Recreation Rental 76 Other Uses 77 PART Ill - METRICS FOR RETENTION Chapter 10 Should it Stay or Should it Go, Now? 78 CONCLUSION 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY 85 APPENDIX A INVENTORY OF OREGON 0601 Deschutes (DES) 91 0602 Fremont-Winema (FRE-WIN) 107 0604 Malheur (MAL) 120 0606 Mt Hood (MTH) 140 0607 Ochoco (OCH) 149 Crooked River National Grasslands 157 0610 Rogue River-Siskiyou (RRS) 159 0612 Siuslaw (SIU) 172 0614 Umatilla (UMA) 174 0615 Umpqua (UMP) 184 0616 Wallowa-Whitman (WAW) 197 0618 Willamette (WIL) 214 APPENDIX B INVENTORY OF WASHINGTON V 0603 Gifford Pinchot (GIP/GP) 227 0605 Mt Baker-Snoqualmie (MBS) 234 ' 0609 Olympic (OL Y) 249 0614 Umatilla (UMA) 252 0617 Okanogan-Wenatchee (OKW) 257 0621 Colville (COL) 280 APPENDIX C INVENTORY OF USE 287 APPENDIX D USAGE MAPS 295 APPENDIX E LOOKOUT PLANS D-6 301 Tower Plans 313 D-1 326 Tree Platform 327 L-4 Gable 328 L-4 Hip 329 L-6 330 R-6 331 Lightening Protection Systems 332 APPENDIX F RENTAL CONVERSION PROFITABILITY CHEAT SHEET 340 vi DICTIONARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS Terms used to describe lookouts and outbuildings, wildfire detection and suppression activities, logging and forest health management, and other specialized equipment are somewhat unique to this region. The following terms and acronyms were compiled during research and it is meant to assist the reader as well as to explicitly differentiate and solidify the intended meaning of the author. This is by no means a complete compendium and it is important to note that not all of the terms and acronyms referenced below are mentioned in this Terminal Project. They do however, encompass information relevant to lookouts via wildfire management and forest health. vii Term/Acronym Definition "A straight edge or pointer attached to the fire-finder which turns with it in a graduated circle (360-degrees) for measuring the angle of a fire Adelaide smoke from the lookout. They, may also be fitted in a hole in the map board and rotated along an azimuth ring." (Steere, 1987: 149) AWS Aircraft Warning Service "A circular instru.ment graduated into a 360-degree circle for Azimuth Ring measuring the angular distance along the horizon from a north point in any cardinal direction." (Steere, 1987: 150) A tower or frame that slants inward and is not perpendicular to the Battered ground. BLM Bureau of Land Management Refers specifically to towers; it is the cross-brace pattern that provides structural support for the tower frame. They are usually Bracing described by a letter of the alphabet that they closely resemble (i.e., K-brace, H-brace, Z-brace, etc.) Refers to a small square house or cabin that is situated on top of a Cab tower or foundation platform. Cabs can be either live-in or observation-only. Refers to a small wood frame house or log cabin that serves as living quarters for the fire watchman. These are always live-in dwellings, Cabin where the main performative space is not for fire detection. These are residential dwellings and are constructed on the ground, usually near a lookout tower. Decking with a balustrade around the exterior of a lookout cab. They Catwalk serve as both a walkway and an observation platform. CCC Civilian Conservation Corps Concrete Pier Typical foundation footing for wooden and steel lookout towers. CT Creosote Tower A small squarish structure located on the roof of a cab or cabin. They Cupola are usually windows on all four elevations that provide the watchman ( an addition half-story for observation. Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. This is the DAHP preferred acronym for the Washington SHPO. viii Term/Acronym Definition Before regions were established, the Forest Service system had Districts. Once Regions were established and individual forest units, District - the term District referred to offices and posts establishep within a forest. Department of Natural Resources. They manage Washington State DNR Forests. DOI Department of the Interior Where the frame, as well as the cab, of the tower is enclosed. This Enclosed Tower area provides additional storage and sometimes living space. FAA Federal Aviation Administration Fire Suppression The act of minimizing the damage of a wildfire. FFLA Forest Fire Lookout Association Refers to the roof configuration (i.e., the terminology "R-6 Flat" is an Flat R-6 cab with a flattop/flat roof). Refers to the roof configuration (i.e., the terminology "L-4 gable" is an L-4 cab with a gable roof). The gable is the triangular end of a Gable building from cornice to the roof ridge. This triangular roof pitch allows water and snow to amass on either side of a singular ridge. Guard Station A booth or post that houses Forest Rangers and guards. "A small logging operator who usually works on a contract basis" Gyppo (Merriam-Webster) A method of long-distance communication that uses mirrors to Heliograph capture the sun and shutters to convey a Morse code . .. Refers to the hipped roof configuration (i.e., "L-4 hipped" is an L-4 cab with a hipped roof). The most popular roof finish on lookouts, the Hipped hipped roof is pyramidal at the base with a roof ridge rather than a point. This allows water and snow to amass on all four sides of the roof ridge. IFC lnteragency Fire Center Lookout A term that can refer to both the watchman and the structure. ix Term/Acronym Definition A category of lookout where the watchman resides in the structure. These are usually utilitarian in form and function - typically with a modest kitchen and sleeping space, equipped with a fire-finder. This Live-in Lookout way the watchman can complete daily chores while keeping an eye on the timber. These include cupola cabins, cathedral cabins, L-4, R- 6, etc. A structure where the main performative space is used for wildfire Lookout Structure detection. There are two types of lookouts -- Observation-only, and Live-in. Architectural and ornamental details applied to the exterior. Lookout Lookout Style styles include Cathedral, Cupola, D-1, D-6, L-4, L-5, Octagon, etc. There are two types-Live-in and Observation-only. The configuration Lookout Type of the floor plan and massing of structural components is what separates the two. Defined by the IFC as a wildfire that burns more than 40,500 Megafire hectares, or 100,000 acres, of land. NHLR National Historic Lookout Register NRHP National Register of Historic Places Observation-only A category of structure where only the fire-finder is present and the Lookouts watchman lives elsewhere. Oregon Department of Forestry. They manage Oregon's State ODF Forests. Developed by W.B. Osborne in 1909, this device is used to Osborne Fire-finder triangulate the location of a wildfire on the landscape and was widely implemented throughout Region 6. Refers to the time period before Indigenous peoples made contact Precontact with an outside culture. Refers to the time period between the precontact and historic during Proto historic which a culture without writing has been in contact and documented in the written history of an outside culture. PT Pole Tower Region 06 Washington, Oregon, and parts of Western Idaho and California. X Term/Acronym Definition SHPO State Historic Preservation Office A term for a Forest Service employee who is deployed for the initial Smokechaser attach phase of fire suppression. Silviculture The science of growing and cultivating trees. Snag Standing dead tree A limbed and topped tree that serves as an anchor point for mechanized logging. The tree is selected for its height, strength, health, and location. After the tree is selected, it is limbed and topped. Block and tackle are added to the tree in order to affix a cable for Spar Tree dragging felled trees to a staging area (decks or landings) for transportation. The tree's strength is meant to withstand the weight and pressure of the trees being logged. Spar trees are often the sole tree left standing in clear-cuts and are a symbol of strength for loggers. Steam-powered winch that enabled mechanized logging. It required four men and a horse to operate; the "choker-setter" or line-setter, the Steam Donkey "donkey puncher" or engineer, the "spool tender" or line-guider, and the "whistle punk" or signaler (Johnson, 1996). The Steam donkey was integral to early mechanized high-volume logging. TT Timber Tower USFS United States Forest Service "The identification of and marking on maps of all areas seen by a Visibility Mapping particular lookout." (Steere, 1987: 150) These markings are often recorded on panoramic photos circa 1930. Sometimes referred to as a Forest 'Guard, Ranger, or Lookout', these terms refer to USFS seasonal employees who work in fire lookout Watchman structures specifically for the purpose of detection and suppression of wildfires. "An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region"-Oxford Wilderness Dictionary WWLL World-Wide Lookout Library WPA Works Progress Administration WUI Wildland Urban Interface xi TABLE OF NATIONAL POLICY AND EVENTS AFFECTING REGION 06 Period Event Year Impact U.S. Public Domain Public domain was created when states ceded 1781 established 233 million acres to the Federal government Constitution Article 1789 Established Congressional authority over the 4, Section 3, public domain, including the sale of land Paragraph 2 Established territorial government of the Act of August 14 1848 Oregon Territory, which included Washington Established the Department of the Interior to Act of March 3 1849 manage all public domain Donation Land Permitted settlers to claim unsurveyed land in 1850 Claim Act the Oregon territory without legal subdivisions Treaties with 1850- 20+ treaties were signed between Indian Oregon tribes 1855 agents and Oregon tribes. None were ratified. Treaties signed in Seven treaties total; ratified between 1854- 1853- western Oregon 1855 1859. American Indians removed from tribes Willamette Valley Treaties signed for Puget Sound 1854- They were not ratified until 1858 and Olympic 1855 Peninsula Between miners from California and Native 1855- tribes. Natives were eventually defeated by Rogue River Wars 1856 miners and the US Army - moved to neighboring reservations. Oregon Statehood 1859 33rd state to ratify on February 14 Adult citizen could claim 160 acres and were Homestead Act 1862 required to improve the land by erecting a dwelling and cultivating the land Department of Separated agriculture from the Department of Agriculture 1862 the Interior established xii Period Event Year Impact Union Pacific Railroad and Railroad lands were granted to the 1862 Central Pacific transcontinental lines Railroad grants Land grants were given to the first Northern Pacific 1864 transcontinental railroad in the Pacific Grant Northwest Oregon and Land grants to second railroad in the Pacific California land 1866 Northwest grant Allowed homesteaders to acquire an additional Timber Culture Act 1873 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of their land William H. Brewer publication (early 1874 Woodlands and Forest Systems of the U.S. US forestry publication) President Grant " ... to indicate concern that the forests of the addresses 1874 United States were being depleted by over congress cutting and by fire" (Carricker, 6) American Forestry 1875 Association est. Office of Special Agent in the Dept. 1876 Created by Congress to assess the Nation's forests of Agriculture est. Nez Perce War 1877 Chief Joseph surrenders SOI Annual Report, Made first reference to the loss of public timber 1877 Fiscal year 1877 via fire. Sale of 160-acre forest tracts from public Timber and Stone 1878 domain in Oregon, Washington, California, and Act Nevada Division of Forestry 1881 Under the Department of Agriculture created xiii Period Event Year Impact C.S. Sargent publication (early 1885 Report on the Forests of North America US forestry publication) Created Forestry branch of the Department of Act of June 30 1886 Agriculture Forest Reserve Created 160-acre land parcels for individuals Period Dawes Allotment and families, the remaining lands were sold off 1887 Act to non-Natives. Massive tribal lands were lost for the Colville, Grand Ronde, and Siletz. Washington 1889 Statehood Organized the Oregon Alpine Club, later called the Mazama's, were instrumental in early William G. Steel 1889 conservation and outdoor recreation on public lands Increased public land ownership and decreased General (Land) 1891 timber and mineral extraction rights to private Revision Act landowners Authorized the President to withdraw timberland Forest Reserve Act 1891 from the DOI and reserve from the public domain; established Forest Reserve policy Harrison Bull Run Reserve established in Oregon and 1891- Administration the Pacific Reserve established in Washington. 1893 Reserves Bull Run merged with Cascade NF 1908 Cleveland 1892- Cascade Reserve and Ashland Reserve in Administration 1893 Oregon were established Reserves National Academy Sent a Forestry Commission to survey forests 1896 of Science in the western states Cleveland Mt. Rainier Reserve and Olympic Reserve were Administration 1897 established in Washington Reserves xiv Period Event Year Impact This Act was provided for the administration of Organic Act 1897 Forest Reserves. Gifford Pinchot was hired as a Special Forestry Agent Act of July 1 1898 Appropriated funds to manage forest reserves Gifford Pinchot became Chief of the USDA USDA 1898 Department of Forestry Forestry Division created in the Department of USDI 1901 the Interior Division of Forestry 1901 now the Bureau of Forestry renames Yalcolt Fire 1902 Burned 500,000 acres in southwest Washington Crater Lake 1902 National Park est. "King of the Oregon Land Fraud Ring" indicted Steven Puter 1903 for two conspiracies of falsifying homestead indicted claims and bribing GLO inspectors Early Forest Transferred Forest Reserves from GLO to the Service Period Forest Transfer Act 1905 Department of Agriculture. United States Forest Service established American Created protection for cultural sites on public 1906 Antiquities Act lands Designated that ten percent of revenues from Act of June 30 1906 Forest Reserves would go to local governments Forest Homestead Opened agricultural lands within the Forest 1906 Act Reserves for settlement Siskiyou National 1907 GLO lands transferred in 1906 Forest est. Cascade National Also known as Cascade Range National Forest, 1907 Forest est. disseminated in 1933 Colville Forest 1907 Became Colville National Forest Reserve xv Period Event Year Impact Umpqua National 1907 Forest est. Coquille National 1907 Lands combined with Siskiyou NF in 1908 Forest Est Created National Forests and forbade the Act of March 4 1907 President to create additional National Forest land Gifford Pinchot Originally known as the Columbia National National Forest 1908 Forest, part of the Mount Rainier Forest established Reserve Deschutes National 1908 Forest Est. Crater National 1908 Forest est. Washington Forest Fire Association 1908 Formed by former timber owners est. Chelan National 1908 Forest est. Mt. Hood National 1908 Originally known as Oregon National Forest Forest est. Freemont National 1908 Originally part of the Goose Lake Forest Forest Est. Reserve in 1906 191 0 1910 3 million acres burned throughout Idaho, Great Fire of Montana, Washington, and British Columbia Allowed the Federal government to purchase private land, largely rivers and watersheds. Also promoted fire protection and suppression efforts We, eks Act 1911 through National, local, and private cooperative agreements. It also increased funding for fire protection, watershed protection, and forest land acquisitions xvi Period Event Year Impact Contained portions of Cascade, Crater, Paulina National Deschutes, Freemont, and Umpqua NF. Lands 1911 Forest est. disseminated in 1915, now part of the Rogue River-Siskiyou NF Santiam National 1911 Absorbed in 1933 to create Willamette NF Forest est. Ochoco National 1911 Formally part of the Deschutes NF Forest est. Intermediate Period Chelan National Chelan absorbed partes of the Okanogan Forest absorbs 1921 National Forest Okanogan "Black Tuesday" 1929 U.S. stock market crash I Crater National I 1932 Known as Rogue National Forest. I Forest re-named I I Depression-era Willamette National 1933 Absorbed Santiam NF and parts of Cascade NF I Forest est. I I Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) was I WWII 1939- established to watch for enemy planes, 1945 Incendiary bombs landing along west coast and further inland I xvii I I I i Period Event Year Impact World War II and the Post-War Bombing of Pearl Period 1941 The United States entered WWII Harbor Bombardment from Japanese fighter piolet, Nobuo Fujita in the Siskiyou NF, outside of Lookout Air Raid 1942 Brookings, OR Smoke reported from lookout and fire watchmen were dispatched. FS acquired Crooked River Originally called the Central Oregon Land 1954 National Utilization Project. Name changed in 1960. Grasslands Indian termination policy set to assimilate Native tribes to American mainstream society. 1,660 of the 2, 133 members of the Klamath Klamath 1954 tribe withdrew their membership, accepted Termination Act compensation for land, and moved to urban settings. Other tribes affected include the Modoc and the Snake Indians. Western Oregon 61 tribes west of the Cascade mountains were Indian Termination 1954 affected by the termination of sovereign status. Act Portions of Chelan NF renamed back 1955 to Okanogan xviii Period Event Year Impact Modern-Era Mandates that the Secretary of Agriculture develop and administer renewable resources Multiple Use - 1960 associated with timber, range, water, Sustained Yield Act recreation, and wildlife for multiple use and the sustained yield of forest products Winema National 1961 Forest Est. All federal aid and supervision over Klamath Termination Act 1961 tribal lands ended. Widespread damage throughout Oregon, wind Columbus Day gusts were reported between 145-179 mph, 1962 Storm destroying vast amounts of timber and infrastructure Created a legal definition for wilderness. This definition established regulations and use Wilderness Act 1964 restrictions for long-term preservation of wilderness areas Outlines the role and level of involvement National Historic 1966 required from a Federal nexus in regards to the Preservation Act management of historic resources. I A process to foster excellence that protects, ' restores, and enhances our environment i National through an Environmental Assessment (EA) or I Environmental 1969 an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)--tools Policy Act I to identify the potential for adverse effects required for any Federal undertaking. I ' i Forest and I Rangelands Authorizes long-term planning by the FS to Renewable 1974 ensure a future supply of forest resources while Resources maintaining environmental integrity. Planning Act Requires a resource management plan for each National Forest unit of the NF system. The management plan 1976 Management Act requires an evaluation of resources based on multiple-use and sustained-yield principles Public Law No. 95- The sovereignty of the Confederated Tribes of 1977 195, 91 Stat. 1415 Siletz Indians was restored xix Period Event Year Impact Cooperative Provides financial and technical assistance to private landowners to protect their wildlands Forestry 1978 from insects and parasites, wildfire, water Assistance Act quality, and recreational development Most destructive eruption in US history. The Eruption of Mount 1980 eruption decimated old growth habitat for the St. Helens Northern Spotted Owl. Contemporary Mount St. Helens National Volcanic 1982 Originally part of Gifford Pinchot NF Monument est. Public Law 97-391 The sovereignty of the Cow Creek Band of 1982 96 Stat. 1960 Umpqua Tribe of Indians was restored Public Law No. 98- The sovereignty of the Confederated Tribes of 1983 165, 97 Stat. 1064 the Grand Ronde was restored The sovereignty of the Confederated Tribes of Public Law No. 98- 1984 Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw were 481, 98 Stat. 2250 restored. Klamath Reestablished the Klamath tribe as a sovereign 1986 Restoration Act state The sovereignty of the Coquille Indian Tribe Public Law 101-42 1989 was restored Led to protections for Northern Spotted Owl Northern Spotted habitat in old growth forest and sparked logging Owl added to wars and illegal cutting of old growth. Olympic 1990 Endangered National Forest had to cut 80% of their Species list personnel as a result of these protections and timber not being harvested. Tyee-Hatchery Fire 1994 Consuming roughly 135,000 acres Freemont-Winema 2002 Administratively combined NF est. Rogue River- 2004 Administratively combined Siskiyou NF est. xx INTRODUCTION Fire watchmen were first employed in droves by the United States Federal Government throughout the Northwest states to protect the Nation's timber after the Great Fire of 19101 that burned over 3 million acres of timber in Idaho, Montana, Washington, and British Columbia. This wildfire was the largest forest fire America had experienced--taking the lives of 86 citizens, eviscerating entire towns, and destroying an estimated 8 billion cubic board feet of merchantable timber (US Forest Service [USFS] Great Fire of 191 O: 1-3). The Great Fire of 1910 was the first megafire that the USG was invested in suppressing-three future Forest Service chiefs were involved. The Buffalo soldiers were even deployed to Wallace and Avery, ID where they saved the citizens and entire town of Avery when it was completely surrounded by flames. From this catastrophic event, the infamous legend surrounding Edward Pulaski occurred where he saved his fellow firefighters in the mouth of a mining tunnel. This single disaster influenced the Agency to create a National fire protection policy. The Great Fire of 1910 was a catalyst for the establishment of over 800 lookout structures in Oregon alone (Kresek, 1984: 5; Hill, 2004: 105). The landscape in the Northwest region is harsh and dramatic. However, not all landscapes were conducive for a single style of lookout structure and many different styles were tested. There are two types of lookouts-Observation-only and Live-in. Live- in lookouts are a type of lookout where the watchman resides in the structure. These are usually utilitarian in form and function, typically with a modest kitchen and sleeping space, and equipped with a fire-finder. This way the watchman can complete daily chores while keeping an eye on the timber. Observation-only lookouts are generally elevated in a tower or spar tree and have much smaller cabs where only a fire-finder is present; the watchman lives elsewhere. These two types were designed to accommodate patrol points in both the higher mountainous regions as well as the lower rugged valleys. Lower elevation patrol points would require forest rangers to create make-shift observation-only structures in spar trees to peer over the timber; whereas, at higher elevations, rangers could get an unobstructed 360-degree view and didn't need to be elevated but needed living quarters. 1 Also referred to as The Great Idaho Fire and The Big Blowup. xxi Standardization began in the Forest Service with the replication of what is known as the D-6 (District 6, now Region 06) lookout, based on a model constructed by Lige Coleman on Mt. Hood. Other standardized lookout construction plans provided by the Forest Service included the L-4, L-5, L-6, D-5, and many more. Different regions adapted different styles of lookouts for the variety of landscapes that they managed. Region 06 also approved plans for steel Aermotor towers, Octagons, and what is known as the R-6 lookout structure. Before the advent of radar, infrared, and fiberoptic technology, these administrative structures were essential to the security of our Nation's timber as well as the surrounding rural communities. It has now become less cost effective to fund a full-time fire watchman in some areas when technology can relay the same information more accurately and efficiently. The Forest Service, and many other government agencies, still employ fire watchmen to use these structures for fire detection-their original intended use. Some lookouts have been developed into communication sites-housing radio repeaters, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) equipment, generators or they are adorned with satellite dishes and antennae. Others have been converted into recreation rentals to accommodate overnight guests and collect fees for the lookout's maintenance. While the remainder have not been evaluated for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and/or have fallen into disrepair. Fire lookout structures are symbols of the Forest Service's protective presence in the Pacific Northwest. Fire lookouts are older and arguably more symbolic of the Forest Service's dedication to wildfire management than Smokey the Bear. Fire lookout structures are deeply woven into the history and development of the Pacific Northwest. They are tangible representations that embody the value of public safety and community service; while, at the same time, offering spectacular views. Lookout structures were some of the earliest administrative facilities developed by the Forest Service that aided in the execution of its mission2. Constructed and/or assembled by forest employees and local carpenters, fire lookouts are an integral component to 2 other examples of the earliest developed facilities included trails, trail shelters, roads, bridges, and telegraph and telephone lines (Atwood et al., 2005: 65). xxii ensure protection over the region's abundant timber supply which, in turn, supports the regional and national economy. PROBLEM STATEMENT Federal law requires the USFS to identify, evaluate, and preserve cultural resources on federally-owned public lands under its jurisdiction. These requirements are mandated under the Antiquities Act of 1906, the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), Executive Order 11593 of 1971, the 1974 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the 1976 National Forest Management Act, and the 1979 Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA). The total number of lookouts ever constructed on Forest Service land at any given time is still unknown. According to Forest Service records available in the National Resource Manager (NRM), a system of database tools for managing information across the Agency, there are only 139 managed lookout facilities out of the total 10,506 facilities managed by the Forest Service in Region 6. Managed lookouts as a type, represent 1.32% of the total number of structures on Forest Service lands in this region. Of the facilities managed, lookouts represent a maximum deferred maintenance cost of over $4million. Outside of managed facilities, this inventory found that there are 34 lookouts and possibly more that are heritage assets and not managed facilities. Region 06 does not have the funding or resources to maintain all 173 lookouts on its lands. There are 16 different styles of lookouts remaining on Forest Service lands in Region 06, all of which present different preservation challenges. Due to the degradation and unmaintained tower structures, the biggest challenge lookouts face is public safety. Lookouts are isolated in the depths of the forest where emergency services or law enforcement aren't readily available, and the Forest Service could be liable for injuries if they occur from of the lack of structural integrity. Some Forests have posted signs at several lookout locations that warn users to avoid climbing on unstable lookouts, but because they are visited by a number of enthusiast groups and tourists, lookouts receive a high level of vandalism that includes the theft of tower parts to initials being carved into its members to spray painting the envelope. xxiii Many lookouts also lack energy efficiency or modern utilities which makes their conversion to a profitable use, like a rental, challenging. Lookouts need to be accessible by either trail or roads that require maintenance. The structure itself needs to be able to withstand the elements and climate change has increased the frequency and severity of weather-related damage. Located in the depths of the forest, lookouts are susceptible to extreme weather conditions and the materials and composition of certain lookouts cannot withstand the elements that include heavy snowfall, treefall, heavy rain, hurricane winds, wood-boring insects, termites, or other vermin that can carry disease. Furthermore, they are not immune from being ravaged by wildfire which claimed several lookouts throughout the Nation in this past year. All of this contributes to the overall deferred maintenance for these structures. SCOPE The administrative boundaries for this terminal project are limited to the Pacific Northwest Region 06 of the USDA Forest Service which includes 17 national forests in Oregon and Washington that extend into parts of Idaho and California. There is one national grassland area, two national recreation areas, two national scenic areas, and two national volcanic monuments. The six national forests in Washington State are Colville, Gifford Pinchot, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie, Okanogan, Olympic, and Wenatchee. The 11 national forests in Oregon are Deschutes, Fremont-Winema, Malheur, Mt. Hood, Ochoco, Rogue River-Siskiyou, Siuslaw, Umatilla, Umpqua, Wallowa-Whitman, and the Willamette. The national grassland is the Crooked River in the Ochoco National Forest. The two national recreation areas are Hells Canyon and Oregon Dunes; the national scenic areas are the Columbia River Gorge and the Cascade Head; and the two national volcanic monuments are Mount St. Helens and Newberry. The Pacific Northwest Region 06 is one of nine National Forest Regions throughout the United States that are administered by the Department of Agriculture under the direction of the Chief Forester. The Agency's main headquarters are in Washington, DC and is referred to as the Washington Office. The headquarters for the Pacific Northwest Region 06 are located in Portland, Oregon. xxiv The temporal boundaries for the historic context portion of this study extends from 1905, when the earliest administrative and recreational developments occurred, to present, which surpasses the National Register nomination requirements that require the resource be of 50 years of age, unless otherwise noted as significant in the modern era. Contextual information is provided which pre-dates 1905 and this is to provide a framework for the development of the National Forest system in the Pacific Northwest as well as provide a context for policies, laws, and philosophies which impacted the management of Federal lands in this area. The inventory includes all lookouts, including contemporary construction. The last lookout to be constructed in Region 06 was in 2004. The term lookout is vague. Although the term "Lookout" is a more commonly used term to refer to someone who mans a Lookout structure, this paper will continue to refer to them as "Fire Watchmen" to avoid confusion between the person and the building. For the sake of this paper, the term lookout will refer to a structure specifically constructed for wildfire detection. Some ranger stations and guard stations were used to detect wildfire; however, they were not constructed for that specific intended use and are not included in this inventory and analysis. Some lookouts are no longer a performative space for fire detection but still retain the original construction elements and features that make them lookout structures. These are included. A lookout is considered standing if all foundation supports and cab walls are intact. With regard to tree structures, the tree itself has to still be erect-live or dead. METHODOLOGY This Terminal Project is divided into three major sections-Historic Context, Analysis, and Metrics. This tome will serve as a basis for making future management decisions as well as an aid for evaluating unevaluated lookout structures, both eligible and ineligible, within Region 6. XXV PART I - HISTORIC CONTEXT The first part of this terminal project presents an historic context. The historic context is based on existing secondary resources including context statements, historic overviews, National Register nominations, Region 06 databases, lookout plans, photographs and other internal agency reports and letters, in addition to nationally published sources on Forest Service history. The historic context is divided into periods of significance that have already been predetermined by the Forest Service as denoting significant architectural trends in this Region, outlined in Utility in Service (Kay Atwood, Sally Donovan, Dennis Gray, and Ward Tonsfeldt) in 2005. These periods represent important shifts in patterns of development of the Forest Service at both the regional and national levels. These periods of significance have been approved by the Oregon SHPO and Washington DAHP through previous National Register nominations and Federal publications. Within these periods of significance, a brief context to historic trends, technology used during the period, and lookout styles constructed will be provided. Each of these Periods of Significance relates to the development of lookout styles and these are each expanded upon within their chronological period. These periods are: • Forest Reserve Period: 1897-1904 • Early Forest Service Period: 1905-1911 • Intermediate Period: 1912-1932 • Depression-era: 1933-1941 • World War II and the Post-War Period: 1942-1960 The historic context will also include relevant information on lookouts for the period between 1960 and 1980, referred to as the Modern era and the period from 1980 to present, referred to as the Contemporary period. The historic context also outlines the known preservation issues and past management practices concerning lookouts. This foundation provides a context for how these sites developed-identifying key landscape features, secondary structures, and cultural material associated with these sites. xxvi PART II - ANALYSIS This section analyzes the inventory collected and provides a comparative analysis of the remaining styles. Maps and images are provided for context. The qualitative data was collected through document research and review of Forest Service Facility and Engineering records in the NRM database, Mark Swift's Lookout Inventory, heritage program records in the INFRA legacy database and NRM, Forest Fire Lookout Association's (FFLA)3 Worldwide Lookout Library (WWLL), Rex Kamastra's Pacific NW Forest Lookout webpage4, Will Hite's Outdoor and Travel Adventures5 blog, Ron Kemnow's Forest Lookouts webpage6, and the National Historic Lookout Register (NHLR)7. Several of these sources include their own inventories. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) completed a survey in 2019 for several lookout sites in the Region to conduct condition assessments and encourage development or decommissioning of these communication sites. The mission of the 2019 FAA survey was to identify sites which could be developed for annunciation displays and to identify decommissioned communication sites. Their survey strategy was derived directly from the USDA USFS Region 06 Facilities records for all known lookout sites ever constructed on forest lands in Washington and Oregon; however, the FAA survey team did not visit every lookout communication site in the region and only went to a selection of forests based on the forest's response. Some forests in the region were not included in the 2019 FAA survey due to lack of response and correspondence. The update by the FAA to the Forest Service Facility records include spatial data, structure condition, type or style employed, landscape features, secondary structures, construction and/or decommissioning dates, engineering specifications, National Register status, as well as historic aerial photographs and more recent detailed photographs. The survey that the FAA completed provides the most recent and accurate information regarding a selection of lookouts on National Forest lands in Region 06. 3 Firelookout.org 4 Firelookout.com 5 Willhiteweb.com 6 oregonlookouts.weebly.com 7 NHLR.org xxvii The information gathered for this terminal project included the following data on each lookout in the region: district, site number (if assigned), common name, style, year constructed, NRHP status, unit type (administrative, developed rec, etc.), accessibility, if in designated wilderness, building type (basic or complex), primary building material, planning status, current use, seasonality of use, facility condition, date of last condition assessment, geographic location (Latitude/Longitude [Lat/Long]), partner groups, and other historic details/relevant remarks. The photos provided in this tome and associated presentations were derived from the National Historic Lookout Register, the Firefighter Lookout Association, Rex Kamastra's Forest Fire Lookout Page, National Register of Historic Places nominations, Will Hite's Outdoor and Travel Adventures blog, and USFS Architectural histories. Each photo is individually cited. PART Ill - METRICS The metrics consider management decisions outlined in Recreation Site Facility Maintenance Plans (RSFMPs) and Facility Maintenance Plans (FMPs), facility type, current use, spatial distribution (micro and macro), temporal distribution, recreation rental adaptability, and NRHP eligibility and significance. These metrics were developed to help guide program managers in deciding if the lookout they are managing should be retained or decommissioned. Fire lookouts are generally erected as administrative structures--strategically constructed to be used and staffed by Forest Service employees for successful completion of the Forest's mission. Since these structures are no longer required for daily operations and fire detection, they are either converted into a recreation rental, treated as a relay point for telecommunication devices through a Special Use Permit (SUP), or they become abandoned. The purpose of this section is to identify solutions to keep these lookouts in continual use and the metrics developed are for this purpose. Management options include multi-property nominations, Special Use Permits (SUPs), recreation rentals, interagency agreements and partnerships, identifying special interest groups, relocation, and adaptive use potential under Section 111 of the NHPA. All of the lookout sites that the FM determined ideal for developing, installing communication xxviii devices, or continuing services to will need to be managed collectively by the region in order to uphold this lnteragency Agreement. Therefore, all of the sites that the FAA recognized during their assessment will be included in the inventory and should be accounted for in preservation management plans moving forward. Lookouts include several different types and styles; the majority of which were modeled after standard plans developed by Regional Offices. To discern which lookouts are worth preserving or developing, a series of evaluation criteria was employed. For a lookout structure or site to be included in the representative sampling, it must either be: i. significant to local, regional, or national history through either: 1) association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history (NRHP Criterion A, 36 CFR 60.4(a)); 2) association with significant people (NRHP Criterion B, 36 CFR 60.4(b)); 3) embodying the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (NRHP Criterion C, 36 CFR 60.4(c)); 4) being fifty years old, or if under fifty years old, demonstrate exceptional significance (NRHP Criteria consideration G, 36 CFR 60.4(g)); ii. possess integrity from the historic period in which it was constructed. The lookouts must have integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association (36 CFR 60.4 ); iii. currently used or possess potential for continued use 1) currently in-use through a SUP or lnteragency Agreement, 2) converted, or able to be converted, into a recreation rental and asset. xxix PART 1: HISTORIC CONTEXT CHAPTER 1: DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE IN REGION 06 The Pacific Northwest (Region 06) of the Forest Service encompasses the 17 national forests, grasslands and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area within the states of Oregon and Washington, and portions of western ldaho8. Although the region does not include the entire Pacific Northwest, the region's development is closely related, and a vital contributor, to the history of the Northwest as a af whole. The Pacific Northwest has a unique -(~.J Q) cultural identity that comes from precontact U) ui history, protohistoric contact, geography, and I!! 0 mont- OREGON LL inimitable bioregionalism. inema r3 U) Geographically, the Pacific Northwest is => defined as the watershed of the Columbia River; however, the Puget Sound, coastal rivers, and Southern Oregon are also included. The Columbia River and its tributaries connected Native peoples in this region. These tributaries provided routes for communication, trade, and travel through the wilderness and Indigenous groups lived along the river valleys where the runs of anadromous fish species were vital to their food supply. These tributaries to the Columbia River provide a tangible resource that connects the western valleys with the inland areas of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and portions of western Montana. The drastic landscape of the Northwest is complex, with river valleys and mountain ranges extending from sea level to 14,000 feet. Most of the Forest Service land that remains in this region is oriented along the Cascade mountain range, which is the most vertically dominant landform in the region. This major mountain range extends from southern British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, and terminates in Northern California. The Cascade Range divides the dry high plains desert of the east from the moist temperate zones in the west. Other prominent mountain ranges in the region include the Siskiyou Mountains in southern Oregon, the Oregon Coast range9 along the 8 Management of the two lookouts in western Idaho is administered by the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. 9 Also called the, "Pacific Coast Range". 1 Pacific Ocean, the Olympics' in northwest Washington, the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeast Washington, and the Rocky Mountain foothills in the Northwest corner of Washington. These sublime, mountainous areas are the location of fire lookout structures. Beginning in the 1840's, emigration west of the Mississippi opened a new frontier with public lands extending to the Pacific Ocean, called the Oregon Territory. A territorial government was formed in 1848 and government leaders applied themselves vigorously to allocate the public domain (Atwood, et al.; 2004: 5). The Department of the Interior (DOI) was created in 1849 for the purpose of distributing lands by means of various homestead programs, state land claims, and large grants that were allocated to railroad companies participating in the transcontinental railway system circa 1850. All of these programs required the clearing of mass timber land which ultimately led to a decline in overall biomass nationwide. The Department of Agriculture was established in 1862 and initially only oversaw food and agricultural production, nutrition science, natural resources, and rural development; the science of Forestry and silviculture would not gain popularity until the mid-1870's. The DOI initially managed all forested lands, known as Forest Reserves, until the Forest Transfer Act in 1905 which transferred management of the Forest Reserves to the Department of Agriculture. In 1870, Oregon, Washington, and California collectively produced 521 million cubic board feet of timber that was only 4% of the nation's total timber, which was thought to be an insignificant amount. Prior to 1870, Congress and the American people had little interest in forest conservation and there were very few laws in place that protected timberlands 1°. However, a surge of interest in landscape conservation led to the development of silviculture in the US. Silviculture and Forestry began in German universities and became an emerging interest at American universities like Harvard and Yale during this time (Atwood, et al.; 2004: 5). Managed forests, plantations, and stands of timber were not a new concept in Europe. A large proponent to forest conservation efforts in the US were in part due to a paper written by botanist Franklin B. Hough entitled, "On the Duty of Governments in the Preservation of Forests" which he presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1872 (Atwood, et al.; 2004: 5-6). That same year, Congress set aside Yellowstone National Park and passed the Timber Culture Act the following year. Enthusiasts for this new science established the American Forestry Association in 1875 and the Department of Agriculture created the Division of Forestry in 1876. 