1
Spring 2006 American College of Sports Medicine
Continued Page 2 - President's Message
A Message from the President
Northwest Chapter Newsletter
Momentum. It?s what
keeps us moving; keeps
us going places. I had the
great fortune of seeing
momentum at work one
Saturday afternoon at the
Oregon Preview track
meet. Momentum had
been building, event-
by-event, as the athletes
tested themselves for
the ? rst time this season.
Then, in one of the ? nal
events of the day, pole-
vaulter Tommy Skipper used his own momentum
to clear a height of 19 feet ? a new school record. As
Tommy proved, momentum can take you to new
heights.
Right now we have a lot of momentum in the
Northwest Regional Chapter. We are fresh from a
wildly successful 2006 Annual Meeting in Corvallis.
It was a great program, packed full of outstanding
speakers. Attendance was far better than we could
have expected. Congratulations to Tony Wilcox
for organizing the outstanding program. Kudos to
the speakers, for sharing with us their passion for
the ? eld.. And hats off to the faculty at Gonzaga
for bringing an entire bus load of students to the
meeting! We have also had an amazing year for
gathering sponsorship from great supporting
businesses. This is a credit to Steve Conant, Frank
Stanek and other board members, who have worked
hard to promote our chapter to the sponsors. We also
brought in some fresh new blood on the executive
board?new to the board this year are Julie Downing,
James Laskin, Marisa Hastie, and Jessica Meendering.
The goal is to harness this momentum to reach new
heights for the Chapter. How are we going to do
this?
Expect to see many changes this year as we are
undertaking a major review of our business practices.
You may have noticed that our chapter is ?not like
the other chapters? in ACSM. We have a track record
of innovation and trendsetting among the regional
chapters and we are setting the bar high. We look
closely at our annual members surveys and the
feedback we received from the Annual Meeting. We
are also listening to what members have to say. This
is how we receive the key information that helps us
help you. So, if you receive an e-mail about a survey
from NWACSM, please take the time to answer?it
will help us better serve you in the future. In
response to our previous members surveys, we have
already begun with a number of new initiatives. To
begin with, the next three annual meetings will be
held at the Seattle Center in downtown Seattle. We
are trying out a permanent home for the meeting that
combines convenient location with a great place to
visit?just what you asked for! Dan Heil is already
busy lining up a great meeting for Seattle 2007. Keep
the momentum going Dan!
John R. Halliwill, PhD, FACSM
2 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
Contents
President's Message ........................................................ 1
Upcoming Events
ACSM Health & Fitness Summit ............................... 3
ACSM Annual Meeting .............................................. 3
World Sport for All ...................................................... 3
PNF Workshop ............................................................. 4
Pre-PT Workshop ......................................................... 4
WWU Enhancement Workshops ............................... 4
NWACSM Activities and News ............................ 5-30
ACSM Announcements ............................................. 31
Student Page ................................................................ 32
20006 NWACSM Chapter Of? cers ........................... 35
NWACSM Membership Form .................................. 36
Northwest Region Newsletter
NWACSM Mission Statement
It is the mission of the Northwest Chapter of the American
College of Sports Medicine to provide educational opportu-
nities for professional development in exercise science and
sports medicine and to be a resource for the general public
regarding sports medicine and health and ? tness issues.
Spring 2006
Newsletter Submission Deadlines
Issue Deadline
Summer July 17, 2006
Winter Nov. 20, 2006
Spring March 12, 2007
The ACSM Northwest Region Newsletter is produced
by Henriette Heiny, Ph.D., FACSM, Director of the
International Institute for Sport and Human Performance,
University of Oregon. Members of the ACSM Northwest
Region are invited to submit contributions to the newsletter.
NWACSM information can also be seen on the Internet,
URL:
President's Message cont.
In addition, the executive board is working with
marketing/communications professionals to improve
the way we serve you. Want to be involved? We
can use help many of areas. Some of you may have
noticed a well-dressed man circulating around at
the NWACSM Annual Meeting in Corvallis, and
you may have been curious as to why he was asking
questions of so many people. His name is Michael
Blanck and he is a marketing consultant. He is part
of a bold new strategy in our Chapter aimed at
increasing awareness and participation within our
Chapter activities and programs. Basically, his job
is to make us better. While our board consists of
top-level lecturers, ? tness experts, scientists, and
healthcare professionals, we lack expertise in other
areas. Michael will coach us in areas such as getting
our message out, recruiting sponsors, and improving
our communication with our members. All this will
keep our momentum building!
Momentum. We have it, and we?re using it to strive
for new heights. Exciting things are going to happen!
?John R. Halliwill, PhD, FACSM
NWACSM Board President
Future Annual Meetings
Save the dates on your calendar
for the next three Annual Meetings
at the Seattle Center in downtown
Seattle:
2007 Feb 16-17
2008 Feb 29-March 1
2009 Feb 20-21
3
Upcoming Events
Come to Florida and Celebrate 10
Years of ACSM?s Health & Fitness
Summit!
ACSM?s Health & Fitness Summit celebrates its
tenth meeting April 11-14, 2006 in sunny Florida at
the Buena Vista Palace in the Walt Disney World
resort in Orlando. In addition to the four outstanding
keynote addresses below, you will see over 100
presentations in 9 tracks. Visit www.acsm.org and
register online.
KEYNOTERS:
Barry Franklin, Ph.D., FACSM
?Don?t Be As Dumb As An Elephant: A Potpourri
of Changing Health-Fitness Paradigms and
Perceptions?
Opening Keynote: Tuesday evening, April 11
Jim Pawelczyk, Ph.D., FACSM
?Can Humans Survive a Trip to Mars??
Wednesday, April 12
Carolyn Kaelin, M.D.
?Health and Breast Cancer ? Life Beyond the
Dichotomy ? A Survivor ?s (and her Trainer ?s) Guide
to Rehabilitation and Fitness?
Thursday, April 13
Lawrence Golding, Ph.D., FACSM
?ACSM Summit from Adolescence to Adulthood;
Where Will We Be In 2016??
Closing Keynote: Friday, April 14
ACSM Annual Meeting
Don?t Miss the opportunity to receive a reduced
registration rate to ACSM?s Annual Meeting?
April 15 is the last day to receive a discounted
registration rate for the upcoming ACSM Annual
Meeting to be held May 31-June 3 in Denver,
Colorado. Don?t miss this conference offering the
very best in the science of sports medicine with up to
25 simultaneous sessions in a true resort setting! For
the session schedule, access to the online registration
process, and online hotel reservation service, visit
the Annual Meeting page of the ACSM Web Site.
11th World Sport for All Congress
Abstract Deadline for the 11th World Sport for All
Congress is May 1.?Organized for the ? rst time in
Havana, Cuba, on October 31-November 3, 2006, the
congress will bring together experts from across the
world to debate a major theme: ?Physical Activity:
Bene? ts and Challenges.? The congress is organized
by the Cuban Olympic Committee, under the
patronage of the International Olympic Committee,
in collaboration with the World Health Organization
(WHO) and the General Association of International
Sports Federations (GAISF). ACSM representatives
presenting at the conference include: William O.
Roberts, MD, FACSM; James Skinner, PhD, FACSM;
and Walter Thompson, PhD, FACSM. Authors may
submit no more than two abstracts, of which the
Congress Program Committee can select only one.
The abstracts and the abstract submission forms
must be received by the Congress Secretariat by May
1, 2006. To submit an abstract or obtain congress
information, visit the Congress Web Site
4 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
Upcoming EventsUpcoming Events
A Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Application to Sports Medicine
PNF Rehabilitation of the Shoulder
and Upper Extremity
University of Oregon?International Institute
for Sport and Human Performance
Friday, May 19, 4:30 PM-9:00 PM
and Saturday, May 20, 8:00 AM-4:45 PM
Registration Deadline: April 28, 2006
Workshop Information.
A brochure with registration form is available at
Course Description
The purpose of this 11-hour course is to give the par-
ticipant an introduction to the use of PNF techniques.
Speci? cally, the techniques presented in this course
are designed to enhance the function of the shoulder
girdle and upper extremity by providing speci? c
neuromuscular reeducation. These techniques serve
the orthopedic and sports injury as well as the neuro-
logical patient. The course is appropriate for physical
therapists, physical therapy assistants, athletic train-
ers, occupational therapists, certi? ed occupational
therapy assistants, and massage therapists.
Registration Fee
The class is limited to 22 participants. Registration is
open to students and the professional community on
space-available basis. Workshop fee is $295.
All participants will receive a certi? cate of attendance
from the International Institute for Sport and Human
Performance (IISHP) following completion of the
course. IISHP is recognized by NATABOC to offer
continuing education for certi? ed athletic trainers?
NATABOC Approved Provider P737. 11 CEUs may
be applied for at the time of on-site registration.
Contact Information
For more information about this workshop go to:
, call
(541) 346-4114, send an e-mail to Roberta Thompson
at , or send a letter to:
IISHP, 1243 University of Oregon, Eugene,
OR 97423-1243.
Western Washington University offers
enhancement workshops
for Summer 2006
PE 445B Nutrition & Performance: Overview
TWR 05:00-07:50 pm CV 116 1 credit
June 20, 21 & 22 + one hour arrange
PE 445D Storytelling and Sports
MTWR 05:00-07:50 pm CV 116 2 credits, Class meets
July 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 + 2 hours arrange
Both are evening workshops facilitated by Lorrie
Brilla.
Elements of Physical Therapy
for the Pre-PT Workshop
University of Oregon?International Institute
for Sport and Human Performance
Friday, June 2, 12:00 Noon-4:30 PM
and Saturday, June 3, 9:00 AM-4:30 PM
Registration Deadline: May 19, 2006
Workshop Information.
A brochure with registration form is available at
Course Description
This course will provide the pre-physical therapy
student with an introduction to many ethical,
professional, and clinical aspects of the profession
of physical therapy. Individuals may ? nd these
topics helpful in guiding their decision to enter the
profession of physical therapy. This course will also
provide a brief description of the role of the physical
therapy aide as well as the ethical and legal issues
pertaining to the use of aides.
This course is offered as an adjunct, not in lieu of the
Oregon Administrative Rules method requirements
pertaining to Physical Therapy Aides. It is provided
only as a pre or post-preparation to actual on-the-job
training.
Registration Fee
Registration is open to students and the professional
community on a space-available basis. Workshop fee
is $250. Students, $195 (Valid student ID required).
10 CEUs may be applied for.
See opposite colum for contact information.
5
NW Chapter Activities and News
Comments from the Member-at-Large
for Fitness
First and foremost, on behalf of the NWACSM Board
and the membership, I would like to thank my
predecessor Steve Conant for his dedication and hard
work during his Member-at-Large tenure. He had
taken this role on having just concluded his National
Student Representative position. Now he has gone on
to the enormous responsibility as our Representative
on the Regional Chapters Committee.
In order to best serve our membership, I need to hear
from you. I'd like to know your needs and challenges
as well as what topics and formats of programming
you would like to see at the next Annual Meeting. I
really enjoyed the colloquia format that Steve started
this year and would appreciate hearing from you for
ideas for a speci? c topic for next year. In addition, are
there any speci? c topics and/or speakers that you
would like to see presented at next year ?s meeting in
Seattle? Given my passion for working with people
with physical disabilities and chronic illnesses, I
would like to ? nd out who else in our chapter is
working with these populations. Would a workshop
dealing with disability related issues be helpful in
your practice?
I look forward to the next three years facilitating the
growth of the ?Fitness? component of our Chapter.
Thank you for your support and "see you in Seattle"
next February.
?James J. Laskin, PT, PhD,
Member-at-Large,
WSU Spokane Earns Gold-Standard ACSM
Exercise Specialist? Certi? cation
Students pursuing the Exercise Physiology and
Metabolism (ExMet) degree at Washington State
University Spokane will study in one of the select
programs now endorsed by ACSM. The ExMet
degree program?s curriculum?the only program
of its kind in the Northwest region; it is part of
the Program in Health Sciences. The curriculum
integrates exercise and nutrition by focusing on the
biological and social/psychological interrelationships
and the effect of this interaction on the health
of individuals. This program not only prepares
students to meet the nationwide demand for
health care professionals, but its curriculum covers
the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to
prepare students for the ACSM Exercise Specialist?
certi? cation examination. An ACSM Exercise
Specialist? is a healthcare professional certi? ed to
deliver a variety of exercise assessment, training,
rehabilitation, risk factor identi? cation, and lifestyle
management services to individuals with or at
risk for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic
disease(s). These services are typically delivered in
cardiovascular/pulmonary rehabilitation programs,
physicians? of? ces or medical ? tness centers. The
Exercise Specialist? is also competent to provide
exercise-related consulting for research, public health,
and other clinical and non-clinical services and
programs.
Clinical Exercise Physiologist needed
Washington State University's Program in Health
Sciences invites applications for a full-time, 9-month,
tenure-track position at the assistant/associate
professor level, at its WSU Spokane campus. The
position is available August 16, 2006. Required
quali? cations include a doctorate level degree in
Clinical Exercise Physiology or related area, with
at least two years postdoctoral hands-on clinical
experience in treatment of special populations and
supervision of staff and students, clinical ACSM
certi? cation (ES will be considered), demonstrated
successful teaching experience at undergraduate and
graduate levels in areas relevant to the position.
Continued Page 31?CEP needed
6 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
The best poster awards
Doctorate category: Grant Simmons, University
of Oregon; master ?s category: Stephanie Harger,
University of Montana ; undergraduate category:
Jennifer Vincent, Gonzaga University
Best oral presentation
Doctoral abstracts:
1. The effect of the menstrual cycle on postexercise
hypotension; B. M.Lynn, J.L McCord, J.R. Halliwill
2. Peak cardiorespiratory responses during aquatic
and land treadmill exercise; W.M. Silvers, D.G.
Dolny, and E.R. Rutledge.
3. Levonorgestrel/estradiol oral contraceptives
affect brachial artery peak response during
? ow-mediated dilation; B.N. Torgrimson, J.r.
Meendering, P.F. Kaplan, and C.T. Minson
Masters abstracts:
1. Effect of storage techniques on blood lactate
concentration and determination of various
lactate threshold de? nitions; M.J. Garver, L.J.
Nielsen, J.M. Dickinson, D.S., Campbell, and C.
Papadopoulos
2. GPS-based prediction of energy expenditure for
slow and fast outdoor walking; J.M. McKenzie, T.F.
Manning, and D.P. Heil
3. Effects of extended exercise and carbohydrate
feedings on substrate utilization and muscle
glycogenolysis; J.D. Wagner, S.E. Gaskill, B.C. Ruby
Undergraduate abstracts:
1. Effects of external ankle support on plantar
? exed inversion; C.M. Murphy and J.Abendroth-
Smith
2. Kinematic differences between shod and barefoot
runnersat a recreational pace; S.P. Sears, L.B. Greer,
J.L. Dorn, J.M.Neil, M.L. Wamre, A.J. Zink
Abstracts submitted for
student awards
Doctoral Abstracts
PERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL ASPECTS OF
ULTRA-ENDURANCE TRIATHLETE COUPLES
C. Juergens, E. Sharp, and Judith Fischer.
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this exploratory
investigation was to conduct a qualitative study of
relationships of dual triathlete couples competing
at the Ironman (IM) World Championships. This
study examines ultra-endurance tri couples in terms
of gender equity and time management issues.
The lifestyle of IM triathletes involves tremendous
work, discipline, and sacri? ce. How this demanding
lifestyle is negotiated within couples has been
largely overlooked in the literature. METHODS:
Six heterosexual married couples were interviewed
ranging in age from 30-60 years. Number of years
married ranged from 0.16 to 36 years; two couples
had children. Participants had competed in at least
one IM triathlon in the past year. Both partners in
two couples and one partner in three couples were
competing at the 2004 World IM Championships.
Recruitment was by ? yers posted in the Expo
area and by word of mouth. Interviews were 15-
30 minutes and conducted using open-ended
questions. Consent forms were completed prior to
the interview. Hand written notes were taken with
no video or tape recording during the interview.
