DESIGNING TO PREVENT VANDALISM: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN TWO OF EUGENE, OREGON'S HISTORIC CEMETERIES THROUGH DESIGN INTERVE TION SAVANNAH HERRELL A TERMfNAL PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE INTERDISCIPLINARY STU DIES PROGRAM: HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERS ITY OF OREGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE J UNE 2016 Terminal Project Approval Page Title: Designing to Prevent Vandalism in Historic Cemeteries: An Analysis of Change in Two of Eugene, Oregon 's Historic Cemeteries Through Design Intervention. This terminal project has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Historic Preservation by: Anne C. Godfrey Kuri Gill Chairperson Member Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 20 I 6 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the people who supported this project. My committee members: Anne Godfrey at the University of Oregon and Kuri Gill, the Oregon Historic Cemeteries Program Coordinator for providing invaluable advice and edits. Kuri, thank you for the many involved conversations on cemetery vandalism, how to be respectful of communities and on the future of preservation. I do not know where this project would be without you. The Eugene Masonic Cemetery and Eugene Pioneer Cemetery board/association members for listening to my endless number of questions. l am awed by their dedication to and their love for their individual cemeteries, thank you all for allowing me the experience of working with you. To Terra Wheeler and Albert Bamier, who listened to me hash out ideas and supported me through the numerous times of uncertainty. To my mom and my dad, who supported me through all the ups and downs. I am incredbily thankful for all of the wonderful people in my life who have made this project and my studies possible. Foreword This project was prepared in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Historic Preservation at the University of Oregon. The author hopes that this project will serve as a valuable resource for Oregon ' s Historic Cemeteries and contribute to the larger body of heritage scholarship. The author hopes this project serves as a tool of community empowerment and can aid in the protection of historic cemeteries. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE a) ABSTRACT b) SCOPE c) CONTEXT AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2. PROBLEM ST A TEMENT 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK a) PRIMARY b) SECONDARY c) TERTIARY 4. A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO VANDALISM 5. VANDALISM AS A SOCIETAL ISSUE 6. EXISTING LITERATURE ON HISTORIC CEMETERIES 7. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC CEMETERIES 8. HISTORIC CEMETERY VANDALISM 9. DESIGN INTERVENTIONS 10. CASE STUDIES a) EUGENE MASONIC CEMETERY b) EUGENE PIONEER CEMETERY 11. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY 12. LESSONS AND OPPORUNITEIS 13. CONCLUSION 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15. APPENDIX A: CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSING AND APPLYING INTERVENTIONS 16. APPENDIX B: DIGITAL LINKS TO PROJECT AND PHOTO LOGS INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE Abstract The tenninal project "Designing to Prevent Vandalism in Historic Cemeteries: An Analysis of Change in Two of Eugene, Oregon ' s Historic Cemeteries Through Design Intervention," is an assessment of design intervention strategies that have been applied to in two local Oregon historic cemeteries in order to reduce vandalism. The field of cemetery conservation utilizes varied design interventions; however, there has been little analysis and measurement of the effectiveness of these strategies from a landscape architecture perspective. 1 Using conceptual frameworks from landscape architecture, psychology and historic preservation, this terminal project contributes to the field of preservation by creating a model for measuring design intervention strategy effectiveness. This will be achieved through case study analysis of two historic cemeteries: Eugene Masonic Cemetery and Eugene Pioneer Cemetery which were selected based on documented struggles with vandalism and a theorized change in the rate of vandalism in response to design intervention. Scope The scope of this project is the local application of design interventions in two urban cemeteries. Design interventions by nature are intended to be broadly applicable so that they may be tailored to individual needs. To track the application of broad concepts in individual cemetery's, a local context was necessary. Both of the selected case studies for this project have 1 The United States has produced a number of cemetery conservation guides, which sum up recommended conservation approaches. Nearly all of those guides propose design intervention strategies to combat acts of vandalism. an urban context. While rural historic cemeteries are not featured in this study, the included design interventions are a lso applicab le to their environments and specific challenges. Context and Contribution to the Field of Historic Preservation The proposed study on the design interventions applied in historic cemeteries to limit acts of vandalism is part of a larger fi eld of cemetery conservation scholarship. By applying principa ls of psycho logy, landscape architecture and historic preservation, thi s study aims to create a cohesive document that evaluates the effectiveness of design intervention strategies as they are applied in histori c cemeteries, while taking each specific cemetery ' s context into consideration. An interdisciplinary approach is essential to eva luate the design strategies proposed by cemetery conservationists and to develop a system of analysis for historic cemeteries in their contexts. The evaluation of two historic cemeteries in the Eugene, Oregon vic inity highlights both their similarities and differences through investigation of contextual variations. The study will contribute to the larger field of cemetery conservation, historic preservation and heritage studies by analyzing des ign intervention strategy effectiveness in the prevention of vandali sm in hi storic cemeteries. While many design interventions are recommended by cemetery conservationists, their effectiveness in historic cemetery vandalism prevention has not been assessed. This study will address the current gap in understanding. Furthermore, the larger intention is to create a model through which other hi storic cemeteries may be evaluated and to aid in future studies of vandalism. The model is intended he lp ind ividual cemeteries evaluate their situation and prioritize intervention strategies, wh ich is helpfu l because they typically have limited resources and need to plan work over time. PROBLEM STATEMENT Cemetery conservationists have produced a wide variety of literature on the subject of vandalism prevention in historic cemeteries. The strategies they have produced are fundamentally design interventions, directed at curbing acts of vandalism. Design intervention may be defined as the recognition of something that is considered undesirable and the strategy applied to change it. Despite the wide body of knowledge created by the cemetery conservation community, there has been little analysis as to the effectiveness of the proposed design intervention strategies. This study wi ll evaluate the effectiveness of design intervention strategies in the prevention of vandalism in two historic cemeteries in the Eugene, Oregon vicinity. Eugene Masonic Cemetery and Eugene Pioneer Cemetery have struggled to combat vandalism in the past and to varying degrees, are worJcing to implement design intervention strategies. The application of design intervention strategies in these cemeteries has induced a transformation of these spaces from under-utilized, overgrown and vandalized to valued, well­ maintained and lower rates of vandali sm. However, a study has not been conducted to measure the effectiveness of design interventions. A gap exists between the broadly proposed design intervention strategies and the changes created by their application in specific cemetery landscapes. This study seeks to better understand the changes that have occurred in historic cemeteries due to the application of proposed design intervention strategies in case study cemeteries. The objective is to create a method to measure the effectiveness of the aforementioned design strategies. A multi-disciplinary approach is necessary to complete this study, including conceptual frameworks from: landscape architecture, psychology and cemetery conservation. It wil l draw from landscape architecture to analyze both the effectiveness of design interventions and the resulting changes in cemetery spaces. The study wi ll also ana lyze vandalism from a psychological perspective and draw on the fi eld of cemetery conservation to provide the context for understanding the complex s ignificance of historic cemeteries. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A measurement of the changes caused by the application of design intervention strategies proposed by cemetery conservationists has previously been the subject of little study. This study will utilize three conceptual frameworks to address the gap between proposed design interventions and the changes that have occurred due to their application in case study cemeteries. Primary Conceptual Framework The primary conceptual framework applied in this study utilizes an interpretative approach to the existing body of knowledge on vandalism prevention in historic cemeteries. The existing body of knowledge includes cemetery conservation guides such as: " Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook: A Guide to Basic Preservation," produced by the lllinois Department of Natural Resources, the "Michigan Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide," by Gregg King et al and several other guides produced by states such as Oregon, Arizona, and Texas. One other particularly helpfu l resource is Preventing Vandalism and Th~ft in Historic Cemeteries created by Susan Stutzenburger and John Eck. One component of these conservation guides is the proposal of strategies that may be applied in historic cemeteries to limit acts of vandali sm. While packaged as s imple strategies of protection for the reader, they may be interpreted as design intervention strategies developed to limit the opportunity and motivation aspects of vandalism.2 To analyze the application of design intervention strategies, a secondary conceptual framework is necessary. A landscape architecture approach wi ll provide the necessary information to analyze the changes created by the application of design interventions in two historic cemetery case studies. Secondary Conceptual Framework The secondary conceptual framework utilized by thi s study is landscape architecture. Historic cemeteries are cultural landscapes with multiple layers of significance, that may be examined through the di scipline of landscape architecture. Furthermore, design interventions in cultural landscapes require the terminology and methods of analysis presented by the fi eld of landscape architecture. More specifically, this study will utilize and adapt the principles of site analysis to examine the changes in the vandalism rates in historic cemeteries through the application of design interventions. Site analysis is an initial phase of the architectural design process that considers a number of factors such as the geographical, topographical and historical context of a specific s ite in its current condition.3 This study intends to examine some traditional elements of site analysis, but 2 Willem Yan Vilet, "The Cherry Question or the Role of Social Science Research in Designing Against Vandalism," in Vandalism: Research, Prevention and Social Policy. (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland: Oregon.) Pg. 1-276. The terms opportunity and motivation reference a theoretical construct presented in this article. The term opportunity references the physical abi lity, while motivation references the psychological. Motivation and opportunity are intimately linked in design strategies for vandalism prevention. 