East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Public Review Draft December 20, 2007 City of Portland, Bureau of Planning Commissioner-In-Charge Mayor Tom Potter Planning Director Gil Kelley Historic Resources Program Brian Campbell, Principal Planner Liza Mickle, City Planner Nicholas Starin, City Planner Project Staff Liza Mickle, City Planner Nicholas Starin, City Planner Carmen Piekarski, GIS Analyst Dan Pauley, Community Service Aide For more information, contact: City of Portland Bureau of Planning 1900 SW Fourth Ave, Ste. 7100 Portland, Oregon 97201-5380 Phone: (503) 823-7700 Fax: (503) 823-7800 www.portlandonline.com/planning/ The Bureau of Planning is committed to providing equal access to information and hearings. If you need special accommodation, call the Bureau of Planning at (503) 823-7700. (TTY 503-823-6868) East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Table of Contents I. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 II. Historical Overview..................................................................................................... 3 Chinook Illahee: The Land of the Chinook..........................................................................3 Settlement to 1914..............................................................................................................6 The Motor Age and Interwar Era: 1915 to 1940 ...............................................................20 The War Years: 1941 to 1945...........................................................................................28 The Post-War Era: 1946 to the Present............................................................................30 III. Current Development and Preservation Issues.................................................... 41 Growth and Development .................................................................................................41 Public Policies...................................................................................................................43 Historic Resources and Preservation................................................................................44 IV. Preservation Options for East Portland ................................................................ 47 Historical Research...........................................................................................................47 Survey and Inventory ........................................................................................................47 Potential Preservation Focus Areas..................................................................................48 Preservation Policy Revision ............................................................................................49 Education, Outreach and Collaboration............................................................................50 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................50 Appendices (under separate cover) Appendix A: Maps Appendix B: Aerial Photographs Appendix C: Historical Timeline Appendix D: Properties in the Historic Resources Inventory Appendix E: Federal Land Patents Appendix F: Annexations by Neighborhood and Period Appendix G: Miscellaneous Data Tables Project funded in part through a Certified Local Government Grant from the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office This report and its appendices are available from the Bureau of Planning web site: www.portlandonline.com/planning/ Sandy Blvd. and Parkrose, ca. 1930. OHS image #38609 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft December 20, 2007 1 I. Introduction East Portland is a special and complex part of the city. Its history, landscapes, and built environment differ in important ways from Portland's urban core and inner-ring neighborhoods.1 From the settlement era to World War II, this large area (with a few exceptions) remained unincorporated, largely rural in character, and developed identities distinct from those parts of Portland that had urbanized in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the post-war era, development accelerated with new subdivisions, a profusion of ?suburban-style? single-family housing, automobile- accommodating development patterns and the (sometimes halting) extension of urban services and infrastructure. Urbanization continued through succeeding decades. Large tracts of land were annexed by the City, bringing changes in governance and zoning. Massive infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the I-205 freeway and the MAX light rail line profoundly altered the landscape and the relationships between East Portland communities and the rest of the region. In the last decade, growth has continued in many neighborhoods, with increasing residential densities through new ?green field? development, land conversion, infill projects large and small, and new multi-family housing (see Maps 12-14 in Appendix A). City of Portland with East Portland study area shaded. Today, despite many decades of continual and sometimes uncomfortable change, East Portland's neighborhoods retain distinctive physical and civic characters that are better understood through an appreciation of the area?s history. The legacies of the area?s unique history continue to define East Portland?s complex rural/suburban/urban identity?from its generally newer building stock, often large or irregular lot dimensions, abundance of large Fir trees and many unimproved roadways, to its multiple and distinct school districts. From a historic preservation perspective, East Portland presents both challenges and opportunities. Comparatively sparsely populated until the post-war era, it lacks large numbers of nineteenth and early twentieth century structures, such as those that fill historic resource inventories of closer-in areas. In part because much of the area was, until relatively recently, outside Portland?s corporate limits, its buildings and cultural landscapes have not been well surveyed and inventoried. Its prevalent post-war era and ?Modern? architecture is less familiar to many in the preservation community and even the best local exemplars do not often fit popular notions of what constitutes a "historic" structure. Very few resources have been formally designated as historic landmarks and there is only one historic districts in the area (Rocky Butte). So too, East Portland?s developmental and social history has not been as well documented or synthesized as for many other parts of the city, making it more difficult to contextualize its built environment. These issues, combined with the continuing pace of change, make the area ripe for more extensive efforts to document its history and architectural heritage and to develop strategies for their preservation and protection. 1 The boundary for the study area is shown on Map 1, in the separate Appendices document. This area, generally, but not exclusively east of 82nd Avenue, roughly corresponds to the region often referred to as ?Outer East Portland,? and known prior to annexation as ?Mid-County.? However, for the purposes of the report, it will be referred to as ?East Portland,? consistent with current planning efforts in the area and increasingly popular usage. ?East Portland? as used here should not be confused with the former City of East Portland on the east bank of the Willamette river, nor the still current sense of the term as meaning all those parts of the city east of the river. East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Purpose and Content of this Report The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the history of East Portland and a preliminary analysis of issues and trends that can inform historic preservation efforts in the area. The intent is to outline the historical contexts in which the area grew and evolved and to provide guidance for future documentation, inventory and other preservation planning and protection activities, as well as comprehensive land use planning. It is not the product of exhaustive research into the full array of available primary sources on the history and built environment of East Portland, but rather is an attempt to synthesize some of what is already known about the area, drawing from sources such as neighborhood plans, published community histories, Sanborn maps, ongoing studies and others. As such, it is a starting place meant to suggest the need for more comprehensive and/or focused work in the future. It is also intended to complement (while also drawing from) a related Bureau of Planning project, the East Portland Review, that is examining a broader array of community development and livability issues in the area. The report has three primary sections following this introduction. The first contains a brief, more- or-less chronological overview of East Portland?s social and developmental history. The second contains a summary of recent development trends and their implications for East Portland?s historic resources. The final section discusses options for future research, field work and preservation planning in the area. The attached appendices contain additional summary data, maps and other information that support this report and may inform future preservation-related research and planning activities. A separate but related document takes a modest first step in the survey field by inventorying the study area?s public school buildings, chosen in part because of the important role schools have long played in supporting community cohesiveness in East Portland.2 2 See: Portland Bureau of Planning Selective Reconnaissance Survey of Public Schools in Outer East Portland, 2007. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study II. East Portland Historical Overview Chinook Illahee: The Land of the Chinook William Clark?s sketch of a 226? by 30? foot row of Chinookan plank houses near present day Fairview, April 2, 1806. Settlement in the Pacific Northwest by indigenous peoples from Asia likely began over 10,000 years ago. The place they found was endowed with a mild climate and ecologically rich forests, grasslands, wetlands and rivers. Abundant species of mammals, waterfowl, fish, and plant life sustained human communities that thrived and evolved over thousands of years. At the time of first contact with Europeans, the lower Columbia and upper Willamette valleys were inhabited by Upper Chinookan speakers, including the Clackamas and Multnomah, and Kalapuyan speakers such as the Tualatin. The first to document the area's native inhabitants in any detail were Lewis and Clark, who, in 1805 and 1806, noted several large Chinookan villages and smaller encampments on Wappato (Sauvie) Island and along both sides of the Columbia in and near present-day East Portland. They traded with several groups, remarking on their impressive plank houses and recording aspects of their language, appearance, customs and material culture. On April 2, 1806, Clark described a recently vacated Chinookan house near present-day Portland International Airport, where he saw ?Sundery articles Such as Small Canoes mats bladdles [bladders] of Oil and baskits bowls and trenchers?this house is 30 feet wide & precisely 40 feet long. built in the usial form of broad boads Covered [i.e. roofed] with bark [spelling as in original].3 Chinookans, classified by anthropologists as ?complex hunter-gatherers,? lived in the greater Northwest Coast culture area stretching from Alaska to Northern California. Like other Northwest Coast peoples, Chinookans were remarkable for social and cultural attributes very rarely associated with non-agricultural societies, including: sedentism; social stratification; craft specialization; ownership of property; monumental architecture; and complex material cultures. Households were the fundamental units of their social and economic systems, in turn organized into semi-permanent villages characterized by large, multi-household plank houses and generally located adjacent to important bodies of water, such as the Columbia River. The main villages were complimented by seasonally-occupied camps located to take advantage of the life-cycles of salmon, game, Wappato root and other subsistence resources. Through inter- marriage and kinship bonds, Chinookan villages and bands were tied to each other and to neighboring Kalapuyans and more distant groups, such as the Klickitats to the east and the Tillamooks to the west. This, combined with the importation of slaves from the coast and elsewhere, created multi-ethic populations and villages that contradict early (and sometimes current) assumptions about rigid tribal boundaries and ethnic territoriality. This is further complicated by the fact that many bands, by mutual agreement, made regular forays to areas traditionally controlled by other groups, temporarily taking advantage of resources not otherwise easily available to them.4 3 Quoted in Melissa Darby, Native American Houses of the Kalapuya, n.p., [ca. 2007], 18. 4 Ken Ames and Herbert Maschner, Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory, London: Thames and Hudson, 1999: passim; Melissa Darby, Native American Houses, passim. Review Draft December 20, 2007 3 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Chinookans were skilled craftsmen, cultivating distinctive artistic forms and styles expressed in basketry, woodwork, stone carving and clothing that reflected their complex cosmology. They were also proficient traders in an extended commercial economy that stretched along the coast as far as California and southern Alaska and to the edges of the Great Plains. Their role as key trade intermediaries is evidenced by the widespread adoption of Chinook Jargon, a pidgin developed from the Chinook language that grew to incorporate words from English, French, Nootka and other tongues. Chinook Jargon became the lingua franca for trading activities throughout the Pacific Northwest. It came to be adopted by thousands of White, Asian, Hawaiian and Indian residents in many contexts, including mixed-blood households, missions, reservations and multi-ethnic work places such as fishing boats, canneries, lumberyards, hop fields and mining camps.5 Old John and his small plank house, near the Columbia Slough, ca. 1880s. This is the only known photograph of a Chinookan plank house. Photo courtesy of Fairview-Rockwood-Wilkes Historical Society. Native societies in the Northwest were decimated by diseases introduced by Europeans and Americans between the late 1700s and the 1850s. With pre-contact populations reduced by an estimated 90 percent, relatively few Native Americans remained in the lower Columbia and Willamette valleys by the time settlement accelerated in the 1840s and 1850s. With few exceptions, early explorers, trappers and settlers had little interest in the culture or well- being of native peoples?they were instead attracted to the land and its wealth in timber, furs, agricultural potential and other resources. By the end of the 1850s, a great many Portland-area Indians had been removed to reservations, primarily at Grande Ronde about 60 miles to the southwest, including what may have been the last surviving 88 individuals of the Clackamas band. Among those who remained was Old John, a Klickitat associated with the pre-contact village Ne-cha-co-lee west of the mouth of the Sandy River.6 Reportedly present in 1806 when Lewis and Clark visited Ne-cha-co-lee, Old John fished, tanned hides and labored on the farms along the Columbia Slough from what is now Fairview to Parkrose, in the last half of the century. Living from about 1800 (possibly earlier) to 1893, Old John was respected and protected by his white neighbors to an unusual degree for the time. Parkrose resident Annie Wilkes Wright remembered: There were Indians that came and camped along the slough ? One old Indian lived on Dad?s farm at Parkrose ? I remember he had a family. They all died young and were buried at White Salmon. Indian John used to visit their grave every fall and bring us huckleberries. ... He was a true friend to the white man, warned Dad and the other pioneers when the Indians went on the warpath at Yakima. He stayed in the woods and watched the home and cared for the cattle 5 Jim Holton, Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest, San Leandro, CA: Wawa Press, 2004: 1-18. 6 Many other Indians resisted transfer to reservations, including Old John?s sister who later lived in Vancouver, Washington. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study while the folks went to Portland. Yes, he was a good man. He worked for Dad as long as he was able.7 A great deal remains unknown about the earliest inhabitants of Oregon, and we must rely on incomplete archaeological evidence and, for the late pre-contact and contact eras, sketchy explorer, trapper and pioneer accounts, and native oral histories. In the Portland area, many native settlements and cultural resources have been eroded, disturbed by agricultural activities, buried under development, or scavenged by relic hunters. However, some of the most important archaeological resources in the greater Portland Basin are located in and near the East Portland study area along the Columbia River and Columbia Slough, where artifacts were exposed by farmers' plows beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. More recently, scientifically conducted archaeological surveys and excavations have uncovered numerous cultural resources and identified areas with high potential for future archaeological discoveries. In the Columbia South Shore district, in the northern part of the study area, the City of Portland has adopted a cultural resources protection plan and special regulations intended to identify and protect the area?s significant archaeological resources as new development occurs over time.8 Reconstruction of the pre-contact landscape of the Columbia South Shore area. Source: Rick Minor, Robert Musil and Kathryn Anne Toepel, An Inventory and Assessment of Archaeological Resources in the Columbia South Shore for the City of Portland, Oregon (Eugene: Heritage Research Associates, [ca. 1995]). Early settler accounts also noted several other places associated with Indians further to the south and away from the river. "Indian Rock," a natural amphitheater near SE Foster Road and SE 100th Avenue in Lents, was apparently a long-established location for ceremonial dances until, according to one account, ?some of the young men took potatoes and tomatoes as 7 ?Reminiscences of Annie Wiles Wright,? in History of Wilkes School, compiled by Mrs. J.W. Edwards, quoted in: Melissa Darby, ?Indian John ? Information from Fairview-Rockwood-Wilkes Historical Society,? n.d., no pagination. 8 City of Portland Bureau of Planning, Cultural Resources Protection Plan for Columbia South Shore, 1996, 2 vols., as amended 2004. Review Draft December 20, 2007 5 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study weapons and threw them at the dancing Indians. The Indians never danced there again.?9 It is believed that Indian Rock was later quarried in the 1930s for paving stone and channel-lining for Johnson Creek, a previously important fishing resource utilized by Indians. The area around Indian Rock was said to have been ?littered with arrowheads? before it was intensively developed, and local residents reportedly found artifacts along Johnson Creek for many years.10 Both Foster Road and Sandy Boulevard (and probably part of Powell Boulevard), which are among the few east side arterials not rigidly aligned with the predominant orthogonal grid, follow the routes of major Indian paths established prior to White settlement.11 Settlement to 1914 Clinton Kelly farmstead in southeast Portland. Though located west of the study area, the Clinton family farmed land in outer East Portland, and this photo provides a glimpse of a ?typical? pioneer farmstead. The first Oregon Trail pioneers came to the Willamette Valley in 1841. Settlers would continue to arrive for many years to come. The Donation Land Claim Act passed by Congress in 1850 created a mass migration of settlers to the Oregon Territory. Through this act, settlers were granted free land if they lived on it and cultivated their claims for four consecutive years. To facilitate mapping and recording claims, a rectilinear survey system was established by the Federal government, with a beginning point at the Willamette Stone in the hills three miles west of present downtown Portland. A north and south line (Willamette Meridian) and east and west line (Base Line) provided the basis from which the township and range lines were determined. Many of these survey lines in the study area would later become the locations of major arterials.12 For a small filing fee, single white citizens arriving prior to December 1, 1850 were allowed to claim 320 acres, married couples 640 acres. Between that date and December 1, 1853, settlers received one half of a grant, i.e., 320 acres for a man and wife and 160 acres for a single man. After 1853, settlers could claim up to 320 acres of public land at a cost of $1.25 per acre. Early land claims in East Portland shown on Oregon General Land Office maps by 1860 -1862 are shown in the table below. 9 Gladys Brown, ?Memories of Pioneer Home Life,? The Voice of American Women, 1947, quoted in Amy C. Mills, Cultural History of the Neighborhoods Along the I-205 Light Rail Project, Portland: Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (TriMet) 2007: 44. 10 Portland Bureau of Planning, Outer Southeast Community Plan, Adopted Pleasant Valley Neighborhood Plan (March 1996), 3. 11 Amy Mills, A Cultural History of the Neighborhoods Along the I-205 Light Rail Project, 2007, passim. 12 Howard and Grace Horner, eds., History and Folklore of the David Douglas Community (Portland: David Douglas Historical Society 1989) 11 Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Early East Portland Land Claims (ca. 1862) North/Sandy Rd./Columbia River South/Buttes/Johnson Creek Name Acres Township Name Acres Township Gideon Millard 637 1N2E Robert Wilmot 323 1N3E Anthony Whittaker 649 1N2E Levi Nelson 320 1S2E Thomas Cully 637 1N2E Ezra Johnson 318 1S2E George M. Long 319 1N2E Jacob Johnson 319 1S2E E. L. Quimby 639 1N2E Emanuel Himmon 160 1S2E David Powell 323 1N2E Francis N. Elliot 640 1S2E Gideon Millard 587 1N2E Plympton Kelley 322 1S2E Irvine Taylor (abandoned) 321 1N2E Ebenezer Creswell 643 1S2E Henry Holtgrieve 275 1N2E Benjamin F. Starrs 316 1S2E Charles Stevenson 264 1N2E Jacob Wills 642 1S1E/1S2E John Powell 320 1N2E George Wills 640 1S1E/1S2E David Powell 324 1N2E Alanzo Gates 640 1S2E/1S3E William Wilkes 640 1N2E Nathaniel Hamlin 643 1S3E George Hamilton 320 1N2E Lemuel Jenne 320 1S3E Jesse Flemming 315 1N2E/1N3E Source: Oregon General Land Office cadastral survey maps, 1860-1862, available: libweb.uoregon.edu/map/map_resources/about_glo.html. See Maps in Appendix A. Note: Many Donation Land Claims and claims under the 1862 Homestead Act were finalized later than the date of the source maps, and thus are not shown in this table. A fuller list of Federal land patents East Portland is included in the appendices. Early East Portland settlers found a landscape with a diversity of features and natural habitats. Perhaps most prominent were the large stands of upland forest?dominated by Douglas Fir, but also including Western Hemlock, Red Cedar and Big Leaf Maple. Large portions of the area had been burned by fires that had swept through in the 1820s and were partially deforested.13 Expanses of flat and gently rolling forest and meadow land were punctuated by occasional buttes, which often served as timber resources after the surrounding flats were converted to agricultural uses. Lowland areas along the Columbia Slough, Johnson Creek and other waterways contained willows, oaks and various grassland and wetland habitats. Near these waterways, a few settlers constructed mills, where the area?s timber was processed for use locally and in the region?s growing urban areas. After constructing simple log or wood-frame dwellings and clearing the land, settlers raised a variety of crops, such as grains, potatoes, vegetables, and livestock, for both subsistence and sale to markets in nearby communities like Portland and Milwaukie. Over time, differences in soils and other factors tended to promote increasing agricultural specialization, depending on location. The generally rich and tillable soil near the Columbia and the floodplains of Johnson Creek encouraged vegetable and grain production. In the central and southern parts of Berry farming near Johnson Creek 13 Mills, Cultural History, 3; see also GLO maps from the 1850s noting large areas as ?burnt and fallen timber.? Review Draft December 20, 2007 7 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study East Portland, land owners reported generally poorer soils, and agriculture in much of this area eventually focused on orchardry, berry production, livestock raising, and dairy farming.14 In those days it was all dairy from 82nd all the way to Troutdale on that side [south of Sandy Boulevard]. The reason for the dairies is the ground is clay and hard. Above Sandy Boulevard that's why there's farms 'cause its sandy ground. Works real good.15 Remnants of early pastures and orchards can still be found in some places, including Powell Butte, where large meadows and a few rows of ancient and decaying apple, pear and walnut trees remain. Establishing a transportation network was an early priority of East Portland residents. In a 1915 unpublished history on the origin of Foster Road, W.S. Chapman tells about a meeting on May 28, 1853 at Johnson?s Mill (along Johnson Creek, then known as Milwaukie Creek, see Map 21) to consider opening a wagon road to Portland. According to another account by Lents Branch librarian Gladys Brown, the route chosen for the road had long been traveled by Native Americans. It was named after pioneer Philip Foster, who had a farm near Estacada. Foster Road became a well traveled farm-to-market route connecting Powell Valley Road near the present-day 52nd Avenue to downtown Portland.16 Today, a few farm houses from the late 19th and early twentieth century can still be seen along its route, including a Victorian farmhouse next to Johnson Creek located at 14707 SE Foster Road, and an 1887 home at 11823 SE Foster Road.17 In 1854 Clackamas County18 approved the construction of a road along the Base Line, as established by the Federal survey process. Base Line Road, now SE Stark Street, ran from the Sandy River to the Willamette River. Today you can still see some of the milepost markers installed along Base Line Road, such as the P5 marker in the Montavilla area and another near Ventura Park at Stark and 117th. Milepost marker P5 built approximately 1854 indicated a distance of five miles from the downtown courthouse. Soon after getting the land, settlers began establishing schools, key public institutions in rural pioneer communities. One of the earliest was the Whitaker School, in what is now the Cully Neighborhood. Residents established the school in 1861, just five years after Thomas Cully made his Donation Land Claim along the Columbia Slough.19 The Parkrose School District traces its roots to 1885, when a schoolhouse on NE Sandy and 122nd was established. One of the first settlers in the Foster-Powell neighborhood was Philip Foster, according to the Foster-Powell Neighborhood Handbook. He arrived in the Oregon Territory in 1843. His wife was Mary Charlotte Pettygrove, sister of Francis Pettygrove, one of the founders of Portland. Foster owned a merchandise business in the city and a farm at Eagle Creek, one of the earliest 14 Centennial Community Plan, 12. 15 Rachel Blumberg, ed. The Wheel Keeps Turning: An Oral History of Parkrose (Portland: FamilyWorks 2002), 16. 16 Portland Bureau of Planning, Powellhurst-Gilbert Neighborhood Plan (1996), 5. 17 portlandmaps.com. 18 Multnomah County was created on December 22, 1854 from the eastern portion of Washington County and the northern part of Clackamas County. 19 Portland Bureau of Planning, Cully Neighborhood Plan (1992), 8-9. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study along the Oregon Trail in the Willamette Valley. Today?s Foster Road is a main arterial and commercial corridor of the neighborhood.20 A number of pioneer-era cemeteries remain to help document early settlement. Now managed by Metro, these cemeteries offer a wealth of information about the people who shaped the area. The Powell Grove cemetery at NE Sandy Blvd. and NE 122nd in the Parkrose Neighborhood was founded in 1848, although the death dates on some of the stones date back as far as 1837. Brainard Cemetery at NE Glisan and NE 90th in the Montavilla Neighborhood was founded in 1867 on land donated by William Brainard and his wife Elizabeth. William was a farmer, engineer, pilot and river boatman. Their farm was located on Base Line Road (now Stark) east of Mt. Tabor. The Columbia Pioneer Cemetery at NE Sandy Blvd. and NE 99th in the Parkrose Neighborhood was founded in 1877 and contains the gravesites of early Parkrose farmers and residents. Multnomah Park Cemetery at SE 82nd Ave and Holgate Blvd. was founded in 1888; among the founders were O.P. Lent and his son George, both significant in the Lents area. 21 Community Profiles: Brief profiles of early development in the study area are included in this report for Parkrose and Montavilla in Northeast Portland, and for Lents in Southeast Portland. Representing some of the first settlements in outer East Portland, they include many of the area?s oldest resources. Community Profile: Parkrose The forest, meadow and wetland area that is now Parkrose was claimed early due to its location along the Columbia River. Early settlers included George Long, Henry Holtgrieve and Andrew Pullen.22 The Rossi family moved to Portland from Genoa, Italy, farming first in the Ladd?s Addition area, and beginning in 1880, on land purchased from the Pullens in Parkrose, where the family operated a working farm and farm-stand until 2007. In An Oral History of Parkrose, Aldo Rossi, born in 1920 in a house on Sandy Blvd near 100th Ave., remembered: Columbia Pioneer Cemetery, founded 1877, NE Sandy and 99th. My grandfather bought that place, 150 acres for $9,000. The end of the trolley car line was in the Hollywood District at?Sandy Blvd. That was the end of the road. He bought the land from a homesteader by the name of Bobby Pullen. He paid for it in gold and he had the gold in a bag. In a gunnysack. And he walked all the way from the end of the streetcar line out here to pay the fellow for that, so that was a days work right there, Bobby Pullen is buried in that cemetery on Sandy Boulevard and about 89th ? When my family first farmed here they had to cut trees down, blast the stumps and there were places where there were still a little bit of woods.. We cleared this land with pick and shovel and blasting powder. We cleared about 50 acres. 20Portland Bureau of Planning, Adopted Foster-Powell Neighborhood Plan (March 1996), 6. 21 Metro. http://www.metro-region.org/article.cfm?articleid=159. 22 Blumberg, The Wheel Keeps Turning, 9, 16; Cully Neighborhood Plan, 8. Review Draft December 20, 2007 9 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Looking at the land now it?s like there were never any trees on it. There were so many big trees.23 Rossi Farms in 2005, surrounded by residential and commercial development in Parkrose/Argay. The Parkrose area benefited from its strategic location along natural and historic transportation corridors. Sandy Road figured prominently. A survey of Sandy Road was called for under the same act of Congress (September 27, 1850) that donated land to settlers. The survey was completed in 1855, beginning in East Portland (the surveyor?s notes showed it started at the intersection of Stark St. with the Willamette River) and ending where Sandy met the Columbia River. Today?s Sandy Boulevard comes within the limits of Parkrose between 99th and 115th Avenues, following the path of the old Sandy Road, which was used by many pioneers to bring them from Columbia River landings to Portland and other inland destinations. By the early 1880s, transportation improvements connected Parkrose to downtown Portland with the construction of a railroad along Sullivan?s Gulch, completed by Oregon Railway and Navigation Company in the early 1880s. The route to Portland skirted Parkrose on Fremont Street, paralleling the present Interstate-84 freeway.24 After the turn of the century, residential development began to slowly displace agriculture. The first plat of Parkrose was filed on October 4, 1911 covering the area between 102nd and 112th avenues and from Fremont Street north to Sandy Road. The names of the streets, as platted, bear little resemblance to those of today. 102nd Avenue was originally Craig Road, 112th was Clarnie Road. Plats were added over the next few years in the area between Prescott and Sandy and west from 102nd to 99th, and the blocks between 102nd and 115th Avenues and extending north to the ?drainage canal.? 