10 Two laws were passed by Congress prior to 1870. One included the establishment of timber reserves for the US Navy and the other controlled timber trespass on public land (Atwood, et al.; 2004: 5). 2 In 1878, Hough presented his report on the diminishing condition of the Nation's Forests to the Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz, who ordered and disseminated 25,000 copies (Atwood et al.; 2004: 5). That same year, Congress passed the Timber and Stone Act which established 160-acre timber claims for individual citizens but otherwise forbade unauthorized cutting on public lands. In 1879, Schurz asked congress to establish timber preserves in California (Atwood et al.; 2004: 5). Euro-Americans who began to enter the Northwest territories in the middle decades of the 19th Century were drawn to the remoteness of the Oregon country based on a Christian-bias of a pristine and unspoiled wilderness. These "Eden seekers" tended to be unwavering God- fearing peoples, embodying the spirit of Jeffersonian self-sufficiency (Atwood et al., 2004: 7). Missions were established to assimilate the Native populations to Euro-American religion and culture. Until the transcontinental railroads reached Oregon and Washington in the 1880's, the Pacific Northwest was remote and difficult to reach-the most reliable access was by ship. The gold rush of 1849 in California (Region 05) hastened the fervor for settlement in the west. However, as the lodes were claimed and depleted, the miners migrated north into Jacksonville, Oregon in the Applegate Valley around 1850. This entanglement of cultures in southern Oregon as well as Eastern Washington between 1840 and 1850's led to "Timber depredation, as much as they are to be guarded against, the mass slaughter and dispersal of Native peoples to are by no means the most serious reservations-most famously the Whitman incident in danger that threatens the great 1847 near Walla Walla, Washington and the Rogue pine forests ... It is fire that is most to be dreaded. The forest fires in Indian Wars in southern Oregon between 1855 and the timber regions of Montana, 1856. This erasure was a key factor to the 'taming' of Wyoming and the other Western wilderness areas and allowed white settlement to Territories have destroyed more commandeer forest lands in the years to come. trees in the past summer than have been Jost by all the Many years of arguing over the role of the USG, depredations from the beginning timber management and wildfire suppression resulted in of the first settlement until the the Organic Act of 1897. For the first time, personnel present data." -Secretary of Interior were hired to manage the Forest Reserves (Carricker, Annual Report, 1889 1991: 8). At this point, Forest Reserve land was open for timber harvest, recreation, irrigation, mining, and grazing which increased the risk of wildfires. Recreation enthusiasts in the late nineteenth century formed organizations that advocated for the creation of national park lands and for the preservation of wilderness, which 3 was vital to the development of the USFS in the Pacific Northwest. Boone and Crockett Club was founded in 1887 and attracted membership from several national figures including Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot (Atwood, et al., 2004:6). John Muir campaigned throughout the Pacific Northwest and spent several summers on the Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon. Roosevelt and Muir wrote tirelessly about the outdoors and were able to reach a substantial audience through books and magazine articles. These books and essays were educational and motivated the public to support the creation of Crater Lake National Park in 1902 and the Cascade Forest Reserves in 1907 (Atwood, et al., 2004: 4, 6). Politically, however, Forest Reserves set aside large swaths of land without compensation to state and local governments; the reserved land was removed from property tax roles which would have otherwise generated income. For example, 80 percent of Washington's Skamania County was part of the Mt. Rainier Forest "In consequence of the absence of Reserve (Atwood, et al., 2004:8) which meant that local a we/I-developed system of governments would need to provide community services administration, the value of this to the citizens living on the reserves without being able {public] forestry property is to tax the land. The services that the states and local annually decimated by the fire and by illegal and wasteful cutting." governments were charged with included road construction and maintenance through the reserves as -Senate Committee well as a management plan for natural disasters such as on Agriculture and Forestry, 1892 (Wengert et al., 1979) wildfire and floods. Many counties throughout the northwest considered dissolving and aligning with adjacent counties to create an adequate tax base (Atwood, et al., 2004: 8; Mack and McClure, 1992: 12). In 1906, legislation was passed that mandated the return of 10% of all revenue from national forest lands to local governments (Atwood, et al., 2004: 9) as well as the Forest Homestead Act that opened forested land to homesteading. The Act of July 1, 1898 allocated funds for forest rangers and personnel to manage and patrol the forests which provided steady employment revenue to the local communities. The Act also provided a management structure--Superintendents managed the lands at a State level, Supervisors to manage individual reserves, and Rangers who patrolled the backcountry on horseback. There were so many applicants for ranger positions at the Cascade Forest Reserve alone that a personnel policy had to be established to limit the applicant pool and ensure that only the "vigorous, vigilant, and fearless" (Rakestraw and Rakestraw, 1989 :16; Atwood, et al., 4 2004: 11) were employed. Trails were the primary means for accessing the Forest Reserves at that time, the majority of which were of Native American origin. CHAPTER 2: EARLY FOREST SERVICE PERIOD (1905-1911) The National Forest Service system was established in 1905 when Congress transferred forest reserves (Transfer Act) from the General Land Office (GLO), under the DOI, to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Along with the transfer of property, management practices and philosophies differed from the DOI and the USDA. Forest reserves established under DOI were managed from a position of conserving the timbered areas; whereas, the USDA emphasized utilization of the resources (Atwood, et al., 2004: 11-12) and from 1905 to 1907, seventeen additional reserves in Oregon and Washington were set aside. This gave the Pacific Northwest the highest percentage of reserved land in the nation. The Transfer Act provided national forests with financial security and independence. Receipts from all forest resources including grazing and timber extraction were to go into a special fund for the management and expansion of National Forests. This freed the Forest Service from having to be dependent on operating funds and appropriations from Congress (Atwood, et al., 2004: 12). Although the Forest Service had its financial autonomy, the Oregon land fraud scandal in 1902 undermined the public's confidence in the forest reserve system to self-regulate 11. To stand apart from the previous management, the Forest Service instituted civil service exams to test the Ranger's knowledge of forestry laws and conservation principals, identification of trees by their Latin name, animal packing, surveying, riding, shooting, building structures, and basics for cooking over a camp fire (Atwood, et al., 2004: 13-14, 66). The Use Book was published in 1907 by Gifford Pinchot which clarified points of public tension from the old policies and outlined the new management roles of the National Forest Service system. The Great Fire of 1910, colloquially known as The Big Burn, scorched a tremendous area of land throughout the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia. This large loss of timber was a major catalyst for the Forest Service to become a forest-fire suppression organization. Directly related to the 191 O fire season, the Weeks Act of 1911 authorized the USG to purchase private land, largely to protect rivers and watersheds, but also to promote a fire protection system. This system outlines a collaborative suppression effort between National, State, and private agreements. 11 High level politicians were implicated for improprieties while the lower-level supervisors and rangers were viewed as "opportunistic and dilatory" (Atwood, et at., 2004: 13). 5 Aside from the Great Fire of 1910, a critical proponent and advocate for making wildfire detection and suppression Chief Henry Graves part of the Forest Service mission, was its Chief, Gifford Pinchot (1898-1910). Pinchot and his constituents promoted wildfire detection, prevention, and suppression and his vision would shape the future of the Forest Service (Grosvenor, 1999: 95; Thornton, 1986: 14 ). Pinchot's system focused on early fire detection, establishing observation and patrol points, and establishing telephone communication lines. However, when President Theodore Roosevelt left office in 1909, Pinchot lost a valuable ally in the White house and eventually President Taft had him removed in 1910. This, along with a lack of designated funds, would restrict the development of fire lookout sites and other administrative structures on the Forest Service until 1920 and 1930. EARLY FOREST RANGERS Early Rangers possessed a veritable mixed bag of skills ranging from barely literate to engineers who studied at Yale (Atwood et al., 2004; 10-11 ). Rangers were responsible for enforcing Federal regulations including mineral extraction, grazing, and timber policies. The Forest Rangers were the original field employees who carried out agency goals and missions by surveying land, building cabins, counting sheep, building corrals, constructing trails and roads, fighting wildfires, and whatever else was required. Due to the vastness of timber lands in the Pacific Northwest, the labor supply was often inadequate. At the time, the Forest Service had very little strategy developed or even any systematic organization for fire detection and suppression other than individual efforts of these Forest Service employees, whom often depended on the neighboring ranchers and farmers. The earliest forest rangers were hired for the fire season in the summer months and spent much of 6 their time "chasing smokes" and battling wildfires _,..---- with hand tools (Atwood et al., 2005: 66). During the early part of the century, national forests had _. •:~-~- / • ' .. .,.1 developed very few roads and trails beyond '..;:.,;:,:.._., ':_ -~_,,_, ·.i;_ Native American travel ways. This is important . ·- . because access into the forest was limited and \;/ii ; i i· ~·. . · ,~-~..,.. .. sometimes would require the ranger to go off-trail for miles-knowledge of the landscape and land ft;t~~tt~;;~!t . 3t,; features was critical to reach the fire and limit the spread. Ranger riding the trail on fire patrol to Bald Knob in Oregon c.1908, foresthistory.org Among the many other duties, Rangers were responsible for building pack trails into the wilderness. This created an interconnected trail system that connected remote fire guard and ranger stations. Fire watchmen initially established lookout posts on the highest peaks, which offered a 360-degree panoramic view. If there was not a view available, watchmen would establish a Crow Nest structure in the tallest tree with a camp in the nearby vicinity. Eventually these structures became more sophisticated and permanent as the fire watchman became an essential asset to daily operations and forest development. During the early Forest Reserve period, rangers had very little opportunity to prevent, detect, or "The Rangers are the men who suppress wildfires. The fire watchmen, affectionately carry out the work on the ground. called "smoke chasers," were typically the first to They are directly under the respond by foot or horseback using shovels and axes to Supervisor. They must thoroughly know the country, its conditions, fight the fire. The Forest Service created policies and its people. They live in the regarding fire prevention in the form of regulating timber forests, often in locations far from sale contracts and requiring loggers to dispose of slash settlement and sources of supply. before it became hazardous. The Forest Service used The Ranger must be able to take care of himself and his horses citations and fines to educate recreational campers and under very trying conditions; build stockmen about fire safety and prevention (Bach, 1989: trails and cabins, ride all day and 84 ). Logging railroads that burned coal were mandated all night; pack, shoot, and fight fire without losing his head." to use oil instead. The Southern Pacific Railway -the Use Book, 1907 cooperated with these early Forest Service programs and they patrolled their tracks and provided fire suppression equipment and aide in the form of railroad cars (Rakestraw and Rakestraw, 1988: 7 53). However, the most successful of these fire prevention management tactics was the construction of a network of lookouts stretching across the forest system. EARLY FOREST PERIOD TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY Lookouts were strategically placed at what are known as, Patrol Points. Patrol Points were stopping points for backcountry Rangers on horseback patrols that offered overviews of the forest lands. Even if a lookout structure had not been established, Rangers would take advantage of the views that they offered. If there was a smoke on the horizon, Rangers would use a triangulation device Rangers testing a firefinder from a Crow Nest. Photo from such as an Alidade, to pin-point the exact 1911. location. Often times, Rangers and watchmen were the first to detect the fires and the first to respond. Fires were attacked using basic hand tools like a hoe, axe, and shovel to create a fire line and to try and reduce the overall amount of fuels. The purpose of Fire Lines is to create a break in the biomass in order to quell the spread of the fire. Hand tools are used to dig into the ground until bare mineral soil is exposed. Fire response and suppression was informal as the national framework for handling wildfires had not been conceptualized. Although the Osborne Fire Finder was developed and tested by the Forest Service as early as 1911, they did not become a popular tool and an installation in the lookout until lookouts became standardized during the Intermediate Period. Alidade and fire finders are early examples of the Forest Service's commitment to developing what is known as a "fixed-point detection" system that was comprised of a network of fire observation locations that provided optimal views and were strategic in detecting and locating wildfires in timberland (Atwood et al., 2005: 66). 8 ALIDADES & PLANE TABLES An alidade is a surveying tool that is used to measure distance through triangulation of horizontal and vertical angles from a reference point (Hill, 2013: 5-6). This is done through a scope on a flat plane, tripod, or platform in conjunction to a datum on a topographical map and a scoping device that provided an azimuth, similar to a sexton. The stands were generally chest height with a S.L. Hoover with an alidade on a stump at Maiden Peak in square plane top, roughly two to three feet in Olympic National Forest 1921, Deschutes NF. Supervisor and District height, and a map affixed to it (Carricker, Ranger using alidade. Date unknown 1991: 27). Many early fire detection structures and patrol points utilized alidades, sometimes placed plainly on a stump, to locate the fire. CRANK TELEPHONES Good field communication is vital when, "a minute may mean millions12". The earliest surviving record of line construction was in 1905 on the Siskiyou Forest Reserve that was completed by a private logging company (Forest History Society). Because rangers patrol the remote regions of the forest, crank telephones were used at lookout sites well into the 1960's. The transmitter box located at the patrol point or lookout was powered by batteries and the crank action was used to rotate an internal belt that was essentially a hand generator (DOI, 1958: 7.1-7.2). The telephone boxes were originally made for use in mines and the cast-iron boxes were resistant to explosions and vandalism. In the early days, nearby residents could use the Forest Service telephone in Devil's Peak "Iron Mine exchange for their services as per diem fire personnel. telephone and a crude temporary alidade whittled from shakes. - E.W. Smith, 1915", NPSHistory.com 12 "Use of Telephone Lines in Fighting Fires," American Forestry 27, No.8 (August 1911 ): 468. 9 Later, in 1915, the Forest Service entered a long-term agreement with the American Telephone and Telegraph company (AT&T) where the Forest Service received a 50% discount for toll calls if they would not construct lines for their competitors. A significant development in communication came from the notorious Forest Service telephone engineer, "Ring Bell" Adams from Region 1, who designed a portable handheld phone that could be clipped . ~ . to a telephone line (Forest History Society). In Region 6, Clay M. Allen created a vine maple telephone bracket that held the line ~J ~~L. ... away from the tree and was strong enough to withstand inclement weather. However, the telephone still had many limitations including cost, terrain, or even being ravaged during a wildfire. Charlie Lewis using a #9-wire telephone line in the field, Olympic NF. Photo by Asahel Curtis Hn•,,;lcr Signu.lino-Tdephrme 1-bml )z,f • t.-., ftj r1~• , , ,: I : l . , ) I. •. ,l. • > : , 1. ! !, ' "\ ,~·. 1 ••. •. • "!\..·. 4'. "-'• j Portable telephone handset and "howler" signaling device (foresthistory.org). 10 EARLY FIRE DETECTION STRUCTURES (1905-1911) Although ranger stations and guard stations13 are not EARLY considered lookout structures, they aided and housed Rangers ADMINISTRATIVE that utilized the lookout structures and patrolled the forest. BUILDINGS These are the first administrative properties to be placed in the forest system. These buildings are limited in number14 and represent the earliest period of the National Forest presence in Region 6. Lookouts from this period were temporary and observation-only aside from cabin structures. Guard stations Ranger stations, and cabins were the first permanent structures on the forests and they established a Northwest, or Cascadian, aesthetic that is mimicked in the construction of Live-in lookouts in periods to come. The early ranger stations were small rectangular structures generally made of log with gable roofs, small multi- light windows, and some covering over the porch. The Olallie Meadow Guard Cabin (1910) in the Mt. Hood National Forest has a front-facing gable roof covered with wood shakes, wood shingles on the gable ends, horizontal round logs walls with timbers chinking, and a shed roof supported by log posts. This is one of the few surviving seasonally used cabins from this era. The Packwood Lake Guard Cabin (1910) in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest represents the early period of dispersed Forest Service administration when much of the terrain was accessible only by trail. Built by a private hydroelectric company, the 18' x 20' rectangular log building became a fixture in Forest Service use and around 1916, the building provided housing for backcountry patrolmen. Fire watchmen and guards established a variety of temporary shelters and tree stands. Lookout styles 13 Guard stations and Ranger stations are not included in the lookout inventory. They are included here to provide context of the built environment in Region 06 during this time period. 14 Unfortunately, most of these buildings have either been demolished or remodeled. 11 constructed during this period included pup tents or rag camps in clearings; crow nests, tree platforms, and spar tree lookouts in tall trees, tower platforms, and small log cabins during this period. RAG CAMPS Fire watchmen, more commonly referred to as "Lookouts", watched over the Nation's timber from the top of strategic mountain peaks, buttes, and vistas. Fire watchmen often stayed overnight in a tent, or rag camp, at a nearby spring and they would hike to the summit or lookout every morning. Some of the first lookouts simply consisted of a knob, or knoll, with no structure. Rag camps usually accompanied other lookout sites like patrol points, Crows Nests, or platform towers. Camps were generally used at secondary or tertiary patrol points and were often replaced with permanent live-in structures (Carricker, 1991: 22). There Stephenson Tree Platform with " are two surviving examples of rag rag camp below, Crooked River camps in Region 6 from this period and National Grasslands. Date unknown. likely more in the archaeological ••"'1-1 record. The examples are Hickman Butte (1906) on Mt. Hood and North & South Baldy (1909) on the Colville. SPAR TREE This type of lookout has a wide range in variability and they were also sometimes described as being synonymous to a tree platform. An important component to spar trees that set them apart as an architectural style is that they are an anchor point for mechanized logging. A spar tree is selected for its height, strength, health, and location within a stand. After the tree is selected, it is limbed and Eagle's Aerie spar tree topped. Block and tackle are added to the tree in order to affix a lookout on Cook Creek constructed in 1929. Notice cable for dragging felled trees to a staging area (decks or landings) man standing on rung halfway up the tree, Olympic NF. for transportation--called yarding. The strength of a spar tree is 12 meant to withstand the weight and pressure of yarding felled trees. Their height is significant too because they contribute to some of the tallest of the tree lookout structures. Another difference between Spar Tree lookouts and other tree lookouts is that Spar Trees supported both platforms and enclosed cabs. Some spar tree lookouts are referenced as being a simple platform without a railing to which an alidade was affixed. In some instances, a small enclosed cab was placed at the top. The lookout cab was either 6' x 6' or 7' x 7' feet and the spar tree was sometimes affixed with an L-6 (Swift, 1992c: 1-18). The top of the Spar Trees was accessed through several styles of innovative ladders-some with spiral ladders and metal spikes. The cabs were accessible via a trap door. Spar tree lookouts were used for observation-only and there are no longer any known standing spar tree lookouts in Region 06. TREE PLATFORMS Tree platforms and Crow Nests were some of the earliest elevated lookout structures built by fire watchmen and their names are often used interchangeably. Crude in design and construction, these structures were placed on the tallest tree on the peak. The trees were strategically chosen based on the view it provided and the trees ranged anywhere from 10 feet to 176 feet in height (Swift, 1992: 1; Carricker, 1991: 29). Tree platforms consist simply of ladders which have either been placed against or nailed into the tree trunk-the fire watchman would observe the landscape from the top rung. The tree top was often removed and an alidade or triangulation device would be placed on the Black Mountain Tree Platform built remaining stump. Occasionally, a board would be affixed to the c.1937 (photo from 1937), Ochoco tree top or stump to provide a flat surface for the alidade (Hill, National Forest 2013: 21-22). Tree platforms are the first lookout structures to be developed for fire detection in the region. Many of the lookout trees were only in service for a few years before being replaced by a freestanding lookout structure. There are no known surviving Tree Platforms from the Early Forest Service period; however, several still remain on the adjacent summits from later periods and were even constructed well into the 1930's. 13 CROW NESTS Crow nests are similar in design to tree platforms and they are "- i distinguished by a wooden platform with an enclosed catwalk on :J~;, y~?tt the top of large spar trees. This platform could support the weight of the person as well as the Alidade. These trees were sometimes completely limbed and the top removed. Ladders were still used to reach the Crow Nest platform; however, variations of spiral ladders made of metal spikes were also used. In some instances, a series of platforms were built connecting two or more treetops to leverage the view available. Watchmen would take up residence at rag camps at either the base of a lookout tree or in a flat Wolf Mountain West, built c.1921 (photo from 1923), Ochoco NF clearing adjacent to the lookout. There are no known surviving Crow Nests from this period. Much like the Tree Platform, several still remain from later periods on the adjacent summits and new ones were constructed well into the 1930's. PLATFORM TOWERS Platform towers are less common and were placed in areas to cover blind spots. These structures were often temporary and constructed in the event of an emergency. Some towers are free-standing and others incorporate living trees and snags. Platform towers are made with at least three to four pole legs and a plank floored platform, ranging from 6 to 10 sq. feet (Swift, 1993: 1; Carricker, 1991: 30). The top platform was for an alidade to triangulate the location of Ned Hill Platform Tower built in Monument 83 Platform Tower built 1933, Olympic NF. sometime in the 1920s (photo c.1930), Okanogan-Wenatchee NF. Salmo platform tower on the South side c.1929 with a cabin at the base, Colville NF. 14 the smoke. These towers were not uniform in style or construction and the builders often used what resources were available on site. Due to their temporary nature, platform towers were moved or abandoned as the Forest Service invested in more permanent live-in structures. Platform towers are for observation-only and are the first example of the Forest Service's attempts in creating a free-standing lookout. There are only four Platform Towers remaining in Region 6. LOOKOUT CABINS Lookout cabins have a wide range of variability and were the earliest examples of Live-in lookout structures. The lookout cabin protected the watchmen from the elements but also provided modest living accommodations. Cabin structures were small in size, not typically any larger than 14' x 14' and were assembled with locally acquired timber and stone. The timber used in these structures were hewn on-site. There are no known surviving lookout cabins from the earlier periods and the oldest surviving lookout cabin in Region 6 is Walker Mountain cabin on the Deschutes National Forest, constructed in 191715. Walker Mountain cabin is also the only lookout remaining in Region 6 where the envelope was composed of locally acquired stone. Mt Bonaparte slant-walled cabin with open air viewing platform, c. 1914. USFS photo. Walker Mountain Lookout Cabin, date unknown. Deschutes National Forest, USFS photo. 15 this is also the oldest Administrative building on the forest. 15 CHAPTER 3: INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1912-1932) This period was economically tumultuous for the United SHASTA LEILA States, ranging from prosperity and growth from WWI HOOVER production around 1920 to economic despair of the Great Depression in 1932. For the Forest Service specifically, this S.L Hoover was the first period signifies its maturation as an agency. The Forest female fire watchman in Service began to cultivate a distinct culture focused on "timber .Qregon who also worked production, fire suppression, forest research, and recreation" at the highest Forest ~erviCe peak at the time. (Atwood, et al., 2004: 15). Early mountaineering clubs, hikers, She began her career and alpinists were numerous as well as active in the dµr,ing WV/VI on Bachelor conservation and outdoor recreation movement. Alpine clubs Butte and ended her cgreer in 1924. During erected lodges and ski areas on many forests including Mt. h~r posts, she surv,ived Hood, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie, Olympic, and Wenatchee being trapped il1 a 3-day National Forests. ice 'Storm, spent sever:al The Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1912 days w,ithout food or I s'leep during a severe fire• appropriated 10% of the income generated from forest receipts incider:it,. travelled 2miles for new road and trail construction (Atwood, et al., 2004: 20). ro;undtrip for fresh water, This Act marks the beginning of this era because it greatly arird trained squirrels to come when she called, expanded the infrastructure on National Forest land. As "Here kitty, kitty" (Kresek, automobiles were becoming more affordable and reliable, the t998, 68J. ! expectations on road conditions from the American public raised. The Agricultural Appropriations Act of March 4, 1915, - : . .. ~~' -"'' . ', ''-, created a policy that allowed recreational leases and land ····-....,.. ... .......... holdings where individuals could build cabins, lodges, churches, summer camps, and other businesses (Atwood, et -- .I al., 2004: 20-21; Lelande, 1998:12-13). A key component to all of these areas was that they were accessible by automobile. Hot springs throughout the region attracted visitors and nearly every forest had at least one developed hot springs area for tourists. Under the USDA, biological research and Silviculture became vital to the development of wood products and technology. In 1928, the Mcsweeney-McNary Act provided funding for a nationwide timber survey and they began in 16 Region 6. The survey concluded in 1935 and confirmed that "Region 6 held the greatest volume of quality timber remaining in the U.S." (Atwood, et al., 2004: 21, Doig, 1976: 13). This survey specifically was valuable in rebuilding the United States' economy after the Great Depression and providing valuable timber for war efforts during WWII. At this time, the FS began training personnel in fire suppression tactics and created a hierarchy for fire crews during this period. At the beginning of this period, most of the labor pool were locals-mostly farmers and ranchers, with no real training. When WWI broke out, the Forest Service began hiring female fire watchmen. With more men being sent overseas, women were often the only applicants. As early as 1920, seasonal personnel gradually included more college students who worked as "laborers, lookouts, and fire chasers (Atwood, et al., 2004: 20)". Because the best views are located at higher elevations, watchmen were vulnerable to direct sun exposure, heavy winds and rain, lightning strikes, hail and snow, as well as wild animals. Eventually, fire watchmen and the Forest Service realized the value of an enclosed space (Hill, 2013: 21-22). Rather than constructing tree houses, the Forest Service began moving toward developing permanent live-in cabs that were functional and could provide a 360-degree view. In areas where the watchman needed to be above the tree line, the cab would be placed on tower structure-in rare circumstances, a tower platform placed on the roof of the cab. The Pacific Northwest began to feel the pressure of the looming Great Depression as early as 1927 with declining sales and excess production (Atwood, et al., 2004: 21-22). For many rural communities, the timber industry was the only employer--logging and mill work being the primary source of income. The drought throughout the Midwest states, colloquially known as the Dust Bowl, worsened during the 1920 and caused many families to abandon their farms and attempt to start new lives further west. Many of these farmers arrived in the Northwest without the means to start a new farm and lacked sufficient knowledge to acquire work in the forests or at the mills (Atwood, et al., 2004: 21-22). The immigrant farmers to these rural timber communities began to saturate the labor pool beyond the few jobs that were available, and this situation was devastating in many communities when the mills shut down. Some communities became self-sufficient and relied on gardening, hunting, fishing, and rearing livestock; however, like most people throughout the Nation, communities in the Pacific Northwest found themselves in desperate situations. 17 Advancements in communication and technology, combined with regional analysis and planning, have been a "Take horses and ride as far vital contributor to the form and use of lookout architecture as the Almighty will let you and get control of the forest as well as vital for the Forest Service to successfully fire situation on as much of accomplish their mission. During this period, a system was the mountain country as created based on the philosophy of detecting and possible. And as to what suppressing wildfire efficiently. Comprehensive maps of fire you should do first, well, just occurrence (fire intervals) were made throughout the 1920's get up there as soon as possible and put them out." to help the agency determine a fire detection system where smokes could be observed within a 15-mile radius of any -Instructions to a Ranger from B.M. Huey, 1927 given lookout and detection should occur within 15 minutes "The First U.S. Forest Ranger", Journal of Forestry 45, No. 10: 765 (Hill, 2013: 20; Thornton, 1993: 12-13). Fire Interval maps were then used to determine the most effective and appropriate locations to construct lookouts. Prior to this period, structures throughout the region were largely vernacular in style and represented the skills of the builders. Bungalow and Craftsman styles were popular at the time and most buildings often exhibited some characteristics and features of the two. Common architectural features of Early Administrative buildings throughout Region 6 include, "gable or hip roofs often with dormers, 1 to 1-1/2 stories, eave overhangs with exposed rafter tails, shiplap, clapboard, wood shingle or shake, or drop siding, 1/1 or multi-pane double-hung windows, and full or partial porches. The more remote administrative buildings were sometimes log structures with gable roofs, porches, and multi-light windows" (Throop, 1995: 5). The earliest of these designs lacked standardization (i.e., cabins and cupola cabins). Considerations for standardization began as early as 1911 and continued into the Intermediate Period. This standardization is a key element in the design styles to come in the Intermediate Period in the form of kits designed specifically to maximize fire detection. The earliest standardized lookout kit was the D-6. CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY The earliest known permanent structure built in Region 6 for the sole use of being a fire lookout was a cabin constructed in 1910 on Table Mountain in Mt. Hood National Forest16 in Oregon (Swift, 1993). However, the first lookout structure that was architecturally designed 16 This area was part of the Oregon National Forest. 18 specifically to accommodate fire- watching was a prototype for the D-617 Cupola designed by Elijah 'Lige' Coalman on Mt. Hood in 1915. The 2-story live-in cab was a 12' x 12' framed house with fenestrations on all facades and a smaller cupola observatory on the second floor. The roof was hipped to Mt. Hood lookout July 1934. Lige Coalman is in photo left. divert snow which encrusted the structure USFS photo. most of the year. The success of this structure on Mt. Hood led to the placement of this specific style of fire lookout on some of the Pacific Northwest's most formidable mountain peaks. But not all forested landscapes have mountain peaks. Some of the most strategic areas for fire watching were not above the timberline and there was a need for the lookout cab to be elevated above the treetops--areas where Crow Nests and Tree Platforms are located. Coert Dubois, the first District Forester in Region 5 (California), designed a 14' x 14' floor plan that was first introduced in California in 1917. This floor plan would be the basis for all live-in cabs to come (Grosvenor, 1999: 97). The cab design could be placed on a timber tower which meant it could be raised above the timber line and could be utilized at every kind of lookout location, even where the viewshed was obstructed. This design made it so that the fire watchmen would have the ability to have a 360-degree panoramic view of the Forest while completing everyday menial tasks. Cupola lookouts were placed on the ground and also raised on towers. Previously, the Forest Service's role in the Region was largely custodial--Rangers patrolled and chased smokes before the forests engaged in large scale landscape planning. The majority of the fire lookouts in service were in remote areas, void of traversable roads. During the Intermediate Period, development of travel-ways continued through prioritizing the development of interconnected trails and telephone lines, that allowed communication between District offices and open communication with the lookout (Atwood et al., 2004: 56). Trails, roads, and other linear services were the primary means of accessing the forests and construction standards were developed quite early and evolved as public use expanded in later periods. The construction of these services was completed by Forest Rangers and local hires. The construction standards and materials used "reveal much about the Forest Service as a land 17 The "D" stands for District, the term used before "Region". 19 managing agency, its mission, and its priorities" (Atwood et al., 2004: 54-55). Trail shelters, roads, bridges, and communication facilities were also developed at this time to aid in fire suppression and the Forest Service's overall mission. As early as 1917, airplanes were used alongside Fire Lookouts; a tactic which was thought to be a cost-effective management plan to identify and locate wildfires especially during electrical storms where wilderness areas are heavily impacted. In 1927, Washington experienced another devastating fire season that highlighted the need for lookout structures to be constructed on secondary or intermediate peaks throughout the Region (Carricker, 1991 :12). The need for an increased number of lookouts emphasized the need for a more functional lookout that would be simple to build, habitable, and easy to transport. Unlike its cumbersome cupola counterpart (D-6), the L-4 was developed to be more versatile and practical alternative. Although steel tower designs were approved c. 1924, their use in Region 6 did not begin until after the 1927 fire event. Both the Great Fire of 1910 and the 1927 Washington fire seasons emphasized the need for more infrastructure. CARRIER PIGEONS (1919-1921) The use to carrier, or homing, pigeons to communicate proved very effective in the mountainous northwest region. The idea to use carrier pigeons came from the Navy where they recorded flights up to 600 miles per day (Forest History Society). The first use of pigeons during an emergency wildfire incident was during the 1919 fire season in Oregon. The successful journey conveying messages directly from the fire-line to agency offices led to the purchase of more Ranger ready to release carrier pigeon pigeons and equipment from the Navy in 192018. with a fire message on Deschutes National Forest, Ore.c.1920. Forest History Society. '~s a means of quick and certain communication with the Ranger out on the fire-line and headquarters, the carrier pigeon has no competition." - "Rangers Use Carrier Pigeons," Forestry Kaiman 4 (1922): 35 18 "Carrier Pigeons Aid Foresters," American Forestry 25, No. 11 (November 1919): 1504 and "Pigeons for Forest Fire Fighting," American Forestry 26, No. 2 (February 1920): 122. 20 FIRE FINDERS William Bushnell Osborne, Jr., created the "Osborne Fire Finder" in 1910-1911 while working for the Engineering office for the USFS on Mt Hood in Oregon. This tool was a great technological advancement and proved to be highly effective in triangulating a smoke over the alidade. The instrument is essentially a round disc on a level stand with a map of the surrounding area under a dial with compass degrees etched on the rim. The watchman can swivel the Fire Finder to 'sight-in' the direction of the fire. This allows the watchman to precisely pinpoint the location of a fire within 1160th of a degree (Hill, 2013: 38; Kresek, 1985: 29). i1iiiJ~~,i(~:: The device was simpler to operate than the alidade and Osborne Fire Finder on a rocky knoll less fragile. Many versions of the Fire Finder were c.1915, Rogue River-Siskiyou NF, USFS photo. produced19 as they were later incorporated into the center of the lookout structure; however, the Osborne was the preferred device. Some historic fire lookouts still have an operable fire finder's remaining in the cab. HELIOGRAPH A heliograph consists of a system of mirrors and shutters on tripods that are positioned to reflect sunlight. By manipulating the shutters and creating flashes, the watchmen were able to communicate from long distances. The Forest Service explored this form of communication between fire watchmen as well as the ranger districts during the early 191 O's. Heliographs were first used and largely successful in the Southwest Region of the Forest Service in Arizona and New Mexico; however, they proved challenging in the Pacific Northwest due to lack of sun exposure. "Its flash could carry 50 miles or more in clear air, and its message could be delivered in a matter of minutes, Ranger Smith using a Heliograph in 1912 on Black Butte Lookout in which meant a fire crew could be working on a new fire many California--Region 5. U.S. Forest Service photo courtesy of the Forest days earlier." (McCarty, 2010). History Society.Durham, N.C. 19 From 1915-1934, a fire finder was marketed in Portland, Oregon by the Luepold-Volpel and Company. This was also a popular model in the Northwest. 21 PANORAMIC LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHS & PHOTOGRAMMETRY In the 1930s, Region 6 used panoramic photographs to ~~llif;iiiilL,1-- recreate the viewshed from lookouts. These were used to . --~·- . -~ ~ ..... -. - •..': - -.-(~ i - .· record and identify physical attributes on the landscape to 5~·\:,/~-~~:~f~ -: ·-- better provide precise location data of smokes. Each Dispatcher Phelps leveling panorama photograph has a horizontal reference line that correlates camera. Fremont NF, 1928. Photo Courtesy of the Forest History Society, with the elevation of the lookout and a vertical scale is Durham, NC. provided to correlate with the line of sight (DOI, 1958: 6.9). There are usually a set of three photographs that cover the r • I t • I I I entire viewshed from the lookout-often taken from the rooftop. These, along with a fire finder, were valuable tools to aid the watchmen in locating and describing landscape features like drainages and peaks, especially at night. Photogrammetry of North Twentymile INTERMEDIATE PERIOD FIRE STRUCTURES Cabin, Okanogan-Wenatchee NF, date unknown What makes structures from this time period so unique is that they were built under the direction of Forest Officers, with guidance from the Regional Office, regarding cost and appearance before funding and labor became available through the Great Depression work-relief programs (Throop, 1995: 6). The Intermediate Period marks the initial investment from the Forest Service in permanent mission critical infrastructure like roads, trails, administrative offices, and outbuildings. For lookouts, this is characterized by the transition from temporary patrol points for observation-only lookouts (i.e., Crow Nests and Tree Platforms) with associated rag camps to live-in lookout structures strategically designed to facilitate fire detection. Considerations for standardization began as early as 1911 and continued into the ~--' I - i. : ,-:.J.t Intermediate Period. This standardization is a key element in the design styles to come in the . ... . -- t.