3 Edward T. White, Site Analysis: Diagramming Information for Architecrural Design, Architectural Media Ltd, 1983. to adapt the process to examine how appl ied design intervention strategies have influenced the cemetery landscape over time. For example, traditional factors in a site analysis, such as vegetation will be examined. However, differing from traditional site analysis methods, the selections historic cemeteries have made in regards to vegetation wi ll be examined as a design strategy and will be evaluated for effectiveness in the reduction of vandalism. These factors will be assessed as a whole within each historic cemetery and correlated with changes over time. Tertiaty Conceptual Framework The final conceptual framework applied in this study utilizes a psychological approach in order to study vandalism in historic cemeteries. Seminal contributions to the study of vandalism psychology include "The Cherry Question or the Ro le of Social Science Research in Designing Against Vandalism," by Willem Van Vi llet and "What is Vandalism? Towards a Psycho-Social Definition and its Implication," by Gabriel Moser. This scholarship provides a conceptual framework for deconstructing the thought processes leading to acts of vandalism and constructs the theoretical basis for forming discussions on why vandal ism occurs. For example, Vil let's article offers a context for understanding the inherent limitations designers face when working in highly vandalized spaces. F urthermore, the artic le deliberates how designers must weigh psychological constructs such as motivation and opportuni ty, when designing to prevent vandalism. Therefore, a psychological component will be a key element of th is study because it provides a basis for understanding vandalism within the larger context of the motivation for se lection of specific design strategies. A SHORT INTRODUCTJON TO VANDALISM Vandalism has been pervasive throughout human history, however, acts in the modem context that are considered to be vandalism, were viewed as ordinary in most ancient societies. Vandalism has a fragmentary record, only traceable through li terary sources and graffiti. Graffiti has been unearthed in several ancient societies such as those of Greece, Rome, Syria and Egypt. 4 Perhaps the most well preserved examples may be found on the walls of Pompei i and Herculaneum, due to the 79 CE volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.5 The modern understanding of graffiti differs greatly from the historical associations of graffiti. Graffiti may be defined as a deliberate mark made on a surface and it is only the modern association that has overlaid an illicit association to the act.6 Some current scholarship overlays modem understanding of vandalism while interpreting ancient graffiti, inferring these acts as illicit without deducing the contextual perceptions of those who viewed it.7 Other scholarship, such as the work Ancient Graffiti in Context by Jennifer Baird and Claire Taylor attempts to interpret ancient graffiti through the an ancient lens. The graffiti found in both Pompeii and Herculaneum is pro lific, in both public and private spaces. Ranging from announcements of gladiatorial games such as: "On 22 February, at the games of Numsus Genialis, 10 pairs of gladiators wi ll fight at Herculaneum," to greetings between friends such as: "Anicetus, Paris, greetings." Other graffiti writings include bawdy messages, lover's poetry and the telling message written on the Pompeii basilica: "O walls, you 4 Jennifer Baird and Claire Taylor, Ancient Graffiti in Context [ eBook] (Taylor and Francis, 20 I 0) accessed 5 January 20 l6; available from http: .. orbis.eblib.com patron l-ul1Record.a~px'?p=957702 1-3. 5 Alison E. Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook (New York, New York: Routledge, 2014) 5-7 6 Oxford Dictionary, "Graffiti," accessed 6 January 2016, http://\\,,,,.oxforddictionaric5.com/usldcfinition/amcrican cnu.lish/grafliti and Baird and Taylor Ancient Graffiti in Context 6. 7 Baird and Taylor Ancient Graffiti in Context 4. have held up so much tedious graffiti that I am amazed that you have not already collapsed in ruin. "8 Evidence of vandalism, in the form of graffiti, continued on well into the middle ages. In England, for example, scholars have discovered that many Church walls featured graffiti. In Norfo lk England, Church goers often drew geometric designs such as flowers on the walls. Modern interpretations would likely consider the act of writing on Church walls to be a sacrilegious practice, however, evidence from the time period indicates the practice was likely condoned. Current scholarship theorizes that the drawings were ritualistic in nature, intended to provide protection from evil spirits.9 One other good example of vandalism throughout history is its use as a psychological tool by campaigning armies. Upon the successful conquering of a c ity, an invading army would often loot and damage the conquered city. For example, the Iranian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni recorded the events of the siege of Baghdad in 1258 CE, after which, the Mongols laid the city to waste. 10 Rome was sacked in 390 BCE, 410 BCE, 455 CE, 546 CE and 1527 CE by invading armies. In the 455 CE sack by the Vandals, anny entered Rome and proceeded to plunder the city and in the process destroyed much of it. 11 The successive sacks of Rome highlight a conceptual understanding of the psychological trauma caused by vandalistic tactics; through destruction of property, campaigning armies recognized they could also destroy enemy morale. The Vandals 455 CE sack of Rome inspired both the term vandalism and the modern negative connotation attached to the term. The Vandals had been one of several Gallic tribes that 8 Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook 34-37 9 Kate Ravilious, "Writing on the Church Wall," in Archaeology Religion and Philosophy Collection No. 5 (September 2015) EBSCOhost Accessed January 14, 20 I 6. 10 David Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford, UK; New York, Blackwell 1986) Print, 126- 127. 11 Peter Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire (Cary, GB: Oxford University Press, USA, 2014) ProQuest ebrary, Web, 2 April 2016, 35-38. sacked Rome and as a result, were often invoked in Europe in association with the Goths, the Huns and the Mongols. They had no special or significant difference in the mind of Europeans until the work of Abee Henri Gregorie in 1794. Gregorie was the Bishop du Blois and produced the term "vandalisme" in his report "Rapport sur les Destructions Operes par le Vandalisme, et sur les Moyens de le Reprime." The report was written as a response to the destruction caused by rioters in the early months of the French Revolution and presented to the National Convention, which convened to attempt to halt the Revolution. For inspiration, Gregorie consulted the historical period he felt most mirrored the current situation in France. The fall of the Roman Empire, culminating with the Barbarian invasions of the 6th Century CE, appeared to be the most historically similar to the toppling of France's elite. Gregorie and many others, equated the commoner's rise in France to the Barbarian invasions of Rome. The Roman view of the Barbarian tribes as uncivilized and lesser is very similar to the French elite view of the common people. The Vandals were likely selected as the inspiration for Gregorie ' s new term for several reasons. The French enlightenment historiographer's tended to paint the Franks, their ancestors, positively. To separate the Franks from other Barbarian tribes, French writers tended to cast all other Barbarian tribes negatively. The Vandals in particular, had noted similarities to the Franks and were therefore the target of French writers as they attempted to glorify their ancestors. French Historiographer Abbe Dubois wrote that the Vandals were "seditious and perfidious," and therefore were the most hated of Barbarians. Writers tended to highlight that while both Barbarian groups had successfully attacked Rome, the Franks had established a kingdom as well as a lasting legacy, while the Vandals had moved through Rome and eventually disappeared. Gregorie built upon the French tradition of vilifying the Vandals because it suited his purposes. He was in essence, attempting to draw on the precedent set by French writers, to cast the common people in a negative light. By labeling the destruction symbols of the Ancien Regime as ' vandalisme,' Gregorie attempted to color the perception of France's common people ' s actions as barbarous. Despite Gregorie's report, the common people o f France seized power and the term vandalisme gained rapid popularity. The term soon was used to describe systematic revolutionary violence and eventually, any act of cultural desecration. By 1798, the term vandalisme was inc luded in the Dictionnaire de L' Academie Franc;aise. By the mid-I 9th century, the term vandalism was in standard use in Europe. In contrast with Gregorie, Modern historians have come to label the actions of the French revolutionaries as iconoclasm. Iconoclasm is the destruction of religious icons or other political monuments to chal lenge the status-quo. The Oxford Eng li sh Dictionary describes an iconoclast as an individual who challenges "cherished beliefs or venerated institutions on the grounds that they are erroneous or pernicious." The correlation that Gregorie drew between barbarians and the French revolutionaries has continued with modern interpretations of the term vandalism. 12 Modern understanding of the term associates vandalism with illicit behaviors and the destruction of property, in part due to the original correlation with barbarian behaviors. Modern scholars have sometimes interpreted ancient actions through a modern lens, assigning an illicit status to ancient surface writings. Scholars have begun to challenge these interpretations, looking at ancient surface writings in the ir historic context. Additionally, scholars have begun to look at modern acts of vandalism in new ways, recognizing that a multitude of motivations inspire acts of vandalism and not all of them are illic it. The following chapter will discuss the psychological 12 A.H. 1errills. "The Origins of\ andalism'." in the !11ternwio11al .Jounwl uf the C/a\sirnl Tradition ( 16 ( 2).Springcr ) h11p: "" \\ .jstor.lln! stable • .H):,8):{892. 155-75 motivations for vandalism, di stinguish different types of vandalism and highlight important terminology. The enumeration nuanced psychological factors and high light differences in vandalistic behaviors is important in understanding how vandalism happens in historic cemeteries as wel l as how to limit it. VANDALISM AS A SOCIETAL ISSUE The Federal Bureau of Investigation collects both National and Statewide data for vandalism. This data may be used to identify patterns and corresponding social trends. See Table I for data on vandalism both in Oregon and the United States. 13 TABLE I: FBI CASES OF VANDALISM Year National Offenders Reported Known Cases 2007 3,579 l , I 08 2008 3,608 1,098 2009 2,970 898 2010 2,861 831 2011 2,61 1 759 2012 2,547 757 2013 2,424 862 Cases Reported in Oregon No Data 85 49 52 57 24 37 Incidents of vandalism are not always reported to the police because organizations do not believe culpri ts wi ll be caught. For example, Eugene Masonic Cemetery has reported one of eight incidents of vanda lism in the last ten years to the Eugene Police Department because they believe that it wastes both police and cemetery resources. 14 Without speculating, one must consider the impact that this attitude has on both statewide and national data reporting. The Department of Justice theorizes that about 60 percent of property crime goes unreported, which 13 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2007-201 3 Statistics on Crimes Against Property, Accessed November 13, 2015, Imps: \\\\'\\.!bi.gm 'about-us cj1s ucr'hate-crimc '20 I J topic-pa!.!cs incidems-and- ofknscs incidentsandoffenses fi nal. 14 Dennis Hellesvig, Interviewed by Savannah Herrell, Personal Interview, Eugene Masonic Cemetery, ovember 20, 2015. explains the low numbers of reported cases in the table. 