25 With the creation of Multnomah County Drainage District No. 1, some of the northernmost lots were reshaped through the construction of a system of levies and other flood-control measures. This drainage project added close to 8,000 acres of fertile land suitable for farms and homes, in an area that ?probably did not have more than 20 houses before this took place.?26 Urbanization Spreads Eastward In the late 1800s, in cities throughout the U.S., development extended tentacles along the lines of streetcars into neighboring farmlands. Small-time contractors typically built rows of detached dwellings on speculation, encouraged by the willingness of city officials to extend roads and other services beyond the built-up areas. This allowed workers to move away from their places of employment into newer, more spacious flats and duplex houses provided by speculative builders. Streetcars tied neighborhoods and towns together that previously had developed as separate settlements. The basic pattern was one of nodes of residential-commercial development with relatively large spaces in between.27 23 Blumberg, The Wheel Keeps Turning, 16, 55-56. 24 Rod Paulson, ?Parkrose ? A Visit to Suburbia? (Portland: The Community Press), 4. 25 Rachel Blumberg, ed. The Wheel Keeps Turning: An Oral History of Parkrose (Portland: FamilyWorks 2002) 20 26 Rod Paulson, ?Parkrose ? A Visit to Suburbia,? 5. 27 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, draft (Portland: Planning Bureau, 1983) 26. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study From 1898 until 1914, there was a surge across the nation of migration into towns and cities from farms and small towns . New technology that mechanized rural work and the growth of urban-based employment opportunities drew people to the expanding urban areas. This led to increasing demands for affordable housing, social services, transportation, power and utilities to new communities. Portland was no exception to this national trend. On the east side of the Willamette River, from approximately 1890 to 1920 land developers platted thousands of acres in an area extending between 1.5 and six miles from the central business district. Builders filled these neighborhoods with blocks of bungalows in two great building booms, 1905-1913 and 1922-28. At the height of the first boom in 1910, city building inspector, H.E. Plummer, reported 132 new houses on the west side, and 3,000 on the east.28 While inner East Portland experienced widespread urbanization much earlier, the transition from rural to suburban and urban patterns began to affect the study area in the early 1900s.?29 The extension of street railways, inter-urbans and other utilities encouraged development of relatively distant land. Settlements that were once separated from Portland and from each other by farm and forest were gradually absorbed into Portland or connected to Portland by transportation improvements. In the western portions of the study area, ?towns? and subdivisions began to be platted in the late 19th century, although they were not always fully developed in short order. These early towns and subdivisions still serve as a foundation for many of today?s neighborhoods, and often provide their names. Some notable early plats in East Portland include: Little Homes Number 2 (1882), the first subdivision in the Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood; Montavilla (1889); Town of Lent (1892); Arleta Park Subdivision (1903); Parkrose (1907); and Errol Heights (1910). Some of these plats first became small towns, which later voted for annexation to the City of Portland, to take advantage of services and other amenities. Early annexations in the area include parts of Montavilla in 1906, Mt. Scott-Arleta in 1908, and parts of Lents in 1912. Russellville was a farming community that produced berries, grain, nursery stock, and produce in the area of SE 102nd and Base Line Road (Stark). Public school at NE 122nd and Sandy, Parkrose, ca. 1890. OHS photograph. Community Profile: Lents Lents was named after Oliver Perry Lent, a pioneer who settled in the area in 1866 and ran a 190-acre farm.30 His descendant, Oliver P. Lent, III, still owns property in the Madison South area. A little further to the east were the claims of Jacob and Ezra Johnson, among the earliest settlers in East Portland. By 1850, Jacob was operating a sawmill along Milwaukie Creek (also 28 Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 55, 57. 29 City of Portland, East Portland Review, draft (Portland: Planning Bureau, 2007) 8. 30 A Federal land patent for 322 acres in the names of Oliver and Martha Lent was issued in 1876, under authority of the Donation Land Claim Act, www.glorecords.blm.gov. Review Draft December 20, 2007 11 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study known locally as Cougar Creek), which was later renamed after Johnson, furnishing lumber to early Portland home-builders for many years. The Johnson land passed through several owners, who farmed various crops and raised dairy cattle. Ulrich Zenger, a Swiss dairy farmer, bought some of the land in 1913, where he farmed and operated the Mount Scott Dairy. Although much of the original Johnson claims have been developed for residential and commercial uses, today, a portion is owned by the City of Portland where some of it is used for flood-plain management and the 6-acre Zenger Urban Agricultural Park is operated as a working farm and education center, reminding us of East Portland?s agricultural heritage. As the turn of the century approached, small "towns" emerged to serve the surrounding rural areas. In 1892, Oliver Lent's son, George, who worked as an attorney in Portland, and his wife Mary, registered the small community of Lent, Oregon with the Multnomah County Recorder. Lent proper was bounded by 92nd and 97th Avenues (then county roads), and Tolman Street to the south and Foster Road to the north.31 In 1912, the town decided to join Portland by a very close vote and was annexed the following year. It was a prosperous suburb of 8,000-10,000 people before annexation, and the population steadily increased after annexation. Downtown Lents operated as the closest market for farmers in Happy Valley and as the gateway to Portland from the southeast. By the 1910s it was also well connected by rail. It was the terminus of the Mount Scott trolley, and the Springwater Estacada Line continued through Lents on to Estacada and Cazadero. These new transit systems reduced the trip to downtown Portland from a whole day to two hours.32 Zenger Farm in Lents. Early postcard view of Lents community, undated (OHS photograph) Community Profile: Montavilla In Montavilla, a business center developed just east of Mt. Tabor on Base Line Road (now Stark Street), a main early arterial.33 By 1892, Montavilla had its own post office, three grocery stores, meat markets, blacksmith shops, a privately owned bank, and a livery stable. Streetcar service to downtown made Montavilla a desirable place to live for those who worked downtown. According to historian E. Kimbark MacColl, Montavilla had a high level of prosperity in the early 20th century: ?Platted in 1889, [Montavilla] had become a major suburb by 1906 when it voted to annex itself to Portland. Its degree of prosperity was revealed by the startling notice in 1906 that 31 Rod Paulson, ?Lents ? Foster Road ? And the Electric Streetcars,? article published by The Community Press, date? 32 Amy Mills, A Cultural History, 45 33 Portland Bureau of Planning, Montavilla Neighborhood Plan (1995), 3 Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study it had the largest postal receipts of any suburban town within the Portland region.? According to the Oregonian in March 1914, ?Montavilla is considered one of the most prosperous suburbs on the East side of the river?nearly all the streets have been improved by grading and laying cement sidewalks.?34 Another defining feature of early Montavilla was the community of Japanese families who settled in the area starting in 1904, primarily as berry and vegetable farmers. The Oregon Historical Quarterly (Winter 1993-4) noted: Because of its proximity to Portland, Montavilla became the first Japanese farming settlement with a sizeable population. As early as 1908 there were thirty-six Japanese farmers who held a total of 665 acres. Three years later the community had approximately two hundred Japanese residents with an additional hundred of so laborers during the harvest season; half the total acreage in the area was under Japanese management by then.35 As elsewhere, during WWII Japanese and Japanese-Americans from the area were forced to stay in internment camps, and most of them settled elsewhere after the war. Transportation Routes: Early Roads and the Inter-Urban Railways Rural areas became increasingly connected to the city, and although transportation networks were not extensive in the outlying areas, many rural people held jobs in the city while maintaining a farming lifestyle. Wallace and Flora Hadley, for example, purchased a 10-acre tract of land in 1905 on Baseline Road (Stark) in the area now occupied by Mall 205. They built a house and barn and started a dairy. Wallace rode his motorcycle to work in downtown Portland, handling baggage at B & O Transfer, and the whole family ran the dairy. The children delivered milk by horse and buggy to homes in the area.36 This example also illustrates a trend that occurred in parts of outer East Portland where land was divided over time into increasingly smaller parcels, from large to smaller farms and finally to residential subdivisions. Some of the main East-West Streets were SE Stark (Base Line), SE Division (Section Line), SE Powell (Powell Valley), and SE Foster. Foster Road was one of the most important east-west streets, a strategic route that began as a Native American trail. It became an alternative route of the Barlow Trail during the pioneer era, bringing settlers directly into Portland rather than down to Oregon City. Settlers and farmers used it to travel to East Portland, Milwaukie and Portland to sell produce and purchase supplies. To this day, there are fruit stands and farmland along Foster Road east of Lents. Travelers disembarking from boats on the Columbia River used Sandy Blvd. and also SE 82nd Avenue, which served as a north-south route to Oregon City and other points south. Of the main north-south Streets, SE 82nd Ave was one of the most important routes in the area. This was the main highway for outer Southeast Portland and north Clackamas county. SE 92nd Ave, in contrast, was primarily a residential street. It was called Main Street in downtown Lents before street names were changed. SE 102nd Ave (Craig Road) and SE 122nd Ave were also major routes. The establishment of County Road 602, now 52nd Avenue, in 1894 proved influential in 34 Amy Mills, A Cultural History of the Neighborhood Along the I-205 Light Rail Project (Portland: Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation Service District of Oregon [TriMet] (April 2007), 33. 35 Amy Mills, A Cultural History, 33-34. 36 Horner, History and Folklore, 146. Review Draft December 20, 2007 13 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study the growth in the area that is now Brentwood-Darlington.37 This includes the Errol Heights subdivision adjacent to 52nd Avenue. A 1913 Errol Heights homes still stands at 7445 SE 52nd Avenue.38 Electric streetcars were vital to growth and community vitality in the new towns and subdivisions. They were preceded by horse-drawn trolleys and some pulled by steam engines known as ?dummies,? which were enclosed in a wooden box structure made to resemble a railroad passenger coach. Portland?s first electric streetcar carried passengers across the Steel Bridge to the town of Albina in 1889, and soon after streetcars extended to Montavilla and Lents neighborhoods along the Montavilla, Mount Tabor, and Mount Scott trolley lines. In 1892 a steam-powered streetcar railway began service from Portland to Lents along SE Hawthorne and Foster Road, and by 1901 the railway was electrified. These streetcars allowed people to commute into downtown Portland to work, sell produce or buy essential goods.39 Structures that were constructed next to streetcar lines still exist in some areas, especially in Lents, Brentwood- Darlington, and Montavilla. For example, many commercial buildings along SE 92nd Avenue in Lents date from the streetcar era. Lents street corner, SE 92nd Ave. and Foster, ca. 1910 (left) and today (right). Lents Odd Fellows Hall and adjacent commercial building, ca. 1920s (left, OHS photo) and 2007 (right). The period from 1900 to 1915 was known as the ?golden age? of interurban rail lines. It was also a period of explosive growth, with Portland?s population increasing from 90,426 in 1900 to 258,228 in 1920. Interurban rail lines reached into some of the more rural areas. The Bellrose 37 Portland Bureau of Planning, Brentwood-Darlington Community Plan (1992), 15. 38 portlandmaps.com 39 Amy Mills, A Cultural History, 15 Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Streetcar Line was constructed in 1904 and operated until 1958.40 The line supported construction of Portland General Electric?s dam facilities and transported logs from Estacada, lumber from Boring, and farmer?s products to Portland. On weekends, passengers enjoyed trips to the end of the line near the Clackamas River at Estacada Park. During the workweek, the same line would carry loads of logs to places like Dwyer?s Mill at 100th and Foster, or to the Willamette River then floated to a nearby mill. ?Stations of by-gone days were Lents Junction at 103rd, Arnaud at 112th, Kirpatrick at 117th, Gilbert at 122nd, Ramapo at 128th, Bellrose at 136th, Wilson at 141st, and Sycamore at Jenne Road. Each of these stations had a covered enclosed waiting room. Some in the Gilbert area had a large attached dock for farmers who brought their sacks of grain, vegetables, and produce.?41 The Mt. Scott Line of the Portland Railway Light and Power Co. went from downtown across the Hawthorne Bridge to SE 50th, south to Foster Road to SE 72nd, and south to Woodstock, then further east.42 In some areas getting around was difficult. ?Public transportation east of the city limits on Baseline was nonexistent at first,? one longtime resident reminisced. There was ?an interurban street car that ran on what is now Burnside. It went to Gresham and people waited for it in a little wooden shelter at Craig Road (102nd) and Burnside. By the 1930s, a bus was running to Portland on Baseline. There weren?t any trips scheduled in the evening. For these times, people had to take the Tabor street car to 88th and Yamhill and walk the rest of the way home? Automobiles were few in those days. Although Baseline was the main route from eastern Oregon, there was little traffic?43 Streetcar on Foster Road, ?widest street in the city,? early 20th century. The Centennial Neighborhood, originally known as the Lynch area, offers a good example of how places evolved along with transportation improvements. It was settled in the mid-1800s during the Donation Land Claim era. By the early 1900s, dairy farming and berry production, and in the 1920s fur farming, took on greater importance. Wagon roads first served the area; Powell Valley Road and Foster Road linked it to Gresham and Portland, and north-south access was along Barker Road (now 162nd Avenue). Johnson Creek was a channel for moving goods such as logs to Milwaukie, also a market for other products. By the early 1900s, two interurban rail lines linked the Cities of Gresham and Portland. One line ran down East Burnside (paralleling the current Max Blue Line) through the northern portion of Centennial and the other ran along Johnson Creek (along what is now the Springwater Corridor). Residential development naturally occurred along these lines. By the 1920s many families had cars, but getting around was not easy. One early resident from an outlying community reminisced, ?Even though we had the car everyone walked a lot, to and 40 Horner, History and Folklore, 98. 41 Horner, History and Folklore, 12. 42 Portland Bureau of Planning, Mt. Scott-Arleta Neighborhood Plan (1996), 18. 