-.. : Intermediate Period in the form of kits designed specifically to maximize fire detection. The lookout kit was a key concept when developing Forest Rangers on Mule Peak in 1926 with parts to styles known as the D-6 and the L series. The L assemble an L-4-AR, Wallowa-Whitman NF. series maximized the efficiency of the lookout kit. 22 A benefit to standard plans is that they came with a list of exact measurements and parts with detailed packing and assembly instructions. This streamlined not just the lookout style, but the entire construction process. Tower structure plans were also provided and constructed by hand. The Lookout kit was often constructed or assembled by the forest rangers who occupied them. The region provided approved designs and plans that were meant to be replicated by each forest. These designs varied for the different landscape needs where different materials (i.e., the need for a tower at varying heights) would need to be constructed. The approved designs provided a list of building materials to acquire and location specific restrictions (Hill, 2013: 27). It also provided guidance on how to pack the materials and distribute the weight. These kits were then assembled at the patrol point by the watchmen and forest rangers. According to Carrick, "A total of 78 lookout points were established between 1910 and 1915." Because the focus changed from temporary patrol points to establishing permanent dwellings and workspace, the footprint of a lookout on the landscape expanded into a complex that includes other permanent structures and fixtures on the landscape. These include, but are not limited to, flagpoles, outhouses, garages, ladders and stairs, telegraph wire and insulators. Lookout trees, platforms, and Crow Nests were still used and erected during this period; however, they were used in a temporary or emergency incidents. Three live-in lookout designs emerged during this period-cupola lookouts, cathedrals, and the L series; and three observation-only lookout types-metal Aermotor towers, L-5s, and L-6s. CUPOLA LOOKOUTS The original cupola design is credited to Lige Coleman who was the first person to develop a lookout structure on the summit of Mt. Hood in 1915. This lookout was a feat of engineering that amazed tourists-postcards of the lookout were sent around the nation and the lookout was an overnight sensation. The lookout became so popular that the Forest Service in Region 06 decided to standardize the design for it to be placed on multiple peaks throughout the region. This model was known as the District 06, or D-6 lookout. The D, or District, in D-6 stands for the Pacific Northwest Region of the Forest Service when their Regional offices were called Districts. At this time, the Regions were regarded as Districts and other districts in the Nation also created their own plans for a standardized cupola lookout (i.e., the D-1, L-3, L-2, L-1, R-3). The Forest Service constructed several non-standard cupola designs including log and frame cabins retrofitted with cupolas, structures built with stone, slant-walled frame cupolas, and open-air cupola designs (Swift, 1993; Williams, 1991 ). The D-6 cupola design became a common 23 architecture style employed by the Forest Service across the Nation in the early part of the 20th century into the 1920s and became synonymous with fire suppression in the Northwest region. The D-6 lookout came in a pre-cut kit that was packed to the lookout location and assembled by the watchman. The wood frame construction kit included a 12' x 12' floor plan with a 6' x 6' cupola centrally located on a hipped cedar shingle roof; the cupola also has a hipped roof. The design for the envelope would be cladded with either a double "v" rustic or clapboard siding. Both the main elevation and the cupola would have wooden awning windows and shutters on all four sides. The interior included either tongue-in- groove wall cladding and flooring or a wallboard sheathing like Celotex, an insulated fiberboard sheathing. The D-6 Dutchman Peak (1925), D-6 on Rogue lookout was the most prolific lookout until the L series was River-Siskiyou NF. Photo from 1925. designed to replace it. The L-220 style was developed by Clyde Fickes on the Idaho panhandle in the late 1920s. This design was intended to be a low-cost model that could be constructed by a single person in the field. The L-2 style mimicked the D-6 with gabled rooflines and a main floor which measured 12' by 14' with a stick frame construction, rather than the 12' x 12' D-6 model. The L- 1 was also a 12' x 14' but was a saddle-notched log cabin with a gabled roof; however, the cupola on the L-1 had a frame construction (Carricker, 1991: 33-34). The D-1 style (also sometimes referred to as the L-3) was a regional adaptation originally developed on the Flathead National Forest in Montana by D.L. Beatty (Hill, 2013: 25; (Hartmans, 1991: 27). A D-1 is characterized by a 14' x 14' log cabin with dovetail-notching and a gabled roof and a "quarter- sized gable roofed cupola" (Swift, 1993: 1) . This style is widespread throughout Idaho and Montana and to a lesser extent in Oregon and Washington. The only surviving D-1 was Monument 83 (est. circa 1920s), D-1 Cupola, Okanogan-Wenatchee constructed by the Okanogan-Wenatchee and it was later NF (found later to be in British determined that the lookout was actually located in British Columbia), Photo c. 1930s Columbia. This lookout is now Canada's southernmost lookout. 20 The L stands for Lookout and numbering denotes the variations in this case. The lntermountain Region is Region 1. 24 The R-3 style was originally developed on the Nez Perce National Forest and is characterized by a log cabin style lookout with hand hewn logs and dovetail corner notching (Swift, 1993: 1; Kresek, 1985). There were only 30 R-3s ever constructed throughout the nation-all of which have been destroyed. CATHEDRAL LOOKOUTS ~- This lookout style was employed during a transitional period ~-~ between the D-6 cupola to the prolific L-4 and Cathedrals were 1 only constructed for three years. Unlike the Cupola lookouts, the .I_;-~:1?--·~-~- Cathedral style has an "L" shaped composition (roughly 12' x 12') Jg~--LL] with a quarter-sized second story (roughly 6' x 6')-the second - story was placed above only one side of the ell and the rest of the i' structure was a single story (Swift, 1992: 1; Carricker, 1991: 34). ==~~~', The first story had a sloped shed style roof and the cupola had a -~:1 :l gable roof and window openings on all four sides. Fewer than 10 ;t,~f.\:-}z~;;: ,~'.JJ/:;: of these structures were built in Region 06. No cathedral lookouts Bald Mountain Two-story were built in Region 01, 02, 03, or 05 according to regional Cathedral (1929- late 1960's), Siskiyou NF. Abandoned in 1967, reports and Forest inventories-this style might have only been photo from 1934. built in Region 06. THE L-SERIES Originally, the L series was developed in Region 05 with a prototype in 1917 and they were constructed well into the 1950s. The model is a 14' x 14' square wooden cab that was placed on the ground as well as towers over 80 feet in height. The L-4 pre-cut lookout house kit was less cumbersome to assemble than the cupola models and they were constructed on lookout sites from 1929 through 1957. The model got rid of the second story cupola and combined the living quarters with the observation platforms into a single story. The L-4 model also introduced a unique awning- inspired shutter system where wooden panels were mounted horizontally over the two-over-two 25 windows to provide shade and better visibility in the summer. In the winter, these panels are lowered to cover and protect the windows from winter storms. The model also included materials for a wood-shingled roof and materials for a tongue-in-groove interior and exterior siding. The model could be placed on the ground or elevated on a timber or pole tower. This versatility of the L-4 is what makes High Rock (1929) L-4 Gable, Gifford Pinchot NF. Photo from 1987, Ray Kresek. this model stand out against its counterparts. The L-4 is the most prolific lookout to be utilized by the Forest Service throughout the history of Region 06-erecting over 600 in the Pacific Northwest Region alone. The L-4 live-in lookout was not only designed to accommodate the ranger and his gear but also provided a kitchen with cupboards, a bed, and an Osborne Fire Finder. The earliest L-4 models had a gabled roof and were replaced with a hipped roof in 1932 (Atwood et al., 2004: 57). There have been five variations of the L-4 over the 40 years it has been in service including the L-4-A, the L-4-AR, the L-4 Gable, L-4 Hip and the Standard '36 (Swift, 1993: 1; Carricker, 1991: 38). Other models in the L series that were constructed in Region 06 include the L-5 and the L-6. The L-4-A was the first model in L series. Developed by Region 05 from 1917 to 1923, the L-4- A is a 14' by 14' live-in house with a very steep pitched hip roof and was never in service in Region 06. However, Region 06 took the initial design on the L-4-A and made alterations known as the L-4-AR, or locally known at the C.C. Hall Special (Swift, 1993: 1). Changes to the 4-A design included changing the six ,••·<·.. ~~-.:::.;;.~, ~, ii:,.~ 1· i· '•{ windows per side to five with one upper and one :·~r~:-1~:t- ·~ ·.-•. .- jL~_ ~:~: lower pane. The door and entryway on the L-4-AR Calamity Butte (1927) C.C. Hall Special (L-4- AR), Malheur NF. Photo from 1942 replaced the middle window while the rest of the design configuration remained the same. The L-4-AR is distinctively identified by its very steep 26 hipped roof21 with minimal eaves. The L-4-AR model was first built in 1923 and the last one in 1929-a total of six years. The L-4 Gable was developed in Region 01 as a modification to the L-4-AR, the most obvious of these modifications being a gabled roof; however, the roof pitch is not as steep as previous versions. Other modifications included five windows on each side with nine panes per window. The door was moved from the center to the right end, replacing the window on the gable end. The L-4 Gable was built between 1929 and 1933 and was the first of the L series to be introduced into the region. The short lifespan of this model was due to the lack of functionality of the low-pitched gable roof in the snowy mountainous regions of Oregon and Washington. The Standard '36 was a revision in 1936 that retained all of the characteristics of an L-4 except, "ceiling joints extended beyond the walls of the lookout house to which perimeter blocking was connected. The shutters were then secured with lag bolts to this perimeter blocking" (Carricker, 1991: 38). The L-4's constructed post 1936 generally followed this model with minor modifications into the 1950's. The L-5 originated in Region 05, the lntermountain Region, and is a much smaller version of the L-4 models. The L-5 is a 1O ' x 1O ' precut wood-frame cab with a hipped roof and was constructed primarily at secondary lookout points during the 1930s (Atwood, 2004: 59). The L-5 was also a designation given to several 14' x 14' gable log cabins in Idaho and Montana which can make this designation confusing (Kresek, 1998: 11; Atwood, 2004: 59). Until this survey, it was believed that there Meebee Pass c.1935, willhiteweb.com were no more remaining L-5 lookout cabs in Region 6; however, there are two remaining- Pig Iron on the Umpqua and Meebee Pass on the Okanogan-Wenatchee. This model was generally used as a secondary lookout. The L-6 is an even smaller version of the L-5 and measured anywhere from 6' x 6' to 8' x 8' on very tall wooden towers-usually 80 to 100 feet. The pre-cut wooden-frame cab had a cedar shake hipped roof with slight eaves and horizontal exterior siding. The fenestrations were three 6-pane windows were covered with large window shutters that hinged from the top to create a shade panel for viewing (Atwood, 2004: 59-60). L-6 towers were placed at secondary 21 "The L-4-AR has a 12:12 pitch roofline while the L-4 has an 8:12 pitch roof line" (Carricker, 1991: 37) 27 patrol locations and were usually only used during emergency incidents (Kresek, 1993: 11; Hill, 2013: 28). Like Aermotor steal towers, these observation-only towers also had separate living quarters. The tower design was originally designed and intended for oil drilling and windmill use and was only constructed between 1932 to 1942-10 years (Atwood, 2004: 59-60). The L-6 cab was accessed through a trapdoor in the floor and sometimes had a catwalk for viewing. The earliest and most common tower design in the Northwest was a Timber tower (TT) which was borrowed from similar designs used for several years by the oil industry Frazier Point (1936) L-6 tower, (Grosvenor, 1999: 96). TTs, also covered in creosote and called Malheur NF. USFS photo from CTs, supported all of the L-series. Timber towers were covered in 1956. creosote and approved in Region 06 to be constructed at heights of either 47, 60, 81, or 100 feet. Each height was given a corresponding abbreviation of CT, or Creosote Tower-CT-1 was 47' tall, CT-2 was 60', CT-3 was 81 ', and CT-4 at 100'. TTs, followed the same height designations as the CTs (i.e., the TT-1 is also 47' tall). Steel towers were constructed in Region 06 and were largely designed by the Aermotor Company of Chicago; however, other companies that made steel towers were also placed in the Region. Because these were observation-only cabs, fire watchmen would construct a live-in cabin or storage shed nearby. The Aladdin Co.22 manufactured L-4 pre-cut kits as early as 1929 ranging from $500 to $700 to build. The Aladdin company advertised "Readi-cut" and "Built in a Day" home kits ordered through home catalogs, similar to home kits ordered from a Sears catalog. AERMOTOR TOWERS By 1914, the Forest Service in several regions had approved 6' x 6' and 7' x 7' wood or metal cabs on steel towers produced by Aermotor, a windmill manufacturing company in Chicago. The Aermotor Company had been manufacturing steel windmill towers and military observation towers since the 1890s and started to market their military towers for fire watching 22 There are references to there being a Portland company also called Aladdin that supplied lumber and hardware for lookout kits. It is unclear if they are a subsidiary of the larger Aladdin Homes based out of Bay City, Michigan that was in operation from 1906 to 1981. 28 early in the 20th century (Thornton, 1993: 13; Atwood, 2004: 57). These towers were not meant to be lived in by the fire watchman and were strictly for observation only-there is always a ground house or camp associated with observation-only towers. Metal tower lookouts are more prevalent in southeastern states and somewhat rare in the Pacific Northwest because the accessibility and availability of wood products. However, Aermotor towers were still cheaper23 to construct than wooden towers and this is possibly why they appear in the Northwest Region. Aermotor set themselves apart by becoming the main supplier of all steel lookout towers throughout the nation in the 1930s (Hill, 2013: 29- 30). Compared to its wooden counterparts, the modular steel design was relatively easy to construct-they could be disassembled and relocated almost anywhere (Thornton, 1993: 79; Hill, 2013: 29-30). Aermotor designed towers at 45-, 60-, 80-, 100-, and 120-foot increments and were anchored onto a West Myrtle Butte Aermotor, c.1930. Malheur National Forest. concrete slab or concrete footings. Earlier models of Aermotor towers used a ladder on the exterior of the tower frame to gain access to the cab whereas older models adapted to a stepped staircase on the interior of the tower (Hill, 2013: 31-32; Thornton, 1993: 28; Atwood, 2004: 57). The earliest was a 30-foot windmill tower on Olallie Butte in Mt. Hood National Forest in 1915 with a 6' x 6' cab. Saddle Blanket Mountain on the Willamette National Forest was constructed in 1927 originally with a ladder and later wooden stairs were added (Atwood, 2004: 57). Smaller lookout cabs strictly for observation-only fire detection were an advancement over Crow nests and tree platforms by providing an enclosed space for the watchmen. However, they became cumbersome for the watchmen to spot smokes and conduct essential day-to-day activities like cooking or going to the bathroom. Aermotor towers emphasized the need for the interior of lookout cabs to accommodate living quarters, a kitchen, and storage (Atwood, 2004: 57). 23 Atwood, 2004: 80 29 CHAPTER 4: DEPRESSION ERA (1933-1941) The timber industry was hit hard by the Great Depression in the Pacific Northwest. There were large railroad mill operations in Portland, Tacoma, and Everett; however, many mills in rural areas nearer to the timberlands could not compete and were forced out of business. Excess production and declining sales of milled lumber as early as 1927 caused several small- town lumber mills throughout the Pacific Northwest to permanently shut down. Although the timber industry was taking a severe hit, New Deal programs provided funds for infrastructure improvements, constructing new buildings, and conservation work which provided additional labor to these struggling communities (Atwood, et al., 2004: 23). The construction of Timberline Lodge on Mt. Hood in 1937 and the creation of Olympic National Park in 1938 made forest recreation more accessible and visible on a national level. The summer of 1933 was disastrous for Oregon; small forest fires in the most productive area of Oregon's Coastal Mountain Range combined into one large megafire, commonly known as the Tillamook Burn24. At its worst, the fire burned along a 70-mile front for 20 hours and consumed 12 billion cubic board feet of mature Douglas Fir timber (Atwood, et al., 2004: 26-27; USDA Tillamook Burn, Kemp, 1967: 77). This environmental disaster resulted in the loss of roughly $275 million of merchantable timber. This wildfire incident was a National ecological disaster that highlighted the importance of fire safety and timber management during this era. By the end of the 1930s, larger mills with extensive land holdings were not able to acquire loans or financial backing that they had been dependent on. With the larger mills closed, smaller operations were able to flourish (Atwood, et al., 2004: 27-28). They were able to purchase small timber sales from the National Forest and began using combustible mechanized equipment and did not need the initial investment capital that railroad logging required. These vehicles were typically personal trucks or tractors that the miller owned or contracted. Slowly, the automobile replaced railroad logging and created a higher demand for improved roads throughout the forest system. NEW DEAL PROGRAMS AND THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC) Arguably, one of the most successful social programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) program. It was created and designed to bring economic and social relief to the desperate American public through employment and conservation measures for public land. Conservation work on public lands throughout the US 24 The scorched timber was salvaged and much of the area became what is now the Tillamook State Forest. 30 repaired damages that had compounded on forests, range lands, and farms during the previous decades from lack of maintenance. The Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington was selected by the War Department to be the regional center for the CCC administration, training, and supplies for the Pacific Northwest25 . In 1933, 800 enrollees arrived at the Vancouver Barracks and were outfitted by the Army and dispersed to one of the 26 CCC camps in Region 06 (Atwood, et al., 2004: 24). The Ninth Corps were responsible for receiving the enrollees and screened them for disease, providing temporary shelter and work uniforms, food and supplies, and transportation to their camp. During the CCC's nine years of operation, the Ninth Corps had constructed and staffed 67 camps and received 40,000 men through the induction center (Atwood, et al., 2004: 24). Conservation projects were completed in the vicinity of the camps and the project was left up to the agencies the workmen served, either the USFS or DOI. Projects usually lasted two to three years before workmen were relocated or graduated-out of the enlistment period. This increase in labor ultimately contributed to the Forest Service's goal of fixed- point detection through the addition of staffed patrol points and the construction of numerous Example of fixed-point fire detection Illustrating the method of locating fires by use of alidade reading from two towers from which the smoke is lookouts (Lelande, 1998: 12-13). visible, c.1936. foresthistory.org Fixed-point detection was achieved by two reporting lookouts providing their fire locations to the Ranger Station, which could be triangulated to increase the accuracy of locating fires. The goal to have fixed-point fire detection resulted in the construction and staffing of hundreds of lookouts throughout the nation. Although the focus of the CCC was conservation projects, the crews also constructed administrative and recreational structures. Region 06 used the CCC workforce to construct over 250 lookout towers and cabs, strung over 9,000 miles of telephone line, and constructed over one million miles of roads and trails between 1933 and 1942 (Hill, 2005: 21; Thorton, 1986: 17- 25 The CCC organizational structure decentralized into 9 corps areas. Oregon and Washington encompassed the Ninth CCC Corps. 31 20, 42). CCC units were assigned categories of work that related to fire suppression and detection that included constructing firebreaks, lookout structures, and other general improvements. The CCC employed many skilled craftsmen including master carpenters, masons, equipment operators, plumbers, and electricians. Although the skilled laborers built permanent structures for the agencies, their own living quarters were temporary and modest, often portable. Camps were easily dismantled and reassembled so that the skilled workforce could be moved to a new area when the project was complete. Buildings erected by the CCC for the Forest Service were constructed under standardized plans that were provided in the Improvement Handbook in 1937 and later, Acceptable Plans for Forest Service Administrative Buildings that was published in 1939. These books provided sample architectural plans, material specifications, and site-specific suggestions that promoted the rustic Northwest architectural style and characteristics that are emblematic of Region 06 during the early 20th century (Atwood, et al., 2004: 25-26). All of the building styles constructed during this period were sourced from locally available materials. The building plans were used to produce kits--the materials were gathered in town, cut to precise measurements, and were then ready-to-assemble. The kits were then packed into remote areas by horse or mule and then the structures, including lookouts, were constructed on-site. The least successful of New Deal programs in this Region was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933, which set to regulate production of US industries. The lumber industry specifically was regulated through the Lumber Code which included provisions like Article X, which was a conservation proposal that promoted wildfire suppression, insect depredations, and moving the Forest Service toward a sustained yield cutting program (Atwood, et al., 2004: 26; Robbins, 1996). Unfortunately, NIRA production quotas interrupted existing timber sales and required lumber manufacturers to reduce production and their prices. By the following year, "lumber prices and wage expectations both exceeded the code rates" (Atwood, et al., 2004: 26) and NIRA was disbanded in 1935. The Pacific Northwest region was largely comprised of modest timber-dependent communities when the Great Depression hit. The New Deal CCC building programs brought employment to the local experienced workforce and provided much needed infrastructure including roads, ditches, fences, communication systems and numerous other improvement projects. The Forest Service relied on the CCC to provide labor for conservation work and firefighting. The number of lookouts vastly increased between 1933 to 1941 due to the Regional need for more infrastructure and the large inexpensive work force that the CCC provided (Carricker, 1991: 13); however, not all lookouts from this period were built by the CCC. 32 DEPRESSION ERA LOOKOUT STRUCTURES Construction began to ebb around 1937 and by the 1940s there were hundreds of lookouts staffed during the summer fire season and hundreds more had been constructed and used as emergency lookout points (Carricker, 1991: 13). Toward the end of the Depression as the US was about to enter WWII, many of the newer lookouts that had been constructed were replacements for older and failing lookout structures. By this time, some of the lookouts from the 1920s and 1930s-specifically log cabins, cupolas, and early towers-had been abandoned because they were found to be ineffective at surviving the weather conditions, they were temporary emergency posts with low fire occurrence, or because fire detection could be covered from a newer lookout or better vantage point (Carricker, 1991: 13-14 ). In 1938, the Forest Service released Standard Lookout Structure Plans that outlined different approved variations of lookout cabs and towers. Standardization leads to streamlining. There were numerous plans available and they varied to accommodate different landscapes throughout the Nation. Ultimately, the decision was left up to the forests to decide which one to construct. Mills and timber harvest made the acquisition of lumber affordable and practical in the Northwest; whereas the eastern and mid-west regions had access to steel mills that made steel towers more practical to construct (Carricker, 1991: 44) . At the time, the most pragmatic lookout plan was the L-4. THE L-4 CONTINUED Standardized lookout plans were heavily used by the New Deal relief programs to efficiently place lookouts throughout the northwest. By this time, the Region had relied on the L-4 design as their new regional model. The most prominent design to be replicated in this era was the L-4 because it was the most economical Buckhorn Mountain L-4 hip lookout on the Wallowa- and functional standardized live-in lookout plan Whitman, USFS photo c.1952. available. There have always been variations of the L-4 design but the largest visible change for the L-4 to come from this period was the transition from a gabled roof to a more functional hipped roof. The L-4 Hip was an adaptation of the Region 1 gable design and is essentially the same composition as the L-4 Gable but with a hipped roof, also keeping with the same low-pitched roof. Earlier examples of the L-4 Hip have nine-pane windows while later incantations are four- 33 paned. The first L-4 hip was built at the end of the Intermediate period in 1932 with the last one constructed during the Great Depression in 1936 (Swift, 1993: 1; Throop, 2005: 58). Region 05 then adapted this style and called it the C-3. Another adaptation of the L-4 from this period is a style called The Standard 36' or the 36' Standard--the Standard '36 L-4 lookout is named for the year of its appearance, 1936. This design extended the ceiling joists two feet beyond the walls to hold the window shutters open. This was a vital addition to the design because it reduced the obstruction from the earlier shutter supports (Swift, 1993: 1; Lalande, 1998: 12-13). This design became the standard L-4 plan moving forward. CHAPTER 5: WORLD WAR II AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD (1942-1960) The bombing of the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese shocked many Americans. Fears of another "I looked for planes till attack by the Japanese on the continental US grew around the my eyes were ready to drop out ... " nation, but especially along the Pacific coastline. The Japanese -Winona Harner military were creative and cunning and residents throughout the northwest began to fear an enemy attack on their ports. By the time the US entered WWII, the CCC program was waning and the National Forests were beaming with brand new infrastructure. The lumber industry was beginning to recover and revenue from timber sales was providing stability. During this time, international aerial warfare across the Pacific Ocean was technologically impossible26 without launching a plane from the sea. Residents in coastal communities had a heightened awareness of the real possibility of a naval attack or invasion (Russell, 1971: 194 ). 'Black-out' orders were issued immediately to make the terrain difficult to see as well as suggest that the Winona Harner at Baker Lookout, AWS Spotter for the Coast Guard land was uninhabited. on Olympic National Forest, date unknown. The Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) took over several wildfire lookouts and erected new patrol points across the northwest to alert authorities and the surrounding communities of enemy aircraft. The Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) was a civilian service that operated under the Civil Defense Agency for the US military during WWII to watch 26 Hence the importance over the battle of Midway. 34 for enemy planes--the Coast Guard employed several AWS watchmen along the Oregon Coast specifically (Hill, 2013: 12-13, Thornton: 20, 302). In turn, Forest Service lookouts were used to spot enemy aircraft as well as serve as fire watches. The AWS recruited volunteers to live in lookouts in order to detect enemy aircraft. They were manned by two people, often husband and wife teams, who alternated shifts to provide 24-hour observation (Williams, 2000:81 ). The AWS also included civilian men and women who were more than delighted to do their part for the war back home and staffed many lookouts during this period. Lookouts were used and constructed during AWS spotter, Patricia Langdon using a panoramic photograph in 1945 on the the Great Depression to protect the nation from more than Colville NF. just threats of wildfire. During WWII, the Japanese military were experimenting with a new war tactic-starting a wildfire. America was renowned worldwide for its vast timberland and wilderness, a ruggedness distinctly American. Also, widely known, was the devastation of the Tillamook Burn from the previous decade, which destroyed over 350,000 acres of merchantable timber. The logic was if they, the Japanese, could create a wildfire then America would have to pull back resources for the war effort to deal with the blaze. Destroying merchantable timber would specifically hurt the American economy and wartime spirit. The Japanese tried to accomplish this through two means-sending paper incendiary balloon bombs across the ocean on air currents and attacks by the imperial submarine, the 1-25. □ Balloon launch site_ .... cc? • Documented balloon ,'?· •.. HAWAII 1· recovery or sighting (U.S.) . Present-day.~oli°~daries shown Flight path of balloon bombs over the Pacific. National Geographic map. 35 THE LOOKOUT AIR RAID (September 9, 1942) [i,t ·J The Japanese Imperial submarine, the 1-25, patrolled the Pacific coastline from California to Alaska. The 1-25 had taken part in the bombardment of Pearl Harbor the previous winter. In retaliation to the attacks on Pearl Harbor, America bombed Tokyo the following April in what is commonly referred to as the Doolittle Air Raid. Subsequently, on the morning of September 9, 1942, the 1-25 emerged 20 miles outside of Brookings, Oregon on the coastline, discretely assembled two Glen fighter planes, and catapulted them toward the American wilderness. These two planes carried lightweight incendiary bombs with the intention of starting a wildfire and initiating a natural disaster. Two bombs were successfully deployed that day, one by Nobuo Fujita, but the Japanese were ultimately unsuccessful at initiating a wildfire in the damp forest of Nobuo Fujita, 1942. Webber, the Oregon coastal mountain range. 1975. The fire watchman on Mount Emily initially reported hearing what he thought to be a car engine backfiring. Once the coastal fog cleared, a distinct column of smoke was spotted in the distance and he reported the incident to dispatch. The watchmen at Mount Emily and Snow Camp Lookout at Bear Wallow were dispatched to initiate fire suppression tactics. What the rangers found was a crater surrounded by scorched trees and shrapnel dispersed among the landscape. One fragment found had Japanese writing which led them to believe that they had just been attacked by the Japanese. The wildfire that the Japanese had hoped to spark was not successful due to recent rains, low wind conditions, and fire suppression tactics from nearby fire watchmen. The Wheeler Ridge Japanese Bombing Site on the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest retains the crater where Japanese fighter pilot Nobuo Fujita dropped his incendiary bomb and it is one of two bombardments by enemy forces in the continental United States during WWII. The 1-25 was also responsible for the bombardment of Fort Stevens- both attacks in Oregon. A freighter, the SS Fort Camosun, was bombed by the 1-25 roughly 70-miles south of Cape Flattery, Washington; however, there were no bombings from the Japanese on Washington soil. Newspaper propaganda from 1942. Webber, 1975. 36 Women and children throughout Japan contributed to the war effort by making large sheets of paper and assembling them into air balloons, known as a Fu-go. The lightweight paper balloons were filled with hydrogen and finished with incendiary bombs. The balloons were released over the Pacific Ocean to travel on the jet stream air current and were sighted as far east as Michigan and Kansas. Lookouts and AWS volunteers attempted to intercept the balloons but were often unsuccessful. The only casualties caused by the Fu-go occurred in May 1945 near Bly, Oregon when a pastor's pregnant wife and five Sunday school students were killed when the children came upon the Japanese Fu-go balloon during a picnic outing. made of mulberry paper reflated at Moffett Field, CA. Foresthistory.org POST-WAR After the war, timber harvest increased to meet post-war housing construction demands. Roads throughout the Forest system multiplied to facilitate timber sales and, in turn, increased recreational traffic (Atwood, 1994: 61-63). On any given day, there were more people in the forest who could report wildfires. Aerial patrols increased and radio communication had improved during the war. This new technology, coupled with increased visitor traffic, began to make lookout posts obsolete-the Forest Service no longer relied on a fixed-point detection system. The advancement of communication and aerial technology allowed for the formation of elite wildland firefighters in the form of Hot Shot crews and Smoke Jumpers (Hill, 2013: 12-14; Atwood, 1994: 61-63). In 1956, The New Building Program allocated $289,000 to Region 06 for, "construction of dwellings necessary to meet urgent needs of our timber management program," which allowed for post-war prosperity (Forest Service, 1956). Design standards27 were created by the Washington Office and a committee was assembled in the Region to discuss implementation and dispersal of funds. The committee decided that minor changes to these plans would not be allowed. This meant the end of regional adaptations and numerous styles of lookouts constructed. The Regional Architect, A.P. DiBenedetto produced plans that were economical, efficient, and aesthetically cohesive with Pacific Northwest Architectural trends. With the budget in mind, DiBenedetto designed twenty-four residences and five dual office buildings (Atwood, 2005: 50-51 ). 27 Design Standards for Constructing of Permanent Family Housing for Federal Personnel. 37 It wasn't until after WWII that the Forest Service began using plywood for exterior structures. The Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory created an exterior cladding called Textured 1-11 (T 1-11) plywood that alleviated prior issues with delamination and weathering (Atwood et al., 2005: 53). Exterior cedar plywood was laminated on the Textured 1-11 that was composed of fir. The fir plywood allowed for considerable tensile strength while the cedar exterior added durability and weather-proofing properties from the extractives. This T 1-11 plywood played a key role in DiBenedetto's designs. Another critical component in the composition of lookouts from this period is the utilization of the flat roof pitch--also a component of modernism. POST WAR LOOKOUTS Due to budget and labor constraints, there were few lookouts constructed during WWII and the AWS put life back into previously abandoned lookouts. The AWS constructed their own standard spotting cabins that were 16' x 18' with gable roofs (Carricker, 1991: 23). In addition, several garages were converted to living quarters. Many lookouts that were already in-service doubled as a "watch point" for enemy aircraft and staffed ancillary lookout posts. As opposed to being staffed during the summer and high fire danger, some lookouts were staffed year-round28 which required the lookouts to be winterized and many saw the addition of a wood stove. CL-100/106 The Washington Office in DC developed two styles of lookouts in 1952-the CL-100 and the CL-106. They were both characterized by a 14' x 14' steel cab with a flat, corrugated steel roof and a catwalk with a chain-link railing (Swift, 1993; 1) . The CL series was often placed atop Mt Ireland CL-100 lookout c.1980. Constructed in steel towers with a "K" galvanized brace and 1958, the original D-6 was 'blown-up' to make room at range from a height of 1O ' to 83' in height. CL the site. Wallow-Whitman NF, Ray Kresek photo. cabs were also placed on the ground surface and on concrete block platforms in areas where extra height was not needed to access the viewshed. Most of the CL series were built between 1952 and 1960 in Region 06 but were more popular in the Southwest Region (03) and California (05). It is unclear what the difference is between the two styles, but it could suggest different 28 This depended on the ability to provide supplies to the spotter. Lookouts that were too dangerous in the winter did not get staffed year-round. 38 roof pitches-one hipped and one flat. This model was not very popular in Region 6 and roughly 10 were ever TIMBER MOUNTAIN constructed on Forest Service land; however, they have also R-6, 1959 been classified as metal R-6's which has caused some confusion with their overall total. R-6 FLAT The Region-6 (R-6) Flat Top was first introduced in 1953 and was the Forest Service's modern and updated model to replace previous styles. The materials needed to construct the R-6 are too large to be packed in and required the use of a helicopter (Atwood, 1994: 61-63). The R-6 was designed to lower costs and reduce hazards from re-shingling the L-4 hipped roof by replacing it with a modern and sleek flat tarred roof with widely overhanging eaves. The exterior is cladded in laminated exterior cedar plywood on textured 1-11 fir and the cab is surrounded by a catwalk. The R-6 is 15' x 15' with single-light windows, rather than multi-pane, and lack window coverings or shutters. Earlier cabins have, "seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits" (Atwood, et al., 2004: 91- 92). In all cases, the interior was furnished with an Osborne Fire Finder. 39 CHAPTER 6: MODERN TO COMTEMPORARY PERIOD (1961-present) Advances in aviation technology and communication post WWII made staffing lookouts less effective and, in most FIBER OPTIC LINES cases, obsolete. Like the carrier pigeon, aerial fire detection methods proved to be more cost effective and efficient overall in covering large swaths of mountainous terrain. ''A summer·e/ectr:ical storm sweeps across the· Advancements in technology coupled with the increase of skies 101ter the citizens in the forest led to the decommissioning of lookout VV.ena.tchee National structures throughout the region. More recently, infrared Forest. .As night falls so technology, fiber optics lines, and satellite imagery are used to do thousands of spikes of lightening, many ofw_hich assist in detecting wildfires. touch gro&nd around the The 1960's was a riotous decade that introduced .forest. As these b.olts ·of several environmental conservation laws and policies that lightening bit th,e Eatth, war.nings ate directly affected historic preservation. In 1964, the Wilderness simultaneQasly Act established the legal definition for wilderness and created transmit1ecf across fib,;1r regulations for long-term preservation of wilderness areas for optic lines :to the 'REJgional Office in federal land management agencies. The Act also established 1Portland. .From this restrictions that limited the use of mechanized equipment and .statien, detailed access within wilderness boundaries. Although this has inform.ation is tra,.nsferr:ed presented challenges for the preservation of many historic to the District Ranger ooncemiro,g Wher:e 1the structures, this has also allowed for the use of historically lightening has tovched accurate equipment and processes to be employed that do.wn. Later, the ne')(.t ultimately preserved the character of the wilderness. day,, a plane· skims acmss tree ,tops :to the Wilderness is defined as unhindered, primitive, or free from preeise location of the modern human manipulation29 . For Heritage, this means lightening strikes, cultural landscapes and sites are often untouched from observes for fir:es, and takes appro{ltiate action". development or demolition and retain integrity. Managing a wilderness area is different in that no motorized vehicles or temporary road construction is permissible unless human lives -Urn'Rnown sou.r:ce., 14-t5 are at risk. The primary means to suppress wildfire in these Carricker., 1991; areas is by utilizing retardant drops. 29 NWCG, 2017. 40 The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 outlines the roles and levels of involvement required from a Federal nexus regarding the management of historic resources. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) were established under the NHPA to create a checks-and-balances along with imposing nationwide standards under which all cultural resources are assessed equally. Under Section 11 O of the NHPA, federal agencies are required to identify historic resources and evaluate their significance for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Historic resources must have integrity to be eligible for listing under four criteria: A) Association with significant national events or patterns, B) Association with significant people, C) Embody distinctive characteristics that represent the work of a master craftsman or type of construction, D) Likelihood to yield important information. An historic resource is generally not considered eligible for inclusion if it is less than 50 years of age; however, exceptions are given if they are significant. Several of the older lookouts, ones reaching 50 years of age, were in disrepair when the NHPA was enacted and the Forest Service began to see them as a liability (Hill, 2013: 15-16). Because they were no longer cost-effective to manage, lookouts were removed from Forest Service lands before they could reach the age of 50. They were also evaluated as being ineligible for inclusion in the National Register because they were not considered historic (50 years or older). Lookouts were removed through several means including the private sale of lookout cabs and towers, dynamite, or controlled fires. Lookouts are still sold through salvage- based contracts to remove them from the land but lookout structures themselves do not meet many city's building and health codes. This makes their integration off forest lands challenging and caters solely to a specific type of landowner30. In 1976, Congress passed the National Forest Management Act (NFMA) that required Forests to draft a resource management plan for their unit. The management act requires Forests to evaluate their resources based on multiple-use and sustained-yield principals. This Act enabled lookouts to be converted to recreation rentals and open for other special uses. Because lookout structures are on mountain peaks and open ridgelines, a popular special use is as a telecommunication or relay station. Radio, telephone, and satellite equipment is often stored in or on the lookout and secondary structures. Although the structures themselves are 30 In order to purchase a lookout from the forest service, the purchaser must provide approved legal plans for the deconstruction, transfer, and/or reconstruction of the lookout on their land. 41 being used, access to the lookout is often restricted by the permittee-often by boarding-up the structure and installing a gate. The trails that lead to lookouts are still open to the public. It is the responsibility of the permittee to protect their equipment and vandalism to any of the communication equipment is considered a breach of National security. This greatly limits the ability for locals and tourists to enjoy these structures. During the 1990s the Forest Service created the Meaningful Measures program for developed recreation sites. The Meaningful Measures program assessed developed recreation sites for annual operations and management costs associated with the resource and focused on managing recreation sites to quality standards (RS-FMP, 2007: 8). Historic lookout structures that are potential recreation assets have high deferred maintenance costs and this is weighed against the expectation of funds generated by a recreation fee authority. Urban sprawl has brought residential areas closer to timberlands. Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUls) are residential tracts that abut potentially heavy or dangerous fuel loads which L j O 0)~ • ,j C·03 l"ffl o o:i:,. o o~~ -:':!C1:iO-OO~ - 00~ -003 -003-0CS -00-0-J, Burned Area Probability map throughout the United States. Note the higher probability for eastern Oregon and Washington. Image taken from USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 3. 2012. 