15 From 2007-2013, national reports show a general decrease in reported cases of vandalism. 16 Vandalism is legally defined as an "action involving deliberate destruction to public or private property." 17 As many studies on vandalism point out, the legal definition of vandalism does not consider motivation or classifications. Psychologists studied vandalism extensively throughout the 1960-1980's, leading to an understanding of motivations and methods to address it. Psychologists created typologies to sort out motivations, which blossomed into a multitude of theory. The production of vandalism typologies highlights a recognition of the differences in motivations. In 1973, Cohen developed six basic typologies that began a new way of thinking about vandalism: Ideological: Property destruction characterized by rule-breaking toward some explicit and conscious ideological end; and challenge the content of the rule being broken. Acquisitive: Damage done in the course of or in order to acquire money or property. Tactical: To advance some non-material end in a planned fashion. May be ideological or personal in motivation. Vindictive: A form of revenge. Play: A form of institutionalized rule-breaking without malicious intent, inspired by curiosity, a spirit of competition and skill. Malicious: Hostile actions enjoyed for their own sake at the victim 's expense, inspired boredom, despair, exasperation, resentment, failure and frustration. 18 15 Department of Justice, Crimes Against Property, Accessed May 10th 2016, http://www.bjs.gov/ content/pu b/pdf /vn rp0610. pdf 16 Federal Bureau ofTnvestigation, 2007-201 3 Statistics on Crimes Against Property 17 Oxford Dictionary, "Vandalism," accessed 18 January 2016. 18 S. Cohen, C. Ward, ed., Property Destruction: Motives and Meanings, (London: Architectural Press 1973) pp. 24-- 53 Many psychologists have moved away from the Cohen typologies because while useful for basic vandalism differentiation, such taxonomies do not specify the etiology or resulting dynamics. However, a great deal of theory has resulted from Cohen's typologies and it remains important as the one of the first recognitions that motivations for vandalism differ. Some of the resulting theory will be discussed, but as it is numerous, only the applicable works wi ll be presented. First, it is important to understand theories on how vandalism occurs. Willem Van Vliet's seminal theory discussed in "The Cherry Question or the Role of Social Science Research in Designing Against Vandalism," explains how vandalism happens. Van Vliet explains that vandalism is the result of two factors: motivation and opportunity. Opportunity references the physical ability to act and motivation references the psychological place where a person is willing to act. Many common responses to acts of vandalism target the opportunity, such as removing trash receptacles because they were repeatedly vandalized. Van Vliet explains that this methodology is often ineffective because the motivational aspect remains, leading the motivated participants to seek alternate means of expression. One social theory on vandalism, building on the theory of Van Vliet, focuses on the means that create vandalistic behaviors as a deviant subculture. Scholars theorize that potential participants in the deviant subculture must be exposed to a cultural transmission; meaning that through peer interactions the potential participants come to understand the deviant subculture as more favorable than unfavorable. It must be noted that many who are exposed to deviant subcultures do not experience the cultural transmission. If the values expressed by the subculture align with the potential participant when other means of expression are blocked in conventional culture, they may tum to alternative ( deviant) forms of expression. Participants in the subculture often view their actions as an expression of power, social identity, artistry or as completion of a challenge. 19 To tie this theory into Van Vliet, this social theory enumerates on the creation for motivation for vandalistic acts. The high value placed on vanda listic behavior in the deviant subculture makes public policy responses challenging because attempting to limit opportunity does nothing to address motivation. A solution offered by this social theory is to present more legitimate means for expression for potential participants, which targets motivation. Multiple other theories have been produced to explain vandalistic behavior, three of them are: standpoint theory, the situational theory and the motivational theory. Standpoint theory: The actor, according to the actor' s own conception, seldom can present motives for the act of vandalism. The act detaches the actor from the normative tradition, which is the real motivation, and the illicitness of the act heightens the experience. Situational theory: Criminal acts are a result of conscious choices and decisions. People are aware of their decisions, but enjoy the reward/challenge aspect of criminal behaviors. Motivational theory: Vandalism is an expression of an inability to verbalize the social meaning of the act. The target is symbolic of the specific difficulty of social integration; vandalism acts aim to deconstruct the existing social order. Juvenile and adult vandalism represent two types of integration issues. Juvenile vandalism is the result of the detachment of oneself from the well ­ defined alliance, not felt at the present alliance. Adult vandalism is a matter of freeing oneself from a situation providing diffuse or weak social ties to other people or society.20 19 Gabriel Moser, "What is Vandalism? Towards a Psycho-Social Definition and its Implications," in Vandalism: Research, Prevention and Social Policy (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland: Oregon) 49-58. 20 Ibid 53-57. Perhaps the most important criminology theory in relation to cemetery vandalism is the Broken Windows theory created by psychologists Wilson and Kelling. At the community level , disorder and crime are linked in a developmental sequence. The theory centers on and is named after the observation made that if a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired, more windows in that building will soon be broken. Wilson and Kelling noted in interviews with police officers that they noticed reoccurrence of vandalism in places with broken elements or that were in disrepair. Zimbardo, the psychologist who first conducted experiments on this theory, abandoned two cars in two different neighborhoods. The first neighborhood was the Bronx and the car was stripped and destroyed within a day. The second neighborhood was in Palo Alto, where the car sat untouched for a week, until Zimbardo smashed it with a sledgehammer. The car was destroyed within several hours, leading Zimbardo to conclude that vandalism can happen anywhere where the communal barriers of mutual obligations of civility and respect are lowered. When those barriers are lowered by actions signaling that no one cares, it leads others to assume that their potential actions have been decriminalized and will harm no one. Zimbardo, Kelling and Wilson 's work was challenged by several psychologists and in the 2006 study conducted by Ludwig and Harcourt especially. However, the applicability of the lowering of communal barriers leading to vandalism remains.21 To derive meaning from the multitude of presented theory, vandalism is a multifaceted subject. Therefore, artificially set boundaries, such as classification systems are as a result, somewhat myopic. It must be concluded that vandalism is a complex issue with multiple 21 James Wilson and George L. Kelling, "Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety," in The Atlantic. 1982. motivations resulting in different situations. A successful approach in one situation may not be applicable or successful in another case. Due to the multitude of psychological, environmental and sociological factors, designers are faced with an extensive challenge when attempting to design in a manner that limits vandalism and furthermore, designs will, as a result, not always be successful. Van Vliet suggests designers utilize the prolific amount of theories to supplement each other, each of which will provide a valid partial answer. In this way, a solution may be tailored to the specific situation. This is highly applicable to the design interventions in historic cemeteries. Most are broad in nature, but meant to be that way because they may be tailored to individual situations. The following chapters will begin introducing information on historic cemeteries through the chapters: literature on historic cemeteries, the importance of historic cemeteries, the topic of cemetery vandalism and strategies that designers are applying to limit vandalism in historic cemeteries. The discussion will utilize the psychological theory presented in this chapter to evaluate why specific designs are proposed. The strategies will then be evaluated in their application in two case study cemeteries. EXISTING LlTERA TURE ON HISTORIC CEMETERIES State Historic Preservation Offices are generally responsible for administering a historic cemetery preservation programs. Often, resources in these programs are limited and each individual cemetery cannot be supported. Therefore, to guide individual cemeteries through preservation processes, several states have produced comprehensive guides intended to provide a larger range of support. There are about seven state guides available for pub! ic use and they generally have much of their information in common, which is why many states without guides have turned to recommending the use of other state guides that are already in existence. Each state tends to prioritize what they consider the most important information to present, such as Texas focusing the majority of their guides attention on the state laws about historic cemeteries while the Michigan guide focuses on a comprehensive effort to inform interested community members. The Michigan state guide is widely hailed for its comprehensive and community based approach to historic cemetery preservation. This guide leads an interested party through the fonnation of the cemetery association, claiming of ownership, how to conduct a survey, how to conduct preservation projects, how to seek funding, how to maintain a cemetery and how to create a long term preservation plan. One of the unique aspects of this guide is that it has a 1-3 rating system for projects based upon what level of expertise is required for its completion. 22 Despite being regarded as one of the most comprehensive cemetery preservation guides available, the Michigan guide's vandalism prevention section is relatively short and lacking in the comprehensive detail found in the rest of the document.23 This is likely because vandalism is not a particularly well studied topic in relation to preservation, especially in regards to historic cemeteries. Despite being one of the most threatening issues historic cemeteries face, vandalism is not well explained to cemetery associations. Parties interested in historic cemetery preservation often do not have professional preservation experience, which has led to the creation of these guides in the first place. Often times, the guides are the majority of the 22 Gregg King, et all, "Michigan Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide," (Charter Township of Canton, 2004) pg. 1-200 and Texas Historical Commission, "Preserving Historic Cemeteries: Texas Preservation Guidelines," Texas Historical Commission, (The State Agency for Historic Preservation, June 200 I). 