43 Horner, History and Folklore, 101. Review Draft December 20, 2007 15 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study from the streetcar lines, the Mr. Tabor at 88th and Taylor and the Montavilla at 81st and Stark to get to town or to school and even to work.? Portland?s continued growth affected land use patterns in outlying areas and farms became smaller or disappeared. By 1940 this family sold their farm on Stark Street and continued dairy farming on a larger scale in the Hillsboro area.44 Streetcar, inter-urban and mainline railways, ca. 1912 Development Trends As noted previously, Portland?s population increased from just over 90,000 in 1900 to 258,000 in 1920. The accessibility of streetcars and reasonable living costs attracted people to live in the outer southeast neighborhoods. The early streetcar towns and suburbs had a unique street and lot pattern that still prevails in some of those neighborhoods today. In areas west of I-205, the block pattern is ?fairly typical of inner-Portland streetcar-era neighborhoods, where lots consistently have depths of roughly 100 feet and lot widths are based on 25 foot increments, although many of the lots in these areas are not fully developed. The street pattern in these areas forms a relatively ?regular? 200 x 400? block pattern. In these cases, development is typically oriented to the street with defined front and rear yard spaces.?45 A typical block in 44 Horner, History and Folklore, 146. 45 Bureau of Planning, East Portland Review draft, 33. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Montavilla, Lents, Mt. Scott-Arleta or Brentwood-Darlington would be 200 feet wide and 400 or sometimes 600 feet long, and some had alleys. Outside the streetcar suburbs, most of the area was still small farms, but some farms began to be divided. Much of the study area, which lies primarily east of the Interstate 205 Freeway, was not urbanized until after World War II. The trend of dividing larger tracts of land into smaller parcels can be seen in some early developments. In 1909, for example, the Greene-Whitcomb Company and Henry Everding created a subdivision called the Suburban Homes Club Tract. The subdivision was platted in an area between what is now SE Powell and Holgate. The land was divided into six blocks with 27 lots in each block. Each lot was almost one acre and measured approximately 100? wide and 300? to 400? deep. Residents were attracted to these ?junior acre? lots for their open and rural character. This subdivision and others like it created a street pattern of very large blocks with no interior streets. Multnomah County records indicate this type of subdivision was not unique in the early 1900s. Today, many of these lots have large garden plots; others have been subdivided for new development. Consequences of these early patterns were connectivity and access problems compounded when urbanization later intensified and large lots are subdivided.46 The 1909 Suburban Homes Club Tract. Note lots more than 400 feet deep. (Source: Existing Conditions Analysis, Outer Southeast Livable Infill Project) Most of the neighborhood development in pre-WWII Portland was the work of many small developers, who operated with very limited capital and conformed to conventional tastes and patterns. In a sense there was a self-imposed set of ?zoning rules? that kept neighborhoods relatively homogeneous. However, the stylistic features of typical houses constructed between 1890-1930 did not have as many shared characteristics as those constructed in the post-war era.47 The majority of residential structures from this era are single-family detached houses. This housing reflects a wide range of socio-economic ranges. Styles were somewhat fragmented. During the first part of the Progressive Era, the Queen Anne style was the most popular. In addition to the continued construction of Italianate houses, a wide range of other styles were 46 ?Existing Conditions Analysis,? Outer Southeast Livable Infill Project, (Portland State University Planning Workshop, 2004) 8, 11. 47 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 36. Review Draft December 20, 2007 17 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study introduced during the Progressive Era, including the Colonial Revival, Arts and Crafts, and Bungalow.48 A 1923 Portland-area home builders? handbook included an article on ?Local Tendencies in Architectural Style:? It is doubtful as to whether Portland will tend to develop a single type for a number of good reasons, although it is reasonable to suppose that local conditions will restrict the development of certain styles and favor others. We are in the heart of one of the greatest lumber producing centers of the world?Retail lumber is relatively cheap. As long as this condition obtains, frame construction and the use of wood for exterior finish and wherever possible, will be justifiably popular, from the standpoint of economy. Thus it is not to be expected that there will be a marked tendency towards the employment of Italian, Spanish or Mission motives in the design of local residences or moderate cost, as these types do not permit of the greatest use of wood. Accordingly, it would seem as if the various Colonial types, as well as some of the English and Swiss, would become even more popular, and not without reason... Being for the most part regular and somewhat formal in plan and elevation, they are easy to frame and hence economical in labor and materials.49 ??a very livable home, combining both Colonial and bungalow characteristics only covering a little over nine hundred square feet of space.? (Homecraft Handbook for Home Builders, 1923, p. 105) The same handbook targeted prospective first-time owners with ads and advice. ?Don?t wait until you have saved enough money to build your home. What you pay in rent will build it for you,? promoted the Union Savings and Loan Association.50 Savings and loan associations provided increasingly liberal financing, with loans as high as 50 percent of the value of the lot plus the value of the planned building(s) being quite generous, compared to those available in earlier eras. Marketing efforts were aggressive. 48 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 6-7. 49The Homecraft Handbook for Home Builders (Portland, 1923), 27. 50 Homecraft Handbook, 20. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Corporations and individuals interested in the uplift of humanity and the development of our Pacific Northwest are ready and willing to help you in the financing of your home and start you on your way to success and happiness. With a very small amount you may now own your own home, or start to build it with their assistance?Let?s cooperate to encourage home ownership, which is the backbone of any nation, large or small, and help develop Oregon.51 In many neighborhoods, houses were built by their owners as time and money permitted, often using an informal barter system. In Brentwood-Darlington, for example, houses in the 1930s were generally small and built by the owner with little contractor help. Many were little more than shacks. In 1937, one family purchased two and one-half acres of an old cherry orchard between Crystal Springs and Harney near SE 79th Ave. for $850. There was a large garage on the property. Water had to be carried until the owner dug water lines that could be connected with the local water company. With additions and remodeling over the years, the garage became the family home.52 The Brentwood Darlington neighborhood was first established in 1882. Its location on a sloping plateau above the Johnson Creek Flood Plain helped to shape the character and type of development in the area, which includes large and irregular lots and open space along Johnson Creek. An important trend in the housing industry nationwide was mechanization, which created the possibility of partial to near-total prefabrication. This development allowed more houses to be erected between 1890 and 1930 than in the nation?s previous history.53 Pattern books and house plans were easily accessible with mass communication through the popular press. Companies offering house plans and related services, and even prefabricated buildings, started to become significant in the residential market in the late 19th and early 20th century. Aladdin Homes for example, established one of its four branch factories in NE Portland in approximately 1920.54 Progressive East Portland In his probing study of politics and class in Progressive-Era Portland, Robert Johnston illustrates, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, given their still semi-rural character, that (then) outer east Portland neighborhoods such as Montavilla, Lents, and Arleta, consistently supported progressive and populist political candidates and legislative proposals, such as the referendum, commission government, women's suffrage, the single-tax and anti- vaccinationism. His analysis of precinct voting patterns suggests that outer east Portland's generally middling class residents and small- scale farmers shared certain political and social affinities with west-side urban reformers, small business owners and the residents of working class far North Portland, in distinction to the residents of nearby, but closer-in, East Portland areas (such as Rose City Park), and lower-middle class and working class areas (like Buckman and Albina), who generally opposed progressive reforms. Houses built from off the shelf plans or as precut kits were popular for various reasons. House designs were attractive but not daring and there was enough variety to ensure that nearly all tastes could be satisfied. They were good value, and in the era before hand power tools were available, they made it possible for individuals to erect a house without the expense of hiring a professional builder. Some companies, such as Sears, also offered attractive financing packages. See: Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). 51 Homecraft Handbook, 23 52 Portland Bureau of Planning, Brentwood-Darlington Community Plan (1992), 14 53 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 35. 54 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 35 Review Draft December 20, 2007 19 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Schools and other institutions continued to be developed to serve growing populations in the area, including areas that were still fairly rural. One example is the Buckley School founded in 1908 at the corner of 124th Avenue and Division in what is now the Mill Park Neighborhood. Though the school only operated until 1924, histories of the area tell how it helped bring a sense of community identity to an early rural community.55 Parkrose school district records begin in the summer of 1913. Census records show 131 students were enrolled, ages four through 19, and that teachers were paid $80 per month. That same year, the district bonded for $10,000 to construct a four-room building, Parkrose Elementary, better known as the Wygant School when Brainard and Reynolds roads were renamed and the school?s address became 10634 NE Wygant. A high school program was launched two years later. By 1924, enrollment at the Wygant School had increased to 665 students, leading the school board to find overcrowded conditions. A bond measure was passed allocating $31,000 to construct a new high school at NE 106th and Prescott.56 Water had always been a valuable resource for agricultural activities the area. The need for water to support residential development increased the demand for not only water but water delivery systems. Much of the demand was initially met by a number of generally small, independent water companies. Brentwood-Darlington alone had a few including the Woodmere, Flynn, and Strowbridge Companies. These companies were instrumental in the development of residential subdivisions like Errol Heights, giving them convenient access to water.57 Woodmere School ?Garden,? ca. 1913. (OHS photograph) Government buildings built during the early 20th century included a jail completed on Rocky Butte in 1900. In 1904 Morning Side Hospital opened at the site of the current Mall 205 development to provide mental health care to patients from the Alaska Territory.58 The Jewish Cemetery at SE 67th and SE Nehalem in the Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood was established in 1905.59 The Motor Age and Inter-War Era: 1914-1940 With the advent of the first World War, there were new demands for lumber, iron and other materials, and the consequences of those demands would be far-reaching. Gasoline powered engines and electricity helped industries stabilize and expand to meet the demands. Increasing dependence on the automobile and on trucks for commercial transportation would lead to the 55 Portland Bureau of Planning, Mill Park Neighborhood Plan (1995), 3 56 Portland Public Schools, Parkrose History, 1-2 57 Portland Bureau of Planning, Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan (1992) 13. 58 Horner, History and Folklore, 22 59 Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan (1992), 12. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study creation of our modern highway system, which altered development patterns by incorporating early market roads and principal highways. Although the effects the automobile on development patterns and social relationships were complex and variable, increased personal mobility fostered the centralization of many services and institutions. As local services (such as country stores) were replaced over-time by strategically placed?but fewer and larger?facilities (such as the new ?super markets?), local and regional distinctiveness and identity were eroded. On the other hand, rural residents benefited from improved access to urban services and rural isolation was lessened. The Portland area had relatively high personal automobile ownership rates. Multnomah County registered fewer than 10,000 motor vehicles in 1916, 36,000 in 1920, and over 90,000 by 1929. In 1930, there was one car for every four residents in Multnomah County, compared to one for five nationwide. This contributed to a drop in streetcar use after the 1920s, and supported new clusters of retail stores in ?suburban? shopping districts, for example at NE 42nd and Sandy and SE 50th and Powell.60 Gas stations occupied busy intersections on SE 82nd Avenue serving the needs of motorists traveling through the area, for example from Oregon City to Columbia Blvd. and beyond to the new Columbia River Highway, an early national show piece in the growing scenic highway movement. ?Roadside restaurants, auto camps, motels and grocery stores also created roadside attractions designed to slow down motorists and encourage them to spend money. Commercial development on Stark and Glisan also adapted to the influence of the automobile and the new American mobility. Stores had parking lots and neon lights to attract customers.?61 Downtown Lents, ca. 1920s The truck was equally important in changing the way Americans lived and worked. In the Portland area, trucks clearly affected development in outlying areas. Trucks made it easier to move freight out to scattered businesses, allowing people to live and work outside the urban core. After WWI there was a surge in road building, using new materials and techniques that made truck-proof roads possible. The 1916 Good Roads Act began federal involvement in road construction. Shortly afterward, funds became available for building roads that connected to the US highway system and adhered to certain standards. Oregon adopted the first state gasoline tax, the proceeds of which supported road improvements. These programs would have a significant impact on East Portland?s development as new highways were constructed over time and many rural roads and ?farm-to-market? routes were improved and became thoroughfares. Journalist Karl Klooster wrote about the transformation of 82nd Avenue and the effects of that on development: 60 Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth, 93-94. 