The PI?s re? ections and interview notes were coded
using constant comparative analysis (Strauss &
Corbin, 1998). This analysis or coding method allows
broad categories of data to emerge, whereby the
2006 NWACSM Annual Meeting posters and oral presentation
NW Chapter Activities and News
7
research continually compares data to initial codes
from which patterns/similarities and differences/
variations can be identi? ed (Strauss & Corbin, 1990).
RESULTS: Couples in dual triathlete marriages
tended to endorse egalitarian attitudes, behaviors,
and roles in their relationships and their training.
A supportive role emerged for many couples and
tended to ?rotate? depending on who was competing
in a particular race. These triathlete couples indicated
wide agreement in terms of their relationship and
training priorities. Their training schedules and
their commitment to training and competing tended
to dictate daily activities such as what to eat and
how to spend time. Due to the demands of IM
training, couples discussed constraints or sacri? ces
they chose to make in order to compete. They
especially mentioned the intense demands the ?tri?
lifestyle has on their ? nances and time resources.
CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study adds to
the literature by examining relationships of dual
Ironman triathlete couples. Egalitarian roles emerged
as a main theme. The study was cross-sectional in
design, based upon only those who volunteered,
and interviews were brief. The PI recommends
expansion of this exploratory study to a more
complex investigation of dual IM triathlete couples
and development of a closed-end questionnaire to
use with a larger, representative sample.
THE EFFECT OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON
POSTEXERCISE HYPOTENSION
B.M. Lynn, J.L. McCord, J.R. Halliwill, FACSM
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA, 97403,
Factors associated with the normal menstrual
cycle, mainly endogenous hormones, estrogen and
progesterone are known to affect cardiovascular
regulation. Estrogen has been shown to indirectly
cause vasodilation, whereas progesterone is known
to antagonize these actions. Currently, the effect
of the menstrual cycle on postexercise hypotension
has not been studied and is unknown. PURPOSE:
To determine if endogenous hormones associated
with the normal menstrual cycle would affect
postexercise hypotension. We hypothesized that,
due to enhanced vasodilation in the ovulatory phase,
postexercise hypotension and leg vasodilation would
be augmented during the ovulatory phase compared
to the early follicular and mid-luteal phases.
METHODS: We studied eleven women (24.6?4.5
yr) during the early follicular, ovulatory and mid-
luteal phases. Arterial blood pressure (auscultation)
and femoral blood ? ow (Doppler ultrasound) were
measured before and after 60 min of cycling at 60% of
VO 2peak . Femoral vascular conductance was calculated
as ? ow/pressure. RESULTS: Prior to exercise,
there were no differences in mean arterial pressure
or femoral vascular conductance (both P >0.379)
across menstrual phases. At 60 min postexercise,
mean arterial pressure was reduced from preexercise
across all menstrual phases ( P<0.001 vs. preexercise);
however, the decrease was not different across
menstrual phases ( P =0.798) (early follicular; 2.3?0.5
mmHg; ovulatory; 2.7?0.4 mmHg; mid-luteal; 3.6?0.5
mmHg). At 60 min postexercise, femoral vascular
conductance was elevated from preexercise across all
menstrual phases ( P<0.001 vs. preexercise); however,
the increase was not different across menstrual
phases ( P =0 . 161) (early follicular; ? 66.9?20.5 %;
ovulatory; ? 41.7?17.5 %; mid-luteal; ? 61.1?12.8%).
CONCLUSION: In contrast to our hypothesis,
postexercise hypotension and leg vasodilation were
not altered by factors associated with the normal
menstrual cycle.
Supported by AHA grant 555623Z.
IS THERE A HISTAMINERGIC POSTEXERCISE
HYPEREMIA IN ENDURANCE EXERCISE-
TRAINED MEN AND WOMEN?
J.L. McCord and J. R. Halliwill, FACSM
University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403
In sedentary individuals, postexercise hypotension
results from a histamine receptor-mediated skeletal
muscle hyperemia. PURPOSE: We hypothesized
that the skeletal muscle hyperemia would also
exist in endurance trained individuals and would
be abolished by histamine receptor antagonists.
METHODS: We studied 12 endurance trained
(VO 2peak 51.7?7.9 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) men and women (20-
27 yr) before and through 90 min after a 60 min bout
Abstracts
8 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
of cycling at 60% VO 2peak on a control and a combined
H 1 - and H 2 -receptor antagonist day (540 mg
fexofenadine plus 300 mg ranitidine). We measured
arterial blood pressure (auscultation) and femoral
blood ? ow (Doppler ultrasound). Femoral vascular
conductance was calculated as ? ow/pressure.
RESULTS: Prior to exercise, the histamine antagonists
had no effect on femoral vascular conductance or
mean arterial pressure ( P>0.6). After exercise on
the control day, femoral vascular conductance was
elevated (? 61.2?13.9 %; P<0.05 vs. preexercise)
while mean arterial pressure was reduced (? -
4.7?1.1 mmHg; P < 0.05 vs. preexercise). In contrast,
after exercise on the histamine antagonists day,
femoral vascular conductance was not elevated
(? 10.6?6.7 %; P=0.14 vs. preexercise; P <0.05 vs.
control day) and mean arterial pressure was not
reduced (? -1.2?1.2 mmHg; P=0.13 vs. preexercise;
P<0.05 vs. control day). CONCLUSION: These
data suggest that not only is there a postexercise
skeletal muscle hyperemia present in endurance
exercise-trained men and women but that this long-
lasting hyperemia is produced by a histaminergic
mechanism. Furthermore, the postexercise skeletal
muscle hyperemia contributes to the postexercise
hypotension in this population.
Supported by AHA grant: 555623Z
EFFECTS OF ESTRAIOL AND
MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE ON FLOW
MEDIATED DILATION IN YOUNG WOMEN
J.R. Meendering 1 , B.N. Torgrimson 1 , P.F. Kaplan 1 , N.S.
Stachenfeld 2 FACSM, C.T. Minson 1 FACSM.
1 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR. 2 The John B.
Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT.
It has been established that estrogen improves
endothelial function, but the effects of progesterone
and various types of synthetic progesterone, called
progestins, are less clear. Medroxyprogesterone
acetate (MPA) is a commonly prescribed progestin
used in combination hormone replacement therapy
for post menopausal women and contraception
for young women. However, the effects of MPA on
vascular health are unclear. PURPOSE: To determine
the acute affects of MPA alone and in combination
with estradiol (E 2 ) on conduit vessel responsiveness
in young women. METHODS: We suppressed
endogenous estrogens and progesterone in three
subjects using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone
antagonist (GnRHa) for 14 days. On day 5 of GnRHa,
two subjects were administered 0.2 mg E 2 for 5 days
(GnRH + E 2 ), and on day 10 added 200 mg MPA
for 5 days (GnRH + E 2 + MPA). One subject was
given MPA beginning on day 5 (GnRH + MPA) and
added E 2 on day 10 (GnRH + MPA + E 2 ). On days 4,
9, and 14 of GnRHa administration, wall tracking of
high resolution ultrasound images of the brachial
artery were used during ? ow mediated dilation
(FMD) and nitroglycerin (NTG) administration
to test endothelial dependent and independent
vasodilation, respectively. RESULTS: There was no
difference in baseline brachial artery diameter, shear
rate, or dilation to NTG between hormone treatments
(p>0.05). During treatment with GnRHa + E 2, FMD
was greater than GnRHa alone (9.87?2.81% vs.
5.65?1.85%; p=.039). FMD decreased with GnRHa
+ E 2 + MPA and was not signi? cantly different from
GnRHa alone (4.24?0.02% vs. 5.65?1.85%; p>0.05).
In the subject treated with GnRHa + MPA, FMD was
similar to GnRHa treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS:
These preliminary data support previous evidence
that E 2 increases endothelial dependent vasodilation,
and expand upon this ? nding to suggest that acute
MPA administration attenuates the affects of E 2 on the
vasculature.
Supported by the Medical Research Foundation of
Oregon
EFFECT OF PROPRANOLOL ON
SYMPATHETICALLY-MEDIATED LEG
VASOCONSTRICTION IN HUMANS
T.K. Pellinger and J.R. Halliwill, FACSM
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Sympatho-excitatory maneuvers have traditionally
been used to study vascular responsiveness in
humans, but it is unclear if circulating epinephrine
masks peripheral vasoconstriction during these
maneuvers. PURPOSE: Our aim was to compare
vascular responsiveness to 3 conventional sympatho-
excitatory maneuvers (neck pressure, unilateral thigh
Abstracts
9
cuff release, and isometric hand-grip) before and after
infusion of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol.
We hypothesized that the vasoconstrictor response
to these 3 maneuvers would be greater after the
administration of propranolol. METHODS: Twelve
healthy subjects (21-33 yrs) underwent these
maneuvers while beat-by-beat mean arterial blood
pressure (? nger photoplethysmography), femoral
mean blood velocity (Doppler ultrasound), and
femoral artery diameter (edge-detection software)
were measured. Femoral vascular conductance was
calculated as ? ow/pressure. RESULTS: Propranolol
had no effect on baseline blood pressure or femoral
vascular conductance ( P>0.05). As a result of neck
pressure, femoral artery vascular conductance was
reduced 23.6 ? 3.8 % before versus 29.9 ? 3.4 % after
infusion of propranolol ( P= 0.11). After unilateral
thigh cuff release, femoral vascular conductance was
reduced 41.4 ? 10.8 % before versus 61.9 ? 8.4 % after
propranolol infusion ( P = 0.17). During isometric
hand-grip exercise, femoral vascular conductance
was reduced 51.8 ? 4.7 % before versus 54.5 ? 2.6
% after administration of propranolol ( P = 0.62).
CONCLUSION: It does not appear that epinephrine
alters the vascular responses to these sympatho-
excitatory maneuvers.
Supported by AHA grant 555623Z
PEAK CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES
DURING AQUATIC AND LAND TREADMILL
EXERCISE
W. M. Silvers, D. G. Dolny, and E. R. Rutledge
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
PURPOSE: The bene? ts of aquatic treadmill (ATM)
exercise have traditionally supported its use for
aerobic training during rehabilitation; however, its
ef? cacy as a mode of aerobic conditioning for ? t
individuals has yet to be tested. The purpose of
this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory
responses elicited during peak VO 2 protocols using
an ATM and a TM. METHODS: Recreational male
runners (n=11; 24?4 yrs.; 179.3?5.5 cm.; 72.5?5.3 kg)
participated in two continuous, incremental peak
VO 2 protocols (1 ATM and 1 TM) until voluntary
exhaustion. For the ATM protocol, subjects were
submerged in 28 o C water to the xiphoid process.
ATM speed was incrementally increased to 226?8 m/
min and water jet resistance was increased 10% every
minute thereafter. For the TM protocol, speed was
increased to 221?18 m/min and grade was increased
2% every minute thereafter. Rest between sessions
was 5?2 days. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), heart rate
(HR), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT),
breathing frequency (F), and respiratory exchange
ratio (RER) were measured continuously with
peak values used for analysis. Rating of Perceived
Exertion (RPE) was recorded immediately after
completion of each test and blood lactate (LA) was
measured 3 minutes afterward. RESULTS: Signi? cant
differences were found in VE and F between ATM
and TM running; however, VO 2 , HR, VT, RER, LA,
and RPE values were similar for both protocols (see
Table 1).
Table 1. Peak values for ATM and TM variables
ATM TM
VO2(ml/kg/min 58.6 ? 4.0 58.8 ? 4.6
HR (beats/min) 192 ? 11 194 ? 12
VE (L/min) 162.4 ? 12.6* 150.2 ? 13.3*
VT (L) 2.87 ? 0.35 2.96 ? 0.41
F (breaths/min) 57 ? 5* 51 ? 5*
RER 1.15 ? 0.04 1.17 ? 0.03
LA (mM) 13.1 ? 2.7 12.7 ? 2.3
RPE 17.9 ? 1.3 18.4 ? 1.8
*Peak values were signi? cantly different between protocols at p<0.05
CONCLUSION: Despite differences in VE and F, it
appears that the ? uid resistance created by water and
jets in an ATM elicits comparable cardiorespiratory
responses to those seen with inclined TM running.
These ? ndings suggest that ATM running may be as
effective as TM running for aerobic conditioning in ? t
individuals.
CENTRAL CHEMOREFLEX AND BAROREFLEX
INTERACTIONS IN HEALTHY HUMANS
G. H. Simmons and J. R. Halliwill, FACSM.
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
We have previously shown that activation of
peripheral chemoreceptors with isocapnic hypoxia
resets the arterial barore? ex to higher pressures and
ATM TM
VO2(ml/kg/min 58.6 ? 4.0 58.8 ? 4.6
HR (beats/min) 192 ? 11 194 ? 12
VE (L/min) 162.4 ? 12.6* 150.2 ? 13.3*
VT (L) 2.87 ? 0.35 2.96 ? 0.41
F (breaths/min) 57 ? 5* 51 ? 5*
RER 1.15 ? 0.04 1.17 ? 0.03
LA (mM) 13.1 ? 2.7 12.7 ? 2.3
RPE 17.9 ? 1.3 18.4 ? 1.8
ATM TM
VO2(ml/kg/min 58.6 ? 4.0 58.8 ? 4.6
HR (beats/min) 192 ? 11 194 ? 12
VE (L/min) 162.4 ? 12.6* 150.2 ? 13.3*
VT (L) 2.87 ? 0.35 2.96 ? 0.41
F (breaths/min) 57 ? 5* 51 ? 5*
RER 1.15 ? 0.04 1.17 ? 0.03
LA (mM) 13.1 ? 2.7 12.7 ? 2.3
RPE 17.9 ? 1.3 18.4 ? 1.8
Abstracts
10 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
higher levels of sympathetic vasoconstrictor out? ow
without changes in barore? ex gain. PURPOSE:
We tested the hypothesis that activation of central
chemoreceptors with acute hyperoxic hypercapnia
also causes resetting of the arterial barore? ex, but
that this resetting would not occur with matched
volume and frequency hyperpnea. METHODS:
Barore? ex control of muscle sympathetic nerve
activity (microneurography) was assessed in 8
healthy men and women (20-29 yrs) using the
modi? ed Oxford technique during hyperoxic
eucapnia, hyperoxic hyperpnea, and hyperoxic
hypercapnia (end-tidal PCO 2 +5torr above eucapnia).
Barore? ex gain was de? ned as the slope relating
nerve activity and diastolic blood pressure (? nger
photoplethysmography). RESULTS: While mean
arterial pressure was unchanged by hyperpnea or
hypercapnia, heart rate increased during both stimuli
from 54?4 to 58?5 and 58?4 beats min -1 (both P <0.05
vs eucapnia). Neither hyperpnea nor hypercapnia
altered nerve activity (3075?1041 during eucapnia vs
3254?1056 and 2751?350 total integrated units min -1
for hyperpnea and hypercapnia; P>0.8) or barore? ex
gain (-5.3?0.8 during eucapnia vs -5.5?1.6 and -4.9?
0.7 integrated units/beat/mmHg for hyperpnea and
hypercapnia; P >0.9). CONCLUSION: Thus, acute
activation of central chemoreceptors with hyperoxic
hypercapnia does not affect mean arterial pressure,
sympathetic vasoconstrictor out? ow, or barore? ex
gain. Therefore, activation of central chemoreceptors
does not appear to reset the arterial barore? ex.
Supported by NIH grant HL 65305
LEVONORGESTREL/ESTRADIOL ORAL
CONTRACEPTIVES AFFECT BRACHIAL ARTERY
PEAK RESPONSE DURING FLOW-MEDIATED
DILATION
B.N. Torgrimson, J.R. Meendering, P.F. Kaplan, and
C.T. Minson, FACSM.
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
The affects of combination progestin/estradiol
hormones on women?s vascular systems remain
largely unidenti? ed. Additionally, both the type
and dose of synthetic hormones may differentially
impact cardiovascular risk. PURPOSE: To investigate
brachial artery responses in two groups of
women using two doses of combined monophasic
levonorgestrel (LNG)/ethinyl estradiol (EE) oral
contraceptives (OC). METHODS: We examined
brachial artery peak responses during the active
pill phase (AP) compared to the placebo pill phase
(PP) of the OC cycle. Group A active pills contained
0.10 mg LNG/ 0.02 mg EE . Group B active pills
contained 0.15 mg LNG/ 0.03 mg EE. In both
Groups, placebo pills did not contain hormones.