23 King, et all, "Michigan Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide," 17. information utilized by interested parties for cemetery preservation, which means that a lack of vandalism prevention information continues. The POP Guide for Cemetery Vandalism and Theft by John Eck is one of the most inclusive guides in regards to cemetery vandalism that currently exists. POP, standing for Problem­ Oriented Policing is part of the larger guide series cultivated by the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. The Center for Problem-Oriented Policing is funded by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. This guide is informed by the theories of environmental criminologists, which focuses on how offenders commit crime, how patterns develop and how to remove opportunities for crimes. The guide covers how to understand the local problem, what motivates cemetery vandalism, potential responses, measuring response effectiveness and how to create a plan. It has been particu larly useful in identifying motivational aspects and general design interventions assessed in this project. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC CEMETERIES Historic Cemeteries are an important resource providing important cultural, hi storical, settlement, arch itectural, archaeological, landscape and ethnic information. Their primary purpose is the burial of the dead, but cemeteries also preserve culture. Cemeteries often contain religious iconography and are as a result, associated with spirituality. They provide information about fraternal organizations, relig ious denominations and are often indicative of wealth by the organization of the cemetery. Cultura lly, historic cemeteries provide information about community history because they are often the earliest wri tten local history. They are a record of a community over time because they are used multi-generationally. Cemeteries also provide vital ev idence of settlement patterns because they sometimes may be the only remnant of an early settlement where a ll the other structures have disappeared. Archaeological information provided by excavation in historic cemeteries, while excavation should only be done in cases where cemeteries are being formally vacated with proper permits and consultation, is bountifu l and often unique. Buildings, sculptures, grave makers, landscapes and fences are arch itectural artifacts, providing information on historic stylistic trends as well as construction methods. Buildings and monuments reflect arch itectural preferences of a specific period and show a larger connection to the tastes of a nation. Cemeteries are reflective of the cultural tastes of the period in which they were constructed and reflective of the larger community in which they are s ituated.24 HISTORJC CEMETERY VANDALISM Cemetery vandalism is defined as the deliberate destruction of cemetery property, whether it be the monuments, buildings or landscape. Cemetery vandalism is a problem that has received little attention from researchers and no comprehensive studies have been identified. There are no systematic state or federal records and most police departments do not track incidents of cemetery vandalism separately. Furthermore, many incidents go unreported and as a result, creating any understanding of the magnitude of cemetery vandalism is currently not possible. It may be established that cemetery vanda lism is experienced in nearly every cemetery, but the current system ofreporting and scholarship has created a lack of national information as well as a lack of localized in formation. As no established information is readily avai lable for cemeteries to draw from, generally individual. cemeteries create their own understandings of vandalism and may believe that there are no possible responses to decrease vandalism. 24 Ibid 1-6. Vandalism negatively impacts historic cemeteries because damage and theft are often costly repairs or replacements for cemeteries. If damaged monuments have no connections to descendants in the community, it falls upon the cemetery to repair or replace any damage. Oftentimes, the cemetery cannot afford to repair the markers, leading the cemetery to look unkempt.25 The appearance of disrepair in historic cemeteries may lead to further issues, such as additional vandalism, based on the Broken Windows theory presented previously. Damage to monuments in the cemetery also impairs historical research, as they are occasionally the only record of someone' s existence and if they are missing or damaged, the information may also be lost. Vandalism in historic cemeteries effects both the fiscal strength and the morale of the cemetery caretakers.26 Scholars, theorizing on cemetery vandalism, suggest several factors contributing to cemetery vandalism and theft. John Eck, in the Pop Guide for Cemetery Vandalism, suggests that understanding the factors will help individual cemeteries analyze their needs, determine intervention strategies and their responses to vandalism. Due to the lack of research on the subject, many cemeteries rely on trial and error methods for deterring vandals. Factors that can lead to vandalism are often not well understood by cemeteries, so it is important to discuss them in a cohesive section while drawing on psychological theory for explanation. Place Management: is one of the key determinants in the level of vandalism a cemetery experiences. Cemeteries with active, occasionally active, or non-existent place management tend to be correlated with different rates of vandalism, with actively managed cemeteries experiencing the lower rates of vandalism. Place management includes: Involvement of 25 John Eck and Amy Stutzenburger, Pop Guide for Cemetery Vandalism (University of Cincinnati), 2012.3-8 26 lbid 10-12. caretakers, superintendents, board of directors, a cemetery association, private organizations or individuals, families, historical societies, local civic groups, preservation groups and veteran 's groups. Place management is successful in deterring vandalism because it shows the viewer that the cemetery is cared for, which draws on the psychological theory Broken Windows. Community engagement leads to additional awareness of the cemetery, which increases the active place management. Lack of management presents a higher degree of opportunity for potential vandals because there is a lack of physical human presence. Negatively impacting the active place management for cemeteries are factors such as: a lack of funds, interest and help from the community.27 Landscape Maintenance: There are several philosophies in existence in regards to the appearance of landscapes in historic cemeteries. Some cemeteries have traditionally utilized a natural landscape featuring many native species, whi le others have favored a cultivated landscape appearance. For example, the Eugene Masonic Cemetery has traditionally favored a natural landscape and has worked to preserve the look of native species in the landscape's appearance. Conversely, the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, while hosting many natural species, was designed with the rural park cemetery movement in mind and has traditionally favored a more cultivated and strictly designed landscape appearance. These historical trends are important and are reflective of larger national sentiments and therefore, attention should be paid to their preservation. However, a maintained landscape and a landscape in disrepair are different. A cemetery that appears to be unkempt and overgrown may attract vandalism because to the viewer, it appears as if the cemetery is not cared for. Playing into the Broken Windows theory, the appearance of disrepair in a cemetery can lead to vandalism. Maintenance of the landscape 27 Ibid also promotes open lines of sight, which can deter potentia l acts of vandalism because those who believe they may be detected may be less likely to act. Cemeteries that are perceived as not cared for and/or isolated may be seen as attractive spaces for alcohol and drug use. Those under the influence of alcohol and drugs typically experience lowered inhibitions, which can increase the probability of additional illicit behaviors. Cemeteries that experience more frequent alcohol and drug use tend to experience higher rates of vandal ism. 28 Marker Preservation Efforts: Similar to landscape maintenance, marker preservation efforts have a large effect on the general appearance of a cemetery. If markers appear to be unmaintained, they may become targets for vandalism. T itled markers are more at risk and present more temptation because they appear to be in disrepair. Eck, bui lding upon the Broken Windows theory, theorizes that broken markers or vandalized buildings in cemeteries tend to attract more vandalism than markers or buildings in good repair. Scholars theorize that lack of landscape maintenance and low marker preservation are particularly insightful for motivated juveniles. Access: Most historic cemeteries have multiple access points, meaning that those who are motivated have multiple opportunities to avoid human detection when entering a cemetery. Access includes the line of sight in the cemetery and limited sight access can increase opportunity. Fencing may limit access points and is especially important in limiting access points in rural cemeteries. It also matters what type of access is al lowed, vehicle access versus pedestrian. Multiple vehicle access points tend to encourage more illicit activities such as partying. 28 Ibid Isolation: often is dependent on the location of the cemetery within its larger context, the cemetery size and the layout of the cemetery. Isolation or perceived iso lation can lead to larger issues with vandalism because potential perpetrators may believe that no one will observe their behaviors. Rural cemeteries tend to struggle frequently with this issue and as a result tend to experience higher rates of vandalism than urban cemeteries. However, many urban cemeteries are large or are arranged in a manner where pockets of isolation occur. Many cemeteries often do not have a care taker or active security so that can enhance feelings of isolation and as a result many increase chances of vandal ism. 29 Information: This includes rules, s igns and interpretative information presented throughout the cemetery, which increases the perceived value of the cemetery to the viewer. It sets expectations for use immediately upon entrance to the property.30 The above factors all contribute to cemetery vandalism, but some additional explanation is necessary regarding vandalism in historic cemeteries. Historic cemeteries are often run by a board, association, interested parties or descendants of those buried in the cemetery. As such, many of these groups do not have access to a significant amount of resources or preservation knowledge.31 Generally, group members are average fo lks, who are invested in the community, interested in preserving the history of their local cemetery and learn much of their preservation methodologies on the job. Federal and state agencies typically support this process by providing basic cemetery preservation manuals. These guides lead cemetery groups through many of the processes they will need to utilize when they are working towards preserving a cemetery.32 29 Ibid 23-29. 30 Ibid 33 31 Ibid 13-14. 