61 Portland Bureau of Planning, Outer Southeast Community Plan, Background Report (March 1993), 8. Review Draft December 20, 2007 21 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Through the 1920s, East 82nd Street was a narrow, unpaved rural road marking the city?s eastern edge. Family farms and stands of old Douglas Fir dominated the landscape... The street itself, little more than a country lane, stretched straight across the flat terrain, its solitude broken only occasionally by a passing vehicle trailing a cloud of dust in its wake. The action occurred at intersections. There, a clutch of commercial buildings stood. A general store, a roadside caf?, a repair garage. The street?s first filling station, a Standard Oil outlet, was at 82nd and Stark. ? When it was designated as a state highway in the early 1930s, the die was cast. The newly named 82nd Avenue (the present system went into effect in 1933) was widened, completely paved and cut through from Milwaukie to Columbia Boulevard. With dramatically increased traffic volume, commercial development quickly followed. In 1937, the last barrier to unbridled building activity was toppled. Upon the planning commission?s recommendation, the city council authorized a zoning change for all of 82nd from ?multi-family? to ?commercial-industrial.?62 General Trends During the 1920s and 1930s, in much of the Portland area, rapid spatial expansion filled-in areas between formerly separate small communities and towns, which then served as subcenters.63 As the city grew, low density uses such as market gardens, dairies, pastures, marshes and recreation places started to disappear. Under the earlier model of community development, street railways and trolleys allowed development of land miles from downtown areas, but development was limited to areas within a few blocks of the lines, and the residential pattern followed the lines as fingers spread out from the center. Cars changed this pattern by opening up more land than was possible with other forms of transportation, making it possible to develop the areas in between the fingers. By the 1920s, newly accessible fringe areas were growing faster than the central city. During the 1930s, the trend of living in one suburb and working in another rather than downtown continued to grow. Lower density residential and commercial development across from agricultural land along NE Sandy, 1924. OHS image. The new automobile suburbs were spacious by comparison to the streetcar suburbs. They were laid out with lower densities and larger lots than any other previous housing pattern. Building lots were about 70 percent larger in automobile suburbs than in streetcar suburbs.64 New patterns emerged in outlying areas, such as outer East Portland where farm land began shifting to residential uses. The pattern was quite different from earlier land use shifts. The scale 62 Karl Klooster, ?Then and now: 82nd Avenue,? This Week, 12/16/1987 63 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 55. 64 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 52. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study was bigger, largely determined by the need to plan for cars at the individual lot scale, the neighborhood scale, and the city scale. Car servicing, storage and recreational use created new building types and new spatial relationships. Brand new, predominantly single-story houses arranged along streets (sometimes with curbs and sidewalks) contrasted markedly with the pattern of two-story farmhouses, barns, machine sheds, orchards, garden plots and fields connected by rough gravel or dirt roads of the 19th century settlers? landscape. For example, the Cully neighborhood was an area predominantly of Italian truck gardens and Swiss-German dairy farms, until approximately World War II. After the war single family homes, some apartments and commercial uses were constructed. Industrial businesses were sited in the northern portion of the neighborhood along NE Columbia, Killingsworth, and Portland Highway.65 In residential development, there was a clear distinction between houses, particularly builders? houses, constructed during the Depression decade before WWII and those built in the decade following the war. Changes in style, detailing, and even construction methods and materials were pronounced.66 The typical home builder bought one or more lots in an established subdivision and built houses from stock plans. Innovations were typically limited to variations in the porches, roof slopes, and trim to make adjacent houses appear different; but often, one builder?s houses within a block or single street were almost identical. Builders typically constructed a few houses per year, performing much of the work themselves, and they were limited by the amount of capital they could afford to tie up. This situation was characteristic of East Portland. The 1923 Homecraft Handbook for Home Builders provided advice and recommended services to home builders and home makers. Illustration shows the popular Bungalow style. Individuals also found ways to construct homes at their own pace. In 1939, one East Portland family bought a lot with a ?shell house? at 2913 SE 118th Avenue. The father built the house with little help on days-off, and two years later, the family moved in. ?It was one of the first houses built on 118th and it was surrounded by farmland and woods.? Relatives wondered why they wanted to move so far out in the country. In the early years, this family had a garden and orchard, and they raised chickens and rabbits. During wartime, the house was home to many waiting for husbands to come home from war or families looking for homes after the war.?67 65 Portland Bureau of Planning, Cully Neighborhood Plan (1992) 8-9. 66 Alfred M. Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To: Federal Housing Administration Insured Builders? Houses in the Pacific Northwest From 1934 to 1954 (Portland State University: MA thesis 1987), 1. 67 Horner, History and Folklore, 158. Review Draft December 20, 2007 23 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study During the Motor Age, the Bungalow and Colonial Revival styles continued to be popular for houses. Other historic period styles became popular too. Building practices began to change as concrete slowly replaced brick and wood construction, especially in commercial and multi-family dwellings. Generally during this period the setting and landscaping remain the same as in the Progressive Era. The major changes revolved around the adaptation to the automobile. More and more homes had a garage, first the affluent homes and by the 1940s almost every new house had the option of a garage. Regardless of the architectural style, homes built during this period illustrate some of the first attempts to integrate the house and the automobile. The first garages were detached away from the house, usually in the back corner with access along the side lot line or from the alley. In the latter part of the Motor Age the first garages appear. New building types emerged in the Motor Age, including the motel, the drive-in theater, gasoline service stations, the garage, the shopping strip, and later the shopping center. Sandy Boulevard, an early transportation corridor that connected the Columbia River with downtown Portland, became a popular route for motorists traveling to the Columbia River. Sandy was developed in this period with amenities to serve car owners, including garages, service stations, ?auto camps,? and motels, as shown in the Sanborn maps below. Sandy Blvd. came to represent a hybrid of a motel strip, shopping street, and semi-rural highway. This mix would lead to future transportation changes after World War II with construction of Oregon?s first expressway, the Banfield (I-84): Builder?s advertisement in 1923 Homecraft Handbook showing one of the newly popular historic period revival styles. Sandy Boulevard, a densely populated commercial core, was typical of exactly the type of problems that unlimited access created and so formed the perfect candidate for replacement with a new, controlled-access corridor that would be free of distraction, grade crossings, and other potential traffic-snarling development.68 Commercial strips are variations on the Main Street pattern that developed during the 19th century and grew rapidly along the main arteries of residential neighborhoods. The development pattern was dense, with buildings taking up their complete frontage and abutting the sidewalk. Until approximately 1945, the car only intensified this density and the importance of the street. Along these commercial corridors, streets were widened, straightened, and freed of obstacles that would impede the flow of traffic. Parking lots began to appear around large buildings, sometimes at the rear.69 68 George Kramer, The Interstate Highway System in Oregon: A Historic Overview. Prepared for the Oregon Department of Transportation (May 2004), 15 69 City of Portland, Portland Historical Context Statement, 61. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Sanborn map details of the area near NE Sandy and 188th in 1924/28 and 1950. Changes include: addition of apartments, a ?motor court,? and retail (?S? for ?Store)? along Sandy; expansion of the ?auto camp;? and development of single-story houses (?D,? for ?Dwelling?) on both large lots and smaller subdivided parcels, and, in some cases, lots containing more than a single house. ca. 1924-28 ca. 1950 Review Draft December 20, 2007 25 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study The Depression Years In the decade following WWI, new home building achieved an unprecedented peak in 1925 then came to a virtual stop by the early 1930s. Nationwide there was a 95% drop from 1925 to 1933.70 There was a shortage of affordable housing for low and moderate income families when the 1929 depression began. The census of 1940 described Portland as a city that had ceased to grow.71 The federal government didn?t intervene directly in the housing industry before the Depression. The National Housing Act of 1934 introduced significant policy changes, aiming to improve housing conditions and provide for mortgage insurance, among other goals. The latter was an innovative element, initially opposed by the then-unregulated housing industry.72 Under the National Housing Act, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) put in place a new system of financing private home building that made the purchase of a home as affordable as paying rent and with substantial protections built in against foreclosure. The FHA?s partnership with the home building industry and with research institutions would revolutionize the home building industry in the 1940s and the following decades.73 Research in home planning, building technology and materials, and development of new building materials was stimulated. Architectural journals began to feature articles on housing and the home with an emphasis on the small two or three bedroom house. Research and development into industrialized products produced methods that were used to some extent before WWII, for example, glue laminated timbers, wall panel systems, and exterior use of plywood panels. However, these innovations were slow to take hold and most families who needed housing remained unable to purchase it. Three world fairs in the US during the Depression promoted hopes for the future and the ideal low-cost house that would be built. There were some who did not accept this vision and saw in the exhibits a future of urban sprawl and automobile congestion.74 ? Work Projects Administration (WPA) Johnson Creek channel project in the early 1930s. City of Portland photo. Development Trends Between the World Wars much of the study area still remained rural, but development continued. The new developments weren?t streetcar suburban communities, but the first automobile suburbs. These automobile suburbs developed further out than and filled in between earlier streetcar suburbs. Among the emerging neighborhoods with residential construction in this era were Cully, Sumner, Parkrose, and Brentwood-Darlington, with bungalows and other types from the mid 1920s. 70 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 40. 71 Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth, 109. 72 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 46. 73 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 54-55. 74 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 78. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Plats of this era differed in a number of ways from the earlier Streetcar Era plats. Blocks remained mainly rectangles with streets continuing to interconnect, however the block sizes varied more than the typical Streetcar era blocks, some measuring 200 by 400 feet, others 200 by 450 feet with deeper lots, and others as large as 450 by 500. Varied block sizes were accompanied by varied lot sizes. In many instances the lots were larger than earlier Streetcar era lots. While most blocks and lots were still platted as rectangles, some plats did take the shape of irregular polygons and triangles, including some in Roseway Plat 2.75 While a number of subdivisions were platted during this period, most the land was still rural. In these rural areas residents did not necessarily rely on professional home builders and regular rectangular street networks to build a roof over their head and get from place to place. In the Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood in the 1930s, homes were built with little outside help and were often very basic structures.76 In areas that were still rural there were large farms dating from donation land claim days. In the Centennial Neighborhood, then known as the Lynch District, these large tracts were subdivided into small acreages during the 1920s and 1930s.77 This type of development led to the collection of Italian truck farms and Swiss-German dairy farms that made up most the Cully Neighborhood prior to World War II.78 Some long-time residents offered a glimpse into what the study area was like in the 1920s and 1930s. One person described the area around SE 104th and Stark (now the site of Adventist Hospital) as covered with apple and cherry orchards, walnut trees, and hazelnut bushes. Another resident described Lents as having many orchards and very poor streets.79 NE 82nd, north of Halsey, looking north from where the Banfield Freeway is now, 1932. City of Portland photo Street improvement projects encouraged adjacent development. In May 1926 the City of Portland approved a street widening bond which facilitated new development in many areas. Zoning also shaped development during the interwar period. Portland?s first zoning code came into effect in 1924. In August 1937 the city rezoned the entire stretch of 82nd Avenue for commercial and industrial purposes.80 By that date, 82nd Avenue had already become a bypass road that served a similar function that I-205 does today. Among other effects, the new zoning compromised the future of Montavilla as a residential neighborhood, as auto-oriented commercial enterprises increasingly came to dominate 82nd Avenue. 75 Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan (1992), 12 76 Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan (1992), 14. 77 Portland Bureau of Planning Centennial Neighborhood Plan (1996), 2 78 Portland Bureau of Planning Cully Neighborhood Plan (1992), 8 79 Horner, History and Folklore, 99 and 102. 