We tested the brachial artery using ? ow-mediated
dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin (NTG) to measure
endothelium-dependent and endothelium-
independent vasodilation, respectively. 15 women
(18-26 yr) have completed the study, 8 in Group
A and 7 in Group B. Subjects participated on two
study days, once during the AP (days 5-7 of week 3)
and once during PP (days 5-7 of week 4). Heart rate
and blood pressure were continuously monitored
while using high resolution Doppler ultrasound and
automated wall tracking software to record brachial
artery diameters, FMD, NTG dilation, blood ? ow,
and shear rate. RESULTS: There was a difference in
FMD in Group A between the AP and PP (5.33?0.61%
vs 7.23?0.92%; p=0.024) but not in Group B between
the AP and PP (8.00?0.97% vs 7.61?1.07%; p=0.647).
There were no differences in baseline diameters or
shear rate between the AP and PP in either group.
Between groups, Group A had larger baseline
diameters (3.49?0.08 vs 3.11?0.07 p=0.001) and lower
shear than Group B (4585.65?487.45 vs 8040.12?
850.98; p=0.002). There was no difference in NTG
dilation between Groups or between AP and PP in
either Group. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest
that exogenous hormones can change vascular
responsiveness during an OC cycle, and this response
may be dose dependent.
Supported by ACSM Grant #442981
Abstracts
11
Abstracts
Masters
PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF YOUNGER
AND OLDER TRAINED MALE SWIMMERS
G.W. Boggs, L.J. D?Acquisto, J.M. Dickinson, V.M.
Nethery, and J. Horsley.
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA
PURPOSE: To compare the metabolic and
cardiovascular responses in 14 young (mean ? SD,
Y, 20.0 ? 2.2 yr), 8 middle-aged (MA, 42.8 ? 4.9 yr),
and 9 older (O, 56.2 ? 5.6 yr) trained male swimmers
during freestyle swimming. METHODS: Expired
air was collected via a snorkel apparatus (indirect
calorimetry) during a series of submaximal and one
incremental freestyle swim to exhaustion (max).
Heart rate (HR, telemetry) was monitored, and a
? nger stick for blood lactate determination (BLa, YSI
1500 Sport Analyzer) was performed following each
swim. Interpolation was employed to determine
swimming velocity at a BLa of 4.0 mM (OBLA).
Swimming velocities for the ? nal 182.9 and 68.6 m of
the max swim were used as swimming performance
measures. The Y, MA, and O swimmers were
compared on selected physiological parameters
at a given metabolic power of 800 watts (W) and
at 70% max oxygen uptake (VO 2max ). RESULTS:
Swimming performance for the ? nal 182.9 and
68.6 m of the max swim declined with advancing
age. VO 2max decreased with age with the greatest
difference between MA and O (Y = 4.33?0.45; MA
= 4.05?0.47; O = 3.29?0.39 LO 2 A min -1 ) ( P < 0.05).
The correlation coef? cients (r) between VO 2max and
velocity for the ? nal 182.9 and 68.7 m of the max
swim were 0.70 and 0.68, respectively ( P <0.05).
Furthermore, HR max of the O swimmers (163.0?12.2
bpm) was about 10 and 6% lower compared to
Y (180.2?6.4 bpm) and MA (173.6?12.1 bpm),
respectively ( P <0.05). Peak BLa was similar among
age groups (Y = 9.86?2.17 mM; MA = 10.29?2.50;
O = 9.53?2.40 mM). Swimming velocity and HR
at a given submaximal metabolic power of 800 W
were similar among age groups (~0.96 m A s -1 and 129
bpm). Metabolic power corresponding to a relative
intensity of 70% VO 2max was 1036?130, 940?125, and
801?91 W for Y, MA and O, respectively ( P <0.05).
The corresponding swimming velocities for the latter
metabolic power outputs were 1.12?0.11, 1.04?0.10
and 0.94 ?0.12 m . s -1 , respectively ( P <0.05). For
all groups, velocity at OBLA corresponded to the
same relative physiological intensity (~68% VO 2max) ;
however, swimming velocity at OBLA was found
to decrease with age (Y, 1.09?0.13; MA, 1.03?0.14;
and O, 0.93?0.09 m A s -1 ) ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
Age related decrements in swimming freestyle
performance are not attributable to any changes
in swimming economy. Rather, a decline in
VO 2max appears to be the primary physiological
parameter associated with a reduction in swimming
performance with age. These ? ndings also imply
that to sustain a given velocity with advancing
age, one would need to swim at a greater relative
physiological intensity to generate the required
mechanical power output.
INTERMITTENT SCHEDULED FEEDINGS
INCREASE WORK OUTPUT DURING WILDFIRE
SUPPRESSION.
J. Cuddy, J. Domitrovich, S.E. Gaskill, FACSM, B.J.
Sharkey, FACSM, and B.C. Ruby, FACSM. University
of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that
liquid carbohydrate supplementation increases
work output during wild? re suppression (Ruby
et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc S219, 2004). PURPOSE:
Determine the effect of two different eucaloric
feeding strategies on work output (actigraphy)
during wild? re suppression. METHODS: 29 Type
I wildland ? re? ghters (WLFF) from three different
Hot Shot crews (26 M, 3 F) were studied at two
different wild? res in the Northwest United States
during the 2005 ? re season. WLFF consumed either
their traditional sack lunch (TRA) during the middle
of their shift or snack foods throughout the day
(SF) at 90-minute intervals following breakfast in
a randomized cross-over design. The total energy
intake during the 12-hour shifts was isocaloric
(1534 ? 265 kcals) between days. Work output was
monitored using activity counts (MiniMitter, Bend,
Oregon), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and
12 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
overall satisfaction with each feeding strategy.
RESULTS: The total daily activity counts was
6,629,023 and 7,130,373 for the TRA and the SF days,
respectively (p<0.05). Post breakfast/pre-lunch
counts were 3,266,583 and 3,624,945 for the TRA
and SF days, respectively (p<0.05). During the last
2 hours of the shift, activity counts were 1,347,790
and 1,900,720 for the TRA and SF days, respectively
(p<0.05). No statistically signi? cant differences were
found for RPE at any time during the work shift.
Satisfaction was higher in favor of the SF approach
to shift feeding in all categories (8 questions, p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite no differences in RPE, the
SF group performed more overall work (8%) than the
TRA group, especially during hours 4-6 post lunch
(41% more). Even when work shift total energy
intake remains isocaloric, feeding at regular intervals
increases self-selected work output during wild? re
suppression.
Funded by the Missoula Technology and Development
Center.
QUALITY OF LIFE IMPROVES IN EXERCISING
BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
1 G. Daub, 1 T. Burnham, 2 K. Kemble, 1 J. Dickinson, and
1 M. Garver
1 Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA,
2 University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Breast cancer survivors often experience physical and
psychological side effects resultant to their diagnosis
and subsequent medical treatment. These side
effects, which include decreased aerobic capacity,
psychosocial impairment, poor body image, fatigue,
weight gain, and depression, may negatively impact
quality of life (QOL). Exercise has been shown to
be an effective tool in reducing cancer related side
effects and may furthermore promote enhanced
physical and emotional well-being. If aerobic
exercise can affect physical and emotional well-
being, it may improve overall QOL. PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect
of a low to moderate aerobic exercise program on
quality of life in breast cancer survivors. METHODS:
Twenty-two survivors of breast cancer (43-79 years
of age, at least one month posttreatment) were
randomly assigned to either an exercise group
(n=12) or a control group (n=10). The exercise group
participated in a low to moderate intensity (30-50%
heart rate reserve) aerobic exercise program three
times a week for ten weeks. The control group
did not participate in the exercise program. QOL
was assessed with the Quality of Life Index for
Patients with Cancer prior to and following the
treatment period. This scale is composed of 14 items
evaluating physical condition, normal activities,
and personal attitudes on general quality of life.
RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed a signi? cant
improvement in QOL over time in the exercise
group compared to the control group (p=.001). The
exercise group increased QOL by 18% from pre
to posttraining (76.0?5.00 to 90.0?3.21) while the
control group decreased QOL by 4.7% (89.0?2.28 to
84.9?2.00). CONCLUSION: These results indicate
that low to moderate intensity exercise is effective in
improving quality of life in breast cancer survivors
over a ten week training period. This relatively
low dose-response relationship may help improve
exercise adherence, general health, and well-being in
this population. Breast cancer survivors should be
encouraged to participate in low to moderate aerobic
exercise programs.
METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR
RESPONSES TO RUNNING ON SLOPING
SURFACES.
J. M. Dickinson, G. Hovey, K. Matanane, T. Schaefer,
M. Garver, L. Nielsen, V. Nethery, E. Bergman, and
L. J. D?Acquisto.
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA
Investigations have examined the general
physiological responses of running over various
slopes; however, no research has been conducted
studying the physiological responses of running
on sloping surfaces in which talent level has been
employed as an independent variable. PURPOSE :
To investigate the metabolic and cardiovascular
responses of running on sloping surfaces between
two groups of distance runners who differ in their
running ability. METHODS: Trained, male distance
Abstracts
13
runners were categorized into a fast (F, n=7) and
slow (S, n=8) group based on their season cross-
country performance times. Subjects ? rst performed
a 20 min. level run at 14.5 km?hr -1 followed by an
incremental maximal test to exhaustion. On a
separate occasion, subjects completed a 20 min.
sloping surfaces run (5 min. at 0, -5, 5, and 0% grade)
at 14.5 km?hr -1 followed by a self-paced 3 km trial
consisting of downhill, uphill and level running.
Open-circuit spirometry was employed to measure
metabolic response for each run test while heart rate
(HR) was monitored via telemetry. Net VO 2 values
(run VO 2 ? standing VO 2 ) are reported. RESULTS:
VO 2max was greater for F (60.1) compared to S (54.4
ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) (p<0.05), whereas both groups had
a similar max HR (191 and 193 bpm, respectively).
Both groups completed the 20 min. level run at
a steady VO 2 of ~ 40-42 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ; however, F
accomplished the level run at a lower %VO 2max (68
vs.79) (p<0.05). HR was found to drift upward
during the level run regardless of group, while F
maintained an overall lower heart rate response
(p<0.05). Both F and S had a similar steady-rate VO 2
during the ? rst 5 min. (0% grade) of the sloping run
test (39-40 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ). Relative to the ? rst 5 min.
of level running, the % change in VO 2 for F and S
was -24 and -20 for downhill, +40 and + 32 for uphill,
and +8 for both groups during the ? nal 5 min. of
level running with no difference observed between
groups. In addition, throughout the sloping run test,
F ran at a lower %VO 2max compared to S (p<0.05).
Three km performance time for F was 629 compared
to 749s for S (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless
of running ability, at a given speed and grade (?5%),
running uphill resulted in a more dramatic change
in metabolic response than running downhill when
compared to level running. From an energetic
perspective, this ? nding suggests that during a
race, an increase in speed during downhill running
would not compensate for any decrease in speed
encountered during uphill running. Furthermore,
the faster runners distinguished themselves by
running at a lower relative physiological effort
compared to the slower group during level, downhill
and uphill running.
CORE TEMPERATURE COMPARISON BASED ON
TIME OF PILL INGESTION PRIOR TO EXERCISE.
J. Domitrovich, E. Lieberg , N. Plante, I. Marshal, J.
Cuddy, B.C. Ruby, FACSM.
The University of Montana, Missoula MT.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
determine the effects of sensor ingestion on core
temperature measurements during cool weather
exercise. METHODS: Seven subjects (m=3, f=4) ran
on a 400 meter outdoor dirt track for 45 minutes
at a predetermined pace (70% VO2 max) during
four exercise trials. Thirty to forty-? ve minutes
prior to each exercise trial subjects ingested one
core temperature pill (P1). Over the four trials for
each subject there were 15 sessions where subjects
retained their pill from the previous trial (P2). Core
temperature was recorded every minute with a
capsule recorder (MiniMitter, Bend, Oregon) in
conjunction with a Vital Sense monitor (MiniMitter,
Bend, Oregon). Temperatures were averaged at
? ve minute intervals. Signi? cance was set at the .05
level. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference
between P1 and P2 pills during the start temperature
(37.9?0.04 P1 and 37.9? 0.04 P2) and the ? rst ? ve
minutes of exercise (37.9? 0.04 P1 and 38.07? 0.04 P2),
(p<.05). During the remainder of the exercise trial (40
minutes) there was no statistical difference between
P1 and P2 pills on core temperature readings (p>.05).
CONCLUSION: During the majority of the exercise
there was no difference in core temperature values
based on the time that the core sensor was ingested.
However, early difference may suggest that ingestion
of the sensor should be standardized, especially for
shorter periods of work.
Supported by: Saucony/Hind.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TECHNIQUES ON
BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION AND
DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS LACTATE
THRESHOLD DEFINITIONS
M.J. Garver, L.J. Nielsen, J.M. Dickinson, D.S.
Campbell, and C. Papadopoulos.
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA
Abstracts
14 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
Blood is often used to determine various
hemodynamic parameters during exercise testing.
Periodically, analysis of blood samples occurs
post testing and there is some speculation that
storage techniques may alter the values obtained.
Additionally, no set guidelines or standardization
methods exist for measuring blood lactate. Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the
effect of storage on lactate concentration in whole
blood samples and to determine the in? uence of
storage in the determination of various de? nitions
of the lactate threshold (LT). Methods: Six trained
competitive cyclists (age: 25.8?6.0 yrs; height:
179.2?4.8 cm; weight: 80.4?7.9 kg; body fat 11.0?5.3%;
VO 2Max : 57.8?4.4 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) completed a single
continuous incremental maximal test to determine
their individual lactate pro? le. During the maximal
testing, oxygen consumption and blood lactate were
measured. Blood samples were collected at rest,
post warm-up, at the conclusion of each completed
exercise stage, and at maximal exercise via a venous
catheter inserted in an antecubital vein. Each blood
sample drawn was placed in vials containing either
potassium oxalate (PO) or lysing agent. Samples
were analyzed immediately posttest and again after
storage intervals of 72 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks. A
two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (storage
X stages) was used to determine differences among
testing dates during each stage of the maximal test.
A one-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical
differences between test vials at each LT de? nition.
Results: Blood lactate concentration was signi? cantly
increased with exercise intensity. There was no
storage effect for lysed blood at any storage interval
for any stage (P>0.05). Differences were observed
for the lactate values stored with PO at rest, pre-
exercise, and stage 1 at all storage intervals (P<0.05),
however, no differences were observed at any other
cycling stages. The exercise intensities associated
with the various LT de? nitions (breakpoint, 1mM
above baseline, 2.5 mM, 4.0 mM, Dmax method, and
log-log transformation model) were not signi? cantly
different over time (P>0.05). Conclusion: Despite
signi? cant differences in lactate values from rest, pre-
exercise, and stage 1 for the PO, the results indicate
that blood samples treated with either potassium
oxalate or lysing agent may be stored for up to 4
weeks without affecting the determination of various
lactate threshold de? nitions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF REP REEBOK ON MUSCULAR
STRENGTH, MUSCULAR ENDURANCE AND
BODY COMPOSITION IN HEALTHY ADULTS
A. M. Fabro, W. E. S. Repovich, FACSM.
Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA
The ? tness industry is continuing to evolve, as
participants demand new, innovative ways to build
or maintain the components of ? tness. Group
exercise is one of the most popular ways to provide
programs and many of the companies at the forefront
of the industry market themselves as research-
based but little published data supports that claim.