32 I bid 14-17. Much of the information utili zed by cemetery groups is established by trial and error. Knowledge is accumulated through experiences and tailored to the specific cemeteries needs. Often, cemeteries believe much cannot be done about incidents of vandalism because perpetrators are not often caught. Limited resources often mean that cemeteries cannot repair the damage caused by vandalism, which can lead to more vandali sm because the cemetery appears to be uncared for. These two factors can create a cycle in wh ich the cemetery feels powerless to limit vandalism.33 A study thus far has not attempted to draw together both psychology and the design interventions recommended in cemetery preservation guides, leading to an establ ished relationship of cause and effect. Furthermore, understanding the factors leading to vanda lism and the psychological relationships creating situations where vandalism can occur is key to defending against vandalism. Creating a comprehensive study will then further aid these cemetery groups in their preservation efforts because explanations have been created through the combination of several different d isciplines. The next section wi ll introduce the general design interventions recommended for vandalism deterrence by historic cemetery guides. State guides often introduce simple strategies to limit vandalism, that in landscape architecture terminology are referred to as des ign interventions. Design interventions are an action app lied, with psychology in mind, to change an aspect of the landscape that is currently undesirable or contributing to something considered a problem. In historic cemeteries, the guides introduce several different design interventions, developed to limit both the opportunity and motivational aspects that can lead to vandalistic behaviors. While 33 Ibid 20-27 not explained with th is specific terminology in the preservation guides, design interventions generally fall within two larger categories: cemetery care and human presence. Cemetery care includes the general upkeep of a cemetery, which applies the Broken Windows Theory and is an attempt to limit motivation. Human presence, whether it by the cemetery organization, caretakers or the community, helps limit the opportunity for vandals to act. DESIGN INTERVENTIONS Cemetery preservation guides, often produced by state historic preservation offices, generally provide a small section within their comprehensive step by step plans for information on vandalism prevention. Generally, the information is not explicitly detai led and typically does not specify why certain actions are proposed. This can be prohibitive in applying design interventions successfu lly in a cemetery because cemetery administrators may be less likely to adopt measures they do not understand the logic of. The POP Guide / or Cemetery Vandalism, as previously mentioned, proposes more specific responses to vandalism and generally misses the opportunity to link psychology, but explains all responses to vandalism under the umbrella of place management. Design interventions proposed by both the state guides and the POP guide, are not organized or described in the manner that they are in this project. General observation and synthesis of proposed responses has led to the generation of two categories that design interventions typically fa ll into: human presence and cemetery care.34 They are reflective of the factors that influence cemetery vandalism. 34 Jbid 15-19. Interventions that fall into cemetery care include: good landscape maintenance, markers in good repair, damaged markers removed or quickly repaired, signs, clear paths, minimal access points, waste receptacles, c irculation compatible with use and visibility. Generally, the principle behind these design interventions is that a cemetery in good repair will attract less vandalism because it looks like it is cared about. Aspects, such as the removal of damaged markers and minimizing access points are a lso intended to limit opportunity. Design interventions falling into the human presence category include board activity in the cemetery, a caretaker and community utilization of the space. General ly, human presence in a cemetery is intended to limit the opportunity for potential acts of vandalism. These interventions are applied specifically to the cemetery to change current patterns, with the deterrence of vandalism as the target. While proposed design interventions listed in this section are highly generalized, they are intended to be widely applicable. Cemeteries should be assessing their specific problems and needs, then customizing recommended design interventions to their own landscapes. The site analysis below will assess the challenges two individual cemeteries face and how productive their intervention strategies have been; effectively taking the project from general to specifically applied and creating a model. CASE STUDIES Two cemeteries, the Eugene Masonic Cemetery and the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery were selected as case studies for this project. They were selected specifically because they both have well documented struggles with vandalism and have applied design interventions in an attempt to curb it. The question leading the study of both of these cemeteries is: Given both cemeteries' long struggle with vandalism, are the design interventions recommended by cemetery guides that have been implemented in either cemetery successful in reducing vandalism incidents? The methodology for this study was structured around answering this question. Data was collected for this study both through newspaper records and a survey given to board members of both cemeteries. Most of the current board members in both cemeteries have been involved for the past 5-15 years, therefore most of them have been present during the implementation of several of the design interventions and were aware of the struggles with vandalism that their cemeteries previously faced. The survey questions given to both cemeteries are below. 1. What incidents of vandal ism can be recalled from the last IO years? 2. Were any perpetrators caught? 3. Did the cemetery report to the police? Why or why not? 4. What changes have been implemented and are currently being implemented? 5. Has the cemetery been successful in decreasing vandalism? Each case study cemetery will be discussed separately with an explanation of their contextual information, answers to survey questions, information on vandalism incidents, information on design interventions and the site analysis. A site analysis is a preliminary phase in the arch itectural design process that studies the environmental, topographical, climatic, historical and structures of a site.35 The purpose is to determine a sites' context and potential designs. For the purpose of this study, the site ana lysis process was modified to determine what challenges each cemetery faces and the design interventions in place in each cemetery. The site analysis protocol from this study combines traditional contextual elements from landscape architecture 35 White, Site Analysis: Diagramming Information for Architectural Design, Architectural Media Ltd, 1983 with elements from the cemetery preservation guides, to create a complete study for each cemetery while accomplishing the goal of assessing design interventions. Each site analysis contains sections on: • Historical Context • Context: Maps, Schools, Sanborn Maps, Topography • Entrances: Formal and Informal • Uses: Formal and lnfom1al • Circulation • Social Trails • Structures • Place Management • Landscape Management and Changes over time • Marker Preservation • Design Interventions • Challenges A. Eugene Masonic Cemetery Eugene Masonic Cemetery ( 1859) is located on University and 25th Ave. Its general character, due to vegetation and location is secluded. It is surrounded by residential neighborhoods and the residences often utilize the space simi lar to that of a park. This setting has created a unique set of challenges and opportun ities for the cemetery, which will be discussed in the site analysis. Eugene Masonic Cemetery board member, Dennis Hellesvig, answered the survey questions because he has spent a good amount of time addressing vandalism in his ten years of involvement in the cemetery. As a retired architect, he has an intimate understanding of vandalism prevention techniques and has worked to apply them within the cemetery. 1. What incidents of vandalism can be recalled from the last 10 years? There have been 8 incidents of vandalism since 2000. Ranging from the mausoleum, to the maintenance shed and a variety of grave markers. 2. Were any perpetrators caught? Two teenagers ( 12-14) were caught after they vandalized five markers in 2005. A hall pass was found at the scene and it led to the discovery of their identities. The cemetery pressed charges, the teens had to pay $ 1000 each and do 40 hours of community service at the cemetery. 3. Did the cemetery association decide to report to the police? Why or why not? Normally, no. It wastes both parties time because the vandals are caught in extremely rare instances. 4. What changes has the cemetery implemented? A big push has been getting the landscape to a manageable point, while continuing to respect the natural character. The paths are clear and no longer overgrown. The markers are mostly visible and the second push has been to repair as many of those as possible. 5. Has the cemetery been successful in decreasing vandalism? Yes. We average less than one case a year now, when it previously was a constant problem. Data collected on vandalism in the Eugene Mason ic Cemetery was sourced through news articles and from the above survey, for convenience it was organized into a table. The data collected is not complete, as not every incident of vandalism was recorded, remembered or written about by the loca l newspapers. One quote from the Nov. 17th 1979 Register Guard article titled "Masonic Cemetery, Mausoleum Endorsed for Landmark Status," highlights how cemeteries generally view and face vandalism. The article focuses on the potential historic designation of the Masonic cemetery and explains the masonic lodges struggles with finding funds to maintain the cemetery grounds. The article records that the mausoleum was covered in countless amounts of graffiti and many markers were also broken. In an attempt to halt the damage to the mausoleum, the mausoleum windows were bricked over in 1965. The state of vandal ism at the cemetery was constant and Richard Rob Iyer of the Eugene Masonic lodge stated "we' re basically just keeping up with the vandalism." The combination of a lack of funds and continuous vandal ism creates situations where cemeteries feel like they cannot respond to vandalism and ill ict behaviors. A later article describes the landscape conditions in the Masonic Cemetery when it was experiencing consistent issues with vandalism. Don Brishoff writing "Old Cemetery Needs Rescue," in 1993 wrote that the cemetery was a typical case of decades of neglect. Describing the grass as reaching "shoulder height in the spring and is lucky to get one mowing a year. Fallen tombstones are almost never put back. The cemetery's Hope Abbey Mausoleum- once a place of architectural elegance- gets painted only when needed to cover up graffiti." Bristoff creates a vivid image of the neglect in the cemetery, noting rising community anger at the Masons lack of cemetery maintenance. Cemetery neighbor Mike Helm was quoted in the article "I think there's a psychology of places, if it looks like it's supposed to be vandalized and it's neglected enough, that's going to happen." The article poignantly sums up so many of the challenges hi storic cemeteries face with ownership, community, maintenance and funding.36 Approximate Date of Incident Method of Recording Damage Method of (or incidents) Resolution/Action Taken C.1965 Newspaper Damage to mausoleum Brick up windows and close building to public Pre-1976 Newspaper Damaged monuments, Repaired graffiti on mausoleum 1989 Newspaper Damaged monuments, Repaired graffiti 1989 Newspaper Monuments of Edgar Poe Found in a parking lot, Miller and Mabel Folsom planned to set stones in stolen from the cemetery cement. Article reports monuments are regularly stolen from the cemetery 1990 Newspaper Graffiti on Whiteaker crypt Removed and on Skinner family monuments. 1993 Newspaper McMurry monument, Kerns Repaired monuments broken. 1995 Newspaper Article records "decades Monument restoration of neglect and vandalism" begins 2001 Newspaper Graffiti on mausoleum Cleaned off doors 2003 Survey Graffiti on Garden Paint over damage Cottage (design intervention) No repeat of incident 2003 Survey Skinner monuments Repaired, no repeat of broken, repaired and re- offense broken. 2005 Survey Teen vandals (12-14) Markers repaired, vandals damaged 5 markers, caught. thrown down a hill. C.2007 Survey Markers in Condon plot Re-assembled shattered. 