42 could ignite and cause damage to life and property. It is prudent for the Forest Service to staff lookouts for immediate fire detection in these areas-where lives, private, or sensitive property are at risk (Carricker, 1991: 14). In 2018, there were over 52 thousand wildfires throughout the US with a total of over 8.5 million acres burned (NWCG, 2003). Over the last decade, an average of 60-thousand wildfires occurred each year and roughly 6.6 million acres burned- these numbers are extremely high and they are likely to get worse. Most recently, wildfires in California have claimed the lives and property of thousands of people and have destroyed several historic and cultural landmarks. Today's increase of wildfires throughout the Nation is a complex issue. Wildfires are exacerbated by several causes that lead to megafires and mass destruction of land, life, and property throughout the region. Clear cutting of old growth timber has allowed the understory to flourish and replanted timber is Olallie Mountain, Cheryl Hill subsequently smaller-creating light flashy fuels that are more susceptible to burn hot and fast. Disease and insects have also contributed to the death of large swaths of timber-this only adds tinder to the fire. Based on this knowledge, more lookouts are actively staffed east of the Cascade mountain range where the climate is a high plains desert with light flashy fuel loads. These issues coupled with climate change has brought hotter, drier, and longer fire seasons31 to the "Olallie Mountain Lookout after it burned down. Photo by Steve Johnson", The Statesman Nation and Northwest Region. Fire lookouts Journal, 2020. themselves are also susceptible to wildfire and this past 2020 fire season saw the destruction of several heritage resources including Olallie Mountain lookout on the Willamette National Forest that was the last lookout standing in the Three Sisters Wilderness. 31 For statistics on the number of fires and acres burned by wildfires throughout Nation from 1926 to 2019, see the National lnteragency Fire Center's table for Total Wildland Fires and Acres at https://www.nifc.gov/firelnfo/firelnfo_stats_totalFires.html 43 MODERN & CONTEMPORARY LOOKOUT STYLES The new styles from this period continued with lookout kits but the assembly on mountain tops changed from rangers packing in materials to using trucks, helicopters, and heavy machinery. Quality roads also made it so that the lookout kit did not need to be packed in by rangers. In some cases, the lookout was pre-assembled and brought to the patrol point. Others were constructed on-site once the materials were brought in by helicopter and assembled using cranes and Antelope R-6 lookout preassembled and being transported to the site in heavy machinery. This practice began at the post-war period 1974 (above). A crane is used to place the R-6 on the tower structure but became the main method of assembly and transporting (below). USFS photos. materials into the Modern and Contemporary period. Although technology has advanced, there is still a need to have a lookout structure and watchman at certain patrol points. The impetus for multi-use is evident in the few styles from this period. When a new lookout needed to be constructed, one obvious solution was to create replicas based on the original plans of older styles at the site that improved the massing. The replicas are adapted to suit the site for fire detection but also double as a winter recreation rental or interpretive museum. One example of an adaptation is Warner Mountain Lookout on the Willamette NF where the superstructure was recycled from Grass Mountain and a cupola cabin was placed on top. The floor plan for the cupola cabin is 14' x 14' opposed to the 12' x 12' standard 0-6 floor plan and can accommodate guests in the winter. It is unclear where the design for Octagons came from; however, the design itself is optimal to gain a 360-degree view of the land. This is an obvious progression from the boxy form of previous compositions to aid in fire detection. According to the National Historic Lookout Register, the Octagon may be the Warner Mountain Cupola Cabin Replica on the Willamette NF, Sue Bula photo, 2000. 44 prototype for the future of fire lookouts32 . Octagons are 16' x 16' cab surrounded by a catwalk and placed on a pole tower of varying height. Octagons are large enough to be live-in and converted to recreation rental in the winter. Octagons move away from the sleek but unpractical design influence of post-WWII modernism and back to a rugged Cascadian aesthetic associated with the Pacific Northwest. Calamity Butte Octagon constructed in 2000, Rex Kamastra photo 32 NHLR description of Spring Butte Lookout Tower on the Deschutes. 45 PART II: ANALYSIS The periods of significance have been assigned based on architectural trends identified, documented, and outlined in Utility in Setvice in 2005. Utility in Setvice provides a context to all agency administrative and recreation facilities in Region 06 up to 1960. Atwood's architectural history ended in 1960-roughly 50 years from the date if its authorship. Lookouts succumb to the elements daily and it is likely that some of the lookouts counted in this inventory are no longer standing. This inventory should be updated as lookouts are constructed and decommissioned. Each lookout style has been assigned a color, in no particular order, so they can easily be identified on maps and charts. Some locations have multiple lookouts standing and they are represented by concentric circles. Build Build Date Date Regional Styles (Earliest) Color ( Latest) WA OR ID Total Cabin 1914 1920 2 3 Tree Platform 1914 1937 1 4 Crows Nest 1914 1933 1 9 D-6 1922 1928 2 7 Aermotor 1926 10 L-4-AR 1924 2 L-5 1933 2 Cathedral 1920 1928 2 L-4 1929 1989 29 68 Platform Tower 1919 1934 2 4 R-6 1952 44 L-6 1936 3 CL-100/106 1955 8 Octagon 1977 3 1986 3 1 173 *These totals will always fluctuate as lookouts are discovered, documented, and/or destroyed. CHAPTER 7: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF REMAINING STYLES There are two types of lookouts-Observation-only and Live-in lookouts. Live-in lookouts are a type of lookout where the watchman resides in the structure. These are usually utilitarian in form and function - typically with a modest kitchen and sleeping space, equipped with a fire- finder. This way the watchman can complete daily chores while keeping an eye on the timber. 46 Observation-only lookouts are generally elevated in a tower or spar tree and have much smaller cabs where only a fire-finder is present; the watchman lives elsewhere. Ground houses and large complexes with outhouses, garages, and secondary structures are associated with observation-only sites. There are 173 lookouts remaining in Region 06 that are expressed through16 styles. When considering the current distribution of the lookouts across the national forests in Region 06, the majority of lookouts are located in Oregon (119) with fewer in Washington (52) and Idaho (2). There are very few lookouts west of the Cascades (n<10) in both Oregon and Washington. Oregon has at least one representation of each style. Of the remaining land managed, the majority of lookouts reside in the Cascade Range. There are only two lookouts in Idaho and two that hug the border of British Columbia--Region 06 does not manage any lookouts in California. The L-4 style has the largest representation with 69 remaining, followed by the R-6 style, with 43 remaining, and there are 10 or less of the remaining styles. Trends in distribution show that there is at least one lookout on each forest unit. Live-in lookout cabs without a tower superstructure are located in highest elevations; while, lookouts on tower superstructures are found more in lower elevations. - CABINS (3) According to Log Cabin Lookout Quarters Inventories for Oregon and Washington33 , there were a total of 66 log-cabin living quarters constructed throughout Region and they are currently managed by Oregon and Washington National Forests, the State of Oregon, Douglas County Fire Protection Association, the State of Washington, and the Walker Mountain cabin in the Colville Indian Reservation. Of the 66 constructed, 56 Deschutes National Forest. cabins (84.8%) were on National Forest land and now there are only three cabins remaining- one in Oregon and two in Washington. The cabin lookouts that remain range from hand-hewn slant-walled to stone and wood. The Walker Mountain on the Deschutes was one of four original lookout stations on the forest and is the oldest administrative structure on the forest. The Walker Mountain lookout is the only lookout to be constructed using stone in the composition. Of the cabins that remain, they are all 33 Swift:1993e. The inventory included cupola cabins and cabins with roof platforms. The 1993e inventory for log cabins also noted that several cabins had a front porch. Mark Swift also compiled a separate inventory for Cupola Cabins (1993c). 47 from the Intermediate period (1912-1932) and are located on the Deschutes, Okanogan- Wenatchee, and Colville National Forests. All cabins are Live-in lookouts. Remaining Cabin Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 I, Bcilcl .' \ ) OP.EGON - ', > \ ' N A 0 30 60 120 Miles •.-Hon 48 l•I TREE PLATFORMS (4) According to Tree Platform Style Lookout Inventory for Oregon and Washington34 , a total of 169 Tree Platforms, Crow Nests, Spar Tree, and Platform Tower lookouts collectively were constructed in Region 06. This inventory grouped all four of these styles into one so the exact number of only Tree Platforms is unknown. Of the 169 structures constructed, there were a total of 107 constructed in Oregon and 68 on National Forest land (63.6%). The remaining lookouts are dispersed on Bureau of Land Management (SLM), the State of Oregon, Clatsop County Fire Protection Association, the Columbia County Fire Protection Association, the Douglas County Fire Protection Association, Eastern Lane Fire Protection Mt Pisgah Lookout tree on the Ochoco NF, Rex Kamstra Association, Klamath County Fire Protection Association, Lincoln photo County Fire Protection Association, Northwest Oregon Fire Protection Association, Southwest Oregon Fire Protection Association, Tillamook County Fire Protection Association, Western Lane Fire Protection Association, and private property. There were only 62 constructed in Washington and only 16 were on National Forest land (25.8%). The remaining are managed by the State of Washington, the Colville Indian Reservation, the Quinault Indian Reservation, Spokane Indian Reservation, Yakima Indian Reservation, US Fish and Wildlife, and the US Army. Only four tree platforms remain on Forest lands throughout the region in various states of disrepair-three in Oregon and one in Washington. The three in Oregon are clustered around center of the state-one outside of the Warm Springs Reservation. The solo Tree Platform in Washington is located in the north-central portion of the state. The platforms range from 10-feet from the ground to 70-feet. Of the Tree Platforms remaining, two are from the Intermediate period (1912-1932), one from the Depression era (1933-1941), and one is unknown. Two are on the Ochoco, one on Mt. Hood, and one is on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests. All Tree Platforms are Observation-only lookouts. 34 Swift: 1992d. This inventory included four sperate styles of lookout and classified them as a Tree Platform. These included Crow Nests, Spar Trees, Tree Platforms, and Platform Towers. 49 Remaining Tree Platform Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ·~~::;~~/~ -----.------, i::f'1tinr '\,11 • • •:, ~•-:_I it. ,/ .' ,: - -1_ fj.,. i,..-f W,\ 5Hl IJ Gl 01-J • '), -:11':,1 l'l':i I' ,.,. Le.•.1:..r,.n ,:. lli 7:;-v \.!:J,111111', Je u r, _•_j. ,; ,. •·•1 OR (GO!< ·.~., ..... 1·:!J i.,_J,.'._· i. - .. ,. ' Tree Platform ■ A 0 30 60 120 Miles I I 50 - IL---__R_ e_m_a_i_n_in _g_c_r_o_w~N-es_t_L_o_o_k_ou_t_s_o_n_N_a_ti_o_n_a_l _F_o_re_s_t_La_n_d_s_i_n_R_e_g_i_on_os ___ , ;: -: . ,). r - : :-.:.?Jr, 0 :r - ,.- --.._ T_ ., ,~, .u, _-ei 1...:'",l1 :d ·,, ,I n:_-•. - r, '-, -:t~e- .!C r. r Li.~ih,F -~1 -·rec ','J1'!,'I Lt;· _;•.h. . 11 o· r',-,1l and i ;iJ? .. () ' 71 . '. • 0 @ 0 OREGOI< 0 •.•t :, ..;. ,::, ,: '. , .. ,. ... Key N Crow Nest □ '-- 0 30 60 120 Miles 1 i:, :, I 51 D CROW NEST (9) The exact number of Crow Nest lookouts constructed is unknown because they are often classified as Tree Platforms (see above section). There are nine Crow Nests still standing in the region-eight in Oregon and one in Washington. Like the Tree Platform, they are in various states of disrepair. Their remains are located around the Cascade Mountain range and extend eastward in Oregon toward the Blue Mountain range. Two are located on Wolf Mountain-one on the east slope and one on the west. The remains of the nests are in trees Remains of Yellow Jacket that range from 30-feet to 110-feet. Eight are from the Intermediate Crow Nest on the Rogue Period (1912-1932) and one from the Depression era (1933-1941). River-Siskiyou NF. Ron Kemnow photo 2007. There is one Crow Nest on the Deschutes, Malheur, Umatilla, Umpqua, Rogue River-Siskiyou, Willamette, Okanogan-Wenatchee and two on the Ochoco National Forest. Like Tree Platforms, Crow Nests are Observation-only lookouts. - D-6 (7) There were 267 cupola style lookouts constructed, 150 are in Oregon and Washington (Swift, 1993c). In Oregon, there were a total of 85 constructed, of which, 65 were on National Forests (76.5%). The additional 20 cupola lookouts are managed by Fire Protection Agencies or the State of Oregon. In Washington, a total of 65 cupola lookouts were constructed, of which, 52 were constructed on National Forests (80% ). The additional 13 were constructed by the Spokane Indian Reservation, Washington Dept. of Forestry, and Mt. Rainier National Park. lllahee Rock lookout, photo by There are only seven D-6 lookouts remaining on Forest's Ron Kershner. Date unknown: land-five in Oregon and two in Washington. Dutchman Peak on the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest is the only one left in the region that is still used for fire detection. lllahee Rock on the Umpqua National Forest is an informal museum of lookout artifacts from the previous cupola lookout on the site. The cupola has been shorted and the windows removed. All six lookouts are from the Intermediate period (1912-1932). There are two lookouts on the Rogue River-Siskiyou and the Umpqua National Forest and there is one on the Deschutes and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests. Mt. Adams lookout on the Gifford Pinchot National was 52 Remaining D-6 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ' :{;/~/J, ... ✓- : ..-U111~- lJT • , ::..... ... rJr1 i ., - r -I '.'/:>.SllllJGTOfl I'~ ft' C:" U1 .::::: ·r,-,, 01;-mr11J fL_.;:.!J11r ·!' •"'• ' iCC ,':r•, VJ•lr:,. r',-11J,md' '-1:·f,111111•. 'l,~ u "S arr-•·· OREGO!J • • ,., :, Key D-6 ■ 0 30 60 120 Miles I 53 originally a D-6 constructed in 1918 and the lookout was staffed from 1922-1924 before it was abandoned. In the 1930's, local Sulfur miners commandeered the lookout and recycled the cupola to create the additions that are present today. This lookout is counted as a D-6, even though it has been modified and does not contribute to the overall significance of the typology, because it was constructed specifically to be used for fire detection and it is still standing. D-6's are Live-in lookouts. Cupola lookouts-Cathedrals, D-6, Cupola cabins, etc.-are associated with the development of the Agencies initial attempts at standardizing fire detection structures as well as streamlining fire suppression tactics (Throop, 1995: 6; Atwood, 2004: 57). The cupola has become symbolic and closely associated with wildfire suppression and the lone watchman. These are a signature image of the National Forest system-equivalent to that of Smokey Bear. J•I AERMOTOR (10) A total of 88 Aermotor lookouts were constructed in Oregon and Washington-42 of which were on Forest Service land (47.7%; Swift, 1992a). The majority of Aermotor lookouts were constructed in Oregon (n=62). Of the Aermotors constructed in Oregon, 38 were on National Forest land (61.3%). The remaining Aermotors constructed are in the State of Oregon, several Fire Protection Agencies, Warm Springs Indian Reservation, the US Coast Guard, and the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge land. A total of 26 Aermotors were constructed in Washington and only four were on National Forest land (15.4%). The remaining Aermotor lookouts are on the State of Washington, University of Washington, Colville Indian Reservation, Tamarack Mountain Aermotor on Umatilla NF, Rex Kamastra Quinault Indian Reservation, Spokane Indian Reservation, US Coast photo Guard, and US Army land. There are only ten Aermotor lookouts remaining in the region-nine in Oregon and one in Washington. Three are inactive and they are planning to be decommissioned. There are two on the Deschutes and Malheur National Forest, three on the Umatilla, and one on the Wallowa- Whitman, Willamette, and Umatilla National Forest. Four are from the Intermediate period (1912-1932) and the remainder are from the Depression era (1933-1941 ). Aermotor towers are Observation-only lookouts and are accompanied by a live-in ground cabin. The Aermotors that remain are predominately located around central Oregon and extend into west-central Oregon and southeastern Washington. 54 Remaining Aermotor Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ~, ·, - _.Lf' •"I l i.."l , ..L ~- t-'ld wuP,i ~' ~1.1:,,• _/ ~::;;:~::,~------ -- ---------- ~-·.-.· 3..-{h:.c_:- 1., 1 .. , _, .,. ' I_,,' I ·, I .f I - .... i.l.. : '~:.. ~ - ' '.',';"\ SHI IJ GTOII fl•., IJup , ,11 ~- ,.,-... ijj .-Y- !• '. . :· -, ' ORE Gori •,;,1,;:f'!1l L.:,;_._, ,:: ~ -· 't',T" ..•. 1:; ,_,. ~-~JI_,-----------------------------, Key 'N :·,, krmotor U .. i lfc-H IJ_I~ ■ A 0 30 60 120 Miles I 55 Remaining L-4-AR Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 I >Jf '"_/ -.... ....,.-' ,!:: :-t r-r------'-=::.___ ---------- (n~c ,- n~ ',/ ...... '.,.-, 11 i._l -:,pd . .:r-,.. WA 5Hl fJ G'TOtJ ,'-.;er -..r·:n, '.i•·.·11..,, 01,nii':.1 2. ~L",, llup ·p,:rrl.1nd . ., '"~" :r.111111, Jc- ID .9. 0 s.ir~~ ,1 '--: • -T -·-l •• '•:-, I ,,. OR[GOIJ 0 L.1. . !.l' •.:, 'i i ... ·,·r ( I ..t :.~ : di . .-------------------------------, Key K L-4-AR (ALlFOHI_JA □ 0 30 60 120 rvliles I 56 L-4-AR (2) There were 53 total L-4-ARs constructed throughout Oregon, Washington, California, Arizona, and New Mexico (Swift, 1993a: 1-9) --only 17 were ever constructed in Region 06. There were 13 total L-4-ARs constructed in Oregon, all of which are on National Forests. Four L-4-ARs were constructed in Washington--three are on National Forest land. The only other L-4-AR built in Region 06 that is not managed by the National Forest was on the Yakima Indian Reservation and is in ruins. The majority of L-4-ARs Mule Peak L-4-AR "Hall Special" c.1988, Rod Jones photo were constructed in California (n=33). Only two were constructed in Arizona and one in New Mexico. Currently, there are two L-4-AR Hall Specials standing in Region 06-both in Oregon. The Calamity lookout on the Malheur has been in continual use for over 65 years. Mule Peak lookout on the Wallowa-Whitman is located in the Eagle Cap Wilderness and is inactive. Both are from the Intermediate period (1912-1932). The L-4-AR is a Live-in lookout. l•I L-5 (2) It is unknown how many L-5 lookouts were constructed in Region 06. The L-5 was designed by Region 05, the lntermountain Region. There are two L-5 lookouts-one in Oregon and one in Washington. Not much is known about Meebee Pass on the Okanogan-Wenatchee NF other than it was constructed in 1933 and is stewarded by Friends of Meebee Pass. Pig Iron on the Umpqua was prefabricated by the Weyerhaeuser Sales Meebee Pass lookout, willhiteweb.com Company in 1950 and is used for fire detection only during emergencies. L-5s are Live-in lookouts. 57 Remaining L-5 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 '- .... ;.;,l•;;,:lf:11 1 Kl•."•ii::·.· ••: It _.,_ ,:·~ 1-;1~·1• l ';r!;-: n€;:,r:,,· , :;;.,·;_,,l:~, . , 0~·~:rr~pi a J-·IN,•1llup . .......,. .. 1 •.,.5H..:;,,-;:••,, •' <::•/ '·r· ,, ~or,,< ~Vd:a.-,;o '. B,1:.~ ·, •. l..:·:1.J !I.:',[: ~\ ~~ '. !··' ·,r , ~! ,: I I 1 --' _::._,· r'..;J '1 -:~- ,',t~h11nrw1i1.; · ·:-: 1 @ s .-:-. -~~-1lt'm OP.EGO!~ .'d,lli"i,~-llr I· Lrt.l~,:• I L-=..~:~ ...;.:~._~•·: '., ·. - . - .. _ .. ~ 1Ju1-S:_ . _ .. _ ··- .. , -- · · "(~•-~- 7 · u,k.-----------------"------------~ Key N ,r _.. L-5 '--c\L1ronr.1-A ■ _- -- ' 0 30 60 120 Miles I 58 Remaining Cathedral Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 · ·- -~P_~t S~imd / . :s ' 'V.'A5H1tJ GTOf·l \ £lt1lfJ1 ·-~·.. :c,;:.1h) 1' ·' . 'i '· 01)~1p,.; ri,;•~n,',p .'- ...t ,.,..-~· ~Viilrrva : .C:o;~ / -.,·.11:ir.1."'!. ": .- ..._ . ..... 7-' __ ._ .. ' ~ ~-: ~on:,1r·1e-t\· i:-.•r'111f\•,fci: .,,./. . .:.. ~:.::}'' .~ ; . __-: _V :ml:'.: ':•.I':_ ,,,, • \<_,::-..~.- - ~ ,· '· -Y . __ : : '~~rlland :_:,-;:;·~c,i,,i.,:i,;J,_J,~V<'\'":°:a.Y''':.:·_ ii,4.1r.n' rl -t·:·· I.._,' , . :·,kL1i1111v:J,'lo· - i .• z .,.: i.·:;1:rn S.:1ir1t1 -- f;,:.:-1 g~~d . ; OP.EGO!l ! , l !,}d"f}~~•{::- L,~t.f:t' · __ ( ) . l .~ii{ 1·· ; :'1[11·,t i •~.,·.·:-: ' r-,1~~;:i ·J·::-ilJJ:1,: . ·, Key N ' ' Cathedral ·,,c'Ai.JFORt4lA ~. . ~--.,,· ■ A 0 30 60 120 Miles 59 - CATHEDRAL (2) There were only seven Cathedral lookouts constructed on Oreg·on and Washington Forests-four in Oregon and three in Washington (Swift, 1992b: 1-4). There are two cathedrals remaining in the region-Lookout Mountain on Mt. Baker- Snoqualmie in Washington and Calimus Butte on the Fremont-Winema in Oregon. Lookout Mountain was the first lookout on Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie in 1928 and it is currently inactive. Calimus Butte has been actively staffed since 1931 Calimus Butte Cathedral, Howard Verschoor photo beginning with the Klamath tribe. The Klamath Indian Agency operated the lookout until about two years prior to the Termination Act of 1961.The lookouts on the reservation were operated by the Klamath District of the Oregon Department of Forestry. A large portion of forest was retained by the tribes, this known as the Indian Forest. Calimus was located on this forest and was until the mid-70's was an Oregon Dept. of Forestry lookout. When the forest was sold to the Government in the mid-?0's it became part of the Winema NF. Cathedrals are Live-in lookouts. l•I L-4 (69) Hundreds of L-4 lookouts were constructed throughout Region 06 and the exact number is unknown. The L-4A, L-4-AR, L-4 Gable, L-4 Hip, and standard '36 are generally categorized as L- 4s and are counted in inventories as such. For this inventory the L-4 Gable, L-4 Hip, and Standard '36 are counted and categorized together as the L-4. The L-4 Gable was the first Harl Butte on the Wallowa-Whitman, Rex Kamastra to appear an d they are t he earliest photo representation of the L-4. There were no L-4As constructed in Region 06. A total of 292 L-4 lookouts were constructed on National Forests in Oregon and 238 in Washington (Swift, 1993c: 1-30)35 . There are 29 L-4s in Washington and 39 in Oregon- included in this count are both L-4s with hipped roofs and L-4s with a gabled roof. The date range of the surviving lookouts range from 1929 to 1989. The L-4 makes up 87% of the total 35 This inventory count included the entire L-4 series (L-4A, L-4-AR, L-4 Gable, L-4 Hip). 60 inventory. Several are ground cabins on modest foundations and others are on towers ranging from 10- to 60-feet. The L-4 is a Live-in lookout. Character defining features that make an L-4 are: 1. "14'x14' floor plan 2. 6'-9' ceiling 3. Pre-cut framing and finished members in easily transportable 8-foot lengths 4. Easily secure to diverse foundations; from various rock or native surfaces to log platforms and high towers 5. The structures were often guyed for extra support, particularly on towers 6. 3' -0" catwalks were standard on cabins placed on ridge tops and towers. These catwalks were typically constructed with 2"x1 O" sills and 2"x4" guard rails ... 7. Windows round the upper 2/3rds of the exterior walls for viewing the entire landscape 8. Large shutters which provided structural support from heavy snow and ice buildup when closed and shade from the sun when opened. Shutters were made on the site with 1 x 6 shiplap 9. A lightening protection system utilizing copper wire running down the eaves of the cabin, down the sides and into the ground. Metal components inside the cabin, such as the fire finder or stove, were also attached to this system. 10. The standard plan L-4 included construction details for onsite construction details for on-site construction of pre-cut wooden furnishings. These included a kitchen cabinet, a table, bench fire finder and water stand, and shelves. While many of these furnishings can still be found in lookouts, they were not a permanent part of the structure and are not a necessary part of a nomination or determination of eligibility" (Carricker, 1991: 39-40) 61 Remaining L-4 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 - I -_ .. I -D_.. --0--- - ,_ ,-... ,_ ... · --=·o_- -o 8 o 0 0 ·.,_ b 90--- Cb r- - - -- ·-_-/ ..,:~~, .~ {;-;::.-,., Soul'""fi 1 , :. n ,:;_(::~ ;. 0 - i....:.--r WASHltJGTOtl ' :'✓ i '.Gt,fJ !Jay 0 0 I I lj 0 ,Qv._,,,,11 V I]-> r .. ,,-.- 0 0 0 0 ... Bm, 0 og\ Oo r 0 CI>/ o:' 0 ·-:,() 'I _ (7l,\. .. ::..t1L------------------------------~ Key N . "-;,-,. ,: L-4 □ 0 30 60 120 Miles f f f 62 Remaining Platform Tower Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 •.,- •, .:•l'~ -1 ~-•i:. 11.-.t ~• !"':1,l,r,:,1.1 :· ~,-~--~· ........ _. -------- - ----- :__, .·- •rIL' - '_.I• : tl.•1-;t•f~..1, .. d .... ri:,J:..: 1-':l r ..._ c·.:'i, j": 1- ...... V 1.linn~ _;l o:- \7 • OP.[GOtJ • ::.• .. ~ ...... :: L.:.!.1: L',, - L•. :..1,.~'-------------------------------, Key K i.:." Platform Tower ■ 0 30 60 120 Miles I I 63 - PLATFORM TOWER (4) There were 76 Platform Towers constructed in Oregon and Washington (Swift, 1993d: 1-7). A total of 39 Platform Towers were constructed in Oregon, 32 (82%) of which were constructed on National Forests. The remainder are managed by the Fire Protection Agencies and the State of Oregon. There were 37 Platform Towers constructed in Washington, 25 (67.6%) of which were constructed on National Forests. The remainder were constructed on the State of Washington, the Spokane Indian Reservation, and Longview Forest Fire Association land. Fairview Mountain Platform Tower in There are two Platform Towers remaining in Oregon 1982, Ron Kemnow photo, and two in Washington-all are in various states of disrepair. oregonlookouts. weebly .com The Fairview mountain lookout has railroad spikes for steps and is the only remaining lookout on the Siuslaw. Fairview Mountain and Craft Point on the Malheur are from the Intermediate period (1912-1932). The Platform Towers in Washington are both from the Depression era ( 1933-1941 ). Platform Towers are for Observation-only. There is one Platform Tower in each corner of the Region. - R-6 (43) It is unknown how many R-6 lookouts were constructed in Region 06. Aside from the L-4, the R- 6 is the second most prolific style of lookout remaining and it is also the last standardized lookout style designed. In Region 06, there are 11 R-6s remaining in Washington, 30 in Oregon, and two in Idaho. Of the R-6s remaining, the earliest is from 1933 and the last one constructed was in 2004. They range from ground cabins on modest fo_undations to wooden towers up to 67-feet in height. Although the original design used a flat tarred roof, some R-6s have a hipped roof to withstand the harsh weather. This model also does not have a shutter system and requires the lookout to be boarded-up or moth balled when they are not in use. The Dixie Butte on the Malheur NF c.2010, two R-6s that are in Idaho are managed by the Wallowa- photo by Rex Kamastra Whitman National Forest in Oregon. The R-6 is a Live-in lookout. 64 Remaining R-6 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ._,-·1 .. :;.,u• .. , !"t.11.•l :.' Parlwr;.r-,i :' :. . Jr.!:,.,.... ., ___ ,.. / 1 •• I. ,!·.: ••· ·,., !} ,f.."{;,r"t ·'·.:.ut·,-/ • "r" 1 I - ., ... n,:1/:. ~:..-: :;: __ ( ... · WASHIHGTOtJ •,-t,J ..I Oi·;n,pe h":,,llup - '•- ~v • .r :u;,: t?c1, • , .. !I .- ..- • { • , . ' .. ~ :f~l11tn1, 'lo::- ~ ••,1 'i ,: ..' ~<:.i;e,r:, F. . r, :· -, ) , • • OREGOI~ •i •• • • ~ Cul.J.:r.. i] Ce •'· - •.. 1 .1:.·:,•:~• L.J!.,.· •• • •,ti .• i' Mrof_,i.1 Key N i,;:" R-6 ' CALJFNl NlA ■ A ..,_ ,..___ I 0 30 60 120 Miles 65 Remaining L-6 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 Of:ir~-pt s ~ir:ollup ·~- _,.,....,..,.,,.,, / i' .··,,sc~,. 1r ;.,-.,. ..' .c.,:1 VliUGt}iJ i, : Ba~~ ·S '?: =. :r .i~.i.:. ~- ., ·~ .)_ } ' .. ' . - -'. _ '/ 0 OP.EGO!; ., :1-i,1!,'-.C:!,•· ,- L.:t!.:(i' -~ 1.,;±£, ~. . <<--~~-? ... : Abt"._,-;- • - • · - .. ~ , . - •. _ , . _ Go11st·~.. . _ . _ .. _ .. - .. - - .. · : - · · ~ 9:;_ ~ • · - · • - .:a;:.-----------------"--------------, Key N ;•1-:•,,..r;;.:,,,r;, L-6 '- -c{L,roR NIA □ A •. -· ., -~- I 0 30 60 120 Miles 66 D L-6 (3) There were 99 total L-6 lookouts constructed in Washington and Oregon (Swift, 1992c: 1-18). There were 45 L-6 lookouts constructed in Oregon, 26 (57.8%) of those were constructed on National Forest lands. The remainder were constructed on the State of Oregon, various Fire Protection Associations, and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. There were 54 total L-6s constructed in Washington-16 (29.6%) on National Forests. The remainder were constructed on the State of Washington, the Colville Indian Reservation, the Quinault Indian Reservation, the Spokane Indian Reservation, the Yakima Indian Reservation, US Fish and Wildlife, US Army, City of Seattle Water Department, and privately owned land. Frazier Point on the Malheur, Rex Kamastra There are three remaining L-6 lookouts on National Forests in the photo, 2014. Region-all in eastern Oregon. The Frazier Point L-6 on the Malheur was constructed in 1936 and the cab is on a 100-foot guyed treated timber tower. The Pine Ranger Station lookout, constructed in 1938, is also on the Malheur and is on a 52-foot treated timber tower. Hat Point on the Wallowa-Whitman was constructed in 1948 on an 82-foot tower and an observation deck was added in the 1980s at 60-feet. The L-6 is an Observation-only lookout. - CL-100/106 (8) Although CL 100/106s were more popular in the Southeast (Region 3) and California (Region 5), 13 were constructed in Oregon and Washington--8 on National Forest land. The eight CL-100/106 lookout still remain-one in Washington and seven in Oregon. The remaining five were constructed on Indian Reservations in Eastern Washington36 (Swift, 1993b: 1-3). Pelican Butte on the Fremont-Winema National Forest has been modified to accommodate radio equipment and has hence been voted Oregon's Ugliest Lookout by the Fire Fighter Lookout Association (FFLA). Pelican Butte was originally constructed as an L- 1 4 in 1935 on a cable braced pole tower (PT) and was replaced with Pelican Butte lookout. Howard Verschoor photo. 36 Three on the Colville and two on the Spokane Indian Reservations. 67 an R-6 on a treated timber (TT) in 1954. In 1986, a cable television company placed a 10 ' x 10 ' metal cab on a 20-foot metal tower to accommodate their equipment. It is unclear where they pilfered the cab and tower and it is only staffed by fire during emergency incidents. CL-100/106 lookouts are Observation-only. Remaining CL-100/160 Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 C,;:~,·1lh• Rr -.n 1c·.1 :1cn ~Spnk.:,n<2' Rf~:,•tyii pon. \ f 1 ( _!. :~dAlene W~ SH IN GTON -5p;~)',· P}t~};;;,~ ~~ ~\-~;_ _· :,_,·:~_t_} -7.1rou·,;_-. / oij~;r\J,. ,:,,f½'.lni,p ._;.:: " - ·",r.,:~-. ~~;~. -------;; .__,----· -,. ~-,., / "-~--~ .'11dDI. .~ tr , La!:e' ·.:..\_,•- t.1i{::·•' ?i~1;;;- t, Ab-Nr <-·- '-::·- l ,.o,: ·., Key N CL-100/160 ■ 0 30 60 120 Miles 68 Remaining Octagon Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 •• ,11• ., [":., ,,:.t_, 1"'1, l1r1:,r 1 1 .... 11.,·.,.. ·, .J ~~1:1~-~ ~~ ---'--- ---- -------· ...... .... ~ ~ ... nine,.,, ~' ' ,·.c -;:,, ..... lu.ti,~1.;• > ,,_.-;," ~ 1·' Tu· ----..._ ___. .,./ ·.f IL• W,\SHIIJG'JOll 1.: .... ' .'/1 'i;,,J /,.' r.~.,, :1 ,•·. iii y.:· ,. '.1(f.1r11n,.:Jo:- (f ti 5J~2~! • r. _,·l Alh,"'t i' 0 P.[ GOIJ • • J.' •• - I• !.!,.~---------------~-------------~ Key N Octagon ■ 0 30 60 120 Miles 69 - OCTAGON (3) It is unknown how many octagonal lookout structures exist. There are three Octagon's in Region 06-all in Oregon and all from the Modern & Contemporary period (1961-2010). The oldest of these Octagons is Sisi Butte on Mount Hood that was constructed in 1977. This Octagon replaced the previous L-4 that was used as an AWS site during WWII. Octagons are placed on pole towers that average around 40-feet in height and are surrounded by a catwalk. Octagons are Live-in lookouts. Sisi Butte c.1997 on Mt Hood.Howard Verschoor D photo. REPLICAS (3) It is unclear how many lookout replicas exist. There are three Replicas-two on the Deschutes and one on the Willamette-all in Oregon. The two Replicas on the Deschutes are both L-4 replicas. The East Butte lookout is still actively used for fire detection and the Lave Butte Tower and Observatory is a visitor's center, museum, and interpretation center on the first floor and a lookout on the second story. Lava Butte is located on a lava Lava Butte L-4 gable two-story replica. Rex cone and has reported the most fires in the region since Kamastra photo, 2014. its original establishment in 1932 L-4. All of the Replica's present are Live-in lookouts. D HOUSE (1) In 1997, the Fremont-Winema National Forest constructed a two-story house on Dog Mountain. The house's floor plan is 15' x 15'. The upper story is used for fire detection and the first story was constructed for living quarters. The house is actively staffed every year for fire detection. This patrol point was originally established in the 191 Os with a·n Adelaide and was staffed by a female watchman, Bertha Covert, during WWII (NHLR Dog Mountain). The only House lookout is Dog Mountain Lookout House, Howard Verschoor photo, date unknown. a Live-in lookout. 70 Remaining Replica Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ':.pd ..° lf,r.' __ c,,:~~ t1· ~bn: 1 · ( f 0:ll' :d(t.,1lt~• i 01\'.rryp1a . ~i..::,:1Jh.ip -· . ·~~:·,...- tV' ifiaocJ I Ba.; :.. '}-•J,r-1: . H~: .., .,.. -- Le< .. ~'!'..,tr:':_- f· t~1 c: ~ , :..~. ·, P;::: i,1_\.ai.•nr, ·•;. ,' ', I 'I I, I' .,._· ---. "~.:_}'~::,~ti t".lltd . : "',> T.{]_2:d.; -1 ~ .. ,\.1a. . t,r,nvdl~: ,,. ~./ ' 9 ' .· s :..-;;,. . ' ,s.ntem )~::::, ;'.~;:~·t ;:, .:.1 -=.r;,;,r::: ''" · - Be-~.tl --, ·}: ~❖r;, ,, :? 0 OP.EGO!J 0 :, i-1 .i;,~~:-u,;· ,,, : Lai~c' ,, f ,.,/ L~.":!: ~..;Ctrr • I . : - .. - . - - .. - . ,"_. Key N I • r ', ... ·.:~!,,~rs,., ,.,,. . ,,,.,. ', Replica \ _.. ('A[J,~ -f-O- .R _ NIA □ A ..,_ __ . [ti~' ~;; 0 30 60 120 Miles 71 Remaining House Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 - _j r •_,-........... ~, 5dhll':'l.11 : .. '.1::. ~ {1 .t • ,~v·•:o_·· "' -.J. .:..·1• :-, . -~ ,-V.·r-1•:fii ·.••_1':..JJLI _, {·-\';., c~t 5'Jf..r·d .,· r ·.~nr:•il::. --:. -- ,>{,-_-- c,, .. u1 y;.J::-nt' - WASHl I~ GT Oil ·,- ': ;, 01~ nipta F-·L··-,.,,..,llup . ··-• :t·i-1~t1;.to , [la;, ,,-,, l.e-·,1'(<-11 .': ";C •,,_,- :;; ··.I ·1,•'.J.• ·r 'i I - • t t • . - ... ,3t·;-.·1 ... \, l ', \·• . ·•111 ;;:rt, .... t, [ .-_r, ~.: ri =,... . f,.•\ OREGOI~ :.:.,:l-.. ;:·:..:,,· l.,1L: 0 l.,:<-..•' A!..t'l: i :··:•~·~:~.: !,\•! . - G. I ;_.!/. .----------------------------------, Key N _, House CAl.!f:.OR.. 1.-./IA □ A _ ' 0 30 60 120 Miles I I 72 CHAPTER 8: TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION & NRHP SIGNIFICANCE The historic context in Part I updates the architectural trends post-1960 and the recent periods are included in this analysis of architectural lookout trends. No lookouts survive prior to 1912. The periods of surviving lookouts are: Period Date Range Lookouts Remaining Intermediate Period 1912-1932 38 Depression Era 1933-1941 39 WWI I & Post War Period 1942-1960 61 Modern 1961-1980 25 Contemporary 1981-present 10 It is important to note that more variety of lookout styles were designed in the early eras of the Forest Service while the agency was growing and learning--trying to find the ideal structure to support fire watching. Once Region 06 began standardizing the construction of lookouts, the variability of styles started to decrease. Temporal Distribution 70 12 fl 60 10 ::, V) 0 50 QJ -"' 0 8 "E- _g 40 <.f'l 4- ~ 6 ~ 30 QJ QJ .n .n 4 E E 20 ::, ::, z z 10 2 0 0 Intermediate Depression WWII & Post Modern Con-temporary Periods of Significance - Remaining Lookouts ~-'= Number of Styles INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1912-1932) This era marks the beginning of the Forest Service's branding as a wildfire management agency and the initial phase of standardization of lookout styles. The funding for the lookout system came before relief funds from the WPA during the Depression era. The most amount of lookout styles are represented from this period-a reflection of the Forest Service testing and attempting to standardize lookout styles. Lookouts from this period are closely associated with 73 the development of the Forest Service in Region 06 and the agency's initial attempts at standardizing wildfire detection. Nine styles remain from this period expressed through 38 lookouts -three lookout cabins, eight Crow Nests, three Tree Platforms, two Cathedrals, seven D-6 Cupolas, seven L-4s (four gabled and three Hipped), two L-4-AR Hall Specials, four Aermotor Towers, and two Platform Towers. Four of these styles are observation-only and the remaining five are live-in. DEPRESSION ERA (1933-1941) This period is defined by the beginning of the Great Depression and the time immediately before the US entered WWII. During this era, the CCC placed hundreds of lookouts on peaks throughout the region and relied heavily on the L-4 model that was the most recent standardized lookout plan. There were approximately 935 Forest Service lookouts constructed in Region 06 during this period-roughly 412 in Washington and 523 in Oregon (Carricker, 1991: 18). By the end of the Great Depression and beginning of WWII, nearly every acre was within sight of a watchman. Lookouts from this period are potentially eligible for inclusion in the NRHP for their association with the WPA and the government's impetus to boost the economy and employ qualified men. Of the lookouts remaining, only 39 are from this period-26 of which are L-4s. The surviving L-4s make up 67% of the overall inventory from this period. Other surviving styles include six Aermotor towers, one Crow Nest, one Tree Platform, one Platform Tower, one L-5, and two L-6 towers. Five of these styles are Observation-only and two are Live-in. WWII & POST WAR PERIOD (1942-1960) This period is marred by WWII and the timber boom that happened afterwards. WWII and the Post-War Period are tied together because they are associated with the war and war recovery effort. By this time, only standard plans were used for the construction of new lookouts. The AWS relied on standardized plans for the swift construction of lookouts at patrol points. Lookouts from this period are potentially eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion A for their direct association with National Security during WWI and their direct relationship to the increased demand for timber extraction in the post-war (Atwood et al., 2005: 61-63). The government's response to the timber demand post-WWII and limited budgets are evident in the composition of structures from this period. Lookouts from this period were constructed by 74 architects with consideration to the Agency's image, budget constraints, and the enforcement of standardized designs on individual Forest units. There are a total of 61 lookouts remain from this period (n=36 lookouts, 59%) and R-6s (n=17 lookouts, 28%). The remaining representative styles from this period are six CL- 100/160s, one L-5, and one L-6. The L-6 is the only Observation-only style from this period-the remainder are Live-in lookouts. MODERN ERA (1961-1980) This period encompasses the passing of legislation that protects and assesses historic resources such as lookouts. Many older lookouts that were in poor condition saw their removal through fire, sale, or demolition. This period also marks the crescendo of technology surrounding wildfire detection that impacted the overall need for a lookout structure and watchman. The R-6 was the last standardized lookout plan in the Region and it was the most common lookout style to be constructed during this period. Lookouts from this period do not have any direct correlation with National events and trends but rather extended the continuum of fire detection and suppression in Region 06. As a result, there are only 25 lookouts remaining from this period-all but two are R-6s (n=23, 92%). The other two are the first introductions of an Octagon Tower and Replica. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1981-2010) This period is an extension of the Modern Era; however, these lookouts are not Historic (~50 years of age) nor are they directly associated with National events or building trends. There were 10 lookouts constructed during this period-three R-6s, two Replicas, two CL- 100/160s, two Octagon Towers, and one lookout House. All of these lookouts are Live-in lookouts. CHAPTER 9: USES Lookouts have three main uses-fire detection, housing communication sites (cell phone and radio equipment) through Special Uses, or as a recreation rental. A lookout that does not meet these three categories is inactive. Fire detection occurs during the summer months and, occasionally during high-risk incidents where life and property are at risk, inactive lookouts are staffed just for emergencies. Special Uses and recreation rentals are the Agency's attempt to give life back to these structures. 75 Special Uses, as they relate to lookouts, are communication sites. Relay equipment is often stored inside the cab of the lookout or attached to the outside superstructure. Often, these lookouts are also staffed for fire detection or used in emergencies. It is important for lookouts to be in-use to ensure maintenance and preservation. A chart correlating each lookout and its use is in Appendix C and maps of each usage are in Appendix D. FIRE DETECTION There are 66 lookouts regionally that are still staffed by the Forest Service during the summer for fire detection. Other agencies, including Tribal Nations, work with the Forest Service to staff these lookouts. Lookouts actively being used need to be preserved to continue their usage. EMERGENCIES Twenty-three (23) lookouts are available for fire detection in emergency situations in summer months. These are generally dormant and inactive, comm sites, or winter recreation rentals. INACTIVE Seventy-nine (79) lookouts are inactive. There are more lookouts inactive than used for fire detection. These largely include older lookout models in poor condition or patrol points that are no longer viable. Many of these lookouts are Live-in and can be converted into a recreation rental. The remaining Observation-only lookouts are safety hazards and supplying structural stability or engineering will be needed to convert them. Observation-only lookouts are usually part of a larger complex where ground houses, garages, and other secondary structures could be converted into a recreation rental. SPECIAL USE PERMITS (SUPs} There are 13 lookouts in the region under an SUP. Although the lookouts do not see activity and use daily, their condition is broadly monitored by the permitee as it relates to their equipment. Lookouts that are under a SUP have the ability to be adapted into a recreation rental if or when the permit is not renewed. RECREATION RENTAL Twenty-two (22) Live-in lookouts are available to rent overnight in the region through the recreation rental program-only five in Washington. They are available to rent for either the summer or winter months. Only three types are available to rent-the L-4, R-6, and CL-100/160. 