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate
whether the Rep Reebok group exercise, resistance-
training program taught by a certi? ed instructor was
effective in gaining muscular strength, muscular
endurance, and impacting body composition in
healthy, trained adults, ages 25-55. METHODS:
Twenty-? ve active members (17 = female; 8 = male)
of 24Hour Fitness completed the study. Following
pre-testing for 1RM chest press and leg press, the
YMCA submaximal muscular endurance test for
chest press and leg press and body composition
using skinfolds, they all participated in the Rep
Reebok program two to three times per week for
six weeks. Rep Reebok is a 55-60 minute class
intended to provide a full-body workout using
dumbbells and barbells with weight plates in a
group setting providing class camaraderie and
valuable instruction by a knowledgeable exercise
leader. All participants were post-tested on the same
variables within one week of the end of the class.
A student?s t-test was used to compare pre- and
post-test values for individual variables. RESULTS:
The group experienced signi? cant improvements
in all variables: upper body muscle strength (t=-
3.19; p=.004), lower body muscle strength (t=-4.30;
p=.0001), upper body muscular endurance (t=-
4.68; p=.0001), lower body muscular endurance
(t=3.49; p=.002), and body composition (t=3.483;
Abstracts
15
p=.002). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
previously trained adults who regularly participate
in Rep Reebok at least two times per week will
demonstrate physiological adaptations to resistance
training within six weeks.
MUSCLE GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND RESYNTHESIS
IN RESPONSE TO A HALF IRONMAN
TRIATHLON: A CASE STUDY
1 Gillum T.L., 2 C.L. Dumke, FACSM, and 1 B.C. Ruby,
FACSM, 1 University of Montana, Missoula, MT,
2 Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe
the degree of muscle glycogen depletion and
resynthesis in response to a half Ironman triathlon.
METHODS: One male subject (38 yr.) completed
the Grand Columbian half Ironman triathlon (1.9
km swim, 90 km bike, 21.1 km run). Three muscle
biopsies were obtained from the subject?s right
vastus lateralis (pre-race, immediately post-race,
and four hours post-race). Pre and post-race body
weight was recorded, in addition to macronutrient
consumption before, during, and after the race.
Energy expenditure and whole body substrate
oxidation was estimated from linear regression
established from laboratory trials (watts and run pace
relative to VO 2 and VCO 2 ). RESULTS: Overall ? nish
time for the race was 4:48:53 (33:33 swim, 2:43:11
bike, 1:28:40 run). The average exercise intensity
for each segment of the race were (Bike = 230 watts,
68% VO 2 peak, 110% VT; Run = 14.2km/hr, 70% VO 2
peak, 101% VT). Body weight decreased 3.8 kg from
pre to post-race. Estimated energy expenditure for
the bike segment was 2,715 kcal (2389 and 326 kcals
for CHO and Fat, respectively) and 1,592 kcal (1378
and 214 kcals for CHO and Fat, respectively) for the
run segment of the race. A total of 307.97g CHO
(liquid and gel) was consumed (1.21 g CHO/min).
Muscle glycogen decreased from 227.1 pre-race to
38.6 mmol/kg wet wt. post-race. During the 4 hours
post-race, a mixed diet was consumed (471g CHO,
15g Fat, 64 Protein) which included scheduled liquid
CHO sources (Gatorade energy drink) and a meal.
The calculated rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis
was 4.1 mmol/kg wet wt./hr. CONCLUSION:
The completion of a half Ironman triathlon is
dependent on a high rate of muscle glycogenolysis,
which demonstrates the importance of exogenous
carbohydrate intake during the race. In addition,
rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis may be
dampened by the eccentric damage resulting from
the run portion of the race.
Funded in part by the Gatorade Sport Science Institute
EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE
SUPPLEMENTATION IN MEN AND WOMEN
DURING LONG DURATION EXERCISE.
S. G. Harger, A. E. McClaughry, S. E. Gaskill, FACSM
and B. C. Ruby, FACSM.
University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812.
Previous research has demonstrated con? icting
results regarding a gender difference in substrate
utilization during exercise. PURPOSE: This study
evaluated the effects of CHO supplementation on
whole body and muscle substrate utilization during
prolonged, discontinuous exercise in men and
women. METHODOLOGY: Thirteen recreationally
trained subjects (n=7 males, n=6 females, during the
follicular phase) performed a GXT on a treadmill
(TM) and electronically braked cycle ergometer to
determine ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO 2peak . In
a double blind, random crossover design, subjects
received either a CHO [20% maltodextrin (0.6g/kg
FFM/hr)] or ? avored placebo (PLA) drink each
hour. TM exercise was performed at 44?4% VO 2peak ,
and 71?3% VT. Cycle ergometer exercise was
performed at 42?1% VO 2peak , and 72?4% VT. Hourly
exercise included 9 minutes on an upper body
ergometer, 19 minutes on the cycle ergometer, and 20
minutes on the treadmill, followed by a 10-minute
rest and feeding period. A standardized breakfast
and lunch (5 g/kg BW CHO, and 1.2 g/kg BW PRO)
were provided for both trials. Muscle biopsies of
the vastus lateralis were performed pre- and post-
exercise, and expired gases were collected every
other hour during the TM segment of the trial.
Blood glucose (BG) was measured continuously
Abstracts
16 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
using an indwelling glucose sensor, and total urine
void was collected. RESULTS: Using a three-way
ANOVA (gender*trial*time) there was no signi? cant
interaction in whole body and muscle substrate
utilization. A main effect was seen for time in CHO
oxidation (137.8?13, 129.9?18 and 108.0?17, 86.2?18
?mol/kg FFM/min for CHO and PLA respectively,
p=0.0001), fat oxidation (4.5?1, 5.3?2 and 7.1?2, 9.0?2
?mol/kg FFM/min for CHO and PLA respectively,
p=0.0001), and blood glucose (133.3?27, 108.29?28
and 128.8?31, 99.9?25 mg/dL for CHO and PLA
respectively, p=0.0001). A main effect was also
demonstrated for trial in muscle glycogenolysis
rate (3.4?2 and 6.1?2 mmol/kg wet wt/hr for CHO
and PLA respectively, p=0.0064). CONCLUSION:
Ingestion of CHO during long duration, low intensity
exercise appears to have no gender speci? c effect on
whole body substrate utilization. Although CHO
ingestion decreases muscle glycogenolysis there is no
gender speci? c effect.
Supported by The Gatorade Sport Science Institute.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STIFF INSOLES ON
SPRINTING PERFORMANCE
A. Levine, R. Robinson, J.R. McNeal,
Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA
During foot contact in sprinting, the small bones
of the foot undergo considerable deformation. The
amount of force the foot produces during push-off is
important for determining performance time. Recent
investigations have suggested that experimentally
increasing the stiffness of the shoe insole may lead
to improved performance, perhaps by increasing
the amount of force transferred from the foot to the
track. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
investigate the effect of increased insole stiffness on
sprint performance in a small group of collegiate
track and ? eld sprinters. METHODS: Following a
familiarization period, eight sprinters performed
two maximal effort 40 meter sprints on each of three
days using either their regular sprint shoes, or with
the addition of a medium or high stiffness insole.
Infrared timing gates mounted on tripods were
spaced every 8 meters along the track, beginning one
meter forward of the start line. RESULTS: A one-
sample t-test performed on difference scores failed
to reveal a signi? cant improvement using either
experimental insole condition (p=41). On average,
performance was improved 1% using an insole and
this effect was greatest for females. Although average
improvement was not statistically signi? cant, it may
have practical signi? cance for performance outcomes
(Hopkins et al., 1999). This study was limited in its
control over concurrent training and its small subject
number. Future studies should utilize a larger sample
and investigate individual factors that may in? uence
performance change with insoles such as strength,
power, and training level.
EFFECTS OF JACKET DESIGN ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL CHANGES
DURING COOL WEATHER RUNNING
E. Lieberg , J. Domitrovich, N. Plante, I. Marshal, J.
Cuddy, B.C. Ruby, FACSM.
The University of Montana, Missoula MT.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
investigate differences in skin temperature, core
temperature, heart rate, and ratings of perceived
exertion (RPE) of recreational runners wearing
four different cool weather running jackets during
moderate intensity exercise. METHODS: Eight
recreational runners (n=4 males, n=4 females)
completed four, forty-? ve minute running sessions
over a period of one week on an outdoor dirt
track with four jackets of different weights (jacket
1-7.9 oz., jacket 2-13.2 oz., jacket 3-10.6 oz., jacket
4-17.6 oz.). Approximately 45 minutes prior to
each session subjects ingested a small VitalSense
disposable telemetric sensor (Jonah capsule) and
50 ml of cool water. Following ingestion subjects
changed into standardized clothing, and were
? tted with polar telemetric heart rate monitors
and skin temperature sensor patches. Subjects ran
for 45 minutes at approximately 70% peak VO 2
with an average ambient temperature of 3.4?C and
average relative humidity of 74%. During the run,
skin and core temperatures and heart rate were
Abstracts
17
recorded every minute and RPE every ? ve minutes.
RESULTS: There were no statistically signi? cant
differences between the four exercise trials for heart
rate (162?7, 160?6, 158?5, 160?6 bpm for jackets 1, 2,
3, and 4, respectively), skin temperature (30.8?1.8,
30.2?1.7, 29.0?2.4, 29.7?1.9 ?C for jackets 1, 2, 3, and
4, respectively), and core temperature (38.4?0.5,
38.2?0.5, 38.3?0.4, 38.3?0.4 ?C for jackets 1, 2, 3, and
4, respectively). However, there was a statistically
signi? cant difference in the average RPE between
jacket 1 (11.8?2.1) and jackets 2 (12.3?2.0) and 4
(12.4?2.3), p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: During cool
weather running, jacket design and weight has
minimal effects on measures of heart rate, skin and
core temperature. However, the data suggests that
lighter fabric design may lower ratings of perceived
exertion at a given intensity during cold weather
running.
Supported by: Saucony/Hind
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH
EXERCISE TRAINING IN CANCER SURVIVORS
A. Zorn, J. Dickinson, T. Burnham, and L. D?Acquisto
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA.
Cancer survivors often experience fatigue and
physiological de-conditioning as a result of medical
treatment and decreased physical activity. This
physical decline can reduce the ability to conduct
daily tasks of independent living and may
negatively affect overall quality of life. Aerobic
exercise programs may reverse physiological de-
conditioning by increasing aerobic capacity, lowering
relative metabolic load, and reducing heart rate
and perception of effort for a given workload.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
examine the impact of an aerobic exercise program
on metabolic, cardiovascular, and perceptual load
in cancer survivors. METHODS: Sixteen survivors
of breast, colon, or lung cancer (14 female and 2
male, 43-73 years of age) served as subjects. Subjects
participated in a ten-week low to moderate intensity
(30-60% heart rate reserve) aerobic exercise program
for 14-20 minutes a session, three times a week. A
graded exercise treadmill test was administered
pre and posttraining period. During this test, heart
rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen
consumption were recorded every two minutes.
RESULTS: A 12% increase in VO 2max was observed
from pre (19.2 ml/kg/min) to posttraining status
(21.6 ml/kg/min) (p < 0.05). Posttraining heart
rate and RPE were lower during all stages when
compared to pretraining values (p < 0.05). Relative
metabolic load (%VO 2max ) was lower at all stages of
posttraining testing when compared to pretraining
measures (p < 0.05).
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
% VO2max Pre 55 70 76 83
% VO2max Post 49 61 68 76
CONCLUSION: The ability to complete basic tasks
taken for granted by a healthy population can
strongly affect quality of life in cancer survivors.
This study found an aerobic exercise program to
lower relative energy expenditure, heart rate and
RPE for a given workload. Decreases in relative
effort may increase one?s ability to perform basic
tasks, and consequently increase quality of life.
These results encourage the use of aerobic exercise in
the rehabilitation of cancer survivors.
LIGHT EXERCISE DOES NOT AMELIORATE DOMS
SYMPTOMS BEYOND THAT ACHIEVED BY REST .
P.D. Matern, J.M. Dickinson, M.J. Garver, and V.
Nethery.
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA
Enhanced blood ? ow and elevated temperature
associated with light intensity, low or no impact
exercise may reduce symptoms associated with
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether
cycling and deep-water running as recovery
exercises affect the severity of DOMS symptoms
and biomarkers following downhill running.
METHODS: Twenty-? ve healthy males completed a
25-min downhill (DH) run (?11%) and were assigned
to rest (R; n=9), deep-water running (W; n=9), or
cycling (C; n=7) for the 96-h recovery period. W
and C subjects performed 20 min of light exercise
(RPE 10-12) following the DH run and on each day
of recovery. Soreness was reported using scales
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
% VO2max Pre 55 70 76 83
% VO2max Post 49 61 68 76
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
% VO2max Pre 55 70 76 83
% VO2max Post 49 61 68 76
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
% VO2max Pre 55 70 76 83
% VO2max Post 49 61 68 76
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
% VO2max Pre 55 70 76 83
% VO2max Post 49 61 68 76
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Abstracts
18 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
ranging from 0 (no pain) to 6 (unbearably painful).
Active and passive muscle soreness and creatine
kinase (CK) activity were measured prior to DH
running and every 24 h during recovery. Soreness
during active movement (step up/down on 40 cm
bench) was measured prior to and immediately
following each recovery exercise session. RESULTS:
Active and passive measures of muscle soreness
for the lower limbs were elevated following the
run (P<0.0001); however, no differences existed
among the recovery groups (P=0.48) nor were any
group-time interactions observed (P=0.91). Passive
soreness peaked between 24 and 48 h (Mean?SE: R
3.89?0.46, W 4.0?0.29, C 3.14?0.67) for all recovery
groups. Similarly, CK was elevated (208% above
baseline at 24 h) following DH running (P<0.0001),
but the responses were not different among groups.
Water running resulted in a temporary 21% decrease
in active muscle soreness immediately post water
exercise at both 48 and 72 h (P<0.01); however, this
relief was not observed following cycling exercise.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that deep-
water running merely provides transient relief in
muscle soreness and that light water running and
cycling exercise do not facilitate overall recovery
from DOMS symptoms beyond that achieved by rest.
Furthermore, the inclusion of deep-water running
or light cycling exercise does not appear to be
detrimental to recovery from DOMS.
GPS-BASED PREDICTION OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE FOR SLOW AND FAST OUTDOOR
WALKING
J.M. McKenzie, T.F. Manning, and D.P. Heil FACSM.
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.
GPS monitors may prove to be an invaluable
tool for investigations for Free-Living Activities
but ? rst need to be assessed as valid research
instruments. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study
was to determine the accuracy of GPS monitors for
estimating energy expenditure (EE) for slow and
fast outdoor walking and to evaluate differences
in the predictive ability of waist and wrist-worn
GPS monitors. METHODS: Thirteen subjects
(28.4?2.8yrs, 67.2?12.2 kg, 171.7?9.4 cm) volunteered
to complete a 2.4 km course at self-selected slow
and fast walking paces. The course started at
1500m and featured 60 m elevation gain and 60 m
elevation loss. The course distance was measured
using a calibrated measuring wheel. Heart rate
was monitored to identify intensity for each pace,
insure constant intensity at each pace, and verify
a distinction between fast and slow paces for each
subject. Each subject carried two WAAS-Enabled
GPS monitors, one wrist-worn and one waist-worn,
as well as a portable metabolic unit to measure EE
(total mass = 2.35 kg). GPS accuracy was reported as
5 ? 10m for all trials. Time for each trial was measured
using a stopwatch. Equations were used to estimate
the energy cost of walking from speed and grade
(Minetti, 2002), as well as the energy cost of wind
resistance (Pugh, 1970) to calculate the total EE (EE GPS )
for walking. Metabolic data collected was converted
from VO 2 and VCO 2 into Kcals using the equation
by Weir (1949). Comparisons between EE and
EE GPS were made using repeated measures ANOVA.
RESULTS: Prior to data analysis, two outliers were
removed due to exceedingly large values for EE GPS .
EE GPS (130.4?15.4 Kcals) and EE (107.4?25.8 Kcals)
were signi? cantly different (p<0.01) when both GPS
monitors and speeds were considered. There was no
signi? cant difference between the two GPS monitors
for predicting total EE (128.6?24.3 and 132.3?26.9
Kcals for wrist and waist-worn, respectively; p=0.20),
EE during fast walking (124.7?22.1; p=0.11), or EE
during slow walking (132.9?26.7; p=0.41). Using only
waist-worn GPS data, EE GPS (132.87?26.7 Kcals) and
EE (101.7 ?25.3 Kcals) were signi? cantly different
(p<0.01) for slow walking, but not for fast walking
(EE GPS = 124.7?22.1 Kcals, EE= 113.7?26.2 Kcals;
p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The WAAS-enabled GPS
monitors signi? cantly over-predicted EE except
when the analysis was limited to fast-paced walking.