36 Newspaper artic le sources for the table data are located in the bibliography 2008 Survey Windows in Hope Abbey Windows Repaired Broken, knife slashed into roof C.2013 Survey Mausoleum graffiti Re-painted, no repeat incidents Data collected on the design interventions in the Eugene Masonic Cemetery was sourced through the survey and field observations, for convenience it was organized into a table. The data summarized below may be found expounded in the site analysis section in an expanded format. Design Intervention Date Effectiveness Monument restoration begins 1995 Some repeat incidents, but overa ll a decrease in incidents occurred Paint Hope Abbey 1998 Two Repeat Incidents Keep Vegetation Well- 1998-Ongoing Two Incidents of Marker Maintained Vandalism and Less Utilized as a Young Adult Gathering Place Establish a human presence in 1998-Ongoing The cemetery is current ly being the cemetery that is of utilized in a manner simila r to a respectful usue public park by the surrounding residents. Furthermore, board members are often in the cemetery doing work. There is a clear presence of authority in the cemetery, which limits vandalism opportunities. This may be measured in the total of seven cases of vandalism the EMC has had since applying this strategy. Board Presence 1995-ongoing Board members are often in the cemetery; it has in combination with other factors helped reduce vandalism incidents in the cemetery. Add signs at all entrances 2000 Helps establish the rules of the cemetery, showing it is cared for. Gravel pathways 1995-ongoing Helps decrease social trails, only two social trails in the cemetery The Eugene Masonic Cemetery was founded in 1859, by Masonic Lodge #11. The land was orignally owned by Fielding Mcmurry, who recieved it as part of a Donation Land Claim (DLC) of 320 acres. Mcmurry constructed Eugene's first school on the Northwest corner of the current cemetery land in 1850. As early as 1854, the land was used for burials. In 1857, the Masonic Lodge began a search for a suitable burial ground in Eugene and a comittee was formed as a result. The comittee reported in early April 1859 that for 200 dollars and a family plot, six acres could be purcased from the Mcmurry DLC. In October of that year, the land was purchased, with another four eventually added. Plots were laid out in twenty foot squares and sold for fifteen dollars, the Masons had first choice. The cemetery has had significant struggles with vandal ism in the past, it is well documented in the newspaper the Register Guard. It became a large concern for citiziens around the mid 1980s and in 1993, the Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association was formed to care for the cemetery. They have worked to reduce vandalism and maintain the cemetery. Sources of Information: National Register of Historic Places. The Masonic Cemetery and Hope Abbey. 1980. The Euegene Register Guard. EMCA.org Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Historical Context Context map for the location of the Eugene Masonic Cemetery within Oregon. Context map for the Eugene Masonic Cemetery within Eugene. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Location Maps ... -StuhEIJC""! •._ ...... ...._~ . e •C.lllH ,: ~ '=iH 5,; I) -- "'t .. . ~ ..... ,.. i t n• F Topographical image of east Eugene, with the location of the Eugene Masonic Cemetery highlighted. This provides a context for the elevation of the cemetery. The cemetery has a general upwards slope from west to east. Topographical image of the Eugene Masonic Cemetery. A detail of the slope of the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis Proximity of schools to the Eugene Masonic Cemetery. Young adults and teens are among the high risk groups for acts of vandalism and many of them live around the cemetery. Highlighting the residential context surrounding the Eugene Masonic Cemetery. Many young adults live around the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Context Maps !936 aerial photograph of Eugene Masonic Cemetery. Note the residential density around the cemetery, but that development is beginning to occur around the cemetery. Note the relative ly young trees as well. 1956 aerial photograph of Eugene Masonic Cemetery. Note the residential density surrounding the cemetery g reatly increased in 20 years, as well as the increase in tree growth. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Historic Photos • .,,. t...-:1'.. fl -. .. -, I I ~ --- - i - i l!j:;J __J ~ 0 2 b,j ag,[7 ■---- .. r- - ~ i ___ _. tr-" AV [ I- 0 I ---, t ~ if.V:-> r . ~ ◄ - 1 ~ :- 89 1 • San orn map rom 1925 s owing t e Eugene Masonic Cemetery groun s an Hope A ey Masoleum. The map also shows the plats and residences located in proximity to the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis S entrance looking N SW entrance looking NE NW entrance looking E E entrance looking SW The Eugene Masonic Cemetery has five formal entances to the property. Two on the west perimeter, two on the south perimeter, one on the north perimeter and one on the east perimeter. Two entrances allow for car access and have gates to restrict what cars may enter the cemetery. Each formal entrance is marked by signs with cemetery regulations and are either graveled or have bark. This clearly defines pathways and entrances, which has resul ted in very few social trails in the cemetery. The cemetery may be accessed from every side through the clearly defined formal entrances, which has resulted in fewer social trai ls. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Formal Entrances Informal entrance on the NW corner Informal entrance on the N perimeter The Eugene Masonic Cemetery has three informal entrances to the property. One is located on the west perimeter and two are located on t he north perimeter. Like the formal entrances, they are well defined with smaller signs and gravel or bark. The well defined options for access have reduced social trails significanly within the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Informal Entrances Image: EMC.org showing visitors to the cemetery The Eugene Masonic Cemetery is primari ly utilized by the surrounding residents for walking, running and dog walking. Some of the surronding young adults may be observed walking t hrough the cemetery to get to and from school and home. W hile illicit uses are not as well documented here, the cemetery is secluded, so it is still possible that people uti lize the cemetery for those purposes. However, the space is primarily utilized by the surrounding community in a manner similar to a park. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Uses Images to the left in the Eugene Masonic Cemetery demonstrate the variety of different trails available to the visitor. The are an innumerable amount of trails in the cemetery, with no clear circulation system. This makes it very easy to wander and explore the cemetery, but also to get lost. The vegetation contributes to a sense of isolaton because sight accessiblity is limited to pathways. There is no defined circulation system, but this instead offers the visitor an opportunity for discovery. However, this isolation also offers opportunity for illicit behavior because potential vandals feel as though they have less of a chance of being caught. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Circulation E perimeter looking S W perimeter looking SE Due to a combination of vegetation, defined trails and limited access points soical trails in the Eugene Masonic Cemetery have been limited. Two were observed in field work and are pictured to the left. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Social Trails N perimter looking E W perimeter looking N E perimeter looking north The Eugene Masonic Cemetery property spans approximately ten acres, meaning that all of the perimeter images could not be shown. However, the photo log contains full documentation of the perimeters. The north perimeter runs along the road for a short while before turning into private property with a steep hill. The east perimeter is lined with fences from the residential properties that back up to the cemetery property. The west perimeter is much the same, with mainly fences lining the edge, but near the intersection with the south perimeter there is a road leading to a private residence. The south perimeter is lined with fences near the intersection with the east perimeter and a road running parallel to the perimeter for the remainder. The many surrounding fences and residential properties creates a clear distinction of cemetery propery and encourages use of the formal entrances. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Ana lysis: Perimeters Hope Abbey Mausoleum, built in 1913 in the Egyptian Reviva l style. It is on the National Register and is a main attraction piece for t he cemetery. It is in good condition now, but was vandalized several t i mes in the past. It serves as a bu ria I place and is open to the public once a month. The other structure on the property is a maintenance shed that was constructed c. 2005. It serves as a meeting place for volunteers, a work space for board members and a storage space for maintenance equipment. It has been vandalized twice. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Structures The Eugene Masonic Cemetery is managed by the Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association, formed in 1993. The EMCA took over management from Masonic Lodge #11. The EMCA is a non-profit organization with a board of directors, a cemetery administrator, a site manager and a grounds­ keeper. The EMCA is very active in the cemetery. Since its formation , it has restored the Hope Abbey Mausoleum, the Witakter crypt, built the maintenance shed, restored several monuments, installed signs, installed interpretive pannels and has consistently regraveled/barked the pathways. Board members are often at work in the cemetery and community workdays happen monthly. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis : Place Management These images demonstrate that the landscape of the Eugene Mason ic Cemete ry has been left in a natural state. The top left, bottom left and bottom right pictures all demonstrate the state of the cemetery in the NE section, where plants have been allowed to grow. The top right picture shows the central area of the cemetery, located near Hope Abbey, where the area has been left visua lly open. Still, the grass here is growing high and looks unkempt. There is not a permanent person mowing the cemetery currently, which means that it o ften looks overgrown. These pictures were taken in early spring, however, when vegetation does grow rapidly. The overall character of much of the cemetery does appear to b e unkempt, which can lead t o additional vandal ism. According to record, the cemetery was previously far more overgrown and considers the current condition a vast improvement. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Landscape Maintenance J Images of the Eugene Masonic Cemetery before design intervention. These images depict the state of the cemetery and of the vandalism occuring in the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis : Changes Over Time Markers in the NE quadrant of the cemetery often are covered by vegetation. This contributes to their • degredation and makes them targets for vandalism, when coupled with the isolation of this area. General ly throughout the cemetery, markers are in fair to good condition. This is espeical ly true in the southern half of the cemetery, near Hope Abbey. Restoration projects by David Espinosa and board members have improved several of the markers conditions, but are nearly exclusive ly focused in the southern half of the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Marker Preservation 1. Well Defined Boundaries and Well Marked Paths­ The boundary definition and defined pathways have significantly reduced social trails. 2. Signs and Waste Recepticles- Signs let visitors know regulations, consequences and that people care about the cemetery. Recepticles provide visitors an opportunity to properly dispose of waste, which cuts down on littering. This helps keep the cemetery looking maintained. 3. Well Maintained Buildings- This helps reduce vandalism because people are less willing to vandalize something that looks cared for. 4. Board Activity- The EMCA 's consistent presence in the cemetery has sent the message to the community that people care about the space. 