76 Converting lookouts into recreation rentals is a method that allows for active maintenance and preservation and use through collected fees. Lookouts can be rented through Recreation.gov and require booking at least six months in advance. Most lookouts cost $30 to $65 a night to rent but there are some in the region that cost upwards of $85 a night37. When fees are generated, the money collected goes toward the overall deferred maintenance budget line for facilities and often, the fees generated do not go back into the lookout's maintenance. This allows for the deferred maintenance to get so high that the Forest Service cannot afford to repair them. OTHER USES There are 11 lookouts that have uses outside of the previously mentioned. The North Twenty Mile Peak D-6 lookout and the Mount Bonaparte lookout cabin on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest are used for storage. Bull of the Woods L-4 lookout in Mt. Hood National Forest is generally inactive but is used as an emergency backcountry Guard Station. Winchester Mountain L-4 in the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and Columbia Mountain lookout cabin in the Colville National Forest are also mostly inactive but are open to the public for use as a trail shelter. Four lookouts are used as a museum exhibit and interpretive center--these are Red Mountain D-6 and lllahee Rock D-6 in the Umpqua National Forest, Sand Mountain L-4 in the Willamette National Forest, and Red Top L-4 lookout in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The Unity Ranger Station Aermotor lookout in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest is wrapped with lights in the winter and celebrated as a town Christmas tree. 37 Heybrook in Mt Baker-Snoqualmie NF is $75 a night and Warner Mountain in Willamette NF is $85 a night. 77 PART Ill: METRICS FOR RETENTION CHAPTER 10: SHOULD IT STAY OR SHOULD IT GO, NOW? The total number of lookout structures constructed on the Forest Service in Region 06 is unknown. We do know that there have been hundreds to thousands of lookouts placed throughout Washington, Oregon, Northern California, and Western Idaho on state, private, federal, county, and reservation lands over the past 100 years. It is not necessary or practical to retain every lookout structure remaining and there are some that need to be decommissioned. Decommissioning can mean a number of things including removal but often, decommissioning is synonymous with neglect. Decommissioned lookouts are then a non- managed resource where they are moth-balled and allowed to decay. This happens when the deferred maintenance is so high that there is no benefit in keeping it nor is there a profit to be made. A meaningful mitigation measure is to put funding into the lookouts that are eligible for the National Register that the Forests or Region want to keep, rather than trying to preserve them all. The following five steps are guidelines to consider that can be used to help determine if a lookout is worth preserving or if it should be let go. 1. Is it currently being used? If the lookout is currently being used-through either Fire Detection, an SUP, Rec Rental, or Other-continue to invest and find alternative uses. When a lookout is used, even temporarily in emergencies, it means that it is getting some sort of active maintenance. When a lookout isn't being used, lookouts begin to degrade and the lack of use means the lack of maintenance--the lookouts eventually compound maintenance costs to a point where the Forest Service can no longer afford to manage them. If a lookout is being used, it is generally in a better condition than one that is not being used. If it is actively being used by a partner group, as a rental, or under an SUP, then it would be a conflict of interest to decommission it. Its usage needs to be considered before it is decommissioned. If possible, alternative uses for lookouts during the off season should be explored when the lookout is dormant. If the lookout is not being used-either vacant or inactive-continue to the next question. 2. Is it Eligible or listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)? The significance of USFS Fire lookout structures in Region 06 as a thematic grouping lies with their direct association with the development of the Pacific Northwest's wildfire detection system. For this reason, lookouts are potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP under 78 Criterion A for their association with Public Land Management as well as natural resource conservation--specifically wildfire detection and suppression. Lookout structures embody characteristics representative of certain time periods. Wildfire lookouts represent the National initiative to protect our Nation's timber from being decimated by wildfire and devotion to protect timber resources for future generations. Stylistically, lookouts are potentially eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion C for embodying distinctive characteristics that represent the work of a master craftsman or for their distinctive composition. In order for a lookout to be listed in the NRHP, the lookout must have been used for fire detection and suppression during the historic period and clearly be associated with the administrative or conservation activities in Region 06. The fire lookout should also embody the craftmanship and materials originally used and retain its historic character. Fourteen (14) of the 16 lookout styles are potentially eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion C for embodying distinctive characteristics or composition. These styles are: 1. Cabin 2. Tree Platform 3. Crow Nest 4. D-6 5. Aermotor 6. L-4 7. L-4-AR 8. L-5 9. Cathedral 10. Platform Tower 11. L-6 12. R-6 13. CL-100/106 14. Octagon Replicas and the lookout House are not eligible for inclusion in the National Register because they do not embody distinctive composition or craftmanship representative of lookouts stylistically. The L-4 and the R-6 are the two most prolific lookout styles constructed in Region 06 but not all L-4 and R-6 lookouts are eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Like all historic resources potentially eligible, the lookout must retain either all or a combination of the seven aspects of 79 integrity--location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Aside_from the L-4 and the R-6, there are less than 10 remaining lookouts for the remaining styles on National Forest Lands in Region 06. The total number of standing lookouts on other lands in Oregon and Washington is still unknown. Because these styles originated from Regional and National Forest Service designs, these remaining styles are the last of their legacy. For this reason, a representative sampling of each contributing lookout style should be retained in the Forest Service repertoire. This will allow for their continued enjoyment and appreciation for current and future generations. Eligible lookouts must embody integrity though a combination of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Furthermore, there are numerous associated and contributing secondary features-trails, roads, telephone lines, trail shelters, rag and tent camps, ground houses, garages, outhouses, cisterns, rock cairns, historic graffiti. In some cases, whole lookout complexes are eligible. There has not been a Determination of Eligibility (DOE) undertaken for every lookout and there are some lookouts that have already been nominated and listed individually on the National Register. There are some lookouts that have also been found eligible through an informal DOE process. Some DOEs that have been completed deem certain lookouts to be ineligible because they are not 50 years of age. The rationale for a lookout being deemed ineligible should be looked at and, in some cases, certain lookouts may need to be reevaluated. Eligible lookouts that have not been nominated or listed should be included in the multiple- property nomination when it is compiled. Just because a lookout is eligible or even listed on the National Register does not mean that the resource will be managed to the Secretary of Interior (SOI) standards. Tree lookout structures, for example, are solely a Heritage asset and they do not have the ability to be converted into a profitable overnight rental. Due to their limited numbers, tree lookout structures are eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion C but a viable management option is also to attempt to preserve what is left in situ until the deferred maintenance is too high to repair damages. If it is listed and potentially slated for decommissioning, then continue to step 3. Some lookouts have already been listed individually and the Forest Service should continue to manage and find ways to continue their use. If the lookout is found to be ineligible or the deferred maintenance cost too high to continue management, then continue to the next question. 80 Evaluating Your Lookout: Should it Stay or Should it Go, Now? 1. Is it currently being used? -I 2. Is it eligible or listed in the NR_HP? ........... 3. What 'ty pe is it? Live-in Observation-only I Is it a L-4 or R-6? 11,~11 4'. I s there a roa'd or a trail? / / - 5. Do partners have a vested interest? 81 3. What type is it-a Live-in lookout or an Observation-only lookout? Observation-only lookouts are a safety hazard and have limited adaptive-reuse potential unless they are consistently maintained or overseen by a structural engineer. Tree Platforms and Crow Nests are situated in trees-some living and some dead. Platform Towers are pole structures made by locally cut timbers. These will eventually decompose without preservation. Currently, there is one in every corner of the region and the only lookout structure remaining on the Siuslaw. Tree Platforms, Crow Nests, and Platform Towers have limited adaptive-reuse potential but they do have value as a Heritage asset. Aermotors and the L-6 have cab structures on top of towers. The tower superstructure requires guy wires and structurally stable members. Abandoned tower superstructures can be stabilized and are not a lost cause. The cab is also small-ranging from 6 x 6-feet to 8 x 8-feet and does not lend itself to be converted into an overnight recreation rental; however, they make great observation points in remote parts of the forest. Observation-only lookouts are usually part of a larger complex, and in some cases, the ground house or garage could be converted into a profitable rental but not the lookout itself. Live-in lookouts could be converted into an overnight recreation rental. Of the live-in lookout styles that remain, the L-4 and the R-6 are the most prolific. Live-in lookouts are also on tower structures that are safety hazards, but these can be mitigated by tightening guy wires and replacing broken or rusted members. There are less than 10 lookouts remaining of the historic live-in lookout styles-Cabins, Cathedrals, D-6s, L-4-AR, L-5, CL-100/160-and less than 10 of modern and contemporary styles-Octagon, Replicas, and Houses. This should be considered before decommissioning. If the lookout is an L-4 or an R-6, continue to the next question. 4. Is there a road or trail? Lookouts are generally located at the terminus road or middle of a trail. Many roads and trails leading to lookout locations have been decommissioned and no longer provide access to these areas. Trails, when decommissioned, lose portions of their tread and biomass will begin to accumulate. This is a safety hazard for hikers who might get lost or stranded in the backcountry. When roads are decommissioned, it is usually because access to the site is no longer needed or because the road washed out from a flood or landslide. Vehicles may no longer use the road but in some cases, visitors are able to hike to the lookout along the road prism. Decommissioned roads restrict vehicular traffic by a gate along the access road. This is to hinder vandalism. If the roa9 can be maintained for vehicles or foot traffic, then this is considered to be viable access. 82 If the lookout is accessible via a road or trail, then it can be converted into a recreation asset or SUP. Some lookouts are in areas where no other buildings exist and sometimes have viewsheds where there are no signs of civilizations. If access is limited, the lookout cannot be used and it would no longer be viable for the Forest Service to invest in its management. At this point, the lookout should be decommissioned. If the lookout is accessible, continue to the next question. 5. Do partners have a vested interest? The Forest Service partners with other Federal, State,_local, and tribal stakeholders as well as recreation and conservation groups. There are a wide range of interests that the Forest Service caters to which means there is a wide range of uses available outside of communication and rental sites. They could be adapted into observation or star-gazing sites, wildfire and forest management education or museum, post for an artist-in-residence, etc. Lookouts serve as a protective shelter in some of the Region's most formidable, yet majestic landscapes and it is a privilege to have an enclosed space and amenities in these areas. If there is no interest from stakeholders or partner groups and it has no value to Heritage, then the lookout can be decommissioned. CONCLUSION Lookouts are an icon of the Forest Service. They are a unique type of architecture that was developed by the Forest Service in this region and designed to cater to wildfire detection. They exist in landscapes where there isn't any other infrastructure for miles. They are irreplaceable. But financially, it is not always prudent to preserve and manage. They were constructed as Administrative structures and some still serve that role. Others have either aged to become a Heritage asset, converted into a recreation rental, or managed under a SUP. The remaining have been abandoned and are inactive. Several inactive lookouts have the capability to become recreation assets and expand the rental program. These should be retained as more and more people are turning to the Forests to seek solace in the time of a pandemic. This trend will likely continue into the post-pandemic period. DOEs need to be written with priority given to rare lookout styles. A Multiple Property Nomination needs to be compiled for these lookout styles under Criterion C. Lookouts associated with the CCC or intermediate period are potentially eligible under Criterion A. Once the nomination is complete, the Region can move forward with procuring funds and developing holistic management strategies. Lookouts are just as iconic to protecting the forest from wildfire 83 as Smokey Bear and have been on the landscape decades before Smokey became a mascot. Lookouts are a dwindling tangible resource that demonstrate wildfire management and suppression tactics. The Forest Service was built on Lookouts and their preservation is vital for the enjoyment of future generations. 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY Atwood, Kay and Sally Donovan, Dennis Gray, and Ward Tonsfeldt. 2005 "Utility and Service Combined with Beauty: A Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960", Ward Tonsfeldt Consulting; Bend, Oregon. Atwood, Kay 1994 "Historic Fire Lookouts on the Siskiyou National Forest: Cultural Property Inventory and Request for a Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places", USDA Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon. Blumm, Michael C. and Lorena M. Wisehart. 2014 "The Underappreciated Role of the National Environmental Policy Act in Wilderness Designation and Management", Environmental Law 44, no. 2 (Spring 2014): 323-372. Carricker, Robert M. 1991 "Fire Lookout Context Study Document", Draft Manuscript. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Portland, Oregon. Dubois, Coert 1914 "Systematic Fire Protection in the California Forests", District Forester, District 5; For Forests Officers in District 5. United Stated Department of Agriculture, Washington: Government Printing Office. Department of Interior 1958 "Handbook for Fire Lookouts". Division of Ranger Activities, National Park Service. Doig, Ivan 1977 "Early Forest Research: A History of the Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment Station:1925-1975". USDA Forest Service. Glicksman, Robert L. 2014 "Wilderness Management by the Multiple Use Agencies: What Makes the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management Different?" Environmental Law (Spring), p. 447. Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 19 Oct. 2019. 85 https:// I ink. gale. com/apps/doc/A 37 5290685/A O NE?u=euge94201 &sid=AO N E&xid=f5cc5 c44. Grange, Kevin 2009 "The Art of Mountain Watching: At North Cascades National Park, Rangers Posted in Fire Lookouts Get a Unique Perspective on One of Our Nation's Most Fascinating Ecosystems". National Parks, Fall. Gale Academic Onefi/e, Accessed 19 Oct. 2019. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A220844383/AONE?u=euge94201 &sid=AONE&xid=fb28 0dfe. Grosvenor, John R. 1999 "A History of the Architecture of the USDA Forest Service", United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Engineering Staff, EM-7310-8. Harden, Blaine 2002 "As Forest Homes Rise, Keen Eyes Seek Smoke". The New York Times, 26 May 2002, p. 1. Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 19 Oct, 2019. , https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A86382318/AONE?u=euge94201 &sid=AONE&xid=b8059 ba2. Hartmans, Donna M. 1991 "Historic Lookout Stations on the Willamette National Forest: Management Plans for Preservation." Thesis (M.S.) University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Hill, John Peregrine 2013 "All Along the Watchtower: Identifying Trends in Historic Fire Lookout Preservation Through Selected Case Studies and a Statistical Analysis." Terminal Project (M.S.) University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Kresek, Ray 1984 "Fire Lookouts of the Northwest". Fairfield, Wash: Ye Galleon Press. 1985 "Fire Lookouts of Oregon & Washington". Fairfield, Wash: Ye Galleon Press. 86 LeLande,Jeff 1998 "Dutchman Peak Lookout and Squaw Peak Lookout: Heritage Resource Evaluation and Rehabilitation Project Report". C.R. Job RR-446 (Dutchman) and C.R. Job RR-1134 (Squaw Peak). Applegate Ranger District, Rouge River National Forest, Medford, OR. Leshy, John D. 2014 "Legal Wilderness: Its Past and Some Speculations on its Future". Environmental Law 44, no. 2 (Spring): 549-622. McCarty, E. Clayton 2010 "The Forest Service Heliograph". Early Days in the Forest Service, Vol. 4. Npshistory.com. McFadden, Tish and Tom Foley 2005 "How to Rent a Fire Lookout in the Pacific Northwest: A Guide to Renting Fire Lookouts, Guard Stations, Ranger Cabins, Warming Shelters and Bunkhouses in the National Forests of Oregon and Washington". Wilderness Press. Berkeley, CA. Meier, Barry 1992 "Old Lookout Towers Become the New Getaways". The New York Times, 27 May 1992. Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 19 Oct, 2019. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A 17 4853026/AONE?u=euge94201 &sid=AONE&xid=b352 25a8. National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG). 2003 "Firefighter Training: S-130 Student Workbook." NFES 2730, NWCG Training Working Team. "Resource Advisor's Guide.", NWCG Publication Management System #313, 2017. Otis, Alison; Honey, William P.; Hogg, Thomas C. and Lakin, Kimberly K. 1986 "The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps". 193301942, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 87 Rakestraw, Lawrence and Mary Rakestraw 1991 "History of the Willamette National Forest". Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Oregon. Robbins, William G. 1975 "The Early Conservation Movement in Oregon, 1890-1910". Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1982 "Lumberjacks and Legislators: Political History of the U.S. Lumber Industry: 1890-1941". Texas A & M, College Station, Texas. Spring, Ira et al. 1996 "Lookouts: Firewatchers of the Cascades and Olympics". 2nd Edition, Mountaineers: Seattle, Washington. States News Service 2012 "Senators Hope to Keep Lookout Sens. Murray and Cantwell Introduce Legislation to Preserve the Historic Green Mountain Fire Lookout Near Darrington", States News Service, Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 19 Oct, 2019. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A312409674 /A ONE?u=euge94201 &sid=AONE&xid=2aad ebd6. States News Service 2013 "Smokey, Spare That Lookout - Washington Lawmakers to Forest Service", States News Service, Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 19 Oct. 2019. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A330608986/AONE?u=euge94201 &sid=AONE&xid=41 e6 464b. Swift, Mark 1992a "Aermotor Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon and Washington", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1992b "Cathedral Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon and Washington", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 88 1992c "L-6, 7x7, 8x8, and 6x6 Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1992d "Tree Platform Style Lookout Inventory for Oregon". Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. Revised December 16, 1992. 1993a "4AR Style Inventories for Oregon, Washington, California, Arizona, and New Mexico, Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1993b "CL-100/106 Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon and Washington", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1993c "Cupola Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Arizona and New Mexico", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1993d "Platform Tower Lookout Inventories for Oregon and Washington", Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. 1993e "Log Cabin Lookout and Lookout Quarters Inventories for Oregon and Washington". Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, Region 6. Thornton, Mark 1993 "An Inventory and Historical Significance Evaluation of CDF Fire Lookout Stations. Sacramento, CA: The Office. Throop, Elizabeth Gail. 1979 "Utterly Visionary and Chimercial: Federal Response to the Depression. An Examination of Civilian Conservation Corps Construction on National Forest System Lands in the Pacific Northwest". Thesis (M.A.) Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. USDA Forest Service 1905 "The Use of the National Forest Reserves: Regulations and Instructions". Use Book. Washington, D.C. Issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. 89 1906 "The Use of the National Forest Reserves: Regulations and Instructions". Use Book. US Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 1907 "The Use of the National Forest Reserves: Regulations and Instructions". Use Book. US Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 1924a "Specifications and Plans for Ready-Cut Lookout House: D-6 Standard, Specifications, Material Lists, and Instructions". W.B. Greeley (Forester) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 1924b "Specifications and Plans for Lookout Towers: Towers Section. Design for Steel Towers and Instructions for Buying and Construction". W.B. Greeley (Forester) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 1956 USDA Forest Service, Washington DC Memorandum to Regional Foresters, January 13, 1956. Engineering O95-60B0316, Box 33781 Folder: E-lmprovements. Record Group 95. Records of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Region 6. National Archives and Records Administration Pacific Alaska Region, Seattle, WA. Williams, Gerald W. 1991 "An Inventory of the Known Lookout Locations in Western Oregon: Umpqua and Willamette National Forests". July, 1991. Wengert, Norman and Dyer, A.A. 1979 "The 'Purposes' of the National Forests: A Historical Re-interpretation of Policy Development". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Winkle, Thomas A. 2002 "Cellular Tower Proliferation in the United States". The Geographical Review, Vol. 92 (1 ), January, p. 45-62. Forest Fire Lookout Association (FFLA). "Worldwide Lookout Library", Accessed 2019. http://www.firelookout.org/worldwide-lookout-library.html 90 APPENDIX A: INVENTORY OF OREGON 0601 DESCHUTES NATIONAL FOREST (DES) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Black Butte Lookout (Old) D-6 Cupola 1922 2 Black Butte Lookout (New) R-6 1994/95 3 East Butte Lookout Tower L-4 replica 1995 4 Fox Butte Lookout Tower Aermotor 1933 5 Fox Butte Ground House L-4 Gable 1931 Green Ridge Lookout 6 Tower R-6 1961/63 Lava Butte Lookout Tower L-4 Gable 7 & Observatory replica 1998 8 Odell Butte Lookout Tower R-6 1961/63 Round Mountain Lookout 9 Tower L-4 1933/34 Spring Butte Lookout 10 Tower Octagon 1991/ 92 11 Trout Creek Lookout Tower Aermotor 1933 Walker Mountain Lookout 12 Cabin Cabin 1917 Walker Mountain Lookout 13 Tower L-4 1932/33 Crow's 14 Alder Springs Nest 1935 91 CROW NEST ALDER SPRINGS -:_/ '· ·.,,,-! _,,-.-/ .-·' ,..r ... i, ••• ..., Alder Springs Crow's Nest, 2006 Ron Kemnow photo. Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Year Built: 1935 Alder Springs Crow's Nest, 2006 Ron Kemnow photo. Ranger District: Sisters Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Lat/ Long: 43.3052/ -121.7170001 Access: No Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The Alder Springs Lookout tree was first constructed in 1935 in a 90-foot pine tree with a 6-foot platform with a 3-foot-high railing. The nest was accessed by a 53-foot ladder to the lower branches and then the watchman scaled the remaining distance. A fire-finding device was placed on the topped pine. The watchman had a tent camp at Prairie Farm Guard Station and would travel to the lookout daily. The crow's nest is located southwest of Alder Springs (oregonlookouts.weebly.com). It is accessible via a short hike off Alder Springs road. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 92 LOOKOUT CABIN WALKER MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT CABIN ,, .~.! ~• :-"; ,:·~ -- ~·.t.1:{. ,.;, ,. Walker Mountain Lookout Cabin Year Built: 1917 Ranger District: Crescent Lat/ Long: 43.3052/-121.7170001 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: 1 of 4 original permanent lookout stations on the forest, this 8' x 12' original 1917 stone and wood cabin is the oldest administrative structure on forest. The cabin has a, "shake gable roof, native stone walls, board and batten or cedar planks at the gable ends, a multi-pane window in each wall, five-panel door in the front facing gable with a shed porch roof supported by four log columns, native stone exterior chimney on rear gable, plastered interior walls, and exposed log rafters (no finished ceiling). A garage and L-4 tower were added to the site in the early 1930s" (Atwood, 2004: 57). This peak was first monitored as early as 1907 and a crow's nest was established in a nearby tree. In 1919, a pole tower was erected and was approximately 25 feet tall with a small 6x6 windowless cab. The road to the summit was constructed in 1932 and a new steel L-4 tower was erected the following year. The stone cabin served as living quarters for the watchmen and was restored in 2005. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $79,154.00 Replacement Value: $79,154.00 93 D-6 CUPOL BLACK BUTTE LOOKOUT (06010500251) Black Butte D-6 Cupola Year Built: 1922 Ranger District: Sisters Lat/ Long: 44.40001/-121.6365 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Listed About: Originally a crow's nest with a tent camp, this D-6 cupola replaced the crow's nest in 1922 and was in-use well into the 1990's. The lookout unfortunately has limited visibility so an 82-foot-tall wooden tower with a 7x7 observation-only cab was constructed on the butte in 193438 . The D-6 served as ground quarters for watchmen when the tower was originally constructed. A log cabin was constructed in 198039 to be replacement ground quarters and work began on a new 65-foot-tall treated-timber tower in 1994. According to the World-Wide Lookout Library (WWLL), "All structures remained on the summit, making this one of the most unique on- site historic collections of lookouts anywhere" (Rex Kamastra). The D-6 is currently inactive, and a yurt is used as sleeping quarters for the watchmen. The structures on Black Butte are a popular and scenic hiking destination in the summer months. Partners: Friends of Black Butte Lookout Deferred Maintenance: $99,220.73 Replacement Value: $253,262.40 38 The wooden tower was condemned in 1990 and collapsed in 2002 during a winter storm. 39 The log cabin was condemned in 2014 and was burned down in November of 2016. 94 ROUND MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT TOWER (06010100592) Round Mountain Lookout Round Mountain circa 1933 Year Built: 1933/34 Ranger District: Bend Lat/ Long: 43.7575/ -121.7102 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The Round Mountain Lookout Tower is an L-4 hipped with a catwalk on a 10-foot wooden platform and foundation. The lookout received minor alterations in the 1950's. The lookout is located on Black Lava Knoll and is staffed for fire detection from May to September. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $69,014.76 Replacement Value: $79,570.60 95 L-4 CONTINUED WALKER MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT TOWER (06010200001) Walker Mountain L-4 Year Built: 1932/33 Ranger District: Crescent Lat/ Long: 43.3052/-121.7170001 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This 35-foot steel L-4 hip lookout tower was completed in 1933; a year after the road to the summit was completed. Walker mountain was established as a lookout patrol point as early as 1907. A crow's nest was constructed in a nearby tree in 1913 and the Walker Mountain Lookout cabin was erected in 1917. The lookout has not been active since 1987 and is considered excess and is slated for decommissioning due to major health and safety hazards. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $57,290.83 Replacement Value: $57,290.83 96 L-4 CONTINUED FOX BUTTE GROUND HOUSE Fox Butte L-4 Gable ground house circa 1948 Fox Butte ground house Year Built: 1931 Ranger District: Fort Rock Lat/ Long: 43.6106/ -120.8427 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This L-4 gable-roof ground cabin was originally built in 1931 on Sixteen Butte and was moved to Fox Butte in 1948. Fox Butte has a long history of fire detection, beginning with a heliograph on the western aspect of the butte in 1919. A telephone line was established the following year from the western aspect to the Cabin Lake Ranger Station. A D-6 cupola was constructed in 1924 and unfortunately burned down in August 1926 from a wildfire. An 80-foot- tall steel Aermotor lookout tower was placed on the eastern aspect of Fox Butte circa 1933 and the ground house was moved from Sixteen Butte to serve as living quarters for the watchmen in 1948. The lookout has not been used since 1993 and is considered excess. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $35,923.27 Replacement Value: $35,923.27 97 FOX BUTTE LOOKOUT TOWER (06010301601) ,· ,r. ' , .... :'·-~ 1_. .(. -~'--- •:;-~ ~: / "' - 1· Fox Butte circa 1937 Fox Butte Lookout Tower and Ground house Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Fort Rock Lat/ Long: 43.6106/ -120.8427 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This Aermotor lookout tower is 80-feet-tall with a 7' x 7' observation-only cab. The Aermotor tower is steel braced and was built on the eastern aspect of the butte in 1933. The ground house was brought to the eastern aspect from Sixteen Butte that same year (see Fox Butte Ground House above). The tower has not been used since the mid 1990's and is considered excess. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $25,989.94 Replacement Value: $25,989.94 98 ERMOTOR CONTINUED TROUT CREEK LOOKOUT TOWER ~ .} • • :•" I .. )· .! . Trout Creek Lookout Tower Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Sisters Lat/ Long: 44.24095/ -121.67143 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The Trout Creek Lookout tower is an 86-foot-tall steel braced Aermotor tower. The tower was abandoned in the 1970's and all of the secondary structures were burned by FS staff. The tower is considered excess and is slated for decommissioning. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $25,462.59 Replacement Value: $25,462.59 99 BLACK BUTTE LOOKOUT Black Butte Lookout Complex, R-6 tower in background Black Butte Lookout Year Built: 1994/1995 Ranger District: Sisters Lat/ Long: 44.40001/-121.6365 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Modern, unevaluated About: The Black Butte R-6 lookout tower is a 65-foot-tall pole tower with a 10 x1 0'cab and replaced the original 1934 timber tower in 1995. The original treated timber tower was 82-foot- tall with an 8x8 foot cab. It was condemned in the 1990's and unfortunately, the timber tower collapsed in 2001 during a winter storm and fire staff burned the remnants in 2016. The newer 1995 R-6 pole tower is staffed by fire from May to September. Partners: Friends of Black Butte Lookout Deferred Maintenance: $52,537.71 Replacement Value: $53,040.70 100 R-6 CONTINU~D ODELL BUTTE ,- • :, \,. t ' ~.,. .;.~ .. Odell Butte L-4 Lookout Tower circa 1933 Odell Butte R-6 Lookout Tower Year Built: 1961/ 63 Ranger District: Crescent Lat/ Long: 43.4706/ -121.8640001 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection and Communication Site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Odell Butte boasts to be the longest active lookout site on the Deschutes and is still currently used for wildfire detection. Originally patrolled as early as 1907, the first structure on the butte was a 12' x 12' frame cabin atop a log crib and was used in emergencies until it was replaced by a 20-foot-tall L-4 in 1932. The L-4 was replaced circa 1961 with the current R-6 flat with a catwalk. The R-6 was placed on a 30-foot-tall treated timber tower and it is still in active service. The lookout is unevaluated and is not in the SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $18,866.09 Replacement Value: $38,203.06 101 R-6 CONTINUED GREEN RIDGE LOOKOUT TOWER Green Ridge Lookout Tower Year Built: 1961/ 63 Ranger District: Sisters Lat/ Long: 44.5361/ -121.6054 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental and Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This R-6 flattop cab with a catwalk is situated on a 21-foot-tall timber tower. The site was originally developed in 1934 with a 10-foot by 10-foot L-5 cab and was used for emergencies. The R-6 replaced the L-5 in the early 1960's and is regularly staffed in the summer months (July through August) by volunteers. The lookout is available to rent in the winter. The lookout is unevaluated and not in the SHPO database. Partners: Volunteers Deferred Maintenance: $74,072.13 Replacement Value: $77,979.19 102 OCTAGON SPRING BUTTE LOOKOUT TOWER (06010301041) Spring Ridge circa 1955 Spring Butte Octagon Year Built: 1991/ 92 Ranger District: Fort Rock Lat/ Long: 43.5233/ -121.3481 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The site on Spring Ridge was originally established in 1932 with an L-4 cab on a 30- foot-tall tower. In 1991, the forest constructed a 41-foot-tall angled pole tower with a 16' by 16' cab with a catwalk. The pole tower is made of treated Douglas Fir and is staffed for fire detection from May to September. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $16,148.09 Replacement Value: $58,365.78 103 LAVA BUTTE LOOKOUT TOWER & OBSERVATORY (6010301818) Lava Butte c. 2013 Year Built: 1998 Ranger District: Bend Lat/ Long: 43.9176/-121.3561 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection, Museum and Interpretive Center NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This site has had many alterations (see photos on following page) and boasts the highest number of reported fires. Located on a lava cone, Lava Butte was originally developed in 1932 with an L-4 gable. The lookout was replaced with an R-6 Flat cab in 1957 and the lower level was developed into a visitor's center in 1960. In 1997, the structure was rebuilt with a 2-story L-4 gable replica that mimics the original L-4 on the site. The lower level is still used as a museum and interpretive center and the upper level is staffed by fire from May to September. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $119,242.22 Replacement Value: $129,996.51 104 EVOLUTION OF A PATROL POINT: LAVA BUTTE ava Butt e c. 19 0 _.-,_?~,z~~-;,-.~, '·r . -~-- r,; i'~~.. i,,,.i I:,"• ►- ,...,~.... 1;1~':'_• 1·::: ........... ,. 1_.'·:, - < . . :·-µ ·i .• ~ .. , ~::•.--: }~X: <(_~ ·:~j-~. .• -._- -__-. ..... ..:; . . ... ~ .. Lava Butte c. 1959 Lava Butte c. 1960 Lava Butte c. 1999 REPLICA CONTINUED EAST BUTTE LOOKOUT TOWER - REPLICA (06010301043) n:, --:~ ~#"' ~-~I\: Original 30' Lookout Tower circa 1933 20' Replica Lookout Tower Year Built: 1995 Ranger District: Fort Rock Lat/ Long: 43.6665/ -120.9959 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Modern, unevaluated About: This 20-foot-tall L-4 wooden pole tower with a gable roof is a replica of the original 1932 30-foot-tall L-4 on East Butte (see photo left). The Forest Service replaced the original in 1995 and it is still in active use for wildfire detection from May to September. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $48,142.09 Replacement Value: $83,549.13 106 0602 FREMONT-WINEMA NATIONAL FOREST (FRE-WIN) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Horsefly Mountain R-6 1962 2 Spodue R-6 1964 3 Lookout Rock R-6 1962 4 Dog Mountain LO House 1997 5 Drakes Peak L-4 1948 6 Morgan Butte R-6 1964 7 Bald (Ingram) Butte L-4 Gable 1931 Hager Mountain 8 Lookout R-6 1967 9 Bald Mountain L-4 1941 10 Sugarpine Mountain CL-100 1970 11 Calimus Butte Cathedral 1920 12 Pelican Butte CL-100 1986 107 CATHEDRAL CALIMUS BUTTE LOOKOUT (06021201218) l Calimus Butte Cathedral in 1920's Calimus Butte Lookout Year Built: 1920 Ranger District: Chiloquin Lat/ Long: 42.6317/-121.559317 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Calimus Butte originally served as a patrol point in 1919 and a 16'x16' cabin with 12'x12' cupola was built in 1920 a couple hundred feet from the north summit. A 14'x20' cupola cabin was replaced by present cupola cabin in 1930 and has been used as an active fire lookout every year since 1931. In 1932, this area saw heavy fire activity and even had "four crank-type phone lines converging on the lookout" (NHLR). The Klamath Indian Agency operated the lookout until a couple years prior to the Termination act of 1961 when the Klamath District of the Oregon Department of Forestry took over management of the lookout. This parcel of forest was sold to the Winema NF in the mid 1970's and now the Fremont-Winema retains ownership and management of this lookout. Partners: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) Deferred Maintenance: $20,107.79 Replacement Value: $69,472.24 108 DRAKES PEAK LOOKOUT (06020200803) Drake Peak Lookout and outbuildings Drake Peak Lookout c.1959 Year Built: 1948 Ranger District: Lakeview Lat/ Long: 42.3005417/ '-120.12333 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Eligible About: Drake peak is the highest elevated lookout with road access in Oregon40 . According to the NHLR, this peak was a patrol point around the turn of the century and had fire-finding instruments established by 1915. The site was originally developed in 1926 with a D-6 cupola and a road was constructed in 1927. In 1948, a replacement L-4 Aladdin ground house was erected next to the 0-6 for $3,451.47. This lookout was determined eligible for inclusion on the NRHP in 2016 but it is not in the Oregon SHPO database. The 2008 RSFMP reduced the operating season from May 15 to November 15 and sought to increase the recreation fee to accommodate routine maintenance. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $56,931.88 Replacement Value: $54,943.82 40 Elevation is 8,352 feet. 109 L-4 CONTINUED BALD (INGRAM) BUTTE (06020300348) Bald Butte Lookout Year Built: 1931 Ranger District: Paisley Lat/ Long: 42.61425/ -120.789569 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Eligible About: Located at an elevation of 7,536 feet, this 14'x14' L-4 Gable cab was constructed in 1931 and then vandalized in the 1990's. The lookout was restored in 1993/94 during a Passport in Time (PIT) project. According to the NHLR, "in 1945 the observer found a Japanese incendiary balloon near the summit with five unexploded bombs intact." The lookout is only staffed during emergencies and was placed on the recreation rental program in 1995. The 2008 RSFMP reduced the operating season from June 1 to September 15 and sought to increase the recreation fee to accommodate routine maintenance. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $20,004.00 Replacement Value: $53,623.06 110 L-4 CONTINUED BALD MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06020400616) Bald Mountain c. 1997 Year Built: 1941 Ranger District: Silver Lake Lat/ Long: 43.2746111/-121.355156 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Originally, Bald Mountain was a patrol point and according to the NHLR, "A telephone line was strung from the Oatman Ranger Station to Bald Mountain in 1917 ... [and] fire-finding equipment was established at the site in 1918." In 1928, a rare 12'x12' Aermotor live-in cab was established on the site and only a few were ever constructed. In 1932, a 20' wooden L-4 treated timber tower replaced the Aermotor and in 1941, the Fremont NF built the present L-4 with a hipped roof and a catwalk on a 29' 6" treated timber tower. There are stone walls and landscaping paths leading to site and flagpole. The Bald mountain lookout has been evaluated as eligible for inclusion in the NRHP however, it is not currently listed in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Walker Range Patrol Deferred Maintenance: $59,434.43 Replacement Value: $59,434.43 111 HORSEFLY MOUNTAIN (06020101219) Horsefly Mountain Lookout c. 1948 Horsefly Mountain Lookout c.2002 Year Built: 1962 Ranger District: Bly Lat/ Long: 42.2639889/ -121.048947 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Horsefly Mountain lookout is located on the northern aspect of horsefly mountain on the eastside of the Cascade mountain range. This lookout is a 41' treated timber tower with a R-6 flattop cab and catwalk established in 1962. The original lookout tower on Horsefly mountain was on the southern aspect and was constructed of sawn timbers and planks. The Northern aspect was developed in 1934 with an L-4 on a wooden trestle-type lookout tower. Horsefly Mountain lookout is currently staffed for fire detection after years of being inactive. The lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP however, it is not listed in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $59,434.43 112 R-6 CONTINUED SPODUE LOOKOUT (06020101123) Spodue Lookout c.2004 Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Bly Lat/ Long: 42.5931972/ -121.269083 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: The Spodue Lookout is a 41 ft treated timber tower with a 15'x15' R-6 flattop live-in cab and catwalk. According to the NHLR, the lookout is sometimes called the Black Hills Lookout. Spodue first went into service in 1965 and remains in active use for fire detection. The Spodue lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP in 2016 but is not in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $928.04 Replacement Value: $59,434.43 113 R-6 CONTINUED LOOKOUT ROCK (06020101220) Lookout Rock Lookout Year Built: 1962 Ranger District: Bly Lat/ Long: 42.4626361/ -120.801494 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: Lookout Rock was originally developed with a crow's nest sometime in the 1920's. An L-4 was established in 1932 on a 20' wooden tower. The L-4 was replaced in 1962 with a 14' x 14' R-6 flattop with catwalk on a 20' wooden tower. According to the NHLR, the R-6 was placed on standby status in 1968 and remains inactive. The Lookout Rock Lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP and it is not in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $20,305.93 Replacement Value: $59,434.43 114 R-6 CONTINUED MORGAN BUTTE (06020300649) ''" Morgan Butte Lookout, NHLR Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Paisley LaU Long: 42.5401861/ -120.543936 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Morgan Butte was established in 1964 with a R-6 flattop cab and catwalk. The hipped roof was added in 1985 and the cab was rehabbed. According to the NHLR, "The Round Pass site became an OMNI radar site and all duties were moved to Morgan Butte a short distance to the north." Morgan Butte lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP in 2016 however, it is not in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $2,840.68 Replacement Value: $59,434.43 115 R-6 CONTINUED HAGER MOUNTAIN (06020400706) Hager Mountain Lookout c.1945 Hager Mountain c.1912 Hager Mountain Lookout c.1998 Year Built: 1967 Ranger District: Silver Lake Lat/ Long: 43.0088167/-121.031736 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Ineligible About: Hager Mountain was originally established with an Octagon in 1912. An L-4 hip replaced the octagon in 1938. In 1967, an R-6 replaced the L-4 and in 1992, the flat roof was replaced with a hip. This R-6 is a recreation rental in the winter months from November 15th to May 15th • The RSFMP in 2008 increased the operating season from May 15th to November 15th and sought to increase the recreation fee at the site. The Hager Mountain lookout was determined ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP and it is not currently in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $8,961.19 Replacement Value: $62,075.96 116 SUGARPINE MOUNTAIN (06021100323) .. ··- .. .r .. 