GPS monitor placement should not be a concern for
future studies, as both the wrist and waist-worn GPS
monitors provided similar estimates for EE across
all conditions. Due to variance in the GPS signal,
GPS monitors appear better suited to estimate EE for
fast walking (or possibly running), rather than slow
walking.
Abstracts
19
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSES
DURING TWO SELF-SELECTED CYCLING TIME
TRIALS
Nielsen, L. J., M. J. Garver, J. M. Dickinson, D. S.
Campbell, C. Papadopoulos. Central Washington
University, Ellensburg, WA.
The lactate threshold (LT) has been used extensively
to predict performance, prescribe exercise intensity,
and monitor training adaptations. The LT is usually
determined by using an incremental exercise
protocol. However, during prolonged exercise,
physiological and metabolic responses are not
always the same as predicted from an incremental
protocol. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was
to investigate physiological and metabolic responses
during two self-selected time trials (TT) and to
compare these responses to three lactate threshold
de? nitions (1.0 mmol above resting blood lactate
concentration; LT b+1 , ? xed blood lactate of 4.0 mmol;
LT 4.0 , and Dmax method; LT Dmax ). METHODS: Five
trained, competitive cyclists (age: 23.8?3.8 yrs;
height: 180.5?4.1 cm; weight: 80.8 ? 8.8 kg; body
fat: 10.4 ? 5.6 %; O 2max : 58.1?4.9 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 )
participated in this study. Each subject completed
three testing protocols, which were separated by
a minimum of 1 week. The ? rst test consisted of
an incremental maximal exercise test on a cycle
ergometer. On two separate occasions, a self paced 20
kilometer (k) and a 40k TT was completed. During
these trials, power output (PO), heart rate (HR),
and blood lactate (LA) responses were measured.
Blood samples were collected through a venous
catheter placed in an antecubital vein to determine
lactate responses. A dependent t-test was used to
determine statistical difference for the mean power
output, LA, and HR response between the two TT. In
addition, a one-way ANOVA was used to compare
the responses corresponding to the three lactate
threshold de? nitions and the responses during the
two TT. RESULTS: The mean lactate concentration
during the 20k TT (6.22?1.4 mmol) was signi? cantly
higher than the mean lactate concentration during
the 40k (3.86?1.0 mmol). Power output (p=0.03) and
HR (p=0.0002) were signi? cantly higher during the
20k compared to the 40k TT. Mean LA concentration
during the 20k was signi? cantly higher than those
at the three LT de? nitions. Power output during
the 20k was only signi? cantly different from the
LT 4.0 , whereas HR was signi? cantly different from
the LT b+1 and LT Dmax. During the 40k, mean PO was
signi? cantly higher than the LT b+1 and LT Dmax, but not
for the LT 4.0 . Finally, HR response during the 40k was
signi? cantly different from the LT b+1 . CONCLUSION:
These results indicate that responses at different
lactate thresholds may not be representative of
responses during two different self-selected time
trials.
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS WEIGHTED
BAT WARM-UP PROTOCOLS ON BASEBALL BAT
VELOCITY
C. Reyes, D. Dolny, K. Browder. University of Idaho,
Moscow, ID.
The popular use of weighted bats prior to hitting a
baseball is predicated on the ?kinesthetic illusion?
of perceived faster swing velocity with the standard
bat. This concept is also supported by the strength
training practice of complex training. Heavy
resistance exercises alternated with lighter, more
explosive exercises has provided evidence of
increased power. However, the optimal order of
weighted bat warm-up on subsequent baseball bat
velocity has not been identi? ed. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study was to determine the optimal
order of various weighted bat warm-up protocols to
enhance bat velocity in collegiate baseball players.
METHODS: Twenty collegiate baseball players (age
= 20.2?1.5 yr) were tested for upper body strength
(3-RM bench press, 97.98?14.54 kg). Nine weighted
bat warm-up protocols, utilizing three weighted bats
(light=795 g; standard=852 g; heavy=1,534 g) were
swung six times each in different orders. Standard
bat velocity was measured prior to and immediately
following each warm-up protocol. Control testing
involved a warm-up protocol only with the standard
bat. RESULTS: Pearson product correlation revealed
a signi? cant relationship between strength and pre-
test bat velocity (r=0.57, p<0.05). Repeated measures
Abstracts
20 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
rested for 35 minutes and ate a standardized lunch.
Metabolic gases were collected during both modes
of exercise during the last seven minutes of hours
1, 4, 5, and 8. Blood samples were obtained from
an anti-cubital vein pre-exercise, after hour 4 and
immediately post-exercise. Upon completion of the
eight exercise periods, a post-exercise muscle biopsy
was obtained from the same leg (approximately
1cm proximal to the pre-exercise biopsy). Data were
analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and
statistical signi? cance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS:
There was a signi? cant difference in the degree of
muscle glycogenolysis between trials (80.7?21.8
and 112.62?35.32 ?mol/kg wet wt. for the CHO and
PLA trials, respectively). Blood glucose remained
signi? cantly higher during the CHO trial after hour
4 and post exercise (CHO=3.2?0.5, 3.6?0.4, 3.8?0.4,
PLA=3.2?0.4, 3.2?0.3, 2.7?0.4 mmol for pre, mid and
post exercise). Rates of whole body carbohydrate
oxidation demonstrated a general maintenance
for the CHO trial. However, rates of whole body
carbohydrate oxidation showed a statistically
signi? cant decline compared to hour 1 for the PLA
trial. CONCLUSION: The results from this study
suggest that regular exogenous carbohydrate
feedings during prolonged, intermittent exercise
attenuates muscle glycogenolysis while better
maintaining rates of whole body carbohydrate
oxidation.
Funded by the U.S. Air Force Special Operations
Command (AFSOC).
DOES CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AFFECT
CYCLING ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY DURING
8 H OF PROLONGED EXERCISE?
Yasuda, N., Wagner, J., Gaskill, S. E., FACSM, Ruby,
B. C., FACSM.
The University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Ingesting a carbohydrate (CHO) solution during
prolonged submaximal exercise appears to delay the
onset of fatigue and enhance endurance performance,
especially in exercise lasting more than 2 hours.
However, whether CHO feeding affects cycling
economy and ef? ciency during extended-duration
exercise remains to be elucidated. PURPOSE: The
ANOVA revealed no signi? cant treatment effects
of warm-up protocol on bat velocity. However,
the protocol that followed an order of standard,
light, and heavy resulted in the highest bat velocity
(29.73?1.3 m/sec) compared to the control protocol
(27.24?1.4 m/sec) for an absolute increase of 9%.
CONCLUSION: While the results indicated no
signi? cant post-test effects, the order of heavy, light,
and standard weighted bats resulted in the greatest
increase in bat velocity. This order may facilitate
motor unit recruitment and could prove to be quite
bene? cial in an applied setting.
EFFECTS OF EXTENDED EXERCISE AND
CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS ON SUBSTRATE
UTILIZATION AND MUSCLE GLYCOGENOLYSIS
J.D. Wagner, S.E. Gaskill FACSM, B.C. Ruby, FACSM.
The University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
The effects of carbohydrate feeding during physical
activity lasting less than four hours are well
established. However, it cannot be assumed that
the metabolic responses are similar during exercise
performed longer than four hours. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study was to examine the effects of
exogenous carbohydrate intake during prolonged
exercise on muscle glycogenolysis and whole body
substrate oxidation. METHODS: Nine recreationally-
trained male subjects participated in two 8-hour
exercise trials. Diet and activity were controlled the
day before each trial. A muscle biopsy was obtained
from the vastus lateralis at approximately 0645.
Subjects were then provided with a standardized
breakfast. Exercise on the cycle ergometer started at
0800 and consisted of two steady state (70%Tvent)
and three interval (110-90%Tvent) work bouts for
25 minutes. This was followed by a 5-minute rest
period. Subjects then completed two steady state
(70%Tvent) and three interval (110-90%Tvent)
work bouts on a treadmill for 25 minutes. This was
followed by a 5-minute rest period. This schedule
was repeated for hours 1-4 and again for hours 5-8.
Every 15-minutes, subjects ingested 150 mL of either
a 10% carbohydrate solution (CHO) or a sweetened
placebo (PLA). Between hours 4 and 5 subjects
Abstracts
21
purpose of this study was to determine the effects
of CHO ingestion (10%CHO solution: 60 g?h -1 ) on
cycling economy and gross ef? ciency during 8 h of
prolonged exercise. METHODS: Seven moderately
trained individuals [cycling %VO 2 peak at ventilatory
threshold (Tvent); 63.8?7.1] served as subjects. All
subjects randomly completed a placebo-controlled,
double-blind, crossover-design. Each subject
performed a total of 8 h of exercise including 25
min of leg cycling (freely chosen crank rate; average
from 72 to 85 rpm) and 25 min of treadmill walking
with 5 min of transition between modes each hour
and a 30 min lunch rest period. Each exercise
session consisted of a variety of intensities (min 0-
6=70%Tvent, min 7-8=110%Tvent, min 9=70%Tvent,
min 10-11=100%Tvent, min 12=70%Tvent, min
13-14=90%Tvent, min 15-25=70%Tvent). Cycling
economy (w?l -1 ?min -1 ) and gross ef? ciency (%) were
determined during 70% Tvent from min 18 to 25
during hours 1, 4, 5, and 8. RESULTS: With a two-
way repeated measures ANOVA, the main effect for
trial for economy and gross ef? ciency and interaction
(trial x time) were not statistically signi? cant.
However, the main effect for time demonstrated
signi? cant decreases at hour 8 compared to hour
4 in both economy (p<0.01) and gross ef? ciency
(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These ? ndings suggest
that carbohydrate ingestion during 8 h of endurance
exercise appears to have no in? uence on cycling
economy and gross ef? ciency at relatively moderate
intensity with freely chosen crank rate.
COMPARING MEASURES OF FREE-LIVING
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIY USING THREE ACTIVITY
MONITORS
M.D. Webster, D.P. Heil, FACSM. Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT.
Electronic activity monitors can be used to measure
the energy expended during physical activity
(activity energy expenditure; AEE, kcals), as well
as the time spent performing moderate to vigorous
intensity activities (MV, mins). PURPOSE: To
compare the estimated values of AEE and MV
between three commercial activity monitors during
one day of free-living monitoring. METHODS: Three
activity monitors were worn for a minimum of 10
hours (e.g., 08:00-18:00 hrs) by 9 subjects (Mean?SD:
26.2?7.4 yrs, 78.2?13.1 kg, 24.22?2.64 BMI). Once
monitoring began, subjects performed their usual
free-living activities except those that required
removal of the monitors (e.g., showering). To ensure
that some moderate intensity activity was included,
subjects were instructed to perform two separate
walking bouts of at least ten consecutive minutes
anytime during the day. The monitors tested were
an omnidirectional accelerometer (AC), a uniaxial
accelerometer-based pedometer (LC), and a multi-
channel monitoring system (ID). The AC monitor
was worn on the right belt line dorsal to the iliac crest
while the LC monitor was worn on the right belt line
ventral to the iliac crest. The ID monitor consisted of
three ECG leads and ? ve pressure/position sensing
electrodes placed on the sternum, mid-thigh, and
the plantar surface of each foot. A data logger for
the ID monitor was worn on the left belt line ventral
to the iliac crest. The ID monitor has been validated
extensively against indirect and room calorimetry
measures of energy expenditure and was used in
the present study as the criterion measure of free-
living AEE. Measures of AEE and MV were derived
from each monitor and compared using Pearson-
product correlations, a multivariate one-way RM
ANOVA, and Sheffe?s post-hoc at the 0.05 alpha level.
RESULTS: AEE for the ID monitor was signi? cantly
higher than the LC monitor (Mean?SE: 571.1?29.8
vs. 287.4?20.7 kcals; p<0.05) but did not differ from
the AC monitor (508.6?44.0 kcals). MV for the ID
monitor was signi? cantly lower than the AC monitor
(52.4?5.7 vs. 94.2?8.8 mins; p<0.05) but did not differ
from the LC monitor (53.5?5.3 mins). Correlations of
AEE between ID and LC (r=.2140, p=.5803), as well as
ID and AC (r=.2416, p=.5310), were generally low and
not signi? cant. Correlations of MV between ID and
LC (r=.5259, p=.1459), as well as ID and AC (r=.2793,
p=.4666), were also generally low and not signi? cant.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that different
electronic activity monitors can provide very
different conclusions about AEE and MV measures
Abstracts
22 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
during free-living physical activity. Clinicians and
researchers need to be wary of these limitations
when using a single monitoring device.
THE EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION
AND 8 HOURS OF SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE ON
HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN TRAINED MALES
B. J. Marx, J. D. Wagner, S. E. Gaskill, FACSM, B. C.
Ruby, FACSM.
The University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
determine the effects of consuming a glucose
beverage on heart rate variability (HRV) measures in
trained males across 8 hours of submaximal exercise.
METHODS: Subjects (n=8) completed two 8-hour
bouts of exercise (Carbohydrate (CHO), placebo)
alternating between 25-minute portions of cycling
and treadmill walking with 5-minute rest periods.
During each 25-minute interval, subjects exercised
at varying moderate to hard workloads that were
based on ventilatory threshold. For the CHO trial,
15 g of CHO in a 10% solution glucose beverage was
provided every 15 minutes. Supine 4-minute HRV
measurements were collected pre and post-exercise.
Measurements included standard deviation of R-R
interval (SDNN), low frequency (LF), and high
frequency (HF). Data were collected with a Polar
S-810i heart rate monitor and analyzed with Fourier
Transform software. A 2-way, within subjects,
repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical
analysis to assess effects of time and feeding
strategy. RESULTS: Overall, SDNN was lower
post-exercise (pre=69.94 versus post=47.39, p<0.05).
No signi? cant main effect changes occurred in LF or
HF measurements. There was no treatment (CHO
versus placebo) effect for any HRV measurement.
CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that
8 hours of exercise decreases SDNN, showing a
decreased overall variability in heart rate, but this
variability was not identi? ed as speci? cally LF or HF.
Consumption of a 12% solution glucose beverage
throughout an 8-hour exercise regimen of cycling
and treadmill walking does not affect any heart rate
variability measurements.
Undergraduate
DETERMINING CORONARY HEART DISEASE
RISK FACTORS USING ACCELEROMETRY
E. J. Bassett, S.E. Gaskill, FACSM, C.G. Hanna, B.C.
Ruby, FASCM.
The University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
INTRODUCTION: The relationship between
individual risk factors and physical activity
(PA) has been studied extensively. However the
optimal intensity, frequency and duration of PA
that best reduce the risk for CHD remains unclear.
Accelerometry may provide an inexpensive and easy
tool to help answer these questions. PURPOSE: To
evaluate the relationships between PA measured
by accelerometry combined to a CHD risk ratio
(CHD-RR) calculated from individual risk factors.
METHODS: 132 subjects, equally distributed in
gender and ages (18-65), were evaluated for CHD
risk factors and wore actical? activity monitors for
a 7 day period. A risk ratio was developed using:
waist:hip ratio, blood triglycerides, diastolic blood
pressure, high density lipoproteins, low density
lipoproteins, HBA1C, percent body fat, and ? tness
[VO 2 at ventilatory threshold (ml?kg -1 ?min -1 )]. For
each risk factor, each individual received a ratio
(0-1) relative to their status within the range of the
study population. The eight risk factors ratios were
averaged to create the CHD-RR. A large number
of methods evaluating actical? activity counts
were related to the risk ratio. The best individual
correlation was with the average of the individual
highest 10 minutes of daily activity counts (DAC)
across seven days. A multiple regression was
developed to predict the CHD-RR from AC and
descriptive data. RESULTS: The correlation of
CHD-RR with VO 2 vt was = -0.68275 (p<0.001). The
best multiple regression (R= 0.7698, p<0.001) to
predict CHD-RR was: CHD-RR = (age ? 0.001692)
+ (gender 1 ? 0.027444) - (height (cm) ? 0.389091) +
(weight (kg) ? 0.004196) - (DAC ? 0.000003) + 0.729747.