80 MacColl, Growth of a City, 108 and 507. Review Draft December 20, 2007 27 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Architecture of the interwar era followed the trends of the wider region. Between the wars, architects began to design buildings in various historic revival styles to meet the needs and tastes of different clients. Architectural journals featured articles on housing and the home. In the mid-1930s, the emphasis was on the small two or three bedroom house in the $5,000 to $6,000 price range. Home plan books were published, continuing a tradition that had begun in the nineteenth century. The Architectural Forum led the departure from traditional styles of the past with publication of its 1936 home plan and planning book, The 1936 Book of Small Houses. Styles were predominantly traditional, although building practices began to change as concrete slowly replaced brick and wood construction, especially in commercial and multi-family buildings. Various historic period styles were applied to residential housing. English Cottage, Tudor, Colonial, and Mission were among the popular styles represented in Portland neighborhoods. Research and development into industrialized products produced methods that were used to some extent before WWII. For example, glue laminated timbers, wall panel systems, and exterior use of plywood panels. However, these innovations were slow to take hold, and most FHA insured houses constructed before 1942 were conventional in design, construction, and finishes. In semi-rural communities such as Brentwood-Darlington, grocery stores developed to serve surrounding areas and served as community focal points. For years an important community landmark was the 1916 Moll Store, at what is now Powell Boulevard and 122nd.81 Most of these communities also developed fire districts in the 1930?s and 1940?s. For years many parts of the area covered with hazel brush and other vegetation would burn in major brush fires. Parkrose Fire District #2 formed in 1935 followed by Faloma District #5 in 1941, Russeville District #6 and Kelley Butte District #7 in 1942, Twelve-mile Corner District #9 in 1946, and Erroll Heights District #12 in 1948.82 Many streets had different names than they do now, including: Division Street/Section Line Road, Halsey Street/Barr Road, Glisan Street/Villa Avenue, Market Street/Everglade Avenue, 102nd Avenue/Craig Road, 122nd Avenue/Buckley Road, 128th Avenue/Lennox Avenue, 130th Avenue/Prune Road, 135th Avenue/Taylor Avenue, 136th Avenue/Gates Road, to name a few.83 As the Depression entered the 1940s and the US mobilized for WWII, the home building industry began to organize a support structure to help home builders and developers compete successfully, build effectively, and coordinate marketing. The War Years: 1941-1945 Portland changed dramatically during the war years, with a large number of new residents that came to work in shipbuilding close to the city center, and also further out in Troutdale and Vancouver, Washington where Alcoa located aluminum plants. West Coast merchant shipping grew, and along with it a workforce. There were severe housing shortages. Like all war boom cities, Portland made frantic efforts to provide sufficient housing, transportation, utilities and services, especially during 1942 and 1943. Some communities grew very rapidly. Many houses were hastily or inadequately 81 Horner, History and Folklore, 21 82 Ibid, 20 and Brentwood-Darlington Plan (1992), 14 83 Portland Bureau of Planning, Hazelwood Neighborhood Plan (1996), 4. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study constructed and subdivisions often lacked adequate street improvements as in the 1930s. For example, cheaply built barracks used as housing for workers at Bonneville Dam were purchased and moved to Errol Heights (now Brentwood-Darlington).84 During WWII, Portland-area firms won ship-building military contracts, and thousands of un- and underemployed people moved to the region. New workers arriving in 1941 promptly added 30,000 to the city population. This put a great strain on public facilities after a period of practically no change or growth. By May 1944, the population of Portland had grown by 54,000 from its 1940s numbers. The sudden increase in jobs and the onset of gasoline rationing doubled the ridership on public transit. The system?s management added 200 new buses and 150 trucks in an effort to connect populations centers to war plants and recreation.85 Illustrating the construction boom that overtook formerly rural areas, one Parkrose resident commented, ?They built the housing from 112th to 115th in 1942 and the rest of this up until (19)60?s, 70s this was all farmland, except for Sandy Boulevard. It was the main area, there was no Airport Way or Industrial area. It was all homes and truck gardens.?86 As the United States became involved in WWII, high school enrollment figures reflected the human toll of the war effort. The 1941-42 enrollment figures for Parkrose High showed 18 boys in the 12th grade compared with 38 girls. During the war, the Parkrose School District experienced an 80% growth in grade school attendance, compared with the statewide growth rate of 6.4%, and by 1946 plans were drawn to build the first of three new schools, according to a Parkrose school history.87 The war affected neighborhood schools like Parkrose in other ways. The architectural firm of Wolff and Phillips wrote the school board on June 24, 1942 that ?in order to comply with government orders for the conservation of critical materials, it will be necessary to construct both the temporary grade school and the addition to the high school in a manner inconsistent with the best standards of construction.?88 Demobilization in 1945 at the end of WWII caused an immediate shortage of homes for returning vets and also for war workers shifting jobs. There was a boom of new families with cash to spend on down payments and expectations of regular employment for making monthly house payments, especially if they were less than rent would be. Normal home demand was further stimulated by The GI Bill of Rights, which guaranteed private mortgage loans to veterans similar to the FHA program but with additional safeguards for borrowers. Modest house constructed in 1944, SE 88th and Alder The Great Depression and World War II had effects across the country. In East Portland, as elsewhere, many families struggled to make ends meet and often had to be creative in finding work. Their stories illustrate how outer East Portland, once rural, gradually became more 84 Portland Bureau of Planning, Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan (1992), 15. 85 Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth, 126-7. 86 Rachel Blumberg, ed., The Wheel Keeps Turning, 50. 87 Parkrose School District, Parkrose History, 3-4. 88 Ibid., 3. Review Draft December 20, 2007 29 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study connected to the urban center through work and schools. One family, as reported in the History and Folklore of the David Douglas Community, arrived in Portland in 1937 looking for work. They settled in a log cabin on 82nd Avenue at Johnson Creek, but soon had to move due to flooding. The father worked odd jobs, and during the summer the children helped out by picking berries in the 122nd Avenue area, formerly Buckley Avenue. The children also went door to door selling bread and rolls their mother made. The father found better-paid work under the WPA, blasting tunnels in Rocky Butte and elsewhere, and eventually found a steady job with a sawmill on 94th and SE Foster. During World War II he worked as a riveter and welder in the Oregon Shipyards, and the family was able to afford to purchase a farm at 122nd and NE Halsey. They sold produce and chicken from a trailer in the Vanport Housing project. After the war, the father was laid off and went to work on a hog farm, as a school bus driver for Parkrose Schools, and finally retired as the powderman for Rocky Butte Jail.89 The Post War Era: 1946 to the Present By 1944 attention had begun shifting to postwar development goals and the peacetime economic planning. There was a redirection in basic attitudes about the structure of communities. In general, the era of densely packed buildings oriented to the street, with small blocks as a grid, gave way to larger land units defined by major arteries and penetrated by limited-access routes. Within this construct, newly developed buildings were often freestanding or grouped in clusters, surrounded by open space. The prerequisite for this type of development was the car, plus large areas of inexpensive land near population centers. In this new landscape, development also included large but simple commercial structures on expanses of cleared land. Drive-in facilities became a new and ubiquitous model. Typical late 1940s house SE 84th and Yamhill After 1945 and into 1946 there was a boom in private housing. New subdivisions continued to develop in a scattered pattern at the edges and just beyond the city limits. Development followed highways and the interurban railroads (which had appeared in the 1930s) west to Multnomah and Beaverton, south along the Willamette to Milwaukie, Gladstone and Oregon City, and east toward Parkrose and Gresham. The automobile suburbs built after 1945 occupy the largest proportion of the metropolitan area. ?On the east side of the Willamette River, they run roughly east from Ninety-second Street, which marked the approximate limit of streetcar and bus service before 1940, and south from the Multnomah-Clackamas line.?90 In Portland, the Home Building Plan Service offered a range of plans for affordable houses. The house featured on this page is very similar to types constructed using the Home Building Plan Service. While some of the development around older established areas such as Parkrose and Lents was built prior to 1950, ?the majority of development has been built since 1950 and is suburban in character. Residential areas include several large subdivisions with a relatively similar 89 Horner, History and Folklore, 265-266. 90 Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth, 28. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study building quality, age, and style. There are also many residential areas that are not developed in a consistent manner, with lots of buildings that vary widely in age, size, and character. In both cases, many were developed with a cul-de-sac or disconnected street pattern and often do not include sidewalks, curbs, or other features found in inner Portland neighborhoods.?91 During the 1950s, demand for additional housing in areas began to attract developers. In Centennial neighborhood, for example, Troh?s Airport moved out, and many of the semi-rural small tracts gave way to housing. A new pattern of subdivision development occurred in the community financed through the FHA mortgage program. These subdivisions, such as Parkland subdivision, were relatively larger developments with their own internal local street system (typically curvilinear) that accessed onto a nearby arterial or collector street. Also during the 1950s the first major shopping areas were built along Division Street.92 Cover of catalog produced in Portland in 1948, illustrating a contemporary house style. Small building contractors had begun to organize just before WWII, and this grew into an extended effort that included lobbying, marketing, and consumer information. Home shows, begun just before the war, became annual events that filled exhibition halls. The new home market was seen as offering almost unlimited opportunities for sales of homes and related equipment, landscaping, etc. In Portland, home shows began in 1948 and have been annual spring events since then. After WWII the home building industry was very different. Small independent house builders were joined by ?merchant builders,? corporate builders who dealt in large subdivision tracts and constructed 100s or even 1000s of houses for speculative sale instead of two or three at a time.93 None of the home builders in the Pacific Northwest began to approach the size of the larger merchant builders in other regions, although there would be substantial development 1951 home loan advertisement in the Portland Home Builder. Image courtesy of Al Staehli. 91 City of Portland, East Portland Review draft, 8-9. 92 Multnomah County, Centennial Community Plan (1979), 13. 93 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 149. Review Draft December 20, 2007 31 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study in East Portland by local developers. Oregon home builders were uncertain about their ability to meet new home needs, according to a postwar news story in the Oregonian in January 1946.94 In that same issue, an article titled ?The House of Tomorrow?Dream and Hope of All? discusses the housing need and postwar expectations. Concern is expressed about the rush to build being in conflict with the resources of the home-building industry. Plan books for low-cost homes by industry and private authors continued to show traditionally designed homes with just an occasional modern one. The American Colonial Revival style continued to be represented more often than other styles. Weyerhaeuser?s modular homes in the Modern Colonial Style varieties filled its 1948 catalog, although there were a few Ranch style examples.95 General Trends After the war, automobiles, ideals, and population combined to cause cities to grow outward in the form of suburbs. The expansive area of East Portland experienced a considerable amount of auto-oriented suburban development during the 1940s and 1950s. Large areas were developed during this era. In Hazelwood, for example, most of the residential housing was constructed between 1946 and 1960. ?The area was fortunate to have a number of good contractors who created pleasant neighborhoods ? one, Cherry Blossom Park, was spotlighted by the first two Homebuilders Association?s parade of Homes in 1952 and 1953.?96 Academy Heights postwar development near Rocky Butte, 1949. As farmland was sold for subdivisions, new roads were often required for access, and farm stands disappeared. In the David Douglas area, for example, SE 108th and 109th were created when the Curtis farm and fruit ranch, located between SE 106th--109th and SE Burnside-- Division, was sold circa 1949. Ray Curtis was one of the founders of downtown Portland Market. During the summer, the family had operated a fruit stand on Stark. Son Melvin Curtis built a home at SE 108th and Stark in the new Sierra Vista subdivision.97 Local developer Ted Asbahr?s company helped satisfy the need for new housing, constructing more than 600 homes after WWII in a large area generally east of SE 82nd and south of Stark. In 1946, many of these houses reportedly sold immediately for $5,750 to returning war veterans. (And many would later be removed for Interstate 205.)98 Asbahr and his brother Carl were also involved in commercial construction, building the Eastgate Shopping Center at SE 92nd and Stark in 1950. The Cherry Blossom Park subdivision followed in 1953, featuring over 100 homes with a unique touch: to identify the area, two blossoming cherry trees were planted in front of each home on the parking strip. 94 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 173. 95 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 173. 96 Portland Bureau of Planning, Hazelwood Neighborhood Plan (1996), 4. 97 Horner, History and Folklore, 73, 110. 98 Horner, History and Folklore, 73, 115. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Sam and Bill Cooley were also local developers who shaped the area?s housing pattern. They formed the Cooley-Wolsborn Construction Co. partnership in 1945. ?During the next 17 years [they] developed land and built approximately 2,000 homes, according to the Wolsborn family, and most were in the David Douglas District. In 1962, the partnership was divided and each partner developed his own company and each company built as many homes as the original partnership had built." 99 The Cooley-Wolsborn homes were very popular. The Godel family enthused, ?Like most newlyweds, we rented until we could buy. We were so impressed by the quality, price, and location of Cooley-Wolsborn homes that we moved into ours in September 1953. Imagine, an 1120-square foot, 3-bedroom, one-story, full basement, single garage home on a fully improved street for only $14,300.00!?100 A family that moved in 1951 to one of the many new neighborhoods reminisced about the rapid pace of change. In 1951, a pioneer home still stood on the corner of Division and 101st. Across Division was a large greenhouse and nursery called the Swiss Gardens. Children delighted in the small scale railroad train in the back yard. East on Division in the summer, Mr. and Mrs. Hughes sold fruits and vegetables from the back of their truck. They soon built a grocery store and planted peach trees on their property. Today the Christian Book Supply is where the grocery store was and the orchard has been replaced by homes and streets. During the summer of 1953, the ?Parade of Homes? on Lincoln Street brought many people into the area and Cherry Blossom Park soon developed.101 Along with farms, former estates were redeveloped. The Robert Strain family headed ten miles east in the Spring of 1955 to their newly-built home at 137th and Mill. The lot had been part of the Estate of Minerva Zehntbauer, co-founder of the Jantzen Knitting Mills, and timber cleared from their parcel was used in the Jantzen mill construction.102 There was phenomenal growth in some neighborhoods like Mill Park. Before World War II the neighborhood had only 140 housing units. By 1970 there were over 1,800, including a considerable amount of multi-family development.103 Automobile-related commercial development also took over. The Ron Tonkin Auto business on NE 122nd occupies land where Eggbert Norton Ferguson?s (contractor and builder) daughter stabled and pastured her horse. In 1956, the family lived at NE 119th and Couch in ?a country- like location with only a Piggly Wiggly Store and a service station at 122nd and Glisan. There was a berry field where Ventura Park School is now located.104 99 Horner, History and Folklore, 297. 