5. Community Utilization of the Space- The communities use of the space as a park-like area ensures that people care and that often times there are at least a few people in the space, which deters potential vandals. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Design Interventions 1. Landscape- The general character of the landscape makes the cemetery look unkempt, which can contribute to vandalism because it sends the message that people do not care. 2. Isolation- Tying into the landscape, visual access in many parts of the cemetery is limited. This is also due to the topography, but neverless it can contribute ot vandalism. 3. Marker Preservation- Markers, especially in the NE portion of the cemetery, are often overtaken by the vegetation. This leads to dedgredation of the monuments and can encourage vandalism because it looks as though they are not cared about. 4. On-Site Care- The cemetery does not have a full time caretaker, which means there is not always a human presence in the cemetery. Potential vandals could take advantage of the lack of security. Site Analysis: Eugene Masonic Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Challenges B. Eugene Pioneer Cemetery The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery (1872) is surrounded by the University on three sides and 18th Ave on the other. The location and vegetation have created an open space, but the proximity of the cemetery in relation to the University of Oregon has created a unique set of challenges and opportunities. These challenges and opportunities will be discussed in the site analysis. Three board members from Eugene Pioneer Cemetery aided in answering the survey questions. Most of them do not have professional training and have learned much of their strategies from their dedication to the cemetery. Previously reporting and recording incidents of vandalism has not been a priority in this cemetery, so knowledge of incidents is somewhat haphazard. Add that together with the size of the cemetery and sometimes board members do not detect that vandalism has occurred for several months. I. What incidents of vandalism be recalled from the last IO years? There have been approximately seven known incidents of vandalism in the last ten years. One just occurred in January, when a monument was toppled. Others include graffiti on the retaining wall on I 81\ a damaged zinc monument, the Civil War Monument head broken and stolen and a woman who backed into a monument knocking it over. 2. Were any perpetrators caught? No. 3. Did the cemetery association report to the police? Why or why not? The Civil War Monument case was reported to the police, otherwise no. That case was special because the repair was going to be expensive and they had hoped to get the head back or catch those who did it. It is considered an internal matter because vandals are rarely caught and it is the cemeteries responsibility to repair damaged monuments. 4. What changes has the cemetery implemented? Constant landscape maintenance, board activity in the cemetery, a kiosk and trying to repair monuments. 5. Has the cemetery been successful in decreasing vandalism? Yes. We rarely deal w ith cases of vandalism now, when it previously was a much larger problem. Data collected on vandalism in the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery was sourced through news articles and from the above survey, for convenience it was organized into a table. A key note in this case is that vandalism is not well recorded by this cemetery and therefore the data presented here lacks completeness. Despite the lack of completeness of collected data, it establishes a precedent and a record that vandalism did continuously occur, even if the scope cannot be determined. 37 Approximate Date of Incident Method of Recording Damage Method of Resolution/ Action Taken 1970 Newspaper Article 40 markers knocked over Presumably Repaired 1976 Newspaper Article Granite maker top Paint removed; painted like an eight ball, presumably repaired Markers knocked over 1986 Newspaper article 5-10 markers snapped off Presumably repaired at base 1990-2000 Newspaper 5 markers in GAR Plot Sons of Union Veterans damaged by vandalism replaced monuments 2001 Newspaper Head of Civi l War Replaced 2003 Monument removed c.2004 Survey Car backed into Reset monument, knocking it over 37 Sources for newspaper articles may be located in the bibliography. c.2008 Survey Zinc monument damaged Not Repaired C.2015 Field Observation Graffiti on Retaining wall on 18th January 2016 Field Observation Monument toppled Removed until it may be reset Data collected on the design interventions in the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery was sourced through the survey, news articles and field observations, for convenience it was organized into a table. The data summarized below may be found expounded in the site analysis section in an expanded fomiat. Design Intervention Approximate Date Effectiveness Hire an on-site care taker 1985 Vandalism has decreased Keep Vegetation Well- 2000-Ongoing Sight has increased, which can Maintained lead to decreases in vandalsim Establish a Human Presence in 2000-Ongoing The cemetery is currently being the cemetery that is of utilized in a manner similar to a Respectful Use public park by the surrounding residents. Furthermore, board members are often in the cemet ery doing work. There is a clear presence of authority in the cemetery, which limits vandalism opportunities. Add signs 2000-ongoing Small signs have been added even at social trail entrances, more signs are currently being added at the main square. Helps let visitors know the cemetery is cared for. Remove damaged markers 2016-ongoing Removing vandalized markers helps make the cemetery look as though it is wel l kept. Repairs are expensive and can take some time, if the marker is removable while funds are ra ised. It protects the monument from wear and it keeps the cemetery looking well kept. Gravel main pathways 2000-ongoing Only main pathways, this has contributed to the use of social trails because not all trails are distinguishable or clearly established trails. Monument Restoration 2000-ongoing It is slow going because the cemetery does not have unlimited funds, but slowly monuments are repaired in the cemetery which contributes the general appearance of the cemetery. Board presence 2000-ongoing Board members are frequently in the cemetery, which creates an authoritative presence and helps eliminate some of the opportunity for acts of vandalism. The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery was founded in 1872 and was originally named the Eugene IOOF Cemetery. The Spencer Butte Lodge #9 Independent Order of Odd Fellows founded the cemetery, originally the parcel was ten acres. The IOOF was a fraternal organization with four main goals: visit the sick, relieve the distressed, burythe dead and educate the orphans. It was not until 1892 that the cemetery was formally platted, in a formal grid system. In July of 1900, the cemetery was deeded six additional acres by Dora and Arthur Grazer, expanding the cemetery to the present bounda ry along 18th Ave, it was not platted until 1907. Burials declined in the late 1920s and by 1930 the IOOF had established a new cemetery, in West Eugene. The second IOOF cemetery, now Westlawn Memorial Cemetery, consumed the IOOF's attention and the original cemetery fell into disrepair. Family members of those buried in the original cemetery formed the Odd Fellows Cemetery Association to care for the cemetery. Despite their hard work, the cemetery continued to decline. In 1938, the cemetery petioned the University of Oregon to take over the cemetery maintenance, but the petition was declined. Throught WWII, interest and volunteers declined and the O FCA declined drastrically. The Association then in the late 1940s, petitioned the city of Eugene to care for the cemetery, which was declined. However, the use of equipment was offered. Around 1950, disscusion of closing the cemetery began. The cemetery association was revitalized as a result and ideas such as consolidating the burials for easier management of the grounds were offered. At this time, the University of Oregon expressed interest in aquiring the cemetery land for expansion. The discussion of this proposal divided the cemetery board. A new cemetery association was formed in response to the d ivision, the Pioneer Memorial Park Association. The formation of a new association resulted in a thirty year long dispute over ownership and use. The re-organized Odd Fellows Association (EPCA), negotiatied with the IOOF for the title to the cemetery. However, the title was transferred to the PMA instead, which led to a long court battle. The PMPA eventually won the case. The University of Oregon, throughout the 1960s and 1970s attempted t o gain control of the cemetery to redevelop it, but met with significant resistance from the EPCA and community. The p lans were never realized. Today, the cemetery is managed by the EPCA or the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Association. Source of Information: Donovan, Sal ly and Mirande, Karen. Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Preservation Plan, October 2001. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Historical Context Aerial Map indicating the location of Eugene Pioneer Cemetery within the context of Eugene, Oregon. Aerial map detail indicating the location of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery w ith in its context in Eugene, Oregon. Note the urban development and the University of Oregon campus surrounding the cemetery grounds. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Location Map Ctnu•n -_,;;, ............. ...:--,.._;.._.___,l.!!j,.._, __ G-_.C::: __ . --"Fb-rth. en (hrnJ.ffl)hCINl1" , r I ~ 1<-r,;) ly --i- tur~ou11 f I r'tf ... -- Topographical map of East Eugene, Oregon. Note the general charcter of this are of Eugene is generally flat. Around the University, there is some minor elevation and to the South East there is more significant elevation . This topographical map is a close view of Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. Note the minor elevation in the cemetery and the general vicinity. When walking in the cemetery, th is topography translates to limited views over the large expanse of the 16 acre 1 cemetery property due to the sloping landscape. 1-1--1--1-.+--4..:...:;~;:.:.+..,_;..-,---1-..:,;.:;: i.--"-...-➔' 44-02.866N 123-05.220W, , US':'.'G _10TDP 93Q;) 7713.__ _______________ __, Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Topography 0 tTl!h- The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery is surronded on three sides by the University of Oregon. The location of the cemetery makes it an optimal short cut for students trying to get to class. Students also use the cemetery as a short cut from the residential neighborhoods to the bars located on 13th Street at night. It may be concluded that the cemetery, due to its proximity to the Universtiy of Oregon, faces additional cha llenges in regulating the use of the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Uses 1924 aerial photograph of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, University of Oregon and surrounding redisential neighborhoods. The cemetery location is highlighted well by this photo. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Historical Photographs 1936 aerial photograph of the • University of Oregon, surrounding residential neighborhoods and the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. 1956 aerial photograph of the University of Oregon, surrounding residential neighborhoods and the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. Note the increased development surrounding the cemetery. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Historical Photographs , IQ.._ a.Y L , ISll .. .. ,, - L • I 4 0 , CrM.rrr, , L __ 71 Sanborn map of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery (IOOF Cemetery) from 1925. One may note the surrounding Unversity of Oregon and resident ial housing. This map shows the developing context surronding the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. The context is much the same currently. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Sanborn Map ------ ----- Forma l Entrance Car Access: W looking E Formal Entrance Car Access: NW Corner looking E. Formal Entrance Stairway: E looking W Three of the five formal entrances to the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery are pictured here. The rest o f the photos as wel l as their associated context pictures are located in the EPC Photo log. One may note from the formal entrances and the high number of social trails, that the formal entrances are not meeting the circulation needs of the cemetery and the surrounding University of Oregon. One factor that plays into it is the 16 acre cemetery grounds, and how the cemetery provides an easy way to cross through to campus for students. Each formal entrance has a sign, the bottom left picture shows a sign. This informs vistors of the cemetery rules and works to decrease vandalistic behavior. The top left picture shows one of severa l refuse containers, also intended to limit vandalism. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Formal Entrances Social Trail located centrally on N perimeter, looking S. Social Trail located SW corner, looking NE Social Tra il located on S perimeter, looking N. There are several informal entrances, or social trails, on the every border of the cemetery. In addition to these numerous informal entrances, three of which are pictured and the rest may be located in the photo log appendix, there are numerous social trails within the interior of the cemetery. This inidcates an issue with formal trail systems and the general circulation within the cemetery. Site Analysis: Informal Entrances The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery is used in a variety of ways, some of which align with cemetery goals and some of which do not. First and foremost, the cemetery is still an active burial ground. Commonly, one may observe students crossing through the cemetery on their way to and from class. Dog walkers also frequent the cemetery, sometimes following the rule of keeping their dogs on leash, sometimes not. Runners also utilze the cemetery frequently and smokers do as well. Smokers are attracted to the cemetery because it is not University of Oregon property, where smoking is banned. Less frequent cemetery uses include: visiting classes, disc golf, relaxing, studying, socia lizing and partying. Night uses are less clear, but broken beer bottles have been located consistently, which indicates a more illicit pattern of use. The above photograph shows a Vietnam War protest located within the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, demonstrating just how adaptable the cemetery is. The multitude of uses, whether or not they align with cemetery use goals highlights that humans adapt the grounds to fit their needs. This is best demonstrated by the student use of the property, where students use the grounds as a crossing point to get to and from different classes. The numerous social trails, while not desirable, indicates the adaptation of the grounds for optimal crossing. Postive uses in the cemetery act as a vandalism deterrent because human presence indicates care and the potential of being caught to vandals. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Uses E perimeter looking N S perimeter looking W SE corner looking NW N perimeter looking W W perimeter looking N NE corner showing fence looking SW Access to the cemetery is open along every perimeter except the north perimeter. The north perimeter has a fence running nearly the length of it and a concrete wall along the NW corner. The access is more open there and some of the fence has been cut, which has created access points. The general visual openness is somewhat unique in cemeteries, which generally are fenced to create a boundry distinction. The open perimeter contributes to the visual openness of the cemetery and the park like setting. While visual openness helpes deter vandalism, users may enter the cemetery from any location, which can contribute to vandalism and social trails. Refer to the photo log for more images of oerimeter access. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Access v- - - - - - - ~ ! ~ - :;; IK •'.: ~ ~ :~ .I . __ _ _ _ __ _ . .. ~ ~ - i'D • t£ t,; ,_ :,; - ~ ~ - .................. , ................. - ·, .._, --,... ,... .... ~ -.... _ ... ____ _ ---- --- -... ... - ,_l'::ir'II,.., ~ ~ - - -, ..,1 , - - - - - -- - f" • • - ·~ - r-:• .,.9'" 1, - • - - - - - i.... ~~ I.., " ""- 1-S ... -1-i"'>I -.. .. .,. L""i i;,, • : : : : : I~ :■:.,a-,it+1H : : : : : :- i ~ -- - 1,;a;i~~.,;;,i,;~ ~ll,;;II~ The plat map indicates two types of circulation in the cemetery. The first group are wide the avenues running EW, the central drive running NS through memorial square bisecting the grounds and the lanes running the perimeter of the grounds. Some of these roads are graveled, some are not. The top right picture is a detail of Walton Avenue. The second group are the small alley's running EW through the plots. While not indicated in the plat map, there are many alley's running NS through the plots as well. The second picture shows a EW alley between Dorris and Walton Avenues. The general character of circulation in the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery is very open which achieves a park like setting. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Circulat ion Social trai l located next to memorial square, looking NE Social trai l located near NE entrance, looking SW Social trails have been discussed in formal entrances. They are harmful to the landscape and the preservation of the historic character of the cemetery. There are severa l social trails on every side of the cemetery as well as w ithin the cemetery. This inidicates an issue with the current circu lation system. People will continue to utilize these paths if they remain. Recommendations include blocking the social trails and reseeding them so new grass will grow. This will help protect the landscape and prevent erosion. The open access to the cemetery has contributed to the large number of social trails. Users go the direction that best suits their destination, which contrary t o current circulation patterns is diagonally. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual A nalysis: Social Trai ls The maintenance building is located in the SW corner of the memorial square where Dorris Ave and Kelly Drive intersect. The building was constructed in 1958 and serves as both a storage and meeting space. It helps serve as a deterrent to vandalism because it demonstrates the presence of the EPC Board, which meet there often. Note the car, sign and refuse container in the photo. The car helps signify human prescence and the sign as well as the refuse container indicate human care of the cemetery, functioning to deter potential vandals. The caretakers building and protective canopy is located in the SW corner of the memorial square where Dorris Ave and Kelly Drive intersect. It was moved onto the grounds in the mid-1980s and serves as the permanent residence of the full time cemetery care taker. This means that there is a constant human presence on the property which is key to deterring potential vandals. The care taker also works to keep the cemetery well maintained, which is also key to deterring potential vandals. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Structures The powers of the Association are exercised by or under the authority of the Board of Directors, and the business affairs of the Association are controlled by its Board of Directors. The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Association Board of Directors consists of a maximum of nine members. Effort is made to nominate and elect Directors to represent the following constituencies: Five Directors who are burial space owners or relatives of burial space owners, Three at-large Directors from the Community who may also be burial space owners or relatives of burial space owners; and One Director who is appointed by the President of the University of Oregon. Except for the appointed Director, Directors of the Association are elected by a majority vote of the Association members present at the Annual Stated Meeting. The term of the appointed Director is permanent. The term of office of elected Directors are staggered such that not more than three of their terms expire in a given year. Directors may succeed themselves. Breakdown of t he managing association of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, taken from the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery website. The Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Association Board of Directors oversees the direct care of the cemetery. Current board members are very active within the cemetery and may be oberserved acting individually or as a group several t imes a month. They organize and oversee monthly community service work parties, which help maintain the cemetery grounds. Additionally, they oversee the work of the caretaker and make sure that the grounds are well maintained. One current board member, for example, has done signifiicant geneological research for the cemetery and has been able to update much of the records. The caretaker may regularly be seen on the grounds, making sure they are maintained. The key to preventing vandalism is t he board has a consistent presence, the caretaker is often present and the cemetery grounds are wel l maintained, al l indicating that the cemetery is cared about and negative behaviors will likely have consequences. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Place Management Landscape maintenance is one of the most important desgin interventions for preventing acts of vandalism. One may note that on 3/24/16 while doing field gathering, the cemetery caretaker was mowing the cemetery, the above picture shows him in action. The top right picture shows that the cemetery is manicured and the landscape is well cared for. The two black and white pictures are from the 1996 National Register Nomination showing that previously the cemetery was less maintained. The cemetery made a big push to clean the cemetery grounds up c. 2000 to increase visual access because they had numerous issues with camping,drug use and other illicit behaviors. Since this cleanup and the subsequent maintenance, incidents of vandalism and other illicit behaviors have markedly decreased. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Landscape Maintenance A vandalized monument in Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. Several monuments show damage from past incidents of vanda lism or forces of nature. These monuments are on the more extreme side, but the general state of monument preservation in Eugene Pioneer is fair to poor. Most monuments fall into the fair category, but several do show more severe damage. It is key to repair these monuments first, but the cemetery is limited by their budget which only allows for a few repairs a year. It is best to remove damaged monuments that can feasibly be removed until repai r because damaged monuments incite more vandalism. It tells the potential vanda l that since there are already damaged monuments, it is acceptable to damage more. The picture to left is a far more common image in Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. The marker is leaning, but is otherwise in fair condition. Most markers in the cemetery only have minor problems. However, the challenge for the cemetery board is they are five members, often with little volunteer support, who are required to maintain sixteen acres worth of monuments. Resou rces and time go to the most badly damaged monuments, which leaves the majority with little to no maintenance until they are badly damaged. Site Analysis: Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Contextual Analysis: Marker Preservation 1. Landscape Maintenance- The cemetery landscape is a priority of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery Association board. The grass is mowed by the caretaker regu larly and monthly work parties clear help with larger projects. This has significantly improved sight accessibl ity, which limits vand