CONCLUSION: Of greatest interest from this
analysis is that the average highest individual 10
Abstracts
23
minutes of activity during a day appeared to be the
most predictive PA variable affecting risk factors
for CHD and that this variable, after accounting for
descriptive variables, accounts for nearly 50% of the
variance in CHD risk.
1 Gender: (male = 1, female = 2)
USE OF ACCELEROMETRY AND PHYSICAL
DESCRIPTORS TO PREDICT VENTILATORY
THRESHOLD
S.S. Biddle, C.G. Hanna, S.E. Gaskill, FACSM, B.C.
RUBY, FACSM
University of Montana, Missoula, MT
Ventilatory threshold (VT) has been shown to be an
excellent marker of physical ? tness. Additionally,
VT has been shown to discriminate healthy
individuals from individuals at risk for coronary
heart disease. However, the prediction of VT
has to date been dif? cult to accomplish without
laboratory measurement. PURPOSE: The purpose
of this study was to examine whether accelerometer
activity counts and physical descriptors can be
used to reliably estimate ventilatory threshold.
METHODS: Adult male and female subjects of
varying ? tness and age (N=103, age range=18-65)
wore accelerometers over a 7-d period of typical
activity. Skinfold and anthropometric measures
were collected and BMI was calculated. Subjects
were all apparently healthy. Determination of VT
was accomplished using metabolic testing on a
treadmill using methods developed by Gaskill et
al. Multiple methods to evaluate activity counts
were developed and individually correlated to
VT. Multiple regression analysis was then used to
create a model to estimate VT. RESULTS: The best
activity count correlate to VT was the average of
the individual highest 10 minutes of daily activity
counts (DAC) across seven days (r=0.394, p<0.001).
The best multiple regression model to estimate
VT was calculated as VT (ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) = (DAC
* 0.000305) - (age ? 0.099596) - (gender 1 ? 5.785378)
- (BMI ? 0.566551) + 51.3, (R=0.676, p<0.01, std err est
= 5.45 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ). CONCLUSION: Ventilatory
threshold can be reasonably predicted using
accelerometry and descriptive data, accounting for
nearly 50% of the variance in VT across individuals.
These results will help individuals to determine VT
without expensive laboratory testing.
1 Gender (male = 1, female = 2)
EFFECT OF ATTACHMENT ANGLE ON
STEP COUNT ACCURACY OF ELECTRONIC
PEDOMETERS
E.R. Flamand, L.J. Young, D.P. Heil, FACSM.
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.
PURPOSE: The step counting accuracy of
pedometers is dependent upon neutral positioning
on the body, where neutral is de? ned as 0? of
incline in the frontal and sagittal planes when
worn at the waistline. For example, a recent study
by Crouter et al. (MSSE 37(10):2005) found that
pedometer accuracy was in? uenced by BMI, waist
circumference, and attachment angle. Due to the use
of human test subjects, however, these results could
not differentiate the in? uence of the anthropometric
variables from attachment angle on accuracy.
Therefore, the purpose of the present study evaluates
the in? uence of attachment angle on step counting
accuracy of pedometers in a controlled testing
environment using a shaker table. METHODS:
Five spring-levered (SW651) and ? ve piezo-electric
(NL1000) pedometers were tested at 24 attachment
angles using adjustable mounting brackets on a
shaker table. For each angle tested, the shaker table
oscillated at 140 RPM (simulating a 2.5 MPH walking
intensity) for approximately 520 steps. Angles tested
included a neutral position, as well as 6 angles (?5,
?10, ?15, ?20, ?25, ?30 degrees) of rotation in the
frontal and sagittal planes relative to the neutral
position. Step counts for each pedometer and each
attachment angle were compared with a control
pedometer of the same model mounted on the shaker
table in the neutral position. The percent difference
(%SC, steps) between test and control pedometers
was calculated such that 0% denoted no difference.
A one-way RM ANOVA was used to evaluate mean
differences in %SC across the 24 attachment angles.
RESULTS: Mean values for %SC for the SW651 were
signi? cant (P<0.05) at attachment angles of +25?
Abstracts
24 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
(Mean?SE: 80.5?19.5%) and ?30? (99.9?0.04% and
99.9?0.05%) in the frontal plane, and ?30? (99.9?0.04
and 99.8?0.18%) in the sagittal plane. %SC was
not signi? cant for the NL1000 pedometers at any
attachment angle (P=0.67). CONCLUSION: Based
on the results of this study, extreme attachment
angles may affect step counting accuracy of lever-
arm pedometers when worn by human subjects at
the waistline. In contrast, step counting accuracy of
the piezo-electric pedometer did not decrease at the
angles tested. When used in overweight or obese
populations, a piezo-electric pedometer may be more
appropriate for monitoring walking activities.
Supported by: Undergraduate Scholars Program,
Montana State University, Bozeman.
PREVALENCE OF ELEVATED FASTED BLOOD
GLUCOSE VALUES IN MONTANA COLLEGE
STUDENTS
J. A. Nerison and S. E. Gaskill, FACSM.
University of Montana, Missoula, MT Email:
jnerison@hotmail.com
Diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability
in the United States. Ninety to ninety-? ve percent
of the cases are type II diabetes. Inactivity, diet,
older age, obesity, minority, ethnicity, family history,
and lower socioeconomic status are all risk factors
for the development of type II diabetes. PURPOSE:
To determine the prevalence of abnormal glucose
kinetics and diabetes in a population of 150 upper
level undergraduate university students in health
and human performance disciplines using fasted
blood glucose and a glucose tolerance test (when
appropriate). METHODS: Blood glucose values
were obtained after a twelve hour fast using a One
Touch ? glucose monitor. Additionally, oral glucose
tolerance tests were performed on most subjects.
Height, weight, and gender were collected from all
subjects and BMI was calculated. RESULTS: Average
fasted blood glucose was 99.5mg/dL with over 24%
of students demonstrating abnormal glucose kinetics
(fasted blood glucose > 100 mg/dL) including 20
students (13.3%) with fasted blood glucose levels
suggesting diabetes (>126mg/dL). CONCLUSION:
More subjects than predicted (estimated national
norm = 14.4% persons aged >20 years) were above
the normal range for fasted blood glucose. The
prevalence of students at risk for, or living with,
diabetes is higher than expected in typically healthy
populations. Hopefully the implications of our data
will encourage campus health screenings and risk
modi? cation programs.
COMPARISON OF THREE CONSUMER GRADE
BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSES
DEVICES AND SKINFOLD MEASUREMENTS.
E. Hefferon, S. Adamek, D. Parks, and J. Peterson.
Lin? eld College, McMinnville, OR.
Many techniques to assess body composition
require expensive equipment or trained technicians.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an indirect,
simple method to assess body composition and
there are several inexpensive consumer models on
the market. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to
evaluate the accuracy of three consumer BIA models,
compared with percent body fat as assessed by 7 site
skin fold thickness (7SKF). In addition this study
examined the relationship between BIA and body
fat distribution. METHODS: One-hundred and four
male (n=52) and female (n=52) volunteers ranging
from 18-62 years (29.13?1.42) enrolled in this study.
Anthropometric measures included height, weight,
waist to hip ratio, skinfolds [9 different sites both left
and right side] and percentage body fat, as assessed
by 7SKF and consumer BIA devices; hand to hand
(HH), leg to leg (LL), and ? ngers to ? ngers (FF).
Physical activity data was assessed using a self report
physical activity questionnaire. All participants
were required to adhere to standard BIA and skin-
fold testing guidelines. This study was approved by
the Institutional Review Board at Lin? eld College.
RESULTS: There were no signi? cant differences
between percent body fat as assessed by HH
(20.58 ? 0.89) and 7SKF (20.28?0.71). Percent fat as
assessed by FF (23.37?0.76) and LL (23.13? 0.83) were
signi? cantly higher than 7SKF (p<0.01). All three
consumer BIA devices correlated (r ranged from
0.812 to 0.853, p<0.01) with SKF, with the HH method
Abstracts
25
having the highest correlation. All three consumer
BIA devices were more strongly correlated with
7SKF in those reporting less cardiovascular physical
activity (r ranged from 0.889 to 0.927, p<0.01). The
LL had a strongest correlation to the sum of upper
skinfold measures and the HH had the strongest
correlation to lower skin fold measures (r= 0.817,
0.858, respectively, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This
data suggest that the HH is the most accurate of the
consumer models studied. These results suggest
further research to determine the in? uence of the
amount of physical activity on the accuracy of
consumer grade BIA analysis devices.
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL ANKLE SUPPORT ON
PLANTAR FLEXED INVERSION.
C.M. Murphy, and J. Abendroth-Smith.
Willamette University, Salem, OR
PURPOSE: To prevent ankle injury, many athletes
wear external ankle support. The majority of
studies examining ankle support, however, have
not tested braces at the position in which ankle
injury most often occurs; plantar ? exed inversion
(Verhagen, et al. 2001; Wiley & Nigg, 1996). The
purpose of this study was to test two non-rigid
stabilizers, a well known lace-up brace (LU) and
a new Velcro brace (VB), at two plantar ? exion
(PF) angles and to determine the effects of the two
braces on ankle inversion, both in pre and post
exercise conditions. METHODS: Fourteen subjects
were tested while standing at 20? and 30? of PF on
an inversion platform, which inverted to 35?. All
subjects performed all conditions, including a bare
ankle condition (platform angles x brace x pre/
post exercise). Ten trials were performed for each
condition. A Biometrics twin axis electrogoniometer
(1000 Hz) were used to record maximum inversion
(ROM), maximum inversion velocity (Vmax) and
time to maximum inversion (Trom) via Datapac
Software (Run Technologies). Data were ? ltered at
18 Hz and analyzed via a 2x3x2 repeated measures
ANOVA. IRB approval was obtained and participants
signed consent forms. RESULTS: Statistically
signi? cant differences were noted between brace and
angle conditions for ROM and Vmax. ROM was on
average 12% lower for the two brace conditions, and
Vmax was lower by 18%, at 30? PF in comparison
to 20? PF. Both brace conditions had signi? cantly
lower Vmax than the bare ankle condition (24%),
but not from each other. However, ROM was not
signi? cantly different between the braces and bare
ankle, although the VB brace did decrease ROM
by 12% and 9%, respectively, to the bare ankle and
LU brace at the 20? angle. No signi? cant differences
were noted for pre to post exercise, nor for Trom.
CONCLUSION: The two braces appear equally
effective in keeping the rate of inversion lower, for
both PF angles. The differences noted between PF
conditions were interesting, considering the ankle
is considered to be less stable with greater PF, but
the ROM and Vmax were less in the greater PF
condition, regardless of brace or no brace. The VB
brace may be slightly better at reducing ROM at 20?
PF angle, but the actual change in ROM was small.
Personal preference of brace style showed an even
split among participants.
A COMPARISON OF PLANNED AND LEISURE
TIME ACTIVITY AS ASSESSED BY A SIMPLE
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE.
Osborne, S. J., Hefferon, E., Parks, D., Peterson, J.T.
Lin? eld College, McMinnville, OR, USA.
Physical activity questionnaires (PAQ) have been
used to assess basic activity and ? tness level in a non-
evasive and quick way. Regular participation in daily
physical activity is recommended for health bene? ts.
Many studies use PAQs as a method of predicting
physical activity trends and health outcomes.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine
the amount of self reported physical activity with
relation to age, body composition, planned physical
activity, and leisure time activities. METHODS:
Fifty-two male and 52 female volunteers ranging
from 18-62 years (29.16?1.41) enrolled in this study.
A self-administered physical activity questionnaire
was given to all participants. The questionnaire was
used to estimate participation in cardiovascular
Abstracts
26 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
exercise, strength training, ? exibility, stretching, and
leisure time activity. Physical activity intensity levels
were classi? ed as mild, moderate or vigorous and
each activity was assigned metabolic equivalents
(MET). Energy expenditure (kcal/week) was
then determined. Activity dimension (ACT) was
calculated based on self-report leisure time activities.
Anthropometric data was collected for the following
variables: height, weight, and percentage body fat
as assessed by 7-site skin fold (SKF). This study
was approved by the Institutional Review Board at
Lin? eld College. RESULTS: Greater involvement
in cardiovascular activity was associated with
lower percent body fats (r=-0.403, p<0.05). Age
was negatively correlated with exercise intensity
(r=-0.447, p<0.05) and positively correlated with
percentage body fat (r=0.405, p<0.05). Individuals
with higher ACT scores reported higher energy
expenditures in planned physical activity than
those with lower ACT scores (3634.78?581.92
vs. 2193.00?341.38 kcals/week, p<0.05). Of the
participants, 29.8% (n=31) did not meet the Surgeon
Generals recommendations for cardiovascular
exercise. Of these, 41.9% perceived themselves as
more active than their peers and 35.5% thought they
were as active. CONCLUSION: These data suggest
that increased involvement in planned physical
activity may in? uence increased caloric expenditure
during leisure time activity. More research is
suggested to examine individual perceptions of
involvement in physical activity in a sedentary
population.
IMPACT AND PUSH-OFF FORCE SYMMETRY IN
DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT LEGS
DURING A JUMP LANDING/CUTTING TASK.
L. Rosado, M. Bennett, S. Kuhlman, D. Clark C.
Harris, FACSM , and M. DeBeliso
Boise State University, Boise, ID
PURPOSE: To assess the symmetry between
dominant and non-dominant legs for the impact and
push-off kinetics of an unanticipated jump landing
and cutting task (JLC) METHODS: Female subjects
(n = 9, Age: 22.33?3.74 years., Mass: 60.23?6.89
kilograms), all right leg dominant, were required
to do a two-footed landing and then cut either to
the right, center, or left using her preferred cutting
style. The JLC required subjects to jump horizontally
a distance of ? of her maximal standing broad
jump and reach a height vertically at the middle of
the horizontal jump that was ? of her maximum
vertical jump height. Immediately upon landing
subjects sprinted at a 30 degree angle to the right
(RC) or left (LC) or sprinted straight ahead (CC).
Four trials to each direction were performed in a
random order and the direction was identi? ed by
a light that was activated coincident with landing.
Landings and push-offs from the JLC were on ? ush
mounted Kistler force plates and ground reaction
forces were collected at 1250 Hz. Resultant ground
reaction force peaks for impact for the dominant leg
(IPD in Bodyweights, BW) and the non-dominant
leg (IPN in BW) and for push-off for the dominant
leg (POD, BW) and non-dominant leg (PON, BW)
were calculated from three dimensional force
recordings. Comparisons between legs for the 3
cutting conditions were made using ANOVA with
repeated measures and post-hoc comparisons with
t-tests. RESULTS: For the RC and CC conditions,
there were no differences between IPD and IPN (RC:
2.16?0.97 vs. 1.91?1.08; CC: 2.20?0.93 vs.1.82?0.97).
For the LC condition, IPD was signi? cantly greater
than IPN (p=0.005) (2.27?1.06 vs. 1.47?0.62). For
push-off force in the RC and CC conditions, there
were no signi? cant differences between POD and
PON (RC: 1.61?0.48 vs. 2.20?0.49; CC: 2.06?0.32
vs. 1.60?0.41). POD was signi? cantly greater than
PON for the LC condition (p<0.001) (2.62?0.32 vs.
1.15?0.23). CONCLUSION: Of the three conditions
assessed for the JLC, the more extensive the cut to
the non-dominant side, the greater the impact and
push-off force on the dominant leg compared to the
non-dominant leg.
KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHOD AND
BAREFOOT RUNNERS AT A RECREATIONAL
PACE
S.P. Sears, L. B. Greer, J. L. Dorn, J. M. Neil, M.
L.Wamre, A.J. Zink.
Gonzaga University, Spokane WA.
Abstracts
27
Research regarding running kinetics has reported
that running barefoot alters gait patterns and loading
forces during moderate to high running paces.