100 Horner, History and Folklore, 142. 101 Horner, History and Folklore, 264-5. 102 Horner, History and Folklore, 268. 103 Portland Bureau of Planning, Adopted Mill Park Neighborhood Plan (March 1996), 5 104 Horner, History and Folklore, 131. Review Draft December 20, 2007 33 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Parks and public buildings were developed to serve the growing neighborhoods. During this period and through the 1960s neighborhood park sites were purchased by Multnomah County with federal matching funds, and school sites were purchased by the school districts. Often, school and park sites were located adjacent to each other within the interior local street system of subdivision developments, such as Ventura Park and Ventura Park School. Major shopping areas were constructed in the 1950s in many areas. In Centennial, for example, these shopping areas clustered along Division Street, and others were developed during the 1960s and early 1970s. By 1970, the only active farming area left in the Centennial community was a dairy operation in the southern part. Larger parcels of vacant land north of Powell Blvd. were mostly developed by this time.105 With all the growth, it was perhaps inevitable that that not all the housing options were ideal. In the Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood, for example, the barracks that housed Bonneville Dam workers were bought and moved in to provide some housing.106 However, prefabricated housing also helped the home-building effort and provided jobs in the area. Truss-Fab Company in Brentwood-Darlington built prefab housing until a huge fire destroyed the plant in 1950.107 Ventura Park, 115th & SE Stark The shape of early post-war suburban development served as a transition between earlier rectangular blocks and lots with interconnected streets and the later blocks and lots divided by curvilinear streets and cul-de-sacs. While the plats generally had blocks approximately 200 feet wide with rectangular lots, curvilinear streets, irregularly shaped lots, and cul-de-sacs became increasingly prevalent. Subdivisions where these patterns can be seen include Borden Heights in Madison South, Clearview in Parkrose Heights, Tallyho in Russell, and Richardson Village in Powellhurst-Gilbert.108 Many major residential plats from the late 1950s and after have followed the curvilinear streets and cul-de-sac model. Plats that exemplify this pattern include the Stratmore Plats in the Argay Neighborhood, Summer Place in the Wilkes Neighborhood, Parklane and Powell Butte Heights in the Centennial Neighborhood, and Hawthorne Ridge in the Pleasant Valley Neighborhood.109 Aerial photos from the 1950?s and 1960?s (see Appendices) of the area between Sacramento Street and Columbia Blvd along the Banfield 105 Multnomah County, Centennial Community Plan (1979), 13. 106 Brentwood-Darlington Plan (1992), 15. 107 ibid. 15. 108 GARTH and portlandmaps.com. 109 ibid. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Freeway illustrates the different types of development that had occurred to that point. New post- war suburban tracts with some curvilinear streets are directly south of the Banfield Freeway. Dense earlier development exists north of the Freeway and to the west. A large-lot earlier subdivision sits south of the freeway and to the west. A new school is sited just north of the Freeway. Further south and to the west smaller farms can be seen. North of the freeway and to the east are large farms and fields that recall an earlier era. Development Trends Immediately after WWII, the typical postwar house was generally a two-bedroom, one-story cottage with no basement or cellar, sometimes less than 1,000 square feet in area, although they were not much smaller than houses built during the Depression and earlier. The small Colonial Revival style windows of earlier houses were gradually enlarged to more modern styles with picture and corner windows. Window styles were experimented with, from fixed sash to unframed sliding glass panes. Roof slopes were lowered and sometimes reduced to low flat or shed configurations. Exterior finishes continued the use of traditional masonry and horizontal, vertical board-and-batten, and shingle type sidings. These were later supplanted in some developments by exterior plywood panel siding and sheathing. On the exterior, a notable change from prewar designs was minimal use of detailed finish trim.110 By 1951, the trend away from the under-1,000 square foot house was underway. Home buying had become almost like car buying. At home shows, in home plan books, and in the popular media the ideal home now had at least three bedrooms and a little more than 1,000 square feet. It was generally an adaptation of a traditional style if not completely one of the modern styles, and was located a little farther out from the city limits. The garage might be one or two car size. The materials and finishes of the 1950s houses were the same as developed in the early postwar period, basic and without elaboration. The main distinguishing feature of the later houses is their more consistently modern appearance and large living room picture windows.111 In later years, modern architecture became almost universally adopted for basic house designs in part because of its acceptance as a popular style but also consistent with saving labor and the costs. For example, the Modern Colonial style was often represented as a modern house with a Colonial Revival design element such as a pediment at the entrance. Two developments, Seymorr Terrace and Clovercrest, illustrate typical residential projects in East Portland during the mid-1960s. Seymorr Terrace by Herzog-Weberg was developed near NE 122nd Ave. and the Banfield Freeway (I-84). It featured several ranch and split-level house styles, typically having three bedrooms and double garages, among other modern amenities. The United Homes Corp. built Clovercrest further out in East Portland, near NE 192nd Ave. and Halsey in the Rockwood area. Clovercrest was advertised as a suburban community and offered several different house styles, including variations on Colonial, Ranch, Modern, and Traditional.112 110 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 202. 111 Staehli, They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To, 204. 112 Herzog-Wiberg and United Homes Corp. sales brochures for their East Porltand developments, ca. 1960s. Review Draft December 20, 2007 35 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Detail from promotional brochure for Clovercrest. Details from promotional brochure for Seymorr Terrace. In 1964, condominiums were offered for sale at Club Estates East at SE 122nd and Main. Partners Bill Cooley, Ed Polich and Bob Godel formed Condominium Corp. of Oregon, and they continued to build condominiums until 1980. They ?immodestly take credit for establishing condominium living as a viable form of home ownership.?113 113 Horner, History and Folklore, 142. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Transportation: Freeways and Mass Transit Removing some development and encouraging others, freeways played an important role in developments nationally and influenced this study area considerably. The first freeway in Oregon, the original stretch of the Banfield Freeway, was completed in 1955 between 42nd Street and Troutdale. It divided Montavilla and Madison South, Parkrose and Parkrose Heights, Argay and Russell, and went through the Wilkes Neighborhood. This portion, renamed Interstate 84 from Interstate 80N in 1980, displaced some older development. It established new standard for Oregon?s highways in urban area, including sections engineered for grade separation and noise control as well as enhancing driving conditions for the public. It also helped encourage newer development further east in Portland and beyond into Gresham, Fairview, and Troutdale. The 1993 Outer Southeast Community Plan Background Report outlines the context for some of the developments affecting the area: During the 1970s the Portland region began to change its direction for land use and community planning. This change emphasized public transit to meet the region?s transportation needs. Transit investments were also intended to guide future developments, reduce urban sprawl, preserve residential neighborhoods from infiltration by commuter traffic, and enhance environmental quality. This change toward public transportation brought about significant impact on East Multnomah County; including redesigning the I-205 Freeway to accommodate a transitway and the Mt. Hood Freeway was dropped and replaced by the Banfield Light Rail Transit. Complimentary [sic] efforts to improve the quality of life in the Portland metropolitan area included the establishment of an Urban Growth Boundary, historic preservation policies and the acquisition of additional open space.114 Construction of Interstate 205. Interstate 205 runs through the area, splitting the Lents neighborhood in half, as well as part of the Powellhurst-Gilbert Neighborhood. It also serves as the boundary between Montavilla and Hazelwood before intersecting with Interstate 84 at the edge of Madison South. Construction of a loop from I-5 at Tualatin to a Columbia River Crossing into Washington began in 1968 with a Willamette River bridge between West Linn and Oregon City in Clackamas County. Construction reached the Multnomah County line by 1974. In subsequent years there were delays as Multnomah County wanted to have another look at the route through the study area, and construction was not resumed until 1978 or 1979. The entire freeway opened in December 1982. After all the discussion and compromising the freeway still went straight through the middle of Lents, but did include a right of way for TriMet buses. Construction has begun on a 114 Portland Bureau of Planning, Outer Southeast Community Plan Background Report (1993), 9. Review Draft December 20, 2007 37 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study MAX light rail line in this corridor that will eventually give more transportation options to the neighborhoods along the corridor. Just as Interstate 84 preceded Interstate 205, an East-West MAX line also preceded the north- south route. The MAX Blue Line to Gresham follows Burnside, a former interurban route, through most of study area. Denser development has followed along Burnside allowing more people to live near transit. Commercial development followed road improvements and expansions with new kinds of businesses such as drive-in movie theatres, auto-orientated retail, and shopping malls. Foster Drive-In replaced Chinese vegetable gardens. Mall 205 (SE Washington at 102nd Ave.), replaced the Morningside Hospital and Italian truck gardens.115 On 82nd Avenue, developments included more retail, automobile fueling stations and strip malls. Some notable early commercial developments include The Gateway Fred Meyer/shopping center (NE Halsey and 102nd Ave.), in 1954, and Eastgate Shopping Center, which opened in 1960. Regional and community shopping centers tended to be sited at major intersections and along arterial roadways such as 122nd Avenue, Halsey, Stark and Division. Many of them were expansions of small business centers that had formed in the mid-1900s. 116 As the population expanded so did public services. Many schools were constructed or reconstructed in the 1950s and 1960s during the foundation of the modern school districts in the area. It was a time of growth and remodeling as the post-war baby boom hit the schools. In Parkrose, for example, Prescott Elementary was completed in 1947 and the new Parkrose High School in 1950. They were followed by: Knott Elementary, 1951; Sumner Elementary, 1954; Thompson Elementary, 1960; Parkrose Middle School, 1961; Shaver Elementary, 1963; and Russell Elementary, 1963. District enrollment peaked during the 1969-70 school year at 5,656.117 Mill Park School, built in 1962. As student populations grew, some schools consolidated. In the David Douglas area, the Gilbert, Powellhurst, and Russellville school districts were joined in 1952. In deciding how to identify the new district, the school board voted to honor David Douglas, the Scottish botanist for whom the Douglas Fir was named, as the area was abundant with large stands of Fir at that time. The new David Douglas community was quite large at about 16 square miles, with boundaries from SE 92nd to 148th Avenues and from Halsey to the Clackamas County border.118 Annexation The study area is one of the most recent areas to be incorporated in the City of Portland. With a few notable exceptions prior to the 1980s, much of it was in unincorporated Multnomah County and was commonly referred to as the ?mid-county? area. The general exceptions to this are the 115 Horner, History and Folklore, 95 and 97. 116 Horner, History and Folklore, 34; City of Portland, East Portland Review, 9. 117 Parkrose School District, Parkrose History, 4-5. 118 Horner, History and Folklore, 8. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Lents community, located in the southwest portion of the study area, which has been part of incorporated Portland since the early 20th Century, and the Mount Scott/Arleta, Montavilla and Madison South neighborhoods, which have been within the city since the 1920s.?119 The city annexed the largest portion of land in the study area beginning in approximately 1983 and continuing through 1998. Parkrose was one of the many areas annexed, and it was a mixed experience for many residents:120 ?I think the biggest thing that happened is when we annexed into the City of Portland. It allowed these big lots to be subdivided, what they call jack lots. Building homes in the back of the other existing homes, which I think makes it look trashy. (DG) Well I was very strongly opposed to this whole mid-county area being annexed to the city of Portland and I worked very hard to keep that from happening. Because I thought that it was more or less the demise of neighborliness out here and we were subject to all the Portland problems, which I thought we didn?t need to have, and I did not like the way they went about it? (DS) By the end of the 1980s, larger areas not annexed included the Centennial neighborhood and Hazelwood, Mill Park, Glenfair, Wilkes, and Powellhurst-Gilbert. These areas have all been annexed since 1990. Remaining smaller areas of the Lents and Pleasant Valley neighborhoods were also annexed after 1990. As formerly rural areas developed, they required more services. Along with annexation came changes in zoning and development standards and the challenges of providing adequate urban services and other amenities, encompassing everything from schools to sewage treatment facilities. According to the East Portland Review, Much of the East Portland study area was developed as low density suburban or quasi-rural areas while in unincorporated Multnomah County. In many areas, urban services, including a fully developed street network, were not built at the time of development. Many of the streets in East Portland ? both local streets and arterial streets ? lack a complete sidewalk and drainage systems?Still other streets lack paving or any other type of improvements. Streets that do exist often lack connections to a well developed street network.121 119 City of Portland, East Portland Review draft, 7-8. 120 Blumberg, The Wheel Keeps Turning, 52-53. 