'I" - . ~- • .r~L :'.--fi ~ ~ . . Sugarpine Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1970 Ranger District: Chemult Lat/ Long: 43.2258445/ -121. 788492 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The Sugarpine Mountain lookout is CL-100 cab on a 20' K-brace steel tower, and it is currently used for fire detection. Sugarpine Mountain was first used as a rag camp sometime in the 1930's. The first permanent tower was airlifted to the summit and erected in 1970-the cab and tower date to 1958 out of Fort Klamath. Sugarpine Mountain lookout remains unevaluated for inclusion in the NRHP and it is not currently in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $26,920.21 Replacement Value: $47,223.22 117 CL-100 CONTINUED PELICAN BUTTE LOOKOUT (06021300134) •·, "\l-.,'l_i::-::::.==: -____:-~.- F=======,,·1· '' .• .~ : .: . ,.' Pelican Butte Lookout c.1952 Pelican Butte Lookout c.1954 Pelican Butte Lookout Year Built: 1986 Ranger District: Klamath Lat/ Long: 42.51332/-122.14575 Access: Road Current Use: Communication Site (Relay Station) NRHP Status: Modern, unevaluated About: The Pelican Butte lookout was originally established in 1954 with a L-4 on a treated timber tower. In 1966, the L-4 was replaced with a R-6 cab with a catwalk on a 20-foot treated timber tower. In 1986, a cable company received a Special Use Permit to use the mountaintop as a relay station and according to the NHLR, they "proffered the present metal 1O 'x1 O' cab on a 20' metal tower as part of the bargain". The lookout is currently used by fire during high fire danger or emergency fire events. Pelican Butte was voted "Oregon's Ugliest Lookout" by members of FFLA. It is unevaluated for inclusion in the NRHP and it is not listed in the Oregon SHPO database. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 118 LOOKOUT HOUSE DOG MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT .:.1 , : ,\ ·'r.:t-h;.qf ) ,;•T 1 .' f11 '. • I \.'';, ··; ·· . \i r:. ~.i . I • . , '' Dog Mountain Lookout Dog Mountain Lookout c.1926 Year Built: 1997 Ranger District: Lakeview Lat/ Long: 43.1185528/ -120.717933 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Modern, unevaluated About: Dog Mountain was first used as a patrol point with an Alidade in the 191 O's. During WWI, Bertha Covert (c.1918) was one of many women that staffed lookouts during the nationwide manpower shortage. A D-6 Cupola was established in 1926 and replaced in 1947 with an L-4 for "$2,700" (NHLR). A modern 15'x15' two-story lookout house was established onsite in 1997. According to NRM, the "slope of ground exceeds maximum incline". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $1,940.29 Replacement Value: $124,151.91 119 0604 MALHEUR NATIONAL FOREST (MAL) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Dry Soda L-4 1941 2 Fall Mountain L-4 1933 3 Flagtail Mountain R-6 1933 Flagtail Lookout 4 Tree Crow Nest 1922 5 Indian Rock R-6 1957 6 Black Butte L-4 1936 7 Dixie Butte R-6 1968 8 Calamity Butte Octagon 2000 9 L-4-AR Hall Calamity Lookout Special 1927 10 King Mountain CL-100 1957/ 59 11 Sugarloaf L-4 (Standard '36) 1948/ 49 12 West Myrtle Butte Aermotor 1928/ 29 13 Bald Butte R-6 1959 14 Snow Mountain R-6 1961 15 Dry Mountain Aermotor 1932 16 Antelope Mountain R-6 1963 17 Fraizer Point L-6 1936 120 PLATFORM TOWER CRAFT POINT Craft Point 1993, Mark Swift photo, Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Year Built: 1930 Ranger District: Burns Lat/ Long: 43.77121 / - 118.73646 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: "Craft Point was established as a lookout post in 1930 when the present 15' pole observation tower was constructed. It likely served as an emergency detection point since the site was never upgraded and was promptly abandoned in the 1940's."Geocaching.com Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 121 CROW NEST FLAGTAll MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT TREE Flagtail Mountain Lookout Tree Flagtail Mountain Lookout Tree c.2013 Year Built: 1922 Ranger District: Blue Mountain Lat/ long: 44.1477/ -119.4039 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: The Flagtail Mountain Lookout Tree Platform was originally established in 1922. An R-6 developed on-site in 1933 and the tree platform fell out of use. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 122 WEST MYRTLE BUTTE (06040200672) West Myrtle Butte Complex c.2010 West Myrtle Butte Lookout c.1930 Year Built: 1929 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.974 4445/ -119.160544 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Eligible About: The West Myrtle Butte Aermotor lookout is a 67-foot steel tower with a 7x7' metal cab. The ground quarters were never developed into a recreation rental due to lead based paint on exterior of building that was never abated. According to the FMP, 2017," The lookout is in poor condition with broken windows and vandalism to the structure. The other buildings at the site include two small bunkhouses and a pit toilet. All the buildings are in poor condition. There have been preliminary discussions to include the site in the recreation rental program. The cost to bring the buildings to a safe habitable standard will likely exceed $100,000" (RSFMP, 2017: 98). Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $10,740.89 Replacement Value: $12,999.65 123 LOOSING A LOOKOUT AND SECONDARY STRUCTURES: WEST MYRTLE West Myrtle Bunkhouse, building 1017 (1929) West Myrtle Outhouse, building 1731 (1950) West Myrtle Bunkhouse, building 1511 (1929) West Myrtle c. 2008, photo by Ron Kemnow AERMOTOR CONTINUED DRY MOUNTAIN (06040400003) Dry Mountain Lookout c.1940 Dry Mountain Lookout c.1996 Year Built: 1932 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.6708/ -119.5686 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: The Dry Mountain Lookout is a 70-foot Aermotor tower with a 7'x7' metal cab. The lookout overlooks the Nevada/ Oregon border and is located a pivotal patrol point for high fire activity. This area gets high levels of fire activity because dry winds that flow northward and collide into the mountainous and forested regions of Oregon. The lookout has been inactive and is planned to be decommissioned-the stairs are deficient, and the guy wires are loose. The ground house cabin has been condemned since the early 2000's and has an infestation of rats. There is also a 7'x8' metal communication building as well as a 4'x4' wooden toilet. The lookout is planned to be decommissioned through a salvage-based contract. Partners: BLM during high levels of fire activity Deferred Maintenance: $8,294.13 Replacement Value: $12,999.65 125 L-4-AR HALL SPECIAL CALAMITY BUTTE Calamity Butte Garage constructed in 1934. Building Calamity Butte Lookout, photo c. 2017 No. 1506. Year Built: 1927 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.9286/ -118.8253 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: Calamity Butte houses two unique lookouts-one being an L-4-AR Supervisor Hall Special ground house (building No. 4003). The L-4-AR ground house is a 14'x14' wooden cab and was a Region 5 design/ California-model. There is a garage and wooden toilet also onsite. These secondary buildings as well as the lookout are eligible for inclusion in the NRHP and they are all in very poor condition. Construction of an Octagon onsite began in 1996 and is currently staffed by fire. The butte has been continually used for fire detection for over 65 years. The FMP recommends the following for the maintenance of the site: • Complete a structural inspection of the lookout and tower by a qualified structural engineer • Complete an inspection of the lightning protection by a qualified contractor to ensure the safety of the system • Replace the toilet building with a modern vault toilet • Allow the garage and old lookout to "melt" into the ground by not investing scarce maintenance funds in either building" RSFMP, 2017: 84-85 Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,998.60 Replacement Value: $51,998.60 126 DRY SODA (060401000758) Dry Soda Lookout (date unknown) Dry Soda Lookout Year Built: 1941 Ranger District: Blue Mountain LaU Long: 44.20833333/ -118.90972222 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: The Dry Soda lookout is a 14' x 14' L-4 cab with a hipped roof and catwalk on a USFS 60' CT-2 wooden tower. A Rappelling platform was added at 45-feet (date unknown) and is actively staffed in the summer for fire detection. There is an old wooden toilet circa 1941, a small storage shed, and a modern CXT toilet are also onsite. The lookout is in fair condition- the guy wires are loose, a few cross-bracing members are split, and several of the wooden steps are cracking. This site was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP in 2010. The FMP recommends the following for the maintenance of the site: • Complete a structural inspection of the lookout and tower by a qualified structural engineer • Complete an inspection of the lightning protection by a qualified contractor to ensure the safety of the system • Upgrade the propane system and tank • Tighten the guy wires and repair any structure deficiencies • Decommission the old toilet (#1724) in place by not investing any further maintenance funds in this building" FMP, 2017: 52-53 Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $104,744.40 Replacement Value: $104,744.40 127 L-4 CONTINUED FALL MOUNTAIN (06040101000) Fall Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Bear Valley lat/ Long: 44.2942/ -119.0425 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Eiigibie About: The Fall Mountain Lookout is a 14'x14' L-4 cab and wooden catwalk in an 18ft pole tower. The tower structure was replaced in 1953 and it is currently available to rent from May to November. The Fall Mountain Lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Partners: ODOTand OSP Deferred Maintenance: $52,632.88 Replacement Value: $53,157.78 128 L-4 CONTINUED BLACK BUTTE (06040305009) Black Butte Lookout Year Built: 1936 Ranger District: Blue Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.540001/ -119.1386 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Evaluated Ineligible About: treated timber tower, emergency fire use, replaced in 1962, OSHPO, doe 2010. 20' tower. Orig. pole tower replaced with treated timber 1964 (NHLR date) and concrete piers were redone in 1994. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $66,660.89 Replacement Value: $104,744.40 129 L-4 CONTINUED SUGARLOAF (06040200355) - ·ff~,- . -- ~~t~.: -. :):~~·.:;-: Sugarloaf Lookout c.1942 Sugarloaf Lookout c. 1997 Year Built: 1948/ 49 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.9155556/ -119.2390439 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Sugarloaf lookout was originally established in 1932 with an L-4 cab on a 15-foot timber tower. This L-4 was replaced with the current L-4 cab on a 32-foot treated timber tower in 1948/49. The lookout is still staffed by fire from May to October. According to the 2017 FMP, "The lookout is in poor condition with split cross members, loose guy wires, loose railing and outdated propane system. A garage and vault toilet building are also on site. The garage has collapsed with only the roof framing standing. The toilet building needs the roof treated, a new door and painting." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $10,095.83 Replacement Value: $54,386.30 130 FLAGTAIL MOUNTAIN (06040105009) Flagtail Mountain Lookout c.1942 Flagtail Mountain Lookout c.2010 Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Blue Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.18611111/ -119.27972223 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Flagtail Mountain lookout is an 18-foot pole tower with a 14' x 14' L-4 cab and catwalk. The lookout was constructed on the Malheur in 1933 and moved to the site in 1966. The tower was replaced in 1953 and it was determined Eligible for inclusion in the NRHP in 2010. The lookout is currently staffed by fire, usually for four months during the summer. According to the 2017, FMP, "The lookout is in fair shape. The stairs and cab need to be painted. The guy wires are loose, and the propane system is substandard. There are two toilets at the site. A new CXT toilet was installed in 2010. The older wooden toilet was built in 1948. A garage built in 1934 is also located at the site. There appears to be asbestos tiles in the lookout cab floor. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $40,643.01 Replacement Value: $115,480.70 131 R-6 CONTINUED INDIAN ROCK (06040305004) Indian Rock Lookout Indian Rock Lookout c. 2017 Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: Blue Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.75666667/ -118.69027777 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Indian Rock lookout was originally a cupola cabin established in 1929. The current R-6 flat cab with a catwalk replaced the cabin in 1957. The lookout has a pier block foundation and is staffed by fire during the summer months. According to the FMP, "The building is in poor condition. The guy wires and railing are loose. The building and the deck around the cab need painting and repairs. The flat roof should be replaced. The lightening protection system should be checked for continuity and reliability. The propane system and tank need to be upgraded. The quarter mile access trail up to the lookout is in poor condition and unsafe for walking and transporting supplies to the lookout. There is a Romtec toilet building on the site in fair condition. The toilet is a compost toilet that requires consistent and dedicated operator maintenance to function properly." The original toilet from 1957 has been removed and a composting toilet was been added to the site in 2004. Indian Rock lookout was determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP in 2010. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $20,401.69 Replacement Value: $62,846.64 132 R-6 CONTINUED DIXIE BUTTE (06040300378) --. -' 1r· .. ·. . ·. ,,,_ • .,,:1-c )j; -- Dixie Butte Lookout c.2010 Year Built: 1968 Ranger District: Blue Mountain LaU Long: 44.58333334/ -118.62555556 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Dixie Butte is a 15'x15' R-6 flattop ground house. A DOE was conducted in 2010 and found it to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. According to the RSFMP, "The Dixie Butte lookout is a R-6 flat cab built in 1968. The lookout is staffed for about 4 months each fire season. The roof leaks and needs to be replaced. The guy wires need to be tightened. The lightning protection system should be checked for continuity and reliability. The propane system and tank need to be upgraded. There are two small toilets at the lookout site and the fiberglass toilet needs repairs. A communication building (#1617) at the site is a concrete block building in good shape. There is also a commercial communication building under special use on the site (RSFMP, 2017: 49-50)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $48,199.63 Replacement Value: $121,765.37 133 R-6 CONTINUED BALD BUTTE (06040400801) Bald Butte (FMP, 2017: p.82) Year Built: 1959 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.6829/ -119.3678 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Evaluated Ineligible About: The R-6 cab with a catwalk is on a 41-foot treated timber tower and it is planned for decommissioning. The lookout was found to be condemned and major hazards need to be abated. The lookout was used during emergencies into the 1990s. According to the FMP, "The Bald Butte lookout is a R-6 flat cab on a 41-foot treated timber tower constructed in 1959. The lookout is not staffed and has not been used since the 1990's. Per discussion with fire staff with knowledge of the facility, the lookout has structural deficiencies and is condemned for safety reasons (FMP, 2017: 82)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,998.60 Replacement Value: $51,998.60 134 R-6 CONTINUED SNOW MOUNTAIN (06040400798) ! . ! ' ,-· ! ~2;~r-~4t<-:~"' - -·:· ---~: ?~%sp§;:;~ir· Snow Mountain Lookout c.1961 Snow Mountain Lookout c.1997 Year Built: 1961 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.9703/ -119.4964 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Evaluated, Ineligible About: The lookout is a 14x14 ft R-6 cab with a catwalk on 1O ' treated timber tower and is currently used for fire detection. The R-6 cab was part of the Ochoco NF - Snow Mtn RD but when the districts combined in the late 1990's it became part of Emigrant Cr. RD. According to the FMP, "The Snow Mountain lookout is a R-6 flat cab on a 10-foot treated timber tower built in 1961. The lookout is staffed during fire season. The lookout has some deferred maintenance items including a leaking roof, loose railings, missing window screens, a crack in one footing, outdated propane system and need of painting. There are two other buildings at the site including a fiberglass communication building and a newer CXT toilet (not listed in the I-Web database)." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $27,717.13 Replacement Value: $51,998.60 135 R-6 CONTINUED ANTELOPE MOUNTAIN (6040405016) Antelope Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1963 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 44.0425/ -118.4192 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Ineligible About: "This location has been used as a lookout since at least 1929, when a 20' timber tower and gable-roofed L-4 cab was constructed. Five years later, a garage was added to the site. The lookout deteriorated over time, and in 1962, the lookout tower and cab were replaced by a 30' tower and an R-6 flat top cab designed by A.P. DiBenedetto, but by 1973, deterioration and damage necessitated replacement. A different R-6 cab, also designed by DiBenedetto and constructed in 1962, which was moved in 1974 from Lake Butte, along with a 30' timber treated tower. The 1974 move via flatbed truck was undertaken by the Emmert Industrial Corporation of Clackamas (Malheur National Forest, n.d.)." According to the FMP, "The lookout is staffed for about 4 months during fire season. The building is in poor condition. The guy wires and railing are loose. The building and the deck around the cab need painting and repairs. Some of the bracing members are split. The flat roof should be replaced. The lightning protection system should be checked for continuity and reliability. The propane system and tank need to be upgraded. There is a newer CXT toilet building in good condition that is not in the I-Web data base. There is also an old wooden toilet on the site and a 6' x 6' fiberglass communication building with a wood floor that is rotted." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $25,089.30 Replacement Value: $115,480.70 136 FRAZIER POINT (06040200071) i"': . .'-f. ,· :~t ~.~-I Frazier Point Lookout c.1956 Frazier Point Lookout c.2014 Year Built: 1936 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 44.09416666/ -118.64694444 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: Frazier Point is inactive and scheduled for decommissioning. A DOE was conducted in 201 O and found the lookout to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Frazier Point is a classic L-6 wooden cab w/ catwalk on 100ft guyed treated timber tower with ground house living quarters. According to the RSFMP, ''The Frasier Lookout is a 7-foot by ?-foot cab on a 100-foot treated timber tower. The lookout is no longer staffed and the structure is condemned due to structural deficiencies. There is a residence on the ground at the site and a small toilet. The residence and toilet are in poor condition. The buildings have significant deferred maintenance and would require extensive upgrading to be safe for occupants (RSFMP, 2017: 116)" Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $12,831.19 Replacement Value: $12,831.19 137 KING MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06040200424) King Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek LaU Long: 43.8108333/ -118.8683333 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: King mountain was originally the location for a D-6 in the 1920's and a cabin in 1933. The CL is made of steel and is inactive. The lookout was originally built on the Ochoco National Forest in 1957 on a 10ft steel tower. According to the RSFMP, "The King Mountain lookout is 13-foot by 13-foot steel cab on a 10-foot steel tower built in 1957. The lookout is no longer staffed. There site also has an old garage, a 1O ' x 1O ' communication building and a 6' x 6' communication building. There is also a commercial communication building under special use at the site. The lookout has hazardous stairs, decking, and railings. The garage is in disrepair with a poor roof and siding." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $39,005.22 Replacement Value: $47,223.22 138 OCTAGON CALAMITY BUTTE LOOKOUT (06040200041) Calamity Butte Lookout Year Built: 2000 Ranger District: Emigrant Creek Lat/ Long: 43.9286/ -118.8253 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Calamity Butte was originally established with an L-4-AR. According to the WWLL, "construction of new 50' pole tower with octagonal cab began in 1996, continuing for several years. It is staffed every summer." The RSFMP describes the lookout as, "an octagonal cab on a 50-foot treated round pole tower constructed in 2000. The lookout is staffed during fire season. An older lookout, R-5 cab (#4003) sits on the ground near the new lookout. The other two buildings at the site are a garage (#1506) and a wooden toilet (#1730). The old lookout, garage and toilet are in poor condition (RSFMP, 2017: 84-85)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $152,812.22 139 0606 MT. HOOD NATIONAL FOREST (MTH) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1973 1 NHLR, Flag Point Lookout Tower R-6 Flat 1960 NRM 2 Fivemile butte (5 mi) R-6 Flat 1957 3 Bull of the Woods L-4 (Standard '36) 1942 4 Sisi Butte Lookout Tower Octagon 1977 5 Clear Lake Butte R-6 Flat 1964 6 Clear Lake Butte Crow Nest Crow Nest Unknown 7 Hickman Butte L-4 1952/ 54 1952 NRM, 8 1933 Devils Peak L-4 SHPO 140 TREE PLATFORM CLEAR LAKE BUTTE TREE (662EA71) . ·. ~-~ .::\, . ,A,-,~ Clear Lake Butte Lookout Tree Year Built: Unknown, c. 1920-1932 Ranger District: Hood River Lat/ Long: 45.1565278/-121.7184 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to the 1992 site form, "this site was discovered by District employee, Carol Johnson, and consists of one live ~26m tall, 11 cm dbh Western hemlock tree. The tree is leaning at 13°; it is being pushed over by a large windthrown Douglas fir tree that has blown down and is lying next to it. The lookout tree has 14-15cm limb rungs nailed onto it with machine-made nails (the bottom rung is missing), rungs extend at ~5.5cm intervals to ~63cm up to the tree. Telephone wire or insulators are not visible around the site. The bottom of the tree has a deep old, over-grown blaze ... there was another lookout tree on the NW side of the butte (Site form, Groce, 1992: 1-2)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 141 BULL OF THE WOODS (06060500144) Bull of the Woods Lookout Year Built: 1942 Ranger District: Clackamas Lat/ Long: 44.846/ -122.0957 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: This L-4 standard '36 is located in Bull of the Woods wilderness on a 10-foot treated timber tower. It is used as an emergency backcountry guard station. The tower was prefabricated at the Zigzag CCC Camp. Cab was precut from a kit provided by the Aladdin Co. Partners: Heritage Trust, FFLA, and Sand Mountain Society. Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $52,260.66 142 L-4 CONTINUED HICKMAN BUTTE (06060400058) Hickman Butte Lookout c.1967 Hickman Butte Lookout c.2011 Year Built: 1952 Ranger District: Zig Zag Lat/ Long: 45.412/ -121.9114 Access: Road access but need to be officially escorted through the Bull Run Watershed Current Use: Fire Detection N RH P Status: Unevaluated About: Hickman Butte is a '36 L-4 standard with a catwalk on a 41-foot treated timber tower. According to the DOE for Bull of the Woods in 1993, Hickman Butte was, ""built in 1952, is another example of the L-4, Standard 36 version lookout. It is built on a 45-foot TT tower. Although it is accessible by road, it is located within the Bull Run Watershed which is closed to public entry. The door, windows, shutters, and siding have been replaced, with in-kind materials. Some of the original features are still in place; the desk, bed, cabinets, and Osborne firefinder. It is presently used as a lookout (Bull of the Woods DOE, 1993: 5)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,421.98 Replacement Value: $79,990.80 143 L-4 CONTINUED DEVIL'S PEAK (06060900030) Devil's Peak Lookout Year Built: 1952 Ranger District: Zig Zag Lat/ Long: 45.2641667/ -121.876 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: According to NRM, the L-4 lookout cab is on a 10-foot treated timber tower and the cab was salvaged from an old bridge. It is currently inactive. The L-4 ground cab replaced the original 12x12' log cabin w/ cupola (1924). According to the DOE for Bull of the Woods in 1993, Devil's Peak, "is a p roofed L-4 built on a 10-foot TT tower. Although two sources report 1949 as date of construction, a third source confers a date of 1933. The tower style appears to resemble the L-4 hip variation (1932-1936), as does the window fenestration. Therefore, the earlier date may be more accurate. The lookout is located just outside of the Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness area. It is accessible by three different trails ranging from 1 to 7 miles long. It is no longer used as a lookout, although hikers use the building for recreational purposes. Deducing from the conditions and site report (J. Horn, 1976: 1) , there have been few alterations, besides replacement of the stairs to the catwalk. A condition assessment performed in 1993 listed condition as poor. It is not an active fire detection facility, and is occasionally used by the public as an overnight accommodation." Bull of the Woods DOE, 1993: 5. Partners: Heritage Trust Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $53,327.20 144 FLAG POINT (06060100018) Flag Point Lookout Tower Flag Point Lookout Tower c.1956 Year Built: 1960 NRM/ 1973 NHLR Ranger District: Barlow LaU Long: 45.19083/ -121.4663453 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection (summer) and Recreation Rental (winter) NRHP Status: Eligible About: The R-6 is on a 41-foot treated timber tower with a view of Mt Hood. According to the DOE for Bull of the Woods in 1993, "Flag Point Lookout (Barlow Ranger District) is an R-6 style lookout on a 41-foot tower, with a 14 X 14 cabin on 8 X 8 treated legs. It is an active fire detection facility and is rented to the public during the winter months. Although Kresek (page 33) gives c. date of 1973, district sources claim 1960 as c. date. Associated buildings include a remodeled 1940s gable roofed garage, an outhouse (unknown date), and a radio communication facility. According to a 1993 conditions report, the lookout is in fair condition (Bull of the Woods DOE, 1993: 5)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $14,102.28 Replacement Value: $89,989.65 145 R-6 CONTINUED FIVEMILE BUTTE (06060100050) Fivemile Butte Lookout c.1956 Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: Barlow Lat/ Long: 45.4101306/ -121.4688 Fivemile Butte Lookout Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: 40-foot treated timber tower with an R-6 cab. Originally the site had a platform tower in the 1920's and it was replaced by a 30-pole L-4 in 1932. The L-4 was destroyed by heavy snow in 1942 and replaced by another L-4 tower with an inside trap door. There used to be a patrol point and tree platform 1 mile south atop Pebble Point. According to the 1979 site record, the "tower is 40ft tall, platform has 5 glass windows (4 panes each) on side with door. Four on other three sides. Each window is 22" by 48". Wood burning stove with white enamel finish. Osborne Fire Finder #4 in center of room. Linoleum floors, wood desk with Formica top. Wooden bed frame with 2 drawers in it. Two low cabinets with 3 drawers and two cupboards, two wooden chairs and a refrigerator (CRI Record Form, Denise Zemer, 1979)". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $6,414.70 Replacement Value: $59,993.10 146 R-6 CONTINUED CLEAR LAKE BUTTE TOWER (6060200052) Clear Lake Butte Lookout Clear Lake Butte Lookout c.2005 Year Built: 1962 Ranger District: Hood River Lat/ Long: 45.1565278/ -121.7184 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection (summer) and Recreation rental (winter) NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Originally a 110-foot platform tower constructed in 1932. It was replaced with the present 41-foot R-6 flat in 1962. There is remanence of a crow nest on the butte. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $16,538.62 Replacement Value: $59,993.10 147 OCTAGON SISI BUTTE (06060300177) Sisi Butte Lookout Tower, NHLR Sisi Butte Lookout Tower c.1997 Year Built: 1977 Ranger District: Clackamas Lat/ Long: 45.0338/ -122.0562 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The octagon was constructed in 1977 on a 40-foot pole tower and the inside uses laminated wood. Originally the site had an L-4 built in 1940 and staffed year-round as AWS in WWII. The L-4 structure was removed but historic parts were salvaged--it is unclear if they were incorporated into the construction of the octagon. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $92,049.97 Replacement Value: $136,468.74 148 0607 OCHOCO NATIONAL FOREST (OCH) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 1964 NHLR, Mount Pisgah R-6 Flat 1958 NRM 2 1919 NRHP, Mount Pisgah Lookout Tree Tree Platform 1918 FFLA 3 Tower Point L-4 1955 4 1947 NHLR, Wolf Mountain L-4 1952 NRM 5 East Wolf Mountain Crow Nest 1932 NHLR 6 West Wolf Mountain Crow Nest 1921 FFLA 7 Black Mountain Lookout Tree Tree Platform 1937 149 TREE PLATFORM MOUNT PISGAH LOOKOUT TREE Mount Pisgah Lookout Tree Year Built: 1918 Ranger District: Lookout Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.4570441/ -120.2526802 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: 10-foot tree platform Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 150 TREE PLATFORM CONTINUED BLACK MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT TREE (06070100018) Black Mountain Tree Platform Black Mountain Lookout Tree 2011, cherylhill.net Year Built: 1937 Ranger District: Lookout Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.379/ -120.098694 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: 70-foot tree platform and the frame cabin quarters were relocated to the Ochoco Ranger Station. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 151 CROW NEST EAST WOLF MOUNTAIN East Wolf Mountain Lookout c.2012 Year Built: 1932 Ranger District: Paulina Lat/ Long: 44.3281222/ -119.7152009 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: The Crow Nest is located one mile east of Wolf Mountain Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 152 CROW NEST CONTINUED WEST WOLF MOUNTAIN .I.'... . 1 West Wolf Mountain Lookout tree c.1923 Year Built: 1921 Ranger District: Paulina Lat/ Long: 44.3281222/ -119.7152009 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: The Crow Nest is located approximately 0.5 miles southwest of the present tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 153 TOWER POINT (06070300237) Tower Point Lookout Year Built: 1955 Ranger District: Lookout Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.0573045/ -120.2953879 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: L-4 hip cab on a 20-foot treated timber tower. A DOE was conducted in 2015 and found the lookout to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Partners: BLM Deferred Maintenance: $2,482.10 Replacement Value: $101,850.37 154 L-4 CONTINUED WOLF MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06070200028) Wolf Mountain Lookout c.1955 Wolf Mountain Lookout c.2012 Year Built: 1947 Ranger District: Paulina lat/ long: 44.3281222/ -119. 7152009 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: An L-4 on a 107-foot treated timber tower. The old phone system is still present and used--there is a radio for backup. According to the WWLL, "Established in 1921 with a crow's nest tree platform (1/2 mile southwest of the present tower), a 50' wooden tower with 7x7' and cabin were constructed in 1926 (also 1/2 mile southwest of the present tower). A garage was added in 1934. A crow's nest tree platform was added 1/2 mile east of the present tower in 1931 (still there, also called the East Wolf Lookout Tree). Materials for the current 108' treated timber L-4 tower were purchased in 1942, then stored at Derr Guard Station until 1947 when enough manpower was available after World War II to build the tower". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $77,979.19 Replacement Value: $77,979.19 155 MOUNT PISGAH LOOKOUT TOWER (06070100009) Mount Pisgah Lookout Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Lookout Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.4570441/ -120.2526802 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: 14x14' R-6 flattop live-in cab w/ catwalk on a 20-foot treated timber tower. The current lookout on Mount Pisgah is the fifth lookout to be placed on site. According to the WWLL, the lookout had a "1 0' platform built here in 1918, replaced by a 35' platform and accompanying cabin in 1923. A cab was constructed atop the existing tower in 1929, followed up by a 20' L-4 tower in 1933. In addition, there were patrol points 1 mile north (burned in a 2008 forest fire) and 3 miles east. The present 20' treated timber R-6 flat tower, built in 1964, is staffed every summer." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $6,157.66 Replacement Value: $77,979.19 156 CROOKED RIVER NATIONAL GRASSLANDS # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Stevenson Mountain (Stephenson Mountain) L-4 1963 157 STEVENSON (STEPHENSON) MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Stevenson Mountain 2009, Ron Kemnow photo, Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Stevenson Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1963 Ranger District: Lookout Mountain Lat/ Long: 44.58973/ -120.50185 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection and Communication Site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the WWLL, "a crow's nest was developed in the mid-1920s, with ground cabin living quarters added in 1929. The tree was replaced by a 60' wooden tower in 1934. The present 3-story enclosed ODF cab, built in 1962-63 3/4 mile west of the previous tower, is staffed by the Forest Service. It is located on private land with no public access". Partners: ODF Deferred Maintenance: $113,673.75 Replacement Value: $267,357.22 158 0610 ROGUE RIVER-SISKIYOU NATIONAL FOREST (RRS) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Dutchman Peak D-6 1927 2 Squaw Peak L-4 1943 3 Bolan Mountain L-4 1953 4 Rustler Peak L-4 1948 5 Robinson Butte R-6 1955 6 Hershberger D-6 1925 7 1956 NHLR, Hall's Point R-6 1960 NRM 8 Mount Stella L-4 1947 9 Quail Prairie R-6 Flat 1963 10 1955 NHLR, Lake of the Woods CL-160 1958 NRM 11 Snow Camp CL-100 2004 12 Yellow Jacket Crow Nest 1917 159 CROW NEST YELLOW· JACKET '~ ,;,.-:-; ----:......-~ "':- /r -~: -~ ~:~~ ._£~~~~~--~ :~ ~ Yellow Jacket Mountain Lookout c.1917, National Archives- Seattle. Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Yellow Jacket 2007, Ron Kemnow photo. Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Year Built: 1917 Ranger District: Siskiyou Lat/ Long: 42.0274/ -122.950593 Access: No, 4 x 4 two-track road/ hike Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: Located in a ponderosa pine tree and was abandoned in 1928. According to geocaching.com, "Yellowjacket Mountain Fire Lookout was established in with a crow's nest built in the top of a 30' pine tree on the top of the ridge. Living quarters was a small cabin built near the top of the ridge. This served as a fire lookout until 1927 when the 0-6 cupola lookout house was built on Dutchman's Peak, about 1000' higher. This old tree is still alive and well! You can see where the top was cut off and a platform was attached, plus the spikes are still visible that held the ladder in place". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 160 D-6 CUPOL DUTCHMAN PEAK LOOKOUT ~, _:-----. --= - i;..~. -....-=-: .·A Dutchman Peak Lookout c.2009 Dutchman Peak Lookout Year Built: 1927 Ranger District: Siskiyou Lat/ Long: 42.043567/ -122.890767 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Listed About: Dutchman Peak is a classic D-6 and it is still used for fire detection. This lookout is a popular spot for hikers to visit from the Pacific Crest Trail. A garage was added in 1937 and converted to living quarters in 1942 for the AWS. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $31,467.02 Replacement Value: $91,360.51 161 D-6 CONTINUED HERSHBERGER LOOKOUT Hershberger Lookout Hershberger Lookout c.1925 Year Built: 1925 Ranger District: High Cascades LaU Long: 42.03494444/ -122.4553333 Access: Road Current Use: Communication and Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Listed About: The D-6 replaced a rag camp that was established in 1917. The lookout is located near the Rogue/Umpqua divide. There is a radio repeater on-site and it is staffed in emergencies in the summer months. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $38,683.83 Replacement Value: $45,680.26 162 SQUAW PEAK LOOKOUT ;f~ /. Squaw Peak Lookout, recreation.gov Squaw Peak Lookout c.1943 Year Built: 1943 Ranger District: Siskiyou Lat/ Long: 42.069583/ -123.011883 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental (summer) NRHP Status: Listed About: L-4 ground cab with a catwalk. Recently restored and converted into a recreation rental. The lookout is used for emergency fire detection when Dutchman Peak is inaccessible from snow. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $1,103.49 Replacement Value: $62,175.90 163 L-4 CONTINUED BOLAN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Bolan Mountain Lookout Bolan Mountain Lookout, recreation.gov Year Built 1953 Ranger District: Wild Rivers lat/ Long: 42.0156/ -123.4595167 Access: Road Current Use: GONE- Wildfire 2020 NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Originally, Bolan mountain was established with a cupola cabin in 1917 on a log crib base. This was replaced in 1953 with a 14 x 14-foot L-4 cab with a hipped roof on a 15-foot treated timber tower. The legs have since been removed and the cab has been placed on a stone foundation. The catwalk was expanded recently and a deck was added on one side. Burned down in 2020. It used to be on the Recreation Rental program. Bolan Lookout, USFSRRSNF Facebook page Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $2,073.08 (before it burned down) Replacement Vaiue: $45,680.26 164 L-4 CONTINUED RUSTLER PEAK Rustler Peak Lookout c.1948 Rustler Peak Lookout. Howard Verschoor photo Year Built: 1948 Ranger District: High Cascades Lat/ Long: 42.61925/ -122.3481667 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection and Communication Site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the NHLR, ""Rustler Peak was a full-fledged lookout in 1913 with William Parker as the first Lookout. In 1917 a pre-cut 0-6 lookout house from the Mill-Made Construction Company of Portland was assembled in July. In the 1920s, a 0-6 cupola on a 1 0' tower was constructed. In 1940 the CCC expended $600 on lookout construction when the cupola was raised on a tower. The present L-4 14'x14' cab with catwalk on a 31 '6" laminated timber tower was built in 1948 and was the site of the first solar-powered radio system in a Forest Service lookout." NHLR Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $6,897.14 Replacement Value: $78,128.93 165 L-4 CONTINUED MOUNT STELLA Harold C Chriswell photo Mount Stella Lookout c.1948 Mount Stella Lookout c.1998 Year Built: 1947 Ranger District: High Cascades Lat/ Long: 42.937201/ -122.435034 Access: No, take road to hike off-trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Listed About: Mount Stella is an L-4 on a 40-foot treated timber tower. According to NRM, there is no access for inspection or maintenance. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $78,128.93 166 MMlllfl LAKE OF THE WOODS Lake of the Woods Lookout c.1990s Lake of the Woods Lookout, recreation.gov Year Built: 1955 NHLR, 1958 NRM Ranger District: Gold Beach Lat/ Long: 42.593/ -124.1295 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to NRM, the CL-106 cab is 13'4" x 13'4" on 10-foot steal I-beams. The lookout was originally on Barklow Mountain and was moved to the site in 1974 . Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $33,855.43 Replacement Value: $70,555.21 167 ROBINSON BUTTE LOOKOUT Robinson Butte Lookout c.1955 on Blue Rock Robinson Butte Lookout Year Built: 1955 Ranger District: High Cascades lat/ Long: 42.3646389/ -122.3813611 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Robinson Butte is a 53-foot treated timber tower with a R-6 flattop cab brought to the site from Blue Rock in 1974 . Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $25,457.40 Replacement Value: $52,110.91 168 R-6 CONTINUED HALL'S POINT Hall's Point Lookout Hall's Point Lookout c.2001 Year Built: 1956 Ranger District: High Cascades Lat/ Long: 42.803594/ -122.548647 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection and Communication site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The 15' x 15' R-6 ground cab is located roughly two miles north of White Point lookout operated by Oregon State. According to the NHLR, "prior to the construction of the current R-6, this point was primarily a secondary site of Whetstone Point. It was on Whetstone (in early days called Old Baldy or Bald Mountain) that the crow's nest was located in an 80-foot tree in 1914. In 1920 a standard D-6 cupola was built, in 1934 the cupola was elevated onto a ten-foot tower. In 1951 the State erected the 40-foot tower at the south end of the ridge (White Point). Whetstone Point being located at the mid-point of the ridge was not very effective for the Forest Service to cover the northern area. The construction of Halls Point in 1956 remedied the problem and the old Whetstone Lookout was burned in 1958". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $7,622.63 Replacement Value: $78,988.78 169 R-6 CONTINUED QUAIL PRAIRIE LOOKOUT Quail Prairie Lookout, Howard Quail Prairie Lookout, NHLR Verschoor photo Year Built: 1963 Ranger District: Gold Beach Lat/ Long: 42.24183/ -124.04563 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The R-6 cab is on a 41-foot treated timber tower. It was built to replace Long Ridge lookout which was damaged in the Columbus Day storm of 1941. The lookout was a part of the recreation rental program but it received damage in recent years and is no longer open to the public. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $30,449.57 Replacement Value: $96,863.93 170 R-6 CONTINUED SNOW CAMP LOOKOUT Snow Camp Lookout c.2005 Year Built: 2004 Ranger District: Gold Beach Lat/ Long: 42.3441667/-124.1652778 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Snow Camp was constructed as a replacement for #4015 (Warner Ridge) in 2004. Forest Service supplied materials and volunteers provided the labor. The R-6 hipped 15' x 15' ground cab is designed to accommodate one or two overnight guests. The original cabin was destroyed in Biscuit fire (2002). New is ground cab w/ metal hip roof and catwalk Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $3,526.84 Replacement Value: $137,040.77 171 0612 SIUSLAW NATIONAL FOREST (SIU) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Fairview Mountain Platform Tower 1919 172 PLATFORM TOWE FAIRVIEW MOUNTAIN Fairview Mountain 1982, La Vaughn Kemnow photo. Year Built: 1919 Ranger District: Unknown 1 LaU Long: 44.198888/ -124.033105 I Access: Road i I Current Use: Inactive i NRHP Status: Unknown i About: According to Ron Kemnow, Fairview Mountain is, "an dpen platform with round pole legs. Railroad spikes were used for steps on the northwest cor~er (oregonlookouts.weebly.com)". This is the last remaining lookout structure on the Siuslaw. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 173 0614 UMATILLA NATIONAL FOREST (UMA) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Madison Butte CL-100 1957 2 Tamarack Mountain Aermotor 1933 3 Bone Point CL-100 1947 4 1929 NHLR, Tower Mountain Aermotor 1934 NRM 5 Desolation Butte R-6 Flat 1961 6 High Ridge Lookout Tower R-6 Flat 1959 7 Hoodoo Crow's Nest Crow Nest Pre-1933 8 1933 FFLA, Hoodoo Lookout Tower Aermotor 1935 NRM 9 Lookout Mountain Lookout Tower L-4 1948 174 CROW NEST HOODOO CROW NEST Hoodoo Crow Nest c.2017 Year Built: Pre-1933 Ranger District: Walla Walla lat/ Long: 45.9476/ -117.6589 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to Ron Kemnow, Hoodoo "was first used with a 65-foot tree crow nest, which is still standing (oregonlookouts.com)". The ladder is still located in tree. The Crow Nest is roughly .33 miles NNW of Hoodoo tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Vaiue: $0 175 TAMARACK MOUNTAIN Tamarack Mountain ground cabin and rental Tamarack Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Heppner Lat/ Long: 44.8739/ -119.66031 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The site was originally established with a tree platform in 1925. Tamarack Mountain is now occupied by a 96-foot steel Aermotor tower. There was a ground house and storage shed built in 1933 but the ground house burned down in 1966 and shed was converted into a recreation rental. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $11,608.90 Replacement Value: $19,242.10 176 ERMOTOR CONTINUED TOWER MOUNTAIN Tower Mountain c.1957 Tower Mountain 2008, Ron Kemnow photo, oregonlookouts.weebly.com Year Built: 1929 NHLR/ 1934 NRM Ranger District: North Fork John Day Lat/ Long: 45.05428/ -118.56888 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Tower Mountain is a 7' x 7' steel cab on an 88-foot Aermotor tower (MC-39 or MC-40). According to the NHLR, "the attractive CCC cabin living quarters [were] moved to the site from Old Lucky Strike in late 1940s". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $3,907.12 Replacement Value: $19,242.10 177 HOODOO LOOKOUT TOWER Hoodoo Lookout Tower Hoodoo Lookout Tower complex c.2017 Year Built: 1933 FFLA, 1935 NRM Ranger District: Walla Walla lat/ long: 45.9476/ -117.6589 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Usted About: Hoodoo is a 7' x 7' steel cab on a 100-foot Aermotor tower. The Tower is accompanied by ground cabin living quarters. Heritage wants to find a way to retain the complex and it might be ideal for conversion into a recreation rental. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $85,326.67 Replacement Value: $102,612.08 178 LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN Lookout Mountain Lookout c.2005 Year Built: 1948 Ranger District: Walla Walla Lat/ Long: 45.85028/ -117.78333 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: Lookout Mountain is an L-4 with a catwalk on an 87-foot treated timber tower. The Cab was removed in 2004, restored on-site, and remounted by crane. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $3,785.09 Replacement Value: $102,612.08 179 tH■M•i MADISON BUTTE LOOKOUT Madison Butte Lookout c.1958 Madison Butte Lookout Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: Heppner Lat/ Long: 45.10741/ -119.47483 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Evaluated, noncontributing About: The CL-100 is on a 37-foot steel tower and was constructed next to the original D-6 cupola. Vicky Ringsdorf of Eugene was the first woman to serve as a lookout in the district in 1967. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $21,494.45 Replacement Value: $76,968.42 180 CL-100 CONTINUED BONE POINT Bone Point Lookout Bone Point Lookout Year Built: 1961 Ranger District: North Fork John Day Lat/ Long: 44.9854/ -119.03038 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency fire and Communication Site NRHP Status: Evaluated, noncontributing About: The CL-100 hipped is on a 30-foot steel tower and it Is currently used as a radio building and is available in emergencies. According to Ron Kem now, "The state purchased 10 surplus towers from airfields used during the World War Two era. One of them being a 30-foot steel structure placed at Bone Point (oregonlookouts.weebly.com)". Partners: ODF Deferred Maintenance: $36,392.40 Replacement Value: $76,968.42 181 DESOLATION BUTTE _' ., . ' 1'...:..1:~-\~i'~i-\ I ~:·\ I 1 '.17· :), •t:i} 1, I \ 1l ; ,,:o.-fl:', J \ ;- ~i:1.,- '• II I I ~ t;~,J i•.;;. .• -:; -~ s•~~ltt-lMI~- ,, ; : i~;~r:~'-./ .--:;-:::;:::-._::,: :~\~/ ?? ~~-r.s~1:t Desolation Butte Lookout construction c.1961 Desolation Butte lookout c.2000 Year Built: 1961 Ranger District: North Fork John Day Lat/ Long: 44.85079/ -118.66338 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This R-6 flat is on a 67-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $33,917.83 Replacement Value: $76,968.42 182 R-6 CONTINUED HIGH RIDGE High Ridge Lookout Tower c.2003 Year Built: 1959 Ranger District: Walla Walla Lat/ Long: 45.68253/-118.10197 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This R-6 flat is on a 67-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $33,917.83 Replacement Value: $76,968.42 183 0615 UMPQUA NATIONAL FOREST (UMP) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Fairview Peak R-6 1972 2 1964 NRM, Acker Rock R-6 1963 SHPO 3 Red Mountain D-6 1928 4 1939 FFLA, Abbott Butte L-4 1936 NRM 5 Pickett Butte L-4 1948 6 Watson Butte L-4 1937 7 1955 NHLR, Cinnamon Butte R-6 1961 NRM 8 Garwood Butte L-4 1942 9 Pig Iron L-5 1950 10 lllahee Rock D-6 1925 11 1956 FFLA, lllahee Rock Lookout Tower L-4 1957 NRM 12 Callahan Mountain Crow Nest 1922 184 CROW NEST CALLAHAN MOUNTAIN Callahan Mountain 1922, USFS Photo. Oregonlookouts.weebly.com Year Built: 1922 Ranger District: Tiller Lat/ Long: 42.90377/ -122.964531 Access: No, Hike off road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Callahan Mountain is a 110-foot Crow Nest that had an accompanying rag camp. Roughly 0.5 miles away is the remains of a single-room shake cabin that was abandoned in 1950 and destroyed in 1965. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 185 D-6 CUPOL RED MOUNTAIN Red Mountain Lookout c.1967 Red Mountain Lookout at Tiller Ranger District Year Built: 1928 Ranger District: Tiller Lat/ Long: 42.926375/ -122.9504 Access: Road Current Use: Monument and Museum Exhibit NRHP Status: Eligible About: Red Mountain is a 12' x 12' D-6 Cupola that was moved from Red Mountain to the Tiller Ranger District and was restored as a museum exhibit. There are no utilities and it is a tourist attraction. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $2,727.55 Replacement Value: $47,513.16 186 D-6 CUPOLA CONTINUED ILLAHEE ROCK lllahee Rock Lookout Year Built: 1925 Ranger District: North Umpqua Lat/ Long: 43.349258/ -122.5628917 Access: Trail Current Use: Museum NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the NHLR, "Hikers to Oregon's lllahee Rock Lookout in the Umpqua National Forest near Crater Lake National Park will also find an informal museum of lookout artifacts in the older cupola lookout. .. [the] cupola shortened some years ago." Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $1,019.23 Replacement Value: $21,006.40 187 ABBOTT BUTTE Abbott Butte Lookout c.1961 Year Built: 1936 Ranger District: Tiller Lat/ Long: 42.942592/ -122.5489111 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Abbott Butte is a L-4 hip cab on a 20-foot L-4 timber tower (possibly a pole tower). Originally the site had a D-6 on a 15-foot pole tower in 1936. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $76,285.02 Replacement Value: $76,285.02 188 L,.4 CONTINUED PICKET BUTTE Pickett Butte Lookout Pickett Butte Lookout c.2008 Year Built: 1948 Ranger District: Tiller Lat/ Long: 42.94342/ -122.85502 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection (summer) and Recreation Rental (winter) NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to the NHLR, "Pickett Butte Lookout is a classic 14' x 14' L-4 on a 41' timber tower. Carefully restored for the cabin rental program, it has remained in active service in the summer, while being available for rental in the non-fire season (the long, wet winters). Because the fire finder and additional lookout paraphernalia remain present, renters are treated to a visit to an authentic historic site. Because it is in such demand as a rental, the district is also making it available during the summer during periods of low fire danger for fire lookout enthusiasts and others", Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $8,588.92 Replacement Value: $105,584.80 189 L-4 CONTINUED WATSON BUTTE LOOKOUT Watson Butte Lookout Year Built: 1937 Ranger District: Diamond Lake Lat/ Long: 43.292236/ -122.27 41278 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Watson Butte is an L-4 hip ground cab. The cab is in poor condition from being inactive and major hazards need to be abated. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,736.55 Replacement Value: $51,736.55 190 L-4 CONTINUED GARWOOD BUTTE Garwood Butte Lookout Garwood Butte Lookout c.2014 Year Built: 1942 Ranger District: Diamond Lake Lat/ Long: 43.145183, -122.2823556 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the FFLA, "originally called Bear Butte, the summit was renamed in 1946 for Leroy E. Garwood, a former Umpqua National Forest employee who died in 1944. Built in 1942, this L-4 cab has been abandoned since the 1960's. Restoration work has been ongoing in recent years". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $22,109.24 Replacement Value: $41,172.54 191 L-4 CONTINUED ILLAHEE ROCK LOOKOUT TOWER lllahee Rock Lookout Tower Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: North Umpqua Lat/ Long: 43.349258/ -122.5628917 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: lllahee Rock Lookout Tower is a 14' x 14' L-4 cab with a catwalk on a 20-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,736.55 Replacement Value: $51,736.55 192 PIG IRON LOOKOUT Pig Iron Lookout Year Built: 1950 Ranger District: Diamond Lake Lat/ Long: 43.264131/ -122.3799778 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the NHLR, "Prefabricated by the Weyerhaeuser Sales Company in 1950, Pig Iron Lookout is probably one of a kind. No other examples of this kit have been identified. Similar to an L-4, the 10 ' x 10 ' cab has 3' x 3' solid pane windows and a catwalk atop a 10 ' wooden tower. This Umpqua National Forest lookout, located a half mile below the summit to get a better view, has been restored and it is used as an emergency detection site. Former lookout Gary Wilson has contributed the following information: "I manned this lookout in the summer of 1951. At that time, I believe it was an L4 type cab. The usual paned windows were present and the shutter assembly openec;:l up for shading. It was a brand-new lookout which allowed me to do some painting and trimming of Douglas Fir trees felled to improve the view. In 2001 or so I visited the site and found the cab to look similar to the photo. There may have been a lookout structure at site before the current structure. A friend of mine served as a lookout the previous summer living in a tent near the site with an Osborne situated outside on a large log. He joked that he wore out his shoes on one side due to the steep slope he was working on. The current structure was built during this time and into the Fall of 1950". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 193 FAIRVIEW PEAK LOOKOUT Fairview Peak Lookout c.1972 Fairview Peak Lookout Year Built: 1972 Ranger District: Cottage Grove Lat/ Long: 43.585767/ -122.6527222 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Fairview Peak is an R-6 cab on a 53-foot treated timber tower. The lookout was on the recreation rental program but is no longer taking reservations. According to the NHLR, "The first lookout was an open-air Alidade dating back to the early teens. The D-6 cupola was built in 1921 at a cost of $876.99. In 1936 the 20-foot tower with L-4 cab was constructed and the cupola was retained as a place for visitors to stay, later in became a storage building and at one time dynamite was stored in it. The present 53-foot tower with R-6 cab was built in 1972". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $11,781.20 Replacement Value: $120,102.71 194 R-6 CONTINUED ACKER ROCK Acker Rock Lookout Acker Rock Lookout c.2008 Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Tiller Lat/ Long: 43.05196/ -122.646124 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to the NHLR, "Perched on a high rock formation 2000' above the valley floor, Acker Rock Lookout offers a stunning view of the mountain's northwest of Crater Lake National Park. Originally the site of an L-4 constructed in 1934, it was replaced by a R-6 flattop ground house in 1964". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $15,924.61 Replacement Value: $95,369.06 195 R-6 CONTINUED CINNAMON BUTTE Cinnamon Butte Lookout Year Built: 1961 Ranger District: Diamond Lake LaU Long: 43.241131 / -122.1097083 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Cinnamon Butte is a R-6 cab on a 41-foot treated timber. The cab was originally constructed in 1961 on Buster Butte and was moved to the site in 1976. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $11,520.43 Replacement Value: $67,574.27 196 0616 WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FOREST (WAW) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 1954 NRM, Harl Butte L-4 1935 SHPO 2 Red Hill L-4 1947 3 Buckhorn Mountain L-4 1940 4 1968 NHLR, Dry Diggins - IDAHO R-6 1969 NRM 5 Heaven's Gate LO House - IDAHO R-6 1978 6 Hat Point L-6 1948 7 Mule Peak L-4-AR 1924 FFLA 8 Johnson Rock L-4 1952 9 Point Prominence L-4 1954 10 Unity Ranger Station LO (Unity 6x6 1938 FFLA, Upper Compound) Aermotor 1935 NRM 11 1949 FFLA, Summit Point L-4 1951 NRM 12 1949 FFLA, Table Rock L-4 1940 NRM 13 Mt Ireland CL-100 1958 14 Russell Mountain L-4 1950 15 Halfway (Pine) Ranger Station Lookout L-6 1938 16 McGraw Mountain R-6 1965 197 MULE PEAK ~· ~-~-~·~~ -/?~~-:..-- l 1 ,, i, , ........... ! ' Mule Peak c.1960 Mule Peak Lookout c.1936 Mule Peak Lookout c.1988 Year Built: 1924 Ranger District: La Grande Lat/ Long: 45.1304395/ -117.50299 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Mule Peak is located in Eagle Cap Wilderness and is used only for emergency fire incidents. The lookout was threatened by wildfire in 2005 & 2007. The lookout was wrapped and retardant drops were deployed. Firefighters were evacuated by helicopter in both incidents. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $26,561.66 Replacement Value: $95,825.36 198 UNITY RANGER STATION LOOKOUT Unity Guard Station c. 1935, National Archives Unity Ranger Station Lookout Year Built: 1935 Ranger District: Whitman, upper Unity compound Lat/ Long: 44.436584/ -118.18772 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Town Christmas Tree and Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The Unity Ranger Station lookout is a 6' x 6' (likely Aermotor but could be an L-6) cab on a 60-foot treated timber tower. Located in the town of Unity, the lookout is wrapped in Christmas lights and celebrated as the town Christmas tree. Due to major hazards, the lookout is planned for decommissioning and demolition. Partners: Town of Unity Deferred Maintenance: $86,142.53 Replacement Value: $86,142.53 *The cab has been designated Aermotor but it might be an L-6. 199 HARlBUTTELOOKOUT Harl Butte Lookout Year Built: 1954 Ranger District: Wallowa Valley lat/ long: 45.328549/ -116.87719 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the NHLR, Harl Butte is an, "outrigger hip roof L-4 ground house w/o catwalk". The lookout is named for a local homesteader, John Harl Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $4,175.22 Replacement Value: $61,252.35 200 L-4 CONTINUED RED HILL LOOKOUT Red Hill Lookout Year Built: 1947 Ranger District: Wallowa Valley Lat/ Long: 45. 7885758/ -117.10269 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Red Hill lookout is an L-4 cab on a 40-foot treated timber tower. Major hazards need to be abated if it is to be converted into a recreation rental. According to the WWLL, Red Hill was, "developed with a pole platform and a tent in 1917, a 26' pole tower with 10x10' cab was built in 1936. The present 40' treated timber L-4 tower, built in 1947, is available for emergencies". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,324.76 Replacement Value: $51,324.76 201 L-4 CONTINUED BUCKHORN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Buckhorn Mountain Lookout c.1952 Buckhorn Mountain Lookout c.2008 Year Built: 1940 Ranger District: Hells Canyon Lat/ Long: 45.753775/ -116.82294 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Buckhorn Mountain is an L-4 cab with a catwalk on stone piers. Major hazards need to be abated before it could be converted into a recreation rental. According to NRM, Buckhorn Mountain is considered excess and is awaiting a historic evaluation. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $40,874.62 Replacement Value: $40,874.62 202 L-4 CONTINUED JOHNSON ROCK LOOKOUT Johnson Rock Lookout Year Built: 1952 Ranger District: La Grande Lat/ Long: 45.1254642/ -118.4030822 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Johnson Rock is a L-4 cab on an 82-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $4,975.51 Replacement Value: $60,228.03 203 L-4 CONTINUED POINT PROMINENCE LOOKOUT Point Prominence Lookout c. 1930s Point Prominence Lookout c.2007 Year Built: 1954 Ranger District: La Grande Lat/ Long: 45.3718195/ -117.7021972 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Point Prominence was originally established in 1931 with a L-4 cab on a 30-foot pole tower. It was replaced in 1954 with the current L-4 cab on an 82-foot treated timber tower. According to the FFLA, the "new cab was built 1/8 mi east of 1931 location". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $13,091.69 Replacement Value: $60,228.03 204 L-4 CONTINUED SUMMIT POINT LOOKOUT Summit Point Lookout Summit Point Lookout c. 2017 Year Built: 1951 Ranger District: Whitman lat/ Long: 44.9828921/ -117.23923 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Summit Point is a L-4 cab on a 20-foot treated timber tower. The lookout is located on the southern aspect of the ridge against an extreme cliff. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $12,348.26 Replacement Value: $78,128.93 205 L-4 CONTINUED TABLE ROCK LOOKOUT Table Rock Lookout c.1942 Year Built: 1940 Ranger District: Whitman Lat/ Long: 44.334035/ -118.31653 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Table Rock lookout is a L-4 ground cab in the Monument Rock Wilderness and is currently used by fire. It has been remodeled and solar panels added to the exterior. According to the NHLR, "Table Rock Lookout began as a cupola built in the early 1920s. It was replaced with a 14' x 14' L-4 cab with catwalk in 1937, and again with a new L-4 in 1949". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $36,649.16 Replacement Value: $62,175.90 206 L-4 CONTINUED RUSSELL MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT ~ · ,"':--. Waldo Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1957 Ranger District: Middle Fork Lat/ Long: 43.765075/ -122.098921 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Located in Waldo Lake Wilderness, Waldo Mountain is a R-6 ground cab. Partners: Sand Mountain Society (SMS) Deferred Maintenance: $500.00 Replacement Value: $63,350.88 223 R-6 CONTINUED LITTLE COWHORN LOOKOUT Little Cowhorn Lookout Year Built: 1960 Ranger District: Middle Fork Lat/ Long: 44.038567/ -122.5036 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Little Cowhorn lookout is a R-6 cab on a 4-foot wooden foundation. The lookout was partially restored in the 1990's and is located off a popular trail. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 224 R-6 CONTINUED COFFIN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT ' ,l. Coffin Mountain lookout 2009, Ron Kemnow photo Year Built: 1984 Ranger District: Detroit Lat/ Long: 44.621383/ -122.044333 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to firelookout.com, Coffin Mountain is a, "long-time lookout site, the first structure was a cabin and platform tower built in 1906. This was replaced by a D-6 cupola cabin in 1921, followed by an L-4 cab in 1936. The present modified R-6 flat cab, built in 1984, is staffed in the summer". The lookout is located in the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Partners: Volunteers Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $192,871.36 225 WARNER RIDGE LOOKOUT Warner Ridge Lookout Warner Ridge Lookout c.2000 Year Built: 1986 Ranger District: Middle Fork Lat/ Long: 43.5434/ -122.366389 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection (summer) and Recreation Rental (winter) NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: The superstructure for Warner Ridge came from Grass Mountain in 1986 and dates to 1962. A replica cupola cabin was built on top. According to the NHLR, "Although of recent construction (1987), the 41' tower is historically unique in the U.S. The 14'x14' live-in cab is a replica of the cupola design of the 1920s. Most of the cupola buildings were on the ground and a few were on short crib structures". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $9,933.13 Replacement Value: $84,467.84 226 APPENDIX B: INVENTORY OF WASHINGTON 0603 GIFFORD PINCHOT NATIONAL FOREST (GIP/GP) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Red Mountain R-6 1959 2 Highrock L-4 gable 1929 3 Burley Mountain L-4 1934 4 Mt Adams D-6 1918 5* House Rock Cabin 1935 6* Watch Mountain R-6 1963 *These lookouts were found after the inventory was finalized and they need to be added to the overall total and maps. 227 MT ADAMS ,•., ·· •", " . -~··~. f: '!"~ .. "t··• I: ~- - ,, •, '-:-•.....-~ - s- C ~ . . ' '1. •:• Mt Adams Lookout, trailchick.com Mt Adams D-6, willhiteweb.com Year Built: 1918 Ranger District: Mt. Adams Lat/ Long: 46.201441/-121.49031 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to firelookout.com, "The highest lookout site in Washington state, construction began on the D-6 cupola cabin in 1918. The lookout was staffed from 1922-1924 then abandoned. Sulfur miners took over the cabin in the 1930s, adding a couple of additions and recycling the cupola in the process. The cabin is still there, encased in ice most of the time". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 228 HOUSE ROCK House Rock 3-sided lookout cabin, willhiteweb.com Year Built: 1935 Ranger District: Mt. Adams Lat/ Long: 46.68449/ -121.90303 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, Trail Shelter NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to willhiteweb.com, "built in 1935, the three-sided Adirondack shelter is on the summit of House Rock. It was constructed as an emergency fire lookout. The shelter sits just back from the top of a high cliff with a panoramic view of the Lewis and Muddy River Valleys and Mount St. Helens. Volunteers refurbished the shelter in 1991 and the inside seems to change year to year. It is assumed a firefinder was once on a stump in front of the shelter and not inside". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 229 HIGHROCK LOOKOUT (06030500077) Hiah Rock Lookout High Rock, DAHP Year Built: 1929 Ranger District: Cowlitz Lat/ Long: 46.6845/-121.8899739 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: High Rock lookout is only accessible in the summer via a 1.6-mile trail. The lookout is a L-4 ground house and catwalk on a ½ story foundation. The lookout is perched on the edge of a 1200-foot sheer cliff. According to the NHLR, "Undoubtedly one of the most spectacular lookouts in America, High Rock is on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest just south of Mt. Rainier National Park". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $49,511.52 Replacement Value: $105,532.08 230 L-4 CONTINUED BURLEY MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06030500009) Burley Mountain Lookout, Photo by Gary Weber, WWLL Year Built: 1934 Ranger District: Cowlitz Lat/ Long: 46.4075/-121.8641 Access: Road Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Eligible About: Burley Mountain is a L-4 ground cab without a catwalk. The lookout is located equidistant from Mt Rainier, Mount St Helens, & Mt Adams. A DOE was conducted in 1991 and found the lookout to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $52,784.76 Replacement Value: $121,935.10 231 RED MOUNTAIN (06030300031) Red Mountain Lookout c.2013 Red Mountain Lookout No. 4037, DAHP Year Built: 1959 Ranger District: Mt. Adams lat/ Long: 45.93467/-121.820929 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: Red Mountain lookout is a R-6 on a 10-foot treated timber tower. The area is subject to severe weather conditions and the roof collapsed in 2003. The roof was rebuilt in 2003 and is now covered with a fibrous roof membrane. Rehabilitation and restoration work was completed in 2007-2008. There is a CCC garage on-site that has been recently renovated. From 1942 to 1943, the lookout was staffed 24/7 by the AWS. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $6,175.62 Replacement Value: $67,623.17 232 R-6 CONTINUED WATCH MOUNTAIN Watch Mountain, willhiteweb.com Year Built: 1963 Ranger District: Unknown Lat/ Long: Unknown Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Communication Site NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to willhiteweb.com, "This is the second lookout built on Watch Mountain, built in 1963 at the end of lookout construction days. The original lookout was 2 miles to the east on the most eastern point of this long ridgeline. This present 14 x14 foot DNR flattop cab with catwalk is not used for anything fire related. Solar panels on top with numerous batteries inside assist some sort of radio communication equipment. Almost all the windows have been covered by insulation, so inside looks bleak. Someone pointed out on the NHLR.org page that in this unique situation it seems the agencies who own the equipment take care of the lookout so that it continues to house their items. It is likely that this use saved the tower from being removed long ago". Willhiteweb.com also has a request for the Forest Service: if you ever decide to remove this lookout (appears to be in danger of neglect), consider flying just the cab to the original location to the east. No access across private land is required to reach the original location. Minimal work by volunteers would be needed to clear the trail to just below the site, then easy to make a new trail up the ridge to the old lookout site. The location would be quite an attraction and a popular destination year-round. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $6,175.62 Replacement Value: $67,623.17 233 0605 MT. BAKER-SNOQUALMIE NATIONAL FOREST (MBS) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Park Butte L-4 1932 2 Lookout Mountain Cathedral Cathedral Cupola 1928 3 1967 NHLR, Lookout Mountain R-6 1962 NRM 4 Hidden Lake Peak L-4 Gable 1931 5 Winchester Mountain L-4 1935 6 Green Mountain L-4 1933 7 Three Fingers L-4 1933 8 1966 NHLR, North Mountain R-6 1965 NRM 9 1953 NHLR, Miners Ridge L-4 1938 NRM 10 1950 NHLR, Kelly Butte L-4 1936 NRM 11 1932 NHLR, Suntop L-4 1933 NRM 12 Granite Mountain L-4 1955 13 Heybrock R-6 1964 14 1935 NHLR, Evergreen Mountain L-4 1934 NRM 234 CATHEDRAL CUPOL LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN CATHEDRAL Lookout Mountain Lookout c.1961 Lookout Mountain Lookout, NHLR Year Built: 1928 Ranger District: Mt. Baker Lat/ Long: 48. 552285/ -121. 329005 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Not much is known about the Lookout Mountain cathedral other than it was the first lookout constructed on Mt Baker National Forest. The lookout is in poor condition and may no longer be standing. If it isn't, this lookout would make an excellent candidate for reconstruction. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 235 PARK BUTTE LOOKOUT (06050100043) Park Butte Lookout c.1933 Park Butte Lookout c.2006 Year Built: 1932 Ranger District: Mt. Baker Lat/ Long: 48.4257/-121.51215 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental (winter) NRHP Status: Listed About: Park Butte is a L-4 ground cab with a catwalk. The lookout was abandoned in the 1960's and, according to NRM, the lookout was reconstructed in 1993 and served as an observatory for volcano monitors in the 1970's. Partners: Volunteers and the Skagit Alpine Club Deferred Maintenance: $40,777.62 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 236 L-4 CONTINUED HIDDEN LAKE PEAK LOOKOUT (06050100002) Hidden Lake Peak Lookout c.1980 Hidden Lake Peak Lookout c.2014 Year Built: 1931 Ranger District: Mt. Baker Lat/ Long: 48.49533/-121.204862 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Listed About: Hidden Lake Peak is an L-4 gable ground house. The lookout was abandoned in 1958. Partners: Dr. Fred Darvill and the Skagit Alpine Club Deferred Maintenance: $40,777.62 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 237 L-4 CONTINUED WINCHESTER MOUNTAIN (06050300012) Winchester Mountain, DAHP Winchester Mountain c.2005 Year Built: 1935 Ranger District: Mt Baker Lat/ Long: 48. 95643/ -121. 642859 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, open to the public NRHP Status: Listed About: Located in the Mt Baker Wilderness, Winchester mountain L-4 ground cab was restored in 1982. Partners: Mt. Baker Club Deferred Maintenance: $40,777.62 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 238 L-4 CONTINUED GREEN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06050200012) l < --;;1~1;:•~i.-~:~ ~~w~"-• Green Mountain Lookout Green Mountain Lookout, NHLR Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Darrington Lat/ Long: 48.291405/ -121.238447 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Listed About: Located in the Glacier Peak wilderness, this L-4 ground cab was recently restored. This caused controversy and litigation. Partners: Friends of Green Mountain Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $78,765.34 239 L-4 CONTINUED THREE FINGERS LOOKOUT (06050200049) Three Fingers Lookout c.1991 Three Fingers Lookout Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Darrington Lat/ Long: 48.1696/-121.6877 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Listed About: Three Fingers lookout is a L-4 ground cab on a rock outcropping accessible via a set of wooden ladders. According to NRM, "All materials had to be lifted the last 1,000 feet via a windlass made from telephone wire". The lookout was restored in 1986--the restoration effort was led by daughter of the last watchman. Partners: Friends of Three Fingers Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $157,530.69 240 L-4 CONTINUED MINERS RIDGE LOOKOUT (06050200007) Miners Ridge Lookout c.2018, NHLR courtesy of John Scurlock Miners Ridge Lookout c.2001 Year Built: 1938 Ranger District: Darrington Lat/ Long: 48.207/ -121.0289 Access: Trail (12 miles) Current Use: Fire Detection (volunteers) NRHP Status: Listed About: Miners Ridge was first established in 1926 with a 10 ' x 10 ' shake cabin and replaced with a L-4 hip cab on a 20-foot treated timber tower. Miners Ridge is accessed by a 12-mile trail through the Glacier Peak Wilderness and is staffed in the summer for fire detection by volunteers. The lookout has been active for over 65 years. Partners: Volunteers Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 241 L-4 CONTINUED KELLY BUTTE LOOKOUT (06050500070) Kelly Butte Lookout c.2011 Kelly Butte c.1996 Year Built: 1936 Ranger District: Snoqualmie Lat/ Long: 47.1681/-121.4902 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental and Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Kelly Butte is a L-4 hip ground house. The lookout was completely restored in 2011 with new trail access. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $80,487.40 242 L-4 CONTINUED SUNTOP LOOKOUT (06050700027) Suntop Lookout Watchwoman at Suntop Lookout c.1943 Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Snoqualmie Lat/ Long: 47.041/-121.5964 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection (volunteers) N RH P Status: Listed About: Suntop lookout is a L-4 ground cab located 15-miles northeast of Mt Rainier. The lookout was used by the AWS during WWII. Partners: Volunteers Deferred Maintenance: $31,251.86 Replacement Value: $80,487.40 243 L-4 CONTINUED GRANITE MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06050500152) Granite Mountain Lookout c.1985 Granite Mountain Lookout, NHLR USFS photo Year Built: 1955 Ranger District: Snoqualmie Lat/ long: 47.417075/-121.481106 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection (volunteers, June to September) NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Granite Mountain is a L-4 hip cab on a 10-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Volunteers Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $80,487.40 244 L-4 CONTINUED EVERGREEN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06050600012) Evergreen Mountain Lookout c.2004 Evergreen Mountain Lookout c.2004 Year Built: 1934 Ranger District: Skykomish Lat/ Long: 47.83643/ -121.263738 Access: Trail Current Use: Recreation Rental NRHP Status: Listed About: Evergreen Mountain is a L-4 ground house on a stone foundation. The road to the lookout washed out and it is only accessible via a 7-mile trail. The AWS staffed the lookout 24/7 during WWII. Materials were airlifted to the site by the 141 st Army Reserve Aviation Battalion. Partners: Seattle Area Explorer Scout Search & Rescue Group, Mountaineers, Quest school Deferred Maintenance: $30,583.22 Replacement Value: $78,765.34 245 LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN TOWER (06050100121) Lookout Mountain Lookout c.1961 Year Built: 1962 Ranger District: Mt. Baker LaU Long: 48.552201/-121.329169 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the WWLL, the peak was first "established in 1929 with a 2-story "cathedral" cabin. The present 1961-constructed 30' treated timber R-6 tower, is open to the public on a first come, first serve basis". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $27,181.85 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 246 R-6 CONTINUED NORTH MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06050200145) North Mountain Lookout c.2009 by Gary Weber Year Built: 1965 Ranger District: Darrington Lat/ Long: 48.3181056/-121.6030472 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Communication site and Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Eligible About: North Mountain is a R-6 cab on a 41-foot treated timber tower. The tower was restored and a DOE conducted in 2015. The peak was originally established with a rag camp between 1962 and 1966. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $27,181.85 Replacement Value: $105,007.98 247 R-6 CONTINUED . HEYBROCK LOOKOUT (06050600011) Heybrock Lookout c.2001. Photo courtesy the Dave Heybrock Lookout, Gary Weber 2009 Bula collection and Rex Kamastra Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Skykomish Lat/ Long: 47.8105/ -121.5251 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to the WWLL. .. " Heybrock was developed in 1925 with a platform tower, replaced by a 45' tower with L-4 cab in 1932. In 1964, the present 67' treated timber tower was built with an R-6 flat cab. Promptly abandoned in 1970, volunteers worked on constructing a new cab during the late 1990's. The lookout may be added to the Recreation Rental program in the future". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $24,626.14 Replacement Value: $78,765.34 248 0609 OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST (OLY ) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Platform 1933 Ned Hill Tower FFLA 2 1939 North Point L-4 FFLA 249 TREE PLATFORM NED HILL LOOKOUT Ned Hill Lookout Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Hood Canal Lat/ Long: 4 7. 964238/ -123.17652 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Located on the edge of the Buckhorn wilderness, the Ned Hill Platform tower is made of local timbers and snags. According to willhiteweb.com, "The Ned Hill Lookout is a real makeshift tower built of standing snags and poles. The two main posts are tree's rooted in the ground heavily burned on the outside. Other posts were placed diagonally to brace the structure". Partners: Washington Trails Association Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 250 [!!] NORTH POINT LOOKOUT ['.11 : . . ~!; ~ - ... __ - -·- ~~. i•r--- -- _ -- t: ;. : _-::: -------- ___: - - --- - Ai-\rF\:--:./ ,) ; ... - . ' - North Point Lookout, WWLL Year Built: 1939 Ranger District: Pacific Lat/ Long: 48.084433/ -124.072333 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Communication Site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: According to willhiteweb.com, "once just a patrol point for Kloshe Nanitch, North Point eventually replaced it being a few hundred feet higher and having views to the north. The lookout L-4 cab was built in 1939. It was used for some time but somewhat left unused in the 1950's. A Port Angeles Evening News article said on May 18, 1956 "The North Point Lookout on the ridge north of the Snider Ranger Station is being manned on an emergency basis." The article also said "opening this road will enable the lookout to get to the station and will also permit the installation of the necessary radio sets and relays at this point." So maybe North Point was preferred to Kloshe Nan itch because the radio or other signals could reach further. The Forest Service said in 1959 they had plans on developing North Point to provide great views of mountains and water. In 1965 Bryon Loucks was the observer reporting fires, he lived in Port Angeles and was majoring in forestry at Peninsula College. The building is said to be officially abandoned in 1969. The building has since been converted into a communications station. But with the same original frame it is still considered a standing lookout building. Rumor is that the building still has the center table that holds the Osborne Firefinder". Partners: Washington Trails Association Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 251 0614 UMATILLA NATIONAL FOREST (UMA) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Big Butte L-4 1950 2 1938 FFLA, Clearwater Aermotor 1933 NRM 3 1931 NHLR, Oregon Butte L-4 Gable 1935 NRM 4 Table Rock L-4 1949 252 BIG BUTTE LOOKOUT &'i' ' . .,_. .. - . ·, -------,.__1 ~~ '·. ~ ~-;~. ,.,; ~ ~:. •.';-'".-.;'t.1. t, I • ;..: ,.'J), .-i,;~, ;. .. , '-:~n" ... ,· ~ ,,,..,. ' ;'. "t_. '"!:- ~ ...'. 4tfi~ ;s.·: X ·~ . Big Butte Lookout c.1959 Big Butte Lookout, WWLL Year Built: 1950 Ranger District: Pomeroy Lat/ Long: 46.115333/ -117.249148 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: Big Butte lookout is a L-4 cab on a 73-foot CT-4 pole tower. According to NRM, a tree fell on the guy wires in 2010 and caused extensive damage. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $19,133.01 Replacement Value: $76,893.54 253 L-4 CONTINUED OREGON BUTTE LOOKOUT ;~~~ ..: /:/::; '.•l/f :'~\.:~:-~{f~}K~:e1!010 Oregon Butte Lookout c.1940 Oregon Butte Lookout c.2002 Year Built: 1931 Ranger District: Pomeroy Lat/ Long: 46.110558/ -117.678194 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Eligible About: This L-4 gable is accessed through the Wenaha- Tucannon wilderness. According to the NHLR, "At one time there were 200 gable-roof L-4 lookouts throughout the Northwest (pre- 1933), and now fewer than 15 remain. Built in 1931, Oregon Butte Lookout on the Umatilla National Forest in southeastern Washington is one of them. Accessible only by trail, it is located within the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness and was in active status until 1972. In 1980 the structure was restored and has since been regularly staffed". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $7,578.34 Replacement Value: $205,036.97 254 L-4 CONTINUED TABLE ROCK -- .- -- - ----~ r - Table Rock Lookout c.1958 Table Rock Lookout c.2000 Year Built: 1949 Ranger District: Walla Walla Lat/ Long: 46.030885/ -117.911723 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Table Rock is a L-4 cab on a 10-foot concrete base. According to the FFLA, the, "cab was modified in 1989". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $76,968.42 255 CLEARWATER LOOKOUT ,, . ... •1- Clearwater Lookout c.1997 Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Pomeroy Lat/ Long: 46.20301/ -117.57524 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, ground house is a recreation rental NRHP Status: Eligible About: Clearwater lookout is a 94-foot Aermotor steel frame tower constructed by the CCC. The ground house is used as a recreation rental. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $17,387.32 Replacement Value: $19,223.39 256 0617 OKANOGAN-WENATCHEE NATIONAL FOREST (OKW) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Red Top L-4 1952 2 1930 NHLR, Thorp Mountain L-4 Gable 1934 NRM 3 Lookout Mountain L-4 1937 4 1938 NHLR, First Butte L-4 1937 NRM 5 Goat Peak L-4 1950 6 Monument 83 L-4 1953 7 Slate Peak L-4 1954 8 Leecher Mountain Crow Nest 1921 9 Leecher Mountain L-4 1940 10 1952 NHLR, Tyee Mountain L-4 1933 NRM 11 Steliko Point L-4 1947 12 1949 NHLR, Sugarloaf Mountain L-4 1944 NRM 13 Alpine R-6 1975 14 Jumpoff Lookout R-6 1958 15 Cornell Butte CL-100 1958 16 North Twenty Mile Peak D-6 1923 17 North Twenty Mile Peak L-4 1947 18 Mount Bonaparte Cabin 1914 19 Mount Bonaparte R-6 1961 20 Funk Mountain Tree Platform 1914 21 Funk Mountain L-4 1943 22 Meebee Pass L-5 1933 257 MOUNT BONAPARTE LOOKOUT \ Mount Bonaparte c.2008 Mount Bonaparte Lookout c.1914 with Adelaide and pup tent. Year Built: 1914 Ranger District: Tonasket lat/Long: 48.7853/-119.1222 Access: Off Trail Current Use: Inactive, Storage NRHP Status: Unknown About: Mount Bonaparte is a 12' x 12' slant-walled flat-hewn cabin that originally had a 15-foot covered platform. A R-6 cab on a 20-foot treated timber tower was constructed on site in the 1960's. The lookout is not easily accessible--there is a dirt road to trail and the trail turns west away from the lookouts. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $4,720.08 Replacement Value: $20,155.20 258 CROW NEST LEECHER MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Leecher Mountain Lookout Tree Leecher Mountain Lookout Tree Year Built: 1921 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.250611/ -120.002194 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: According to the WWLL, "Leecher has had a long and varied history of structures. The first was a crow's nest tree lookout dating from as early as 1918 located 1000' south of the present tower (still there). In 1921, a 45' steel windmill tower with a 6x6' cab was built, along with an 18x22' log cabin, which was replaced by an L-4 cab for living quarters in 1936". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 259 TREE PLATFORM FUNK MOUNTAIN Funk Mountain Crow's nest, DAHP 2006 Year Built: 1914 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48.5997/ -119.7447 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: Locally known as the "Funk Nest", Funk Mountain tree platform is still in the tree adjacent to the current L-4. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 260 D-6 CUPOL NORTH TWENTY MILE PEAK North Twenty Mile Peak Lookout c.2010 Year Built: 1923 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48.7515/ -120.0682 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, Storage NRHP Status: Listed About: According to WWLL, "Developed with a log cabin about 1920, a cupola cabin was built in 1923 and is still on the summit. A 30' treated timber L-4 followed the cupola in 1947. The lookout was last staffed in the late 1980's. The site is listed on the National Historic Lookout Register". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,398.41 Replacement Value: $116,093.95 261 MEEBEE PASS Meebee Pass c.1935, willhiteweb.com Meebee Pass lookout, willhiteweb.com Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.631361/ -120.779806 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: According to willhiteweb.com, "the lookout at Meebee Pass was built sometime in the mid-1930s. We know from a newspaper article on September 2, 1933 in the Wenatchee Daily World, that Tracy Heath was finishing a structure on Setting Sun Mountain and would next be going to Meebee Pass to build a structure. So at the soonest, it was built in 1934. But, the pictures and information in the 1936 panoramics appear to show no lookout yet as of July 24, 1936. Whenever the construction date, the structure was an L-5 cab, one of the last known standing of this type. At some point, the station was abandoned, I've seen dates from 1941 to 1954. Some preservation work took place in 2002 and again in 2013-2015". Partners: Friends of Meebee Pass and volunteers Deferred Maintenance: Unknown Replacement Value: Unknown 262 RED TOP LOOKOUT Red Top Lookout c.1952. L-4 in background Red Top Lookout, WWLL Year Built 1952 Ranger District: Cle Elum Lat/ Long: 47.30154/ -120.7606 Access: Traii Current Use: Fire Detection and Public information NRHP Status: Eligible About: The Red Top L-4 is on a 10-foot treated timber tower. The lookout was reconstructed over two years beginning in 1997 using force account and volunteer crews. The lookout is also a public information site for 350-million-year-old jasper geodes in the area. Partners: Volunteers and Friends of Red Top Deferred Maintenance: $14,711.51 Replacement Vaiue: $101,361.41 263 L-4 CONTINUED THORP MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Thorp Mountain Lookout. Photo's courtesy of Thorp Mountain Lookout c.2009 Tim Thornton and Tammy McLeod, WWLL Year Built: 1934 Ranger District: Cle Elum Lat/ Long: 47.3708/ -120.2071 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Thorp Mountain is a L-4 gable ground house that has been in service since its construction. The lookout was refurbished in 2007. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $53,559.39 Replacement Value: $206,908.77 264 L-4 CONTINUED LOOKOUT MOUTNAIN LOOKOUT - ·: -.:-~=: ~- ~(:: ..... ~-:·:-=-.·-~-~...· ~-~,· ..~..~ - Lookout Mountain Lookout, NHLR Lookout Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1937 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.3133/-120.1875 Access: No Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Lookout Mountain lookout is a L-4 cab with a catwalk on a 25-foot treated timber tower. There is a trail that terminates 0. 75-miles northeast of the lookout. According to the WWLL, the lookout was, "established as a camp lookout in 1916, a log cupola cabin was constructed in 1931. The present 25' timber tower with L-4 cab, built in 1937, was staffed regularly every summer up to 1997". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $1.56 Replacement Value: $56,984.85 265 L-4 CONTINUED FIRST BUTTE LOOKOUT First Butte Lookout, DAHP c. 2006 Year Built: 1937 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.619154/-120.108946 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unknown About: First Butte is a L-4 cab with a catwalk on a 28-foot treated timber tower. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $12,849.60 Replacement Value: $49,640.14 266 L-4 CONTINUED GOAT PEAK LOOKOUT mstrn Goat Peak Lookout Year Built: 1950 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.6322/ -120.4039 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Goat Peak is a L-4 cab on a 15-foot treated timber tower with a catwalk. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $9,782.96 Replacement Value: $198,560.54 267 L-4 CONTINUED MONUMENT 83 , . . .,;:• . 't"' ~ : ·''. )ri:~}::jf: " , ··'I._ Monument 83 at base of lookout, DAHP 2010 L-4 Tower in foreground with Log Cabin Cupola in background Year Built: 1953 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 49/ -120.6450001 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Located in the Pasayten Wilderness, Monument 83 is the northernmost lookout in Washington and the Region. Originally, the point was established with a rag camp and tree platform in the 1920's. The forest built a D-1 cupola in 1930 and it was later found to be in Canada once the 49th parallel was established. The forest built the current L-4 cab and catwalk on a 30-foot treated timber tower on concrete blocks on the U.S. side of the peak. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $30,214.88 Replacement Value: $202,612.80 268 L-4 CONTINUED SLATE PEAK LOOKOUT Slate Peak c.2001 Year Built: 1954 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.741701/ -120.680645 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Communication Site and Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Slate Peak is a L-4 cab and catwalk on a 41-foot treated timber tower. During WWII, the Air Force removed 40-feet from the summit (including the original lookout) in order to establish a radar station. According to the WWLL, "The first lookout structure here was a 1924 gable-roof cupola cabin. The current 41' treated timber tower with L-4 cab was built in 1956, after the Air Force decided they didn't need to build a radar station here. The summit was formerly 40' higher, but the Air Force kicked out the U.S. Forest Service tenant, destroyed the L- 4 cabin which had been moved to the summit just 2 years earlier from Leecher Mtn. Lookout, and blasted the top 40' off the mountain. The project was declared obsolete before completion, and what remains is a huge flat summit. It is the highest point in Washington accessible by automobile. The lookout was pressed into emergency service during 1994 when nearby Goat Peak Lookout had to be evacuated because of a forest fire. It was used in 1996 to monitor the Elbow Basin fire in the Pasayten Wilderness, and relay radio messages from personnel on the fire. The lookout is listed on the National Historic Lookout Register". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $75,979.80 Replacement Value: $75,979.80 269 L-4 CONTINUED LEECHER MOUNTAIN TOWER Leecher Mountain Lookout c.1999 Leecher Mountain Lookout, DAHP c.2013 Year Built: 1940 Ranger District: Methow Valley Lat/ Long: 48.2508/ -120.0125 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Eligible About: According to the NHLR, " In 1921 a Sears windmill tower with 6'x6' cab was constructed, and a ground house living quarters added in 1922. In 1941 a live-in L-4 on an 11' timber tower was built and the windmill tower moved to the Twisp Smokejumper Base for use as a training loft. The present L-4 on a 41' tower was moved there from Chiliwist in 1954. The lookout has been recently [201 0] renovated". There is also an outhouse, garage, and a Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) on site. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $109,513.75 Replacement Value: $198,560.54 270 L-4 CONTINUED TYEE MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Tyee Mountain Lookout Tyee Mountain Lookout Year Built: 1952 Ranger District: Entiat Lat/ Long: 47.863954/ -120.4711 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Listed About: This L-4 ground cab with a catwalk replaced the original L-4 cab that was placed on the peak in 1931. The outhouse was lost in 1994 during the Tyee-Hatchery Fire. According to NHLR member, "on Feb. 8, 2013, Ken Jones reported: "I have been advised by the Entiat RD Fire [Management] Officer that Tyee LO cannot be used, even by volunteers, because the lightning protection system is apparently not up to code. Cost to upgrade the system would be several thousand dollars, which isn't in their budgets. Therefore, there are no plans to utilize Tyee in the foreseeable future. Considering all the repair and maintenance work that has been done so far, this is a real shame". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $38,750.30 Replacement Value: $99,280.27 271 L-4 CONTINUED STELIKO POINT LOOKOUT Steliko Point Lookout Steliko Lookout c. 2009, NHLR Gary Weber Year Built: 1947 Ranger District: Entiat Lat/ Long: 47.7403/ -120.3439 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: This L-4 cab with a catwalk is on a 10-foot treated timber tower. According to a condition assessment from 2014, the lookout is in poor condition. According to NRM, "Minimize Impact Strategy Tactics (MIST) strategically placed lookouts in the Wenatchee National Forest". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $19,274.40 Replacement Value: $101,812.93 272 L-4 CONTINUED SUGARLOAF MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT Sugarloaf Mountain Lookout, NHLR Sugarloaf Mountain Lookout c.2000 Year Built: 1933 Ranger District: Entiat Lat/ Long: 47.7569/ -120.5278 Access: Road Current Use: Fire Detection and Communication Site NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Sugarloaf is a L-4 cab was constructed in 1933 and moved to the site in 1949--it replaced the original cupola cabin. The outhouse and garage were destroyed in 1994 during the Tyee-Hatchery Fire. This lookout is also sometimes called, Sugarloaf Peak. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $36,727.95 Replacement Value: $99,280.27 273 L-4 CONTINUED NORTH TWENTY MILE PEAK LOOKOUT Paul Michelson holo North Twenty Mile Peak Lookout c.2015 North Twenty Mile Peak Lookout c.197 4 Year Built: 1947 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48.7514/ -120.0683 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Listed About: North Twenty Mile Peak lookout is a L-4 cab with a catwalk on a 30-foot treated timber tower. According to the NHLR, "the first lookout, a log cabin, was established on North Twentymile Peak on the Okanogan National Forest in 1920. A D-6 cupola lookout was constructed in 1923. Now used for storage, it is one of only nine remaining of more than 200 that were built in the Northwest. In 1947 a 30' timber tower with a 14' x 14' hip roof L-4 cab with catwalk was erected. Last staffed in 1988, it is now maintained as an emergency lookout." NHLR Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $51,398.41 Replacement Value: $202,612.80 274 L-4 CONTINUED FUNK MOUNTAIN TOWER Funk Mountain lookout, DAHP c.2006. Fire crew digging Funk Mountain Lookout cab, DAHP c.2006 line around lookout during the Tripod wildfire. Year Built: 1943 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48.5997/ -119.7447 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Funk Mountain is a L-4 cab on a 40-foot treated timber tower. According to the NHLR, Funk Mountain was, "first established as a tree platform in 1914, Funk Mountain Lookout is one of the oldest in the Northwest still in existence. A ground L-5 cab was added in 1935 and replaced in 1943 by the current L-4 cab with catwalk on a 40' treated timber tower. Used sporadically for the past decade, it was returned to service by the Okanogan National Forest in 2000". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $22,753.76 Replacement Value: $49,640.14 275 MMC1111 CORNELL BUTTE Cornell Butte Lookout Year Built: 1958 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48.5944/ -118.8903 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Communication Site NRHP Status: Eligible About: Cornell Butte is a CL-100 on a 42-foot steel tower. According to the WWLL, Cornell Butte, "was purchased by a private party for removal in 1996. As of last report, the tower is still on the summit". The removal was cancelled due to lack of funds. The wooden floorboards were burned in 2015 during the North Star fire. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $39,929.73 Replacement Value: $44,828.08 276 ALPINE LOOKOUT Alpine Lookout c.1979 Alpine Lookout c.2007 Year Built: 1975 Ranger District: Wenatchee River LaU Long: 47.812036/ -120.865811 Access: Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Alpine lookout is a R-6 ground cab with the recent addition of a hipped roof. Alpine was originally established in 1920 with an alidade, a crank-telephone, and a rag camp. An L-4 was placed on the peak in 1936 and was replaced with the R-6 in 1975. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $53,559.39 Replacement Value: $253,357.68 277 R-6 CONTINUED MOUNT BONAPARTE Mount Bonaparte Lookout c.1962 Year Built: 1961 Ranger District: Tonasket Lat/ Long: 48. 7853/ -119.1222 Access: Off Trail Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Mount Bonaparte R-6 cab with a catwalk is on a 20-foot treated timber tower. According to the NHLR, "Mt. Bonaparte on the Okanogan National Forest in north central Washington may have been used as early as 1906 as a tent camp lookout. The first 12' x 12' flat-hewn tapered wall ground house with tower was constructed in 1914 and the house portion remains today as a storage building. The present 15' x 15' R-6 flattop cab and catwalk on a 20' timber tower was built in 1963 and remains in active service". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $16.81 Replacement Value: $227,939.40 278 R-6 CONTINUED JUMPOFFLOOKOUT Jumpoff Lookout, DAHP c.2007 Year Built: 1958 Ranger District: Naches Lat/ Long: 46.6445/-121.0318 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergency Fire NRHP Status: Eligible About: According to the DAHP site file from 2007, "the property consists of a lookout tower and associated improvements on Jumpoff Ridge. The original tower constructed at this location was a D-5 with cupola built around the 1920-1930s. This lookout burnt down and was subsequently "pushed" over the edge of the cliff (pieces of it can still be seen if you look over the edge). The present lookout is a square, flat top style built sometime around 1958-1961. The present lookout structure is a 14'8" square frame construction on concrete pillars with a 3' wide catwalk surround. The siding is T1-11. A flat top roof extends over the catwalk (21' square drip line) and is made of 2x6" tongue and groove covered with felt paper, a hot tar build up and a roll-on silver coating. There are seven four-pane windows on each face of the lookout with exterior plywood shutters to cover them in the winter. Stairs to the cat-walk and an entrance door on located on the south face of the building. The lookout has been vandalized and damaged in more recent times. Several plywood shutters have been thrown over the edge, graffiti has painted on interior walls, and the door has been damaged by "break-ins". The roof is in bad condition, leaking, and mold is growing on the interior of the building. There are presently 21 broken windows that need replacement, and the steps/catwalk are weathered and deteriorating. A former garage associated with the original lookout is no longer present (removal date unknown). The outhouse was heavily vandalized and pushed over/destroyed in the more recent past. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $67,574.27 279 0621 COLVILLE NATIONAL FOREST (COL) # NAME STYLE YEAR 1 Timber Mountain R-6 1959 South Baldy 2 R-6 1960 Mountain 1959 Sullivan 3 R-6 NHLR, Mountain 1964 NRM 1964 4 Salmo Mountain R-6 NHLR, 1965 NRM Columbia 5 Cabin 1914 Mountain Platform 6 Diamond Point 1934 Tower 280 COLUMBIA MOUNTAIN =--;~:_ _ ~ ';; ,· Columbia Mountain Cabin post restoration 2009/2010, willhiteweb.com Columbia Mountain c. 1930, willhiteweb.com Year Built: C. 1914 Ranger District: Republic Lat/ Long: 48.62044/ -118.482093 Access: Trail Current Use: Inactive, Trail Shelter NRHP Status: Unknown About: Columbia Mountain cabin is 12' x 12' slant-walled with hand-hewn square notching and the corner posts used to support a 15-foot platform above the roof. It was designed by the second supervisor of the forest, CC Reed. The Washington Chapter of the Forest Fire Lookout Association led by Ray Kresek conducted the initial restoration work in 1993. It was restored again in 2009/2010 by Passport in Time (PIT) volunteers. Restoration in 2009/2010 included new hand-hewn squared course logs, flooring, new shake roof, and new framing (hand peeled) for the rotted roof supports. As much of the original material was reused in the construction--this included old magazines used as chinking. Partners: Volunteers and the Washington Chapter of the Forest Fire Lookout Association Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 281 PLATFORM TOWER DIAMOND POINT willhiteweb.com Gary Weber photo c.1982, willhiteweb.com firelookout.com Year Buiit: 1934 Ranger District: Kalispell lat/ long: 48.63251/ -117.078452 Access: Road (gated) Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unknown About: The access road was close in the late 90s to protect grizzly bear habitat. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $0 Replacement Value: $0 282 TIMBER MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06210300180) Timber Mountain Lookout c.1950. Photo's courtesy the Fire Lookout Timber Mountain, NHLR Museum and Rex Kamastra Year Built: 1959 Ranger District: Newport Lat/ Long: 48.527028/ -117.452528 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive, Emergencies NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Timber Mountain is a R-6 cab on a 41-foot treated timber tower. The lookout was restored during a PIT project in 1995 and 2017. Partners: Pend Oreille Anthropological Society Deferred Maintenance: $16,658.07 Replacement Value: $58,231.13 283 R-6 CONTINUED SOUTH BALDY MOUNTAIN (06210300103) . I ~);°- Original one-room cabin c.1930 (,/_~I-,,~ ,._ ~7 ,, ,. ·,. ' _, ;:,-.._ ' /'-.. ti ~d.i:..t: ' ,_f /'· '·." "\ . ~i?i ~11. \ ~a-t~~1. ' l{e.'\ Kam' stra photo South Baldy Lookout c.2000 Year Built: 1960 Ranger District: Newport Lat/ Long: 48.42334/ -117.137471 Access: Traii Current Use: Fire Detection NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: South Baldy is a R-6 on a 41-foot treated timber tower. According to NRM, the lookout is staffed by Region 1. Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $15,840.14 Replacement Value: $58,231.13 284 R-6 CONTINUED SULLIVAN MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (06210500094) Sullivan Mountain c.2012 Year Built: 1964 Ranger District: Sullivan Lat/ Long: 48.878/ -117.249 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Sullivan Mountain is a R-6 cab on a 20-foot treated timber tower. According to the WWLL, Sullivan Mountain "started in 1926 with a cupola cabin, a 20' pole tower with L-4 cab replaced it in 1935. The present 20' treated timber tower with R-6 flat cab, built in 1959, borders the Salmo-Priest Wilderness Area in Northeast Washington. Last used in the 1970s, it is presently abandoned". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: · $42, 193.62 Replacement Value: $48,227.88 285 R-6 CONTINUED SALMO MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (0 6210500137) Salmo Mountain Lookout c.2018, NHLR courtesy of Nicholas Muto Year Built: 1965 Ranger District: Sullivan Lat/ Long: 48.96824/ -117.102908 Access: Road Current Use: Inactive NRHP Status: Unevaluated About: Salmo Mountain is a R-6 cab with a catwalk on a 10-foot treated timber tower. The lookout is the furthest northwest in the Region and captures a view of B.C., Idaho, and Washington. Can also see fire scars from the Great Idaho Fire of 1910. According to the WWLL, Salmo was "developed in 1927 with a 35' pole platform tower on the south summit and a crow's nest tree platform on the north summit, a log cabin was built at the south summit and a pole platform tower on the north summit in 1929. About 1933 a 30' L-4 was constructed on the south summit. The present 10 ' treated timber tower with R-6 flat cab, built on the south summit in 1964, is on the National Historic Lookout Register. The site borders the Salmo-Priest Wilderness". Partners: Unknown Deferred Maintenance: $12,810.84 Replacement Value: $49,490.39 286 APPENDIX C: INVENTORY OF USE Rec Fire Forest Name Style Inactive SUP Emergency Other Comments Rental Detection Sullivan Mountain R-6 Salmo Mountain R-6 Cl) Timber ·s: Mountain R-6 u0 South Baldy R-6 Columbia Mountain Cabin Trail shelter Diamond Platform Point Tower - Red 0 Mountain R-6 .r:. (.) C: Modified a. Mt Adams D-6 1200' sheer cliff "C I.. 0 Burley !I: Mountain L-4 (!) High rock L-4 gable Lookout mtn Cathedral Winchester Mtn L-4 Open to public Lookout mtn R-6 In Glacier Peak Green Mtn L-4 wilderness Cl) E North Mtn R-6 iii Park Butte L-4 :::J C" 0 Staffed by C: rJ..'J. Miners Ridge L-4 volunteers I Cl) Staffed by Jil: ffl m- Suntop L-4 volunteers :!E Staffed by Granite Mtn L-4 volunteers Hidden Lake peak L-4 Kelly Butte L-4 Evergreen Mountain L-4 287 Three Fingers L-4 Heybrook R-6 Lookout mtn L-4 Monument 83 L-4 Crow Leecher Mtn Nest Leecher Mtn L-4 hip Slate Peak L-4 Public Red Top L-4 hip information post Tyee Mtn L-4 hip Steliko Point L-4 hip Jumpoff R-6 Thorp Mtn L-4 gable Cl) Cl) First Butte L-4 .-.c: 0 Mount cu C: Bonaparte Cabin Storage Cl) ~ Goat Peak L-4 hip C: cu Sugarloaf C) 0 Mtn L-4 hip C: cu .ll:: Alpine R-6 0 Mount Bonaparte R-6 Funk Mountain L-4 Cornell Butte CL-100 North Twenty Mile Peak D-6 Storage North Twenty Mile Peak L-4 hip Funk Tree Mountain Platform Meebee Pass L-5 Platform 0 'ii Ned Hill Tower E ~ 0 North Point L-4 288 Big Butte L-4 ground cabin is Clearwater Aermotor rec rental Crow Hoodoo Nest Oregon Butte L-4 gable Table Rock L-4 Madison Butte CL-100 ctl Tamarack :;:::; ctl Mtn Aermotor E :::::, Bone Point CL-100 Tower Mtn Aermotor Desolation Butte R-6 High Ridge tower R-6 Lookout Mountain L-4 Hoodoo Tower Aermotor Burnt down Olallie Mtn L-4 2020 Indian Ridge R-6 Saddleblanket Crow Mtn Nest Gold Butte L-4 July to Oct fire detection in - D-6 summer, Winter -Q) Warner Mtn replica rental Q) E Carpenter !!'! § Mtn L-4 hip also, interpretive Sand Mtn L-4 site for SIA Coffin Mtn R-6 summer only Huckleberry Mtn L-4 Waldo Mtn R-6 Saddleblanket Mtn Aermotor 289 Little Cowhorn R-6 Buckhorn Mtn L-4 Harl Butte L-4 Red Hill L-4 Dry Diggins R-6 In Idaho Heaven's C: Gate R-6 In Idaho n, E Mule Peak L-4-AR ~ .c: Johnson Rock L-4 ~ Point n, ~ Prominence L-4 0 n, Town Christmas ~ Unity RS LO Aermotor tree Summit Point L-4 Table Rock L-4 Mt Ireland CL-100 Russell Mtn L-4 Hat Point L-6 Pine RS LO L-6 Fairview Peak R-6 Abbott Butte L-4 Watson Butte L-4 Acker Rock R-6 summer and Pickett Butte L-4 winter rental Garwood n, ::s C"' Butte L-4 C. E Cinnamon ::::) Butte R-6 Red Monument/ Mountain D-6 exhibit lllahee rock D-6 museum Pig Iron L-5 lllahee rock tower L-4 Crow Callahan Mtn Nest 290 Platform Siuslaw Fairview Mtn Tower Inactive Rec Mt Stella L-4 rental Rustler Peak L-4 Quail Prairie R-6 ::s Squaw Peak L-4 0 >, Bolan Mtn L-4 32 .!!? Lake of the t.i.)I. Woods CL-160 Q) > Snow Camp R-6 hip i:i:: Q) Dutchman ::s C'l Peak D-6 0 c:: Robinson Butte R-6 Hershberger D-6 Hall's Point R-6 Crow Yellow Jacket Nest Tree Mount Pisgah Platform East Wolf Crow Mtn Nest West Wolf Crow 0 (.) 0 Mtn Nest ..c (.) Mount Pisgah R-6 0 Tower Point L-4 Wolf Mountain L-4 Black Tree Mountain Platform Clear Lake Tree Butte Platform winter rental, "'C 0 Flag Point R-6 summer fire 0 J ~-::: Fivemile Butte R-6 Bull of the Backcountry Woods L-4 Guard Station Sisi Butte Octagon 291 Hickman Butte L-4 Clear Lake Butte R-6 Devil's Peak L-4 Crow Flagtail Nest Calamity L-4-AR King Mountain CL-100 Condemned Bald Butte R-6 Fall Mountain L~4 Antelope Mtn R-6 Dry Soda L-4 Flagtail L-4 a.. Indian Rock R-6 :::::i Cl) .c: ffl Black Butte L-4 :E Dixie Butte R-6 Calamity Butte Octagon Sugarloaf L-4 West Myrtle Butte Aermotor Snow Mountain R-6 BLM emergency Dry Mtn Aermotor staffing Fraizer Point L-6 Platform Craft Point Tower 292 Lookout Rock R-6 rental from June Drakes Peak L-4 15 to Oct 15 rental from June Bald Butte L-4 Gable 15 to Oct 15 winter rental, Hager Mtn R-6 summer fire ca Staffed by E Q) C Walker Range -~ Bald Mtn L-4 Patrol under SUP I C Horsefly Mtn R-6 0 E Spodue R-6 Q) i.. LL Dog Mountain LO House Morgan Butte R-6 Sugarpine Mtn CL-100 Calimus Butte Cathedral Slated for Pelican Butte L-5 decommissioning Fox Butte Aermotor Fox Butte ground house L-4 gable Walker Mtn Cabin Walker Mtn Tower L-4 L-4 East Butte Replica may to sept tn .Q...) Spring Butte Octagon may to sept :::::s .c: Round 0 1/) Q) Mountain L-4 may to sept C fire detection/ museum/ and interpretive L-4 gable center may to Lava Butte replica sept Black Butte R-6 may to sept Trout Creek Aermotor 293 Black Butte D-6 Crow Alder Springs Nest winter rental, Green Ridge R-6 summer fire comm and fire detection may to Odell Butte R-6 sept Crook'd Stevenson River Butte L-4 Totals 23 11 294 APPENDIX D: USAGE MAPS Lookouts Staffed for Fire Detection on National Forest Lands in Region 06 'feq1;,u~ :~ ;:~, \ :,5!rmr o{-... ·.•;;:c:;;;/ ) ):·1~:·· r:-e f,:c~;_~ ~. i, _ - ~- -· ~~:'.... ~, .:: ~~~, ,' '_,...\ l _. - •' -. - . ·- WASHING1ot~ --Sp<'-·'.''<.- _c,t.-f..~r·•n: :·":.,•o;,7'(tJnr.l , ·. E:t:!nf,t ~-···- ... ~~()\.?.). -.--:--,,.-.•l"n;O:-.". ti:0.!t:_11~·. ~ ,:.,,~::-:-1 \·._; :· '.)11 t T..r:um:'i~; .··, _ O" .. O-~""l y-_m~j-:.,•.J-, ., }Uf"..Jf_:..ip 0 .. \.\ --~. "3 -··· . : ·._ ., : ' ~ .. ,:/~~(;.;::;_ ="...i:f/P· -:; -, l'hUop~ ; 'Brr;;~ yJi,_,;~ ~ - "': ..... ;. ... '\ 'V ( .'( 1:•.1rn,: r~tif\0"/ R1:• •:I VJt!CT,· :.:-.l'.r.119•;'1~·1.• ·., i' , ·:;-\ \ .. ;;-~·:_~:1}.,_,f._{t• '(:' i • 0 '. - .,{ - .. - .. - : - .. O><•.:.~• - .. - .. - = - : - - . - ' - . ' · - , • - (tt:•1).-:1~-;:.- ••- •. - . l.~~. \' Key R-6 ■ Replica □ ·' D-6 ■ Aermotor ■ Octagon ■ Cathedral ■ CL-100 ■ L-4 □ House □ 295 Lookouts Staffed in Emergencies on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ' ' Vi1.lli,pa ~ B,i;· . -J J ! , _-,..~ -..... ~-- ,"'---I"-·_, 1DA I\ aehd 0 OIHGOl'I --·r- JfrJfhr-w· I ;.J.;t:>' 0 l ·' L-4 296 .. _,!..: .. Inactive Lookouts on National Forest Lands in Region 06 ••., r •,.,, 1,J·/~:~L~~:,, ',•:,1,~,.:~.~- •._,,• ... _ ·f J[ ,1-; '\ _.. _ ,,... e ... · -11,-1•:-, ,, ! ', ............ _ - t \ ... ~, .• ,. "i.,t -...___ ·• :t j .l / iC'.' )e; .(J --.._ _____. .......- -· •:--t,L•t·L• i. 1_, ~ ·.: -·~ l'L-c• • ' J~' . • i.'it.SH I ti G 1 Oil C~•r;i':t.J ;• 1.-J .. .1;, *· I', It'·:·:; £. ." 0 •- ·•' ', I l!i• I• i t·,~•1.ni.l T19;s,l r,k.\~1- · .d1:'" .0. 5dm1 0 - •. 'J • .. 0 ID.C. onrGoN f(:. 0 Q)-_:,• • • -o--·.:. - - (/·, :~·-;-· · -- Key Cabin L-4 Tree Platform Platform Tower Crows Nest R-6 D-6 L-6 ' Aermotor CL-100/160 L-4-AR Octagon 0 30 P,:£011:i '.j20 Miles 1 L-5 Replicas j , Cathedral House _' i1' . ··~· 297 Lookouts in SUP Agreements on National Forest Lands in Region 06 I, • ·.1 --S.pdt..r.1,-2',:_; .Cl..!!;;i_l•~\\r-~.;:_ / ' .r,'D~-•! -· '· ft2! h~ .~. . ../ !i.l;.l•~-11{•· ~--~s~:r•.- --1"::')11 ·--- ": _- ''. ...... ,.;·:.:- '·-=:.=- ,. \ · ~5a!~ni }~~~r~-~;,'~r ~{b~·1r ', i . ' OilFGO_!I . ' \ - ~;~·~~-i;i~•:~-·~ 1.,_ Br.1(~"= t.i2T!!•"i1r 0 ·1..-~.J.:,.· '· .• . ' f ... ,' ·- -:-:. .. .... ,- . . v!:,,,.._ r-~-~r:r (t~·., ~,;J -, ~cnf Key CL-100 ··-..- - ■ ,I . }~ " \\ r:ci.,.i: .;;...~-:rr.'7 D-6 , _'; -pnn~~ 0-.('t'S~Plilt_l_f~!'l.'. .- ",~ .. ' .ID ,. Boi1<). "".---'./ ; -~.- ·· o'itr:GOJI /[ \, I ·-~~J'. :.~ 2;·~r1i.idr / ~ Br.iis': . . ·----. --- ---"?, ,. .. .. '!,O-,h ··1\ l - ·, \\, ,- ,. .' .I' ,./~t,-...,,1: ;;._,:-:;:;; D-6 .\ ~ cf[1} CJR N I.A ■ .- ·~. :·J·:----~~·-·· L-4 □ Cabin ■ 300 APPENDIX E: LOOKOUT PLANS D-641 U.S. DEPT. OF ASRIC\..LTLJ:1~ FORES:- .'.SERVICE District 6 READY CUT LOOKOUT HOUSE --~-- .... ---- --· . .... INDEX .~~..J.~ FIG.HO. DESCQIPTIONaSHEET LETTE~D PAGE NO.ON FIG.NO. DESCRIPTION-SHEETI.ETT!iR· PAGE NO. ON ON &I.I.IE PRINT CUTflNG UST 01'4 BLUE. PRINT CUTTING LIST I FLOOR SILLS t LEVE LS B 5 ZI TOWE.12 FLOOR PLAN f --- 8 Z FLOOR JO!ST B----5 2% DE.TAIL OF DOOR F 9 3 sue:. FLOORING B 5 Zz-A DETAIL Of THRESHOLD f -- - 9 4 FINISHED FLOORING' E, 5 23 DET Al L Of TOWER SHUTTEl2 f --- 9 5-6 FRAMING ELEVATIONS C - - - 5 Z3-A TOWER SHUTTER FASTENEP.-F ---12 7 SHEATHING ELEV. C - - - G 14 LADDER F --- 10 6 TOWER JOIST- FLOORING .:.s PLAN OF SHELVING 10 4°- LADDER LOCATION C --- G z, DETAIL Of FINDER STAND - -- JO ~MO•II TOWER BRACES C --- G 27 DETAIL OF ANCHOR RODS 12-12!!, TOWEQ Fl2AME. ,t. DETAILS 28 ANCHOR CABLE. FASTENING I -- - 11 OF FLASHINGS D -- - G 2.'i TURNBUCKLE 4ANCHOR ROD I - -- IZ 13 RAFTERS D --- G 30 LIGHTNING PROTECTION J - - - IO 14 SHEATHING f SHINGLES _D 7 31-31A BUTTONS FOE2 FASTENING 15•!6 SIDING ELEVATiONS D 7 SI-IUTTERS K. --.- 10 17 DETAILOf MAIN COi2NICE. E 7 ~2 LOWEl2 FLOOR WINDOW S!,jUTTERS-K--9 18 DETAIL OF TOWER • E 7 as BLOCKS UNDER L0WEl:2 fLcXIR WINDOW SlLlS-K- 9 19-A¼C WINDOW SILL DETAILS E --- 8 .!l4 CORMER IRON SUPPORTING GUY CABLES - K - 11 19,-1) 6LOCK UNDER TOWER. E --- 8 as l,EDSTEAD L - I 5 WINDOW SILLS 26 TABLE. L - 15 zo TOV.'ER FLOOR PLAN F - - - 8 C.M.Allen ____S HO_WING_WIND.O_y{S~------------------------------'--'Po"--'rt=la=nd=Ore~. 41 "Specifications and Plans for Ready-Cut Lookout House", United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. W.B. Greeley, Forester, 1924. 301 U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE Dis1rict t; READY CUT LOOKOUT HOUSE M,ddle sill ...... 1-----------1z·-o·,, ,,, ,.,, ""' I ""' I Nol ,.,, ,.,, I I l"Q/ ,.,, I ,.,, I I ,. ,, ""' ""' ,..,, '"'" I I, ,.,, Nol I .,, - I ,.., I ,,,. NQI I NOi Nol. I '"" I flloZ i:, ,.,, ""' I Wal ,..,, ~ I " I Nol ..I"""' ,.,, I . .' "I "' NoZ I Net "'' I ""' I A'c,Z I Nol Nol ."." ' I I , -I Nat" "' ""' -I M,Z I Naz I Na/ ,e--o· :ivBr"LOOR fi&Na.3 5r:::a/ef,t--/ff. 3rd. upemfion F,s No.I S1/l!; .:irate 1/z'-lft Operation Nol MB/erial Mkd. tz J pa tand e Molertaf Mkd. F'tg.t R:: I loJinc. ~~ N,,_ ~ t---- I---~ ,, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J I I I I r, 2~rtzi:et'.rtJ r1za .!. ~ .!. ~ ~ } + "' y ~ ii! Nor-' 2 2 2 ~ . I I I I I ' '' 1----= No?-, fZLO• II FI 1r-o- fiNr$11:o FLOOR Fis Na,4- hie "2"-lfl. F.:.tXJRJo,:11:, fi5/Vcz -~hfr"-Jf1. 4/h,(p,n,/;on. Znd. O;>,,alion • Ms/en,,/"'""· ~-4 Ft,.f{l,2 llalerlal MlR ~ ~lh. Opera/ion :Jca'fe 'k'lff. Maler{al Marked ngr R:s f Ii:-;: 303 U.5.0EPT. OF AGRICULi-URE FOREST SERVICE Die.tr-id G. READY CUT LOOKOUT ·HOUSE Ml'.fhoci af o~ad_,in9 Li9Mir.g ~ .fo j\\p s."11~131.z:~. lie-.,.~ tb be:. nvc:f«l and ~oki.u-~ to c:vc.ry oth~ .:.hinc;le by Coritn:u:tc,r. PoslTlOn of' rivd hole: obt. z• frwn lowc:r end afstiin9IO'. • -.,.-irc.o on 11;.ach ~iae ot· -h,wc,- fo!Sf-:.ncd under c.avca, A ___ 4,...~:. on c-.qc.h side of t;,.ui!ding -fu:.tc~e.d ur:dcr- a.ov~. 2..,.;r•3 ori ecu::h 5id"- of"buildinc;J \ clo:.ct ic grcund. \o.;ld,~G,y, "--_ Mc,imum l<-"9th should. not~ over -~ !too ft from house to 1,:_1rnond1n9 p!oc.e. \ I PERSPECTIVE VIEW DETAIL AT POINT5 "A" OF LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS DETA1L }9e--1owraf>s FIS.30 AT POINTS "B' 61LL OF MATERIAL Jkin down C.onduclom 16 pi11:c:.«.s. ♦ 2 i!"0n wire Z,70 ft. lo~ E~20 ~- rtoi£.SJ- Hod~onfof Conduefor czrcund -towt:.r ur,d.,u- fc.we.- window DETAIL OF BLOCK Twist all shunct5 with noil after cond..d-0,-,15 10 J='icces • ~ iron wi~ .9 Ft. long 144 r+. ore !TI plac.e so that a.I/ wire.& crie in c!ou Conp Ho,h.orrfol r..ondvd-or a.-ovnd. FOR FASTENING. CONDUCTOR tad ..,.i+h eoch o-lher. Thi, U1auld b<'.. fhon>,.~hly FIG. 30-A done on c. II sid~s. 8 piece:.:; • e iron wirz :9 ft. :o~ -r- fr. aor-izontol condvci-or around 1-1.:iiin 'floor roof" under !UlV.Z.8 I'- picc.~s ♦S irun wire J6 tt. fon9 256 ft. Grottnci is made by c:~lin9 opprox. !IQ or 40ft. of end of' ,,qt.fr-a:-icl conductor and cover- Horir.:.nfol Conductor around ing with charcoal or cot:ci: in cas~ ofroclco/OUl"ld.. bottom of' Ma;n Flcor, for ground in !.cil bury coil and cover v.-ifh d:or- 8 pic.c"-::; •e tror. wire IG fl.Jer13 iZf, Ft. cool or cote.. Tota.! 'Wire :05?0 ft. A..,,.l)Od, sfovit. i~ no+rceommcz:ndcd.. lfsu-ct, is ~ut tn house agolvan!za.d roof"jaclc. should be loo - Oeafs f"or- fo~c.nins com:foc.t~ ~cd and should be: bondq.d sc=:curel7 -fo cond-x· 4 - ~ Galv. Cro~by CliJm 8 - 5clcJ:s Charcoal orCo!cit. tot" with not I~ than four sfrand~ of•9 iron wint,iwi:ifed. C.M.Allen -....Portland., Ore. Jon. 6- :E>t-z-c:.v.x. 304 U.S.. DEPT. Of" AGRlCUL TUQE FOREST SERVICE District 6 READY CUT LOOKOUT HOUSE F{lfl .Size Detail or .5nuller fii5f,:1;iots For 1/se oi A!xJye _:-,ee S.!Jed /'lo. c·;or /oM:r f/""1: a.-:,,= Sheet 1\10. rt· for :Owe,: ill t !:! lj·iTl· /-f.!;.-dwrod Bhdr tlJ& v.Jed w;/1; lJu/lt,TJf rtg.3I fi-'11 Sir.e O,:,f,"11 ef tJultw IYl.iCb .el/on~· 4.0.:fms Af~J:e 90 ,"'c':- t:ech lxx,,se .t'f.>Ji:t; ~¼,n::s TIJ1j Ifp e ol b.l:!t:A" u.Jerl Oil lott>:r Im,:, a,,/1/. 6 f:xlrtJS. I I --\--- ' ..... __ -.,,, 7., '- t- -- -------5 ·--------1 Corner Iron Broclel-Gu'I fo poss fhrouoh cenle.r hole lJRtoi/ 4- 4 re,fuired- See Y,eel 1\0. fig34- ~"E] I~ ~£--------~ ---2·- j flg33 H(l,rfwvotf bbclr fih ur,der w,ndow s,1// ande n -/-op o// Je,;der.J. Tt,,":;l;bc/r supp:rlJ.!i/l ,mdd ukrmine, ihp ilcb ,,,,I requti-es ~---~-- the fopoi"" " /Jeoder.t lot,, the Silme el!,st;i;n. h'a,7 /Jlo:k a,eac/J side o:f p»/f except t1f d:JorwtJ.y. Make 35 bloch w/Jic:blll/o,u~fdr.,:,. tr.;- po.silicn ofI bis block See .5beet Ml block unders ill. hw,: llaor. C.M.Allen Portland. Ore. Dec. ·1921· C.YJI. 305 il.S. !JE'Pr:. OF AGR/Cl.lLTUl?£ r0/?e5T sE.qVJCE /}i.,fricf6 READY CUT LOOKOUT HOUSE TABLf Maft!ri'el nw.rtft:d fig.3G ~ Fl6.36 ,- __ I _,_ C/..' Allen ,!:b_,//snd,.Ore: ./a,;,.:,.-/!:IZZ l'HF. 306 '.: -S. )37_ CF ~lCJLTU:2:E. RJ'=!E.ST SEQVlCE. READY CUT ,1st:-ic! 6 LOOKOUT HOUSE f'ilie! Tri= ,.,, ,.,, ,N.,o,l In I ; ,.,, I,.,, ; l N,.O,./, ,,,,, I l I I ""' Nol I I I Not -Na3 l/lbZ I ti I M,/ I l>tJ/ I l F,p /5 51di~ tlev8fion //ft, Opt,Mlt,i,, Mari"•tfl. FiR.18 OF Tower Cornice #lh. a;,,,,,/ion Dear/ t:J-11, Ma!erial Markd flf19 Fl:3.1-4 Operelion M!,fer,a/ Morked fif18 fb. /-5 :!,!~tie,$'~~ -----J~inon 'A"A" w,,.i;c1,;. :ictJ4-4''-lll AJ!dJrnemion3 nef FiG.'e!a. DE.TAJL OrTowER 1/wN.OOW., !Glh opmofion conld. 311 l!. S. :;::;i:: o.= .:.G~lCULTU~E. FOREST SERVICE District 6 READY CUT LOOKOUT HOUSE t !,. ~ 11 DET/lll Or Sf/ELY/Ii(; Moferia/ 1l1orJ:ed Sf,,e/,,,"9 l!r.chor /Jalb of/4cl)e,:=-£""'==1,R I .I II -! ,r' I , JI -J' i I . ' -~ "" ·i 1111 .' I ~• 11'- -- _; _.~ APPROVED DESIGN Or STEEL TOWER . "t (Wtrh Ouf.s,a'e Ladder) II -i ; . H '. ii r ! , r I lt FIG.S.2 1L• V __ ___8 -:s~r r-row-v:. ---- ~ ---- - - t6~ • -----: 316 .B L @ /® {z.;.:>•~e~~ .!"-0& .,f:Jn>~ro /rj,hT-,,n;.t1,;) W•:~R~C/;i=s.J:Fr:,_t;,$/;,~-@ @lil.sl~ Th~,i-ifft&z/,,..L&n;'",,'?J' /f,r<"4 TQ 6v_y ~. .. ,. • .. ,, .. 1"l1'h Cb),.s- 3&11'., In ra<:.h1 M~.i/7 J..~e.-n:5~.I.!". .~. -(;/.:7 /+'. !?V?/-8 ~- e,,,dr vn /-l#~o-':mg _,, ~c;4ma✓'n~mPearaJ ..sh(JIJ,n1 c1nd. 9~une;I CT/11:i,~r.s-- @ Gen~rol Arrongen,enf of'L o"\.••O}J w-o-,;,,u ,.)Y:GT!Oti ,, r!O\X'JING hre6 oov1J be V'oerl .:_, n . rJ 1,J,,,/+· t~~,:1 :----+------ -: -~ I i! i ... (·, .• -=1, ! __ Jc._~:c-;-- ... -.i---'-:-f, Jhowin~ m•\hoJ onchOYln,;_ coble ffcr1~nt "t,,Q::ji rtl~lii!~a CNr.1nf-;c,,-OOf in eov-\h 't; v,)in~ i:fira11or-ON".,.J. $""J ,,ize J.,"J.. ,. man bvrleJ d,"l' '/ ·, .. i\.J·v-,!al,Je oolr oriv,,i er ,,1:--J\, ro~l~· \-lh.n , ,. vrrovnoiu$ ,, 1 I rm>lcriol 1., .,,,]1J I Tl~ I ) I Yocl, \1,;~ mellio ·•· LOG- I.®KOVT TOW.Er'--::· l':nl.a,~•J ~Corne"@ i..) oJvi,:,cJ ...... tle\u.-tl of -Pidr.3-c.on6t1.--..•clion .._, a,.,J, 1o·.;,.:11,.1r~1. JM .. -lvn, 1~1921. v~ i,. ;.J. n. Arr',- c.A.k.>. A Me \hod of con.:,\YVc\ in$ , . r,~111 ofnw.:rl ti,u·,•L1:i fi'l'•~:·t'l."~m 11r.i tr,,ird ~tl-?r 'Vi.tit er ••l'mu• 11 <.<'l'lcreh ~•.-1:. 2WTYi6.GTOi\. '1\1:>Lf foo\tn$o !01• ~tYvc\VYe~• 0,~1,-~'I r~t. (,.) .N...,, _ ,:j/A,e/L t-fnZ6°1Jal/fB -z-j,xz2j&.t/, HA A',: pluc,r9 l·!IZ-_ i--,1-.,,--,,---~f-------,----l 2~ Z6J 'iJo11,J rtu ., ") Boll- ALTERIYATI!: STA/Ii! LAYOIIT CT-I Tower 43 43 The following tower plans are from "Lookouts in the Southwestern Region", Cultural Resources Management Report No. 8, USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region, September, 1989. 322 L•IL 3a3aY4 D•2■ 2h121¼ d • IL2~ a2lrt1511e 1• IL2'11121S,... L•IL 3a311IJ4 UN•ot•-"11' s2•2■ 311tt13a',4 Fw I etMf' al•••= s2■2 ■ 3121tz•"· 0•2■ 2'.ti•2~11 d • IL 2\.t •2~.S,,. 1 • IL 211'!•2•5I .. est tt.io londiftQ'"I' L•IL 3~2 • 3 11u',4 53•2■ 3~&31 114 L 0•21 ~ 12aJri. d•IL 2111. • 211'! • 111e ••IL 2'1u2s"-a L•IL 4a4a 114 s4■ 2■ 3\.t• 311,,. 0•2■ 3 S 2\it I 114 L ,___ __,,, d•IL 21il • 2'.tiJIIIIG •• IL2h • 2• 3'1e L•IL4a416,. s5-2■ ... 3 .,,. . 0•21 3 11t • 3 •• ,. d • 2■ 2111 11 2 .'t 1 5111 I• 2■ 2111 I 2 15ile L•IL 41411,,_ s6■ 2■ 4a31 114 0•2■ 3l,i•3•"4 d•2■ 21/f •2'1t•'11a ••2■ 2',ia2 •!It• L•IL 5a5a1,a s7■ z■ 5a3\<:t a 5,- 0•2■ 4a318,. d•2■ 2'1ta2'1tal½. ••2■2'..,.21~. IIOT[ Sw•IL 21l212'tzr'11t FRONT TOWER : ~ Sections for to.er- md Arronqemerit of stuirwo)' 323 324 Jll===="l'--:l~Jt4Cr ,_,,. 11owb Ir,, ,_ fwn,_d ,,,,-11, '411/r canfrw:t. ON A·A s• l-o• GUY ANCHOR DETAIL 4~r,d FOOTING 6 ANCHOR Pl.AN ~1a~ :_~s· _._d,,,,_,,,,,,.sh be ,.,.,__ ,,. - ,,o_/'J° -l ,_, ,,_,,--__ 325 ~~- ~ iIB I ~LLJ I I I I I I I T I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I >-- b5::= ~ r.;-:-:r ?;-i- -:;:...,,. r · 1 -, r l HI.' l,j u Ii u I I I ..ti ,-... ~ I.-I . -~ 'I I EE8 ,-~ ·-!l~i ~ ~ ~ • ,-n-, ~ ...., ' I ~ 1-- -r, """ 1_""," -'1'.;" 1-_ ~ --~~ E"""l (= T ...... ·j ~ ··•\ ;_- ' :=.~ i-:::. . ,i-I\ ;l- . ... ..... i . . .. .l. ········ ... ........ l .... 1 . .J .... .1.. .. ...... 1. .... 1. . .1.. ........ 1. ....... .l 44 The following lookout plans are from "Lookouts in the Southwestern Region", Cultural Resources Management Report No. 8, USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region, September, 1989. 326 TREE PLA TFORM 90•~'!,id,e Oul I• ♦ Ga,w. Elbow.• l 1'1,• l1t,. . 'l:)qu•rc. G•lw. floor f'la.n • FR.ONT 327 L-4 GABLE .. ._ , l.J.. 1-T ./- r a·~ .. ..u..11t,,,, ' -- L. I I l l M-r,,.., •,&· A, ,.,,,,,_, I I'-' I I l I I -- (rt!'. µ,r1l1 I I I -l"'P" - S1t,--rl•1 I ....,. .. , -I I I I ;,· l> ....-1e. t • • 8:: ;. \ -:. f ' t ~ ~ / t tl,e ./· ; ,.,,,_ t 1: ~ A•"-d"'>" ,.., ... 1"1 ."' D . .,,,, t ~ -e-- l .t't•·-s,~ -~- tLoo.t ·•&I.Ir t". ',P~t-.A· N ~ll)t. tl.t.YATIOH fw.owt tUVATION ·•AL11tfr"•t'•e• •••L111t·•r-o• Seo detail - ·•5 .c 2 .. "C:' C 'O "' 0., C: C: E E. Ventilator optional, furnished with tower I> - =~ 8~..~- See R-7 Dwg.No. L-1407-A C ;: E I> a. ~ ii I> - E" eCl t. Cl. ;: 40 l- Bracket pis.~ thk. Sheet metal sidin11 optional, either 20110. Qlld. to be in One oantinu- cu■ length, Gr>ound ortend rrcm bldg, H opeoiried under "Ground Conneotion1" on page 4.~ Thia Horizontll.l C011d, Ii - _Down con.d. ~---.JR to be buried 1n ■ tr■noh (or 2 - Hor. laid on top or rook)'olo ■e to l - .Ridge • bldg, lin■, a.a up,oir1ed under Jl:110h to b■ in RG:round Conneationa", page~. one oot1.t111uous length. see Working Dotnil Sheets ror deacript1on or Air Terminal and R oonneotiona. See Materiel Liot "A" !or building ,IU). gaye and Li ■t "B" !or building without guys, When guys are used1 conneot guya to down o~nduatoru •ith ~qw oon.neat1ona-.--- C.K • .J.... 45 The following lightening protection plans are from "Lookouts in the Southwestern Region", Cultural Resources Management Report No. 8, USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region, September, 1989. 332 PROTroTION .A.GAINS'.[' LIGHTNING Wood Look0Qt Hou1• on Raieed 7ound&t1on ffith Hip Root ,md l!ilMa or wilhout Balcony ill conductor• to be Ro, I B & S ga. copper •~re. 4 down conduc\oN, T1P• T··7 Air Terminal ~ horizonkl oonductors each to be in one continuoua length attach~ to building with(conductor ■ trapa)not OTer 3 ft, apart. A ttacla down conduotar to ( If i m practicab_le see Par 17 of hip ■ hingl.ee with(conduotor •~rap■ ,) see Working Detail General Instructions) Sheet • .J _j _J _J _., ...J __ _J __J _J _J _J _J __J _j_ __J ..1. lJ J__ _J _J _J _J -I .J _J ..l.. _J _J _J ...J _j _J _J _j _J _1 _J _j __ J I _J _J _J __J __J _J . _J _J __J _J _J ...J __J -- _J _J _j ..J .J _j _j __J •_J ...J _j __J _j L.J R Down Conductor--z.___ Th1B conductor to be buried in a 7 . trench (or laid on top of rock ol~• Ground conductors to axt~nd to ground line ot atructure)as apeoi!ied tram building ae specified undur "Ground Connect1onaw, page,. under "Ground Connections", page'• See Working Detail Sheets for descr1ptiun or connection! at Mand CB.Man._dA iaa t Air rerminal r 7• Jao.rch 1932 Fi.1.l,J:l.. __ _ 333 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING R-6 LOOKOUT HOUSE Type T7 Air Terminal All conauctors to be Dolill Cond. to bs attached to No. 2 ga. S. D. copper galv. iron hip ahinslea with wire attaohed to ·c (oond. straps~ Se~ Working bldg. wt th (oond. Detail -Sheet. straps)not over ~rt.apart. 4 D01m C ond. 4 Hor. " Each to be in one horizontal Conductors continuous length. Conduotora Thia conductor to be Laround Conduotors1~--""'-------~ir- buried in a trenoh (or to extend from building l•id on top or rook) specified under "Ground close to ground line Connections", page 4. or structure, as specified under "Ground Conneotions", page 4. See Working Detail Sheets for description of oonneotions at RP Q, and st Air Terminal T7. c. :u:. ,A. 25 K.E.B. 19:52 334 PROT:ECTIOH jQJINST LIGHTNlliO STEEL TOWERS WITH WOODEN INCL0SED OBSERVATORIES Jir Tel'lllnal jll oonduotor• to be No. I Jtlaoh don oond. &:.S ga,aott drawn oapper to hip ahinglea ■ilh wire, attached to bldg.,with ( oond. alrapa) aa 1hown on Working ----:,-:~~:..;R(conduotor atrap)not oYer n.,ail Sheet. ,-- 3 rt• apart: .• No additional oonduotora required when obaeryato:rr 1• built with a 1 baloony, pro- Tiding balcony •14th doea not exceed 3 rt. , dom oond. from jir Terminal to to"r trame. 2 Hor. oond. , ground oond. Eaob oond, to be ot one continuous piece. (If' impractlcable .see Par. 17of General Instructions) ~ ?round oonduotor=a:-----...,~-.......- --- conductor to be buried to extend rrom building in trench (or laid on top or rook) as apeoitied under oloae to ground line or atruoture,a■ "Ground Conneotiona", apeoiticad under 11Oround Con- page f, neot1ona", page 4, S•e Working Datail Shsat• tor deaoript1on ot s, B, P, •nd Jir Teminal oonnaotion■ , T,. C ,M.A.. II K,E.B. li!8 335 PROTF.CTION .AGA1'NsT· LIGHTNING STEEL TOWERS WITH STEEL INCLOSED OBSERVATORIES No Air Terminal required No Horizontal Conduotora No additional oonduotora required when obaerTatorT la built •1th a balcony provided baloony width does not exoeed 3 rt • .N o down oonauotor Ground oonduotor& to sxten4 troa bu1ld1ng,aa Thia oonduotor to be buried in• speoit1ed under •oroun4 tr&no~ (or laid on top of rook) Conneotiona•, pe.gq ,. --z- olose to ground line or ■ truotur•, as apeoitied under •oroun4 Con- neot1onan, paga '• See Working Detail She•te for deuoription or oonneot1on1 R, o. P. C • .M.A. 8'1 336 PROTECTI_ON -!GUNST LIGHTNING WOOD TOWEil WITH WOODD INCLOSED OBSERVATORIES Ur Terminal All oonductora to be No. 2 B&.S ga. s.D.oopper Don oond.to ~e attacbed wire attaohed to bldg. to galv. iron hip w1th(oond. strapa)not shingles w1th(oond. over 3 rt. apart. i..;;;~~~ /? atrap1 .) See Working Detail She et. , down cond. 3 hor. " Each to be in one con- tinuous lengtb.(lfim- prsctlcabla .See· Pan 17ot' Senetal ~ri~ct-io-ns ~ No additional conductors required when ob5erva- tory 1s bui It with a balcony No additional con- ductors required when observatory 1s built ~1th a balcony, pro- viding balcony width does not exoeed 3 rt. Ground oonduotors to extend from tower 1e·g11, This conductor to be as specified under "Ground b~ried (or laid on top of rook) Connections", page,. close to ground line or etruoture, as apeoiried under "Ground Con- naotiona", page•• See Working Detail Sheet, ror description of oonneotioa1 at R~, and Air Terminal T'I. ·18 K.E.B. l\151 337 PHO'l'.ECTlON AGAUlS'l' LL:i'l'NING ?.'•JUJJ 'l'G'lEHS WI11 EClf'I' INCL::il!'.D OBSERVA'l':.1-irns 'l'ype To Air 'l'erminsl 4 duwn oond. 2 hor. " Each to be 11, Qne continuous leugth (If impracticable see Par: 17 of General ln5tructions) !11 ooud. to be No.2 B&S ga. s.n. oopper wlro •tt•ohod to tower mombe 1· wlth(oonduotor etr•p1) Down con- not oYer 3 rt. apart, . ductors -z_ CGround conductors to extend rrom tower This conductor to be burled legs, as speciried in a trench (or laid on top or under "Ground Con- rook) oloae to ground line or neotlon•"• page,. structure, as spaoitied under "Ground Conneotiona", page,. See Working Detail Sheets for_ description or oonneotions at R, ~. and !lr Terminals, T6, Q. M.A. 29 338 PROTECTION AGAINST LJ6NTNING Pol~ or Tnra Tol't'er.s WilhlN/f /nc/o.sed Obs-1rr,lorMr 2 Down Cond All conduc-!ors la htz No 2 2 #or. 11 B. 6is : 9a s. a c,o,.oer wi~. Each lo 6e in one .A-ff, ;,cl, 11// e:ona'. ,'o n.wd'r confinuouslen9fh w,'lh ( Coml. .Sf-r,.ps)nor or1r 4 f'-1. aparl. When a lowersel- or 9vy.s- a~ employed lhey c1r.1 lo be grouna'i::d fo o't,wn cond .wifh •~connecfions. Ground condvc,'or.s fo ex-lend Th/s llorizonl-,11/ cond f., 04 rrorn 6vi/d/n9 as .s-peci-/'ied bvr/6d ;n · -l-r11nch ( or lliNCI ,m f.,p under "Ground Connecl-✓onsr or roe.Ir) close fo h;_se or fr•d' or pe.9e4 pole as- specir/ed. under "Ground Conn~cfions• p.196 4 .See Worlo'n9 Oefai/ Sheef.s f'or descriph"on or connea-h'onsl Q- R, and a-l- Air r11rrninals. r- Iii C.M.,.f, Page,.33 339 APPEDIX F: RENTAL CONVERSION PROFITABILITY CHEATSHEET Profitability of a Rental for One Season Collected Fees After 1 3 months 5 months Rate per Night month (1 Season) (1 Season) $35 $1,050 $3,150 $5,250 $40 $1,200 $3,600 $6,000 $45 $1,350 $4,050 $6,750 $50 $1,500 $4,500 $7,500 $55 $1,650 $4,950 $8,250 $60 $1,800 $5,400 $9,000 $65 $1,950 $5,850 $9,750 $70 $2,100 $6,300 $10,500 $75 $2,250 $6,750 $11,250 $80 $2,400 $7,200 $12,000 $85 $2,550 $7,650 $12,750 $90 $2,700 $8,100 $13,500 *1 month is 30 days **Based on the assumption that it is being rented everyday of 30 month period Yearly Profit Potential for Recreation Rentals Rates After 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 Season (high and Season Seasons Seasons Seasons Seasons Seasons Seasons low) 3 months $35 $3,150 $6,300 $9,450 $12,600 $15,750 $31,500 $47,250 $90 $8,100 $16,200 $24,300 $32,400 $40,500 $81,000 $121,500 $35 $5,250 $10,500 $15,750 $21,000 $26,250 $52,500 $78,750 $90 $13,500 $27,000 $40,500 $54,000 $67,500 $135,000 $202,500 340 Potential Profit for Year-Round Recreation Rental Rates After 1 Season (high and 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years 5 Years l0Years 15 Years Year low) 1 Year $35 $12,775 $25,550 $38,325 $51,100 $63,875 $127,750 $191,625 Maximum Capacity* $90 $32,850 $65,700 $98,550 $131,400 $164,250 $328,500 $492,750 1 Year Half $35 $6,405 $12,810 $19,215 $25,620 $32,025 $64,050 $96,075 Capacity** $90 $16,470 $32,940 $49,410 $65,880 $82,350 $164,700 $247,050 *Maximum capacity is based on the assumption of the lookout being rented every day for 365 days **Half capacity is based on the assumption of the lookout only being rented half of the year (183 days) 341 JUMP Off L0oKOUT I r Drawing by Earl Brown c.1952 I j 343