PURPOSE: To determine if previously reported
differences in running kinematics observed between
shod and unshod runners exists at a slower running
pace. METHODS: Fifteen female runners (20.5?0.5
years) that were currently training (>10 miles per
week) volunteered for this study. After a warm up,
each subject performed two 3-minute trials both shod
and unshod while running on a treadmill at a speed
of 2.68 m/s (6 m/h). All motions were recorded
orthagonal to the plane of motion with an analog
video camera at 60 Hz. A three segment kinematic
model of the leg was created from the videographic
data. Intersegmental angles for the hip, knee and
ankle and the angle of inclination of the foot relative
to the ground were calculated during heel contact
and heel off. Stride length, stride frequency, swing
time, and horizontal displacement of the ankle
throughout the stance phase were also measured.
A two-tailed t-test: paired sample for means with
a Bonferroni adjustment was used to determine
if any of the kinematic variables were statistically
different. RESULTS: Stride length (unshod: ? =1.79
m?0.11; shod: ?=1.87 m?0.12) and stride frequency
(unshod: ? =1.50 strides/sec?0.08; shod: ? =1.44
strides/sec?0.09) were found to be statistically
different (P<0.01) between the two conditions. The
knee angle at heel contact (unshod: ? =155.86??6.7?;
shod: ? =161.01??7.8?) and the angle of inclination of
the foot (unshod: ? =4.5? ? 7.8?; shod: ? =17.4??6.6?)
were also determined to be statistically different
(P<0.05). There was also a signi? cantly (P<0.01)
smaller amount of horizontal displacement of the
ankle marker in relation to the hip marker at heel
strike between conditions (unshod: ? =0.12m ? 0.04m;
shod: ? =0.16 ? 0.03m). CONCLUSION: Similar to
previous research examining kinematics of runners
at moderate to higher paces, unshod runners were
observed to take shorter and more frequent strides as
compared to shod runners when compared using a
similar, slower pace. In addition, differences in stride
length were also primarily attributable to a smaller
horizontal displacement of the foot in relation to the
body at heel strike when not wearing shoes. The
difference in the horizontal displacement of the ankle
in relation to the hip was due to a smaller degree
of knee extension exhibited by unshod runners in
comparison to shod runners.
FATNESS, FAT PATTERNING, AND BLOOD
PRESSURE: RELATIONSHIPS, PREDICTION, AND
TRACKING IN CHILDREN
1 J.A. Vincent, 1 C.A. Geithner, M.F. 2 Cooper, 3 S.R.
Siegel, 4 C.A. Weixel, and 4 E.M. Windlin.
1 Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA; 2 Creighton
University, Omaha, NE; 3 California State University-
San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA; 4 Benewah
Medical and Wellness Center, Plummer, ID.
Body composition and metabolic syndrome
indicators are moderately stable from childhood and
adolescence into young adulthood (Campbell et al.,
2001; Katzmarzyk et al., 2001), and are associated
with increased risk for metabolic and cardiovascular
disease and, subsequently, premature mortality.
Early detection of obesity and hypertension is
important in order to effectively treat, monitor
and prevent future health complications (Roccella,
2004), particularly in American Indian (AI) children,
who have a higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes,
and chronic disease risk (Story et al., 1998, 1999).
PURPOSE: To assess prevalence of obesity and
hypertension in AI and Caucasian (C) children, and
to assess tracking of obesity and hypertension and
the usefulness of obesity indices for prediction of
later disease risk. METHODS: Body mass, stature,
resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP,
DBP), waist circumference (WC), and ? ve skinfolds
(SKF) were measured on 477 children, ages 5-10
(mean age=7.8?1.5 years) (247 males, 230 females;
59.3% AI, 40.7% C). Body mass index (BMI), sum
of ? ve SKF (SUMSKF), waist/hip ratio (WHR),
and subscapular/triceps ratio (SUB/TRI) were
calculated. BMI, WC, SBP and DBP percentiles
were identi? ed for each individual using national
reference data (?95 th = overweight, obese, or
hypertensive, respectively). Sixty-one children (34
males, 27 females) were measured again three years
Abstracts
28 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
later. Statistical analyses were run using SPSS 11.0
for MacIntosh. RESULTS: Based on BMI percentile,
28.5% of the sample was classi? ed as overweight,
and 9.0% as hypertensive by SBP or DBP percentile.
BMI, SUMSKF, and WC were signi? cantly related
to SBP and DBP (r=0.20 to 0.38, p<0.05), after
controlling for age, whereas WHR and SUB/TRI
were not. Sex and race differences were found in
correlation coef? cients and predictors of blood
pressure. WC was the best and most consistent
predictor of SBP and DBP for the sample and by
subgroups, accounting for 24.1% of the variance
in SBP and 9.6% of the variance in DBP. Inter-age
correlations indicated strong stability for both BMI
and WC (Spearman?s rho=.804 and .662, respectively;
p<0.01) across a three-year-period; however, SBP
and DBP did not track well between measurements.
CONCLUSION: Overweight (BMI) and abdominal
obesity (WC) track well over a three-year period in
children. WC is a strong predictor of current blood
pressure as well as later risk for hypertension and
other chronic disease. Therefore, BMI and WC should
be included in regular screenings of children for early
identi? cation of current and future health risk.
Funded by the Public Health Nursing Health
Promotion/Disease Prevention Project.
DOES SUPPLEMENATATION OF IRON IN
FEMALE ATHLETES ENHANCE VO 2MAX AND
BLOOD IRON?
H. Schacher, M. Collins, and C. Robinson
Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID
The purpose of this study was to determine whether
female athletes experienced changes in aerobic
capacity, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin, and VO 2max
levels after taking iron and Vitamin C supplements
over a two month trial. METHODS: The participants
were seven females competing on a collegiate cross-
country team. Participants completed pre-season
physical, health history questionnaire, and completed
a summer training program. After pre -blood draws
were collected at mid season, participants received
16mg of iron and 500 mg of vitamin C each morning
for two months. Blood was drawn twice during this
study: mid-season and postseason. Samples were
analyzed to determine any changes in hematocrit,
hemoglobin, and ferritin levels. The participants
completed a 1.5 mile run during preseason,
midseason, and post season to determine VO 2max
changes throughout the season. One participant
was removed from the study due to injury. Paired
t-Tests were performed to determine any signi? cant
changes in ferritin, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
levels between pre and post test samples. RESULTS:
The results from the ferritin t-test were pre 26.33
and post 35.83 with a p=.015. The hematocrit t-test
was pre 38.53 and post 40.40 with a p=.017. The pre
hemoglobin t-test was 13.08 and post mean was
13.80 with the p=.002. A Single Factor ANOVA
was performed to determine any changes in V0 2max
between preseason, midseason and post season.
The pre-season VO 2max mean was 54.80, midseason
mean VO 2max was 55.50, and postseason VO 2max
mean was 58.34 and with a p=.019. The results of
the t-tests performed on hematocrit, hemoglobin,
and ferritin levels indicate that supplementation
of Vitamin C and iron enhanced iron blood levels
in these participants. Participants? diets were not
monitored or altered throughout the duration of the
study and small increases in ferritin levels may be
from dietary intake. Signi? cant increases in ferritin
levels indicate that iron supplementation enhanced
blood iron levels. Increases in VO 2max may have been
due to training, but the corresponding increases in
ferritin iron levels indicate that supplementation of
iron contributed to enhanced VO 2max . At mid season,
training is not designed to increase VO 2max , but to
increase lactate threshold. Had ? tness been an issue
larger increase in VO 2max between beginning and
midseason assessments would have been expected.
However there was a signi? cant increase between
midseason and post season VO 2max (+2.85ml/kg/
min or an increase of 4.9%). Results indicated that
increase in ferritin levels may have played a role in
increasing VO 2max in these participants.
LCSC Faculty and student Development Grant
Abstracts
29
Additional abstracts?
not for student awards
EFFECTS OF MODIFIABLE LIFESTYLE FACTORS
ON CALCANEUS ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT
OF BONE HEALTH IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS
1 M. L. Robinson, 2 K. Winters-Stone, 3 K. A. Gabel and
3 D. Dolny
1 Lewis-Clark State College, 2 Oregon Health & Science
University, 3 University of Idaho, Moscow Idaho.
Research concerning the in? uence of modi? able
lifestyle factors on adolescent bone health is limited,
especially using calcaneus ultrasound (CUS) to
measure bone health. The purpose of this study
was to determine the in? uence of modi? able
lifestyle factors on adolescent girls? bone health
measured by CUS. Participants were 114 girls, ages
14-18 (15.97?.7), currently enrolled in high school
physical education/health classes. Participants
were measured for height and body weight. One
CUS scan was performed on each participant.
The CUS machine calculated a stiffness index (SI)
score. The SI re? ects bone microarchitecture and
is calculated from the mean of speed of sound and
broadband ultrasound attenuation measurements.
Lifetime number of menstrual cycles, current
calcium intake from 2-3 day food records, and hours
spent in physical activity over the last 10 years
were obtained through questionnaires. Cumulative
physical activity hours were separated into four
classi? cations: cardiovascular, impact, resistance,
and recreational activities (such as golf and softball).
Pearson correlations between SI (dependent variable)
and age, height, body weight, number of menstrual
cycles, current calcium intake, and hours spent in
cardiovascular, impact, resistance, and recreational
activities (independent variables) were performed
and indicated signi? cant positive relationships
between SI and body weight (r=.26, p<.01), current
calcium intake (r=.28, p<.01), and total hours spent in
impact activities (r=.45, p<.01). A multiple regression
analysis was performed to determine predictors of SI
with the independent variables. Multiple regression
analyses indicated that collectively, hours spent in
impact activities, current calcium intake, and body
weight (r2=.37, p= <.01) signi? cantly predicted
SI. Our data indicate that impact activity, current
calcium intake, and body weight positively in? uence
bone properties of the calcaneus in adolescent girls.
Encouragingly, our results suggest that adolescent
girls can make lifestyle choices early in life that
optimize their bone health that may ultimately
reduce their risk of osteoporosis in later life; however,
this assumption must ultimately be con? rmed
through randomized, controlled trials.
This study was supported by a Lewis-Clark State
College faculty development grant.
HEALTH AND FITNESS VARIABLES AS
THEY RELATE TO BODY COMPOSITION IN
ADOLESCENT BOYS
1 C. Robinson, and 2 D. Dolny
1 Lewis-Clark State College, 2 University of Idaho,
Moscow, ID
The purpose of this study was to assess if VO 2max
is a predictor of body composition and to identify
other lifestyle variables that may effect body
composition in 85 adolescent males, ages 12-15
(13.92?.996). Measurements of participants included:
height, weight, percent body fat (%BF) from skin
folds and Body Mass Index (BMI), and predicted
VO 2max derived from the One-mile run and the One
mile walk test correlated with bike ergometer test.
Physical and leisure activities patterns, ethnicity,
and food intake patterns were obtained through
questionnaires. Pearson correlations between %BF
and the following variables were calculated: height,
weight, activity hours, Food Intake Score, hours of
sleep, TV hours, computer hours, TV+computer
hours, BMI, VO 2max from the One-mile run and
the One mile walk test. Signi? cant relationships
existed between %BF and food intake score (r=-.217,
p=.046), sleep hours (r=-.253, p=.019), TV hours
(r=.279, p=.010), computer hours (r=.218, p=.045),
TV+computer hours (r=.326, p.002), weight (r=.634,
p=.000), BMI (r=.734, p=.000), VO 2max one-mile walk
(r=-.548, p.000), and VO 2max one-mile run (r= -.775,
p=.000). A multiple regression analysis was run with
%BF as the dependent variable and the following
Abstracts
30 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
impact activities, current calcium intake, and body
weight (r2=.37, p=<.01) signi? cantly predicted
SI. Our data indicate that impact activity, current
calcium intake, and body weight positively in? uence
bone properties of the calcaneus in adolescent girls.
Encouragingly, our results suggest that adolescent
girls can make lifestyle choices early in life that
optimize their bone health that may ultimately
reduce their risk of osteoporosis in later life; however,
this assumption must ultimately be con? rmed
through randomized, controlled trials.
This study was supported by a Lewis-Clark State
College faculty development grant.
HEALTH AND FITNESS VARIABLES AS
THEY RELATE TO BODY COMPOSITION IN
ADOLESCENT BOYS
1 C. Robinson, and 2 D. Dolny
1 Lewis-Clark State College, 2 University of Idaho,
Moscow, ID
The purpose of this study was to assess if VO 2max
is a predictor of body composition and to identify
other lifestyle variables that may effect body
composition in 85 adolescent males, ages 12-15
(13.92?.996). Measurements of participants included:
height, weight, percent body fat (%BF) from skin
folds and Body Mass Index (BMI), and predicted
VO 2max derived from the One-mile run and the One
mile walk test correlated with bike ergometer test.
Physical and leisure activities patterns, ethnicity,
and food intake patterns were obtained through
questionnaires. Pearson correlations between %BF
and the following variables were calculated: height,
weight, activity hours, Food Intake Score, hours of
sleep, TV hours, computer hours, TV+computer
hours, BMI, VO 2max from the One-mile run and
the One mile walk test. Signi? cant relationships
existed between %BF and food intake score (r=-.217,
p=.046), sleep hours (r=-.253, p=.019), TV hours
(r=.279, p=.010), computer hours (r=.218, p=.045),
TV+computer hours (r=.326, p.002), weight (r=.634,
p=.000), BMI (r=.734, p=.000), VO 2max one-mile walk
(r=-.548, p.000), and VO 2max one-mile run (r=-.775,
p=.000). A multiple regression analysis was run with
%BF as the dependent variable and the following
set of independent variables: VO 2max One-mile run,
TV+computer time, physical activity, age, food intake
score, and VO 2max One-mile walk. The ? nal prediction
model include one independent variable, which
was VO 2max from the One-mile run [F(1,82)=125.179,
p=.000, r=.755, r 2 =.601]. This is one of the ? rst
studies to identify VO 2max as a signi? cant predictor of
adolescent %BF. All obese and a large percentage of
the overweight participants had a VO 2max value from
the One-mile run which classi? ed the participants
below the healthy recommendation based on age.
From this study it appears the most signi? cant
prediction for a healthy %BF in adolescent subjects is
measurement of their VO 2max .
This study was supported by Lewis-Clark State College,
Department of Education.
The NWACSM Chapter
appreciates the time, effort,
and expertise past of? cers
expended on the chapter during
their service. We recognize in
gratitude:
Trish Root
Dan Heil
Stephen Aquino
Thank you!
Abstracts
31
ACSM Becomes Member of FASEB
(Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology)
President Carl Foster, Ph.D., FACSM, President-elect
J. Larry Durstine, Ph.D., FACSM, and Executive Vice
President James R. Whitehead are exceptionally
pleased to announce that ACSM has been approved
as a member of FASEB, per the unanimous vote of
the FASEB Board. Considerable relationship-build-
ing and advance work has occurred over the last
two years, which led to this superb success. ACSM
membership in FASEB ful? lls a historic goal for
ACSM ?a two-decades-old aspiration held by so
many of our past presidents and others, including
Carl Gisol? , Ph.D., FACSM. ACSM intends to ramp
up very quickly to take full advantage of this op-
portunity and to expand ACSM?s role and position
in the science community. FASEB is composed of
22 societies with more than 80,000 members, making
it the largest coalition of biomedical research asso-
ciations in the United States. FASEB?s mission is to
enhance the ability of biomedical and life scientists
to improve?through their research?the health,
well-being and productivity of all people.
Six Books Now Available in the ACSM
Action Plan for Health Series
Developed by the American College of Sports Medi-
cine, the ACSM Action Plan for Health Series offers
authoritative advice on using exercise and nutrition
to optimize health. Along with methods for moni-
toring each condition, the pros and cons of medica-
tion, and diet guidelines, each volume includes pro-
grams for strength, ? exibility, and aerobic exercise.
The ACSM Action Plan for Health Series will help
readers do more than survive; they will thrive and
feel better than they ever thought possible! These
resources are great for patient education, as course
supplements, or to have in your professional library.
The two newest books in the series include Action
Plan for High Cholesterol and Action Plan for High
Blood Pressure. These books join: Action Plan for
Arthritis, Action Plan for Diabetes , Action Plan for
Osteoporosis, and Action Plan for Menopause. To
learn more, click on the individual book titles or
visit www.humankinetics.com.
Preferred quali? cations include demonstrated
collaborative, team-oriented approach, RCEP
certi? cation, research productivity with a focused
line of research relevant to position, and a record
of research publications and successful grant-
writing experience. Responsibilities include
teaching graduate/undergraduate clinical exercise
physiology or other related courses, advising,
and directing graduate student theses, projects,
practicums, internships, and comprehensive exams,
advising undergraduate students, participating
as a collaborative team player with faculty in the
Clinical and Experimental Exercise Science graduate
degree and the Exercise Physiology and Metabolism
undergraduate degree, sustaining a focused and
externally funded clinical or basic science research
program in an area related to clinical exercise
physiology, publishing scienti? c papers, contributing
to developed and supervision of a university-based
exercise and nutrition clinic for normal and special
populations (cardiac, pulmonary, metabolic, cancer,
immunologic, neuromuscular, musculoskeletal,
orthopedic), establishing clinical collaborations
in health-related disciplines at the university,
community and state levels.
Salary will be commensurate with quali? cations and
experience. Screening begins April 1, 2006.
To apply send cover letter with curriculum vitae
to E. Carolyn Johnson, PhD, FACSM, Search
Committee Chair, Washington State University
Spokane, Program in Health Sciences, PO Box 1495,
Spokane, WA 99210-1495. For information contact
Patti Petersen, Petersen@wsu.edu. The complete
description is available at .
WSU is an EEO/AA Educator and Employer
?Sally E. Blank, Ph.D., FACSM, Washington State University Spokane
E-mail: seblank@wsu.eduu
Continued from page 5? CEP needed ACSM News
32 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
Student Page
People dynamics
By Amy Hammons, Lin? eld College
(Amy is a senior at Lin? eld College. This article was written following
an internship during which she devised an exercise program for Lin? eld
College faculty members and their families.)
People are dynamic. That is the best statement I can
make to describe my senior internship project.
Lin? eld students are required to complete a capstone
project. I developed and implemented a lifestyle
behavior change project speci? cally for overweight
and obese individuals. In these case studies, I used a
behavior change contract. The participants set goals
to developed a lifestyle change. Most goals focused
on nutrition and physical activity as well as some
mental and emotional aspects of their lives. During
the summer of 2005, I did most of my research and
program development with the help of Dr. Janet
Peterson and Dr. Michael Jaszko. The two were
integral in the design and both selected participants
for the study.
I ultimately wanted to raise the issue of obesity in the
community, and my mechanism for doing that was
empowering individuals with the knowledge and
skills for their own lives so they can in? uence others.
Education and skill development were the center of
this project.
After determining baselines using a ? ve-day self
report for both physical activity and nutrition, the
participants either began a 10,000K-a-Day program
or a circuit weight training regimen. Selection
depended on the ability of the participant and their
goals. We used a three-site skin fold test to determine
their body composition, as well as measured height,
weight, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, and
resting heart rate. Measurements were taken at
three different intervals over the six months of the
program.
All patients showed positive health improvements
either in nutrition or in anthropometric
measurements. But this internship grew to more than
a school assignment for me. I came to realize I was
working with individuals who are people, not test
subjects. They came to me with problems wanting
answers. For many, their problems went beyond
their weight and involved other life issues. Being
only a college student facing participants in the
study that were my parents? age proved challenging.
I learned to work through barriers to get to the root
of the problems and be solution oriented.
One of my test sujects, Carol*, came to me for help
in September. Carol?s goal was to make exercise and
nutrition a priority in her daily life. After having
twins and letting her busy life catch up with her,
she was ready to be proactive. At the midpoint of
the program, Carol had dropped nearly 4% body fat
and more importantly was feeling great. She was
very encouraged about the progress. Due to her
positive results, Carol has vowed to keep up with the
changes in her lifestyle.
Another participant, Leslie*, is morbidly obese and
has struggled with various health issues her whole
life. Leslie is the oldest living member of her family
at the age of 42 and initiated the program at 42.8%
body fat. Having just moved to the area, she was
fascinated by the colored leaves in the Willamette
Valley and initially took great pride in walking
outdoors. Leslie?s behavior change goals were to
exercise more regularly and to learn more about
healthy nutritional choices. Leslie?s started on the
10,000K-a-Day program, but, due to injuries, she
has changed her focus to improving her nutritional
choices and we have worked together to change her
eating habits.
I have found that throughout this program everyone
involved has grown immensely, including me.
Behavior change isn?t easy. Yet, this experience has
leads me believe that people can change for the
better. Often times, lack of information about what
Continued on page 34?People dynamics
33
Results from the Student Peers
Evaluation Annual Meeting 2006
Thank you to all the students who participated in
evaluating the poster and oral student presentations.
Unfortunately, only four evaluations were turned
in for the student posters, so a clear winner in each
category could not be assessed. We did have sixteen
evaluations for the student oral presenters and the
results are below. Please remember that out of 174
registered students only sixteen evaluations were
turned in and all student presenters were quite
outstanding. Congratulations to all winners and
happy spending!
Jessica Meendering, the new Regional
Student Representative
Hello, fellow members of NWACSM.
I want to thank all of you for giving
me the opportunity to represent you
and the Northwest region as the
new regional student representative.
Having run against so many
outstanding applicants, it is truly an honor to be
able to serve you. I am excited to help our awesome
national student representative, Jenni McCord,
continue to build the student participation in our
chapter by spreading the word about our organization
to undergraduate students and graduate students in
the area. I have learned so much from being a student
member of NWACSM and I hope to introduce many
new students to the opportunities that NWACSM
has to offer. If you have any ideas to increase student
participation in our area or have questions as to how
you can become involved with NWACSM, please do
not hesitate to contact me:
Student Category Best Oral Presentation Best at Fielding Questions Most Interesting
(Just Cool Science)
Undergraduate CM Murphy CM Murphy CM Murphy
Masters M Spiroski M Spiroski Spiroski for Wagner
Doctoral BN Torgrimson WM Silvers BN Torgrimson
Student Category Best Oral Presentation Best at Fielding Questions Most Interesting
(Just Cool Science)
Undergraduate CM Murphy CM Murphy CM Murphy
Masters M Spiroski M Spiroski Spiroski for Wagner
Doctoral BN Torgrimson WM Silvers BN Torgrimson
Student Category Best Oral Presentation Best at Fielding Questions Most Interesting
(Just Cool Science)
Undergraduate CM Murphy CM Murphy CM Murphy
Masters M Spiroski M Spiroski Spiroski for Wagner
Doctoral BN Torgrimson WM Silvers BN Torgrimson
Student Category Best Oral Presentation Best at Fielding Questions Most Interesting
(Just Cool Science)
Undergraduate CM Murphy CM Murphy CM Murphy
Masters M Spiroski M Spiroski Spiroski for Wagner
Doctoral BN Torgrimson WM Silvers BN Torgrimson
Resources for Soon-to-Be Graduate
Students, Faculty Members, and the
In-Between
? Tomorrow?s Graduate Students and Post-Docs
http://ctl.stanford.edu/Tomprof/postings.html
This website holds a huge resource of information
for students, post-docs, new and senior faculty
members. Topics include everything from
intriguing education questions, study tips,
obtaining your ? rst academic career, what to look
for in a research adviser, and much, much more!
? Making the
Right Moves: A
Practical Guide
to Scienti? c
Management for
Postdocs and New
Faculty :
http://www.hhmi.org/grants/of? ce/graduate/
labmanagement.html
You can download this Howard Hughes Medical
Institute book (for free) from this website or order
a copy of the book. This book contains a huge bank
of information and it is strongly recommended if
you are interested in running your own research
lab.
? Other Helpful Resources:
Jerrard, R., & Jerrard, M. (1998). The grad school
handbook: An insider ?s guide to getting in and
succeeding. New York: Perigee
Rice, R.E., Sorcinelli, M.D., Austin, A.E. 2000.
Heeding New Voices: Academic Careers for a
New Generation. Washington, D.C.: American
Association for Higher Education.
34 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
it takes to be healthy is a road block to success. I
have found, that with the right information and
the adoption of healthy goals, all people can be
successful.
The experience has been very ful? lling and challeng-
ing. I have developed friendships with many of them
because of the personal nature of the issues that we
had to address. But I did not only learn a lot about
Highlighted Undergraduate Research
Jennifer Vincent was the winner of the Undergraduate Research Poster Presentation at NWACSM?s
Annual Meeting! Check out the undergraduate research at Gonzaga University.
Fatness, Fat Patterning and Blood Pressure: Relationships, Prediction, and Tracking in Children
Jennifer A. Vincent 1 , Christina A. Geithner 1 , Molly F. Cooper 2 , Shannon R. Siegel 3 , Cheryl A. Weixel 4 , and
Eva M. Windlin 4 . ? 1 Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA; 2 Creighton University, Omaha, NE; 3 California
State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA; 4 Benewah Medical and Wellness Center, Plummer,
ID.
The purposes of this study were:
1) To assess prevalence of obesity and hypertension in American Indian and Caucasian children.
2) To determine the relationships between measures of fatness, fat patterning and blood pressure.
3) To assess the usefulness of fatness and fat patterning indices for prediction of blood pressure
and later disease risk.
4) To assess tracking of fatness, fat patterning and blood pressure over time in these children.
Twenty-Eight % of the sample was overweight by BMI percentile, and 9.0% was classi? ed as hypertensive
based on percentiles for systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). Measures of fatness
(BMI, waist circumference or WC, and sum of skinfolds) were signi? cantly related to SBP and DBP,
while measures of fat patterning (waist/hip ratio and subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio) were not.
WC was the strongest and most consistent predictor of SBP and DBP for the sample and by subgroups,
accounting for 24.1% of the variance in SBP and 9.6% of the variance in DBP. Sex- and race-associated
differences were found in correlations among variables and in the predictors of SBP and DBP. Inter-age
correlations indicated strong stability for both BMI and WC (Spearman?s rho=.804 and .662, respectively;
p<0.01) across a three-year-period; however, SBP and DBP did not track well between measurements.
Overweight (BMI) and abdominal obesity (WC) track well over a thr ee-year period in children. WC is a
strong predictor of current blood pressure as well as later risk for hypertension and other chronic disease.
Therefore, BMI and WC should be included in regular screenings of children for early identi? cation of
current and future health risk.
(Funded by the Public Health Nursing Health Promotion/Disease Prevention Project)
Do you want your research featured? Contact Student Reps Jessica Meendering: jgee@uoregon.edu or
Jenni McCord: jlmccord@uoregon.edu
working with people, I learned quite a bit about
myself. The ? rst leg of this project required that I
perform a lifestyle behavior change myself. Before
the program, I was unhealthy. Who wants to listen to
an unhealthy person giving health advice? So, I made
the commitment and researched on how to develop
ways toward a better lifestyle. I?d like to think that
my effort will have a lasting positive impact on the
participants' lives; because it will on mine.
*Names were changed.
Continued from page 32, People dynamics
35
2006 NWACSM Chapter Of? cers
Member-at-Large (2004-07 Clinical)
Janet T. Peterson, DrPH, RCEP, CHES
Excercise Science, Health, Human Performance & Athletics,
Lin? eld College
Portland, OR 97128
Phone: 503-883-2255
Email: japeters@lin? eld.edu
Regional Student Representative (2006-08)
Jessica Meendering, M.S.
Department of Human Physiology
1240 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1240
Ph. 541-346-4295
Email: jgee@uoregon.edu
National Student Representative (05-07)
Jenni McCord, M.S.
Department of Human Physiology
1240 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1240
Email: jlmccord@uoregon.edu
Regional Chapter Committee Representative
Stephen B. Conant, M.S., H/FI, CSCS
Montana State University
1530 South Grand Ave.
Bozeman, MT 59715
Ph. (406) 581-5545
Email: steveconant@hotmail.com
Coordinator for the Annual Meeting in 2007 in Seattle
Dan Heil, Ph.D.
Department of Health & Human Development
Hoseaus 101
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT 59717-3360
Ph. (406) 994-6324
E-mail: dheil@montana.edu
__________________________________________________________
NWACSM Home Of? ce Director
Wendy Repovich, Ph.D. , FACSM,
PEHR Dept., PEB 200
Eastern Washington University
Cheney, WA 99004-2476
Ph. (509) 359-7960; Fax: (509) 359-4833
E-mail: wrepovich@ewu.edu
http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/nwacsm/
Newsletter Editor
Henriette Heiny, Ph.D., FACSM
Int?l Institute for Sport and Human Performance
1243 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1243
Ph. (541) 346-4114; Fax (541) 346-0935
E-mail: hheiny@uoregon.edu
John Halliwill, Ph.D., President (2006-07)
Department of Human Physiology
1240 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1240
Ph. (541) 346-5425
halliwil@uoregon.edu
Christopher Minson, Ph.D., Immediate Past President (2006-07)
Department of Human Physiology
1240 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1240
Ph. (541) 346-4105
minson@uoregon.edu
Julie Downing, Ph.D., President-Elect (2006-07)
Professor of Health & Human Performance
Exercise Physiology Lab Director
Central Oregon Community College
Mazama Hall, 2600 NW College Way
Bend, OR 97701
Ph. (541) 383-7764, Fax (541) 317-3061
E-mail: jdowning@cocc.edu
Stasinos Stavrianeas, Ph.D., Treasurer (2004-07)
Department of Exercise Science
Willamette University
900 State St.
Salem, OR 97301
Ph. (503) 370-6392; Fax (503) 370-6379
E-mail: stas@willamette.edu
Marisa Hastie, M.S., Secretary (2006-08)
Lane Community College
Fitness Education Program Coordinator
4000 East 30th Ave.
Eugene, OR 97405
Ph: (541) 463-5552
E-mail: HastieM@lanecc.edu
Member-at-Large, (2006-09 Fitness)
James J. Laskin, P.T., Ph.D.
Director, New Directions Wellness Center
The School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science
University of Montana
Skaggs Building, Room 105
Missoula, MT 59812
Ph. (406) 243-4757; Fax (406) 243-
2795E-mail: james.laskin@umontana.edu
Member-at-Large, (2005-08 Research)
Frank Stanek, Ph.D.
Exercise Physiologist
Sales Consultant, VIASYS Healthcare
23010 SE 247th Court
Maple Valley, WA 98038
Phone: (206) 849-9262
Email: skimax? i@comcast.net
36 Northwest Region American College of Sports Medicine Newsletter
Name:
First Middle Last
Date of Birth:
Mailing Address:
Home Phone ( )
Business Phone ( )
Fax: ( )
E-mail:
Occupation:
Highest Degree Earned:
City State Zip Code
Nonpro? t
Organization
U.S. Postage
PAID
Eastern
Washington Uni-
versity
2006 Northwest American College of Sports Medicine
Membership Form
Northwest Chapter
American College of Sports Medicine
Wendy Repovich, Ph.D., FACSM
Physical Education, Health & Recreation Dept..
Eastern Washington University
200 Physical Education Building
Eastern Washington University
Cheney, WA 99004-2476
ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED
Are you a member of the national ACSM?
Your ACSM member no.
If yes, Professional
check any Professional-in-Training
that apply Associate Member
Undergraduate Student
Graduate Student
Chapter membership category and yearly dues
Professional ACSM member ($30)
Professional ACSM nonmember ($45)
Student ($15)
Undergraduate Student
Graduate Student
Mail this form and a check made out to NWACSM to:
NWACSM Home Of? ce
Eastern Washington University , PEHR Dept., PEB 200
Cheney, WA 99004
Ph. (509) 359-7960; Fax: (509) 359-4833
E-mail: wrepovich@ewu.edu
Professional ACSM nonmember ($45)
Student ($15)
If yes, Professional
check any Professional-in-Training
that apply Associate Member
Undergraduate Student
Graduate Student
Undergraduate Student
Graduate Student