121 City of Portland, East Portland Review draft, 38. Review Draft December 20, 2007 39 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Free Parking and the ?Strip? Beginning in the mid-1920s, and accelerating after World War II, many grocery stores, car dealerships, and other businesses moved out of the city to the suburban strip. There they created a bustling scene where car- owning consumers could buy almost anything they needed. By moving commercial life out of the central business districts, suburban strips contributed to the economic decline of downtowns. As more people moved into the suburbs, the strips also became centers of social life. Like many cities that boomed during World War II, Portland, Oregon, developed suburban strips. Lined with stores that appealed to the car-owning middle class, Sandy Boulevard developed rapidly in the late 1940s. In 1949, Wallace Buick moved from its downtown location to Sandy Boulevard, and became one of many auto- related businesses on the strip. Portland residents increasingly shopped on suburban strips like this. Before long, many of them would move from downtown neighborhoods to new suburbs. ? Excerpt from America On the Move, an online Smithsonian Institution exhibit. americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/. Jim Dandy Drive-In, 9626 NE Sandy, ca. 1950. The Jim Dandy is still in operation. Photo from online Smithsonian Institution exhibit ?America On the Move,? americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study III. Current Development and Preservation Issues The Bureau of Planning?s ongoing East Portland Review project and other sources have identified a number of development trends, issues and challenges facing East Portland, many of which are related to its historical development patterns. This section reviews some of these issues and their potential implications for historic resources and summarizes some of the available data on potentially significant resources and related preservation matters. Much of this development-trend information below is drawn from East Portland Review project documents. Maps contained in a separate Appendices document illustrate this discussion. Growth and Development An array of issues are tied to broader regional growth trends. Increasing residential density (a long-running, if punctuated, pattern as seen from the previous sections on East Portland?s history) continues to bring changes to the physical and social attributes of East Portland?s commercial areas, main streets and neighborhoods. Especially evident is the way land is re- divided and redeveloped?transforming street, block and lot patterns and reshaping physical relationships and neighborhood character. East Portland?s often generous lot sizes?legacies of pre-war rural land uses and subsequent ?suburban? development patterns under county administration?fostered more spacious residential landscapes, in contrast to most inner neighborhoods. While this is still visible, parcel sizes continue to shrink in many places. With City annexation came more intense zoning, such that today a great many of the area?s lots are significantly larger than the allowable density (see map section in Appendices), suggesting this trend may continue. East Portland has experienced considerable development activity in the past decade, different in type, if not intensity from the development in the 1950s and 1960s. With sustained regional population growth and rising real estate prices, increasing numbers of property owners have sought to subdivide and use their land more intensely. While the study area accounts for 26 percent of Portland?s land area, records show that it accommodated about 50 percent of all single dwelling residential permits in the city and about 46% of the multi-dwelling residential permits between 1996 and 2006 (Maps 12 and 13). Much of the new residential development is focused in the southeast portion of the study area and is likely a result of the combination of existing large lot patterns, low-density existing development, increasing property values and the higher density single- and multi-dwelling zoning applied by the Outer Southeast Community Plan in the mid 1990?s. Rising housing demand has made former back- and side-yards more valuable and fostered infill development?sometimes through creation of ?skinny? lots and flag lots, which many feel negatively impact community character (see Map 14). In many neighborhoods, multifamily zoning has been applied to areas that were historically predominantly single-family in nature. New row-houses, apartments, and condominiums?occasionally entailing demolition of existing homes?can seem out of character, raising concerns about transitions, design, construction quality, and lack of on-site open space and landscaping. In addition to overall and generalized impacts on the character and feel of individual neighborhoods and the area as a whole, new development also increases the potential for demolition of historic resources, as owners seek to completely redevelop their properties at higher than existing density. Review Draft December 20, 2007 41 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study On the other hand, rising residential density has the potential to support more vital commercial main streets and nodes. This increases the chances, under favorable circumstances, that historic commercial buildings will be maintained, renovated or rehabilitated (although demolition and site redevelopment also becomes more likely). Growth also impacts natural areas, farm land, and landscape character. The area is home to much of the Johnson Creek watershed and other environmentally sensitive areas such as those on the volcanic buttes. These natural areas and agricultural lands are important reminders of East Portland?s rural past and contribute to its identity and livability. The preservation and health of these resources are potentially threatened as development continues. At a different scale, increased intensity of land use and new infill development entails the loss of the modest ?open spaces? and landscaping that contribute to the area?s less urbanized feel. East Portland?s character-defining Fir trees, from significant stands on large, semi-natural undeveloped parcels, to individual trees on oversized side- and backyards are also at risk. Zenger Farm in Lents. The nature of growth and associated demographic changes also have social implications. Studies such as the East Portland Review have found increasing ethnic and racial diversity in the study area. Beginning in the 1970s, many immigrants and refugees settled in the area, including: Vietnamese, Cambodians, Lao, Hmong, Russians, Ukrainians, Ethiopians, Burmese, Kurds, and Bosnians. According to Carl Abbott, about half of the metropolitan region?s foreign- born residents live in Outer East Portland. Attracted to lower housing costs and now established ethnic communities, the area?s diversity has become a major part of its identity. Data from public schools illustrate this trend: most area schools have at least 20 percent English language learners, with many having over 30 or 40 percent. Alder School in the Centennial Neighborhood has over 60 percent English language learners. Poverty also appears to be growing in East Portland, in part because of rising housing costs and the displacement of low-income households from ?gentrifying? neighborhoods closer to the Central City. Median household income for residents of some East Portland neighborhoods exceeds the Portland average, while other?s have lower median incomes. However, the overall trend for shows a decline in the number of area neighborhoods meeting or exceeding the citywide median household income. Again, school data is illustrative, with the majority of East Portland schools having over 50 percent of their students qualify for free or reduced lunch. Several have over 80 percent. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Public Policies, Zoning & Infrastructure While driven in part by regional growth and Portland?s changing economy, new development and its geographic and spatial patterns are closely related to public land use, transportation and economic development policies. Metro?s Region 2040 Plan denotes a number of regional centers, town centers, and main streets in East Portland?areas targeted for future growth and intensified land use. Consistent with these regional objectives, the City has applied more intensive Comprehensive Plan and zoning designations in these locations and other East Portland areas as part of various planning efforts such as the Banfield Light Rail Transit Station Planning Program (late 1980s), the Outer Southeast Community Plan (1996), and the Gateway Planning Regulations project (2004). Map 7 shows the generalized existing zoning for the study area, indicating that many corridors, nodes and portions of neighborhoods are intended for relatively high density and/or changes in land uses and urban form. Transportation policy and infrastructure also has a major affect on the character and future of East Portland. Since the settlement area, roads have helped shape the area?s development patterns and economy. Early thoroughfares such as Foster Road, The Sandy Road (Sandy Boulevard), Powell Valley Road (Powell Boulevard), and Baseline Road (Stark Street) provided vital connections along which people and goods flowed to Portland and elsewhere. These transportation routes in themselves became attractive locations for settlement and business. In the modern era, during which much of East Portland took on its current urban form, the needs of the automobile and the truck has played a dominant role in the layout of neighborhoods, commercial corridors and regional transportation infrastructure. The pace of development increased with construction of the Banfield Freeway (Interstate 84) in the 1960s and I-205 in the 1970s, which better connected East Portland residential areas with the Central City and the region, but also entailed massive impacts to the landscape and in some cases split and isolated existing communities. For example, freeway right-of-way clearance for I-205 removed approximately 500 dwellings from the Lents neighborhood and effectively divided the community with a concrete barrier.122 At another scale, the area saw the development of regional and community shopping centers near arterial routes, including Gateway (Halsey and 102nd Avenue) and Mall 205 (Washington at 102nd Avenue), and strip and nodal developments along roadways such as 122nd Avenue, Halsey, Stark and Division. Many of these developments are characterized by single-story, multi-tenant buildings set back from the street on large parcels with extensive surface parking lots. Planned I-205 MAX Stations A major transportation project that has impacted the area was the development of the first Eastside MAX light rail line, completed in 1986. Public policies call for increased density along and near the line, which runs along E Burnside through much of the area. Although such intensification has not occurred in some areas to the degree that was expected, further development and redevelopment may be expected around existing MAX station areas over time. In addition, the new MAX 122 Portland Bureau of Planning, Outer Southeast Community Plan, Adopted Lents Neighborhood Plan (March 1996), 4 Review Draft December 20, 2007 43 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study line under construction along the I-205 corridor from Clackamas Town Center to Gateway will likely spur new investment and development along this corridor. Key station areas planned on the route include Flavel, Lents, Holgate, Powell and Division (see illustration). Three large portions of the study area are targets for the City of Portland?s urban renewal efforts, administered by the Portland Development Commission (Map 10). Urban renewal provides a dedicated funding source for economic development, new infrastructure, development assistance and other projects within designated Urban Renewal Areas (URAs). The Lents Town Center URA was created in 1998. Goals include revitalizing existing commercial and residential areas, encouraging investment and new development, and creating more jobs in the area. The Gateway URA was formed in 2001. Goals include upgrading the transportation and open space networks and creating public-private partnerships to increase investment in new housing and employment. The overall vision is to create an urban center that takes advantage of its location at the intersection of two Interstates and two MAX light-rail lines. The Airport Way URA in the northern part of the study area was created in 1986 to facilitate commercial and industrial development, attract businesses, support new infrastructure and protect natural resources. The vision is to create a major employment center with a diverse economy. This URA contains both sensitive environmental lands and areas with known and potential Native American archaeological resources (its boundaries somewhat correspond to those of the Columbia South Shore Cultural Resources Protection Plan area). Together, these three URAs cover about 20 percent of the East Portland study area. Considered together, these land use, transportation and economic development policies and related infrastructure projects indicate that growth and change is likely to continue over time. As land divisions, infill and redevelopment occur, existing structures, including those with potential historical or architectural significance, become more likely to be demolished. By analyzing recent development patterns and the way public policies and projects are applied geographically, we can identify those areas where additional growth is more likely. Potentially significant historic resources may be expected to be more at risk in these areas which in turn make good candidates for near-term survey, documentation, designation and preservation policy development. Historic Resources and Preservation In general, East Portland has not been the focus of comprehensive or extensive historic preservation research or protection activities to-date. In part, this is because of the relatively recent date of much of its built environment, but also because sustained energy and resources devoted to preservation have not, as yet, been focused on the area by the public, private and non-profit sectors. This section briefly summarizes the status of some historic preservation indicators in East Portland, including existing surveys, designated properties and the age of area structures. Surveys and Inventories. East Portland, as a whole, is lacking a comprehensive inventory of resources of potential historical, architectural or cultural significance. However some targeted survey and inventory work has occurred. Because they were within the city limits at the time, Lents, Montavilla, Mt. Scott-Arleta and parts of a few other neighborhoods such as Madison South, were surveyed as part of Portland?s Historic Resources Inventory (HRI), completed in 1984. However, the HRI is now seriously out of date, likely missed many prospective properties and excluded many?based simply on date of construction?that are now of potential historical Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study or architectural interest. Much of the study area was not surveyed at all because it was outside Portland. East Portland properties in the HRI are listed in Appendix D. The Portland Bureau of Planning and Bureau of Parks conducted a citywide survey of City park properties in 2005, identifying several resources of potential significance in East Portland, such as Lents Park and Powell Butte.123 East Portland Parks and open spaces are shown on Map 9. The Bureau of Planning is currently completing a reconnaissance-level survey of public schools in East Portland124 and hopes to survey other publicly-owned historic resources in the future. Schools and school districts are shown on Map 8. A large portion of the study area located adjacent to the Columbia River has been identified as the location of important archaeological and cultural resources associated with pre-contact Indian settlements and resource areas. Some archaeological survey work and excavation has occurred in this area (public access to site-specific survey and excavation data is limited in order to protect the resources), but the potential for locating additional resources in some locations is high. A cultural resources management plan was adopted by the City for the Columbia South Shore area. The Columbia South Shore plan district regulations are intended to identify and protect existing and potential archaeological resources as new development occurs. Proposals for development-related ground disturbances in certain high-potential areas require archaeological testing, and possibly mitigation if resources are located. Other public documents, such as community and area plans, contain additional information that identifies the location of historic resources as well as community preservation goals. For instance, as part of the 1996 Outer Southeast Community Plan process, the ?Montavilla in 2015 Vision Statement,? looking to the future, anticipated that: ?A Historic and Pedestrian District was created in the Stark/Washington couplet between SE 76th and 82nd Avenues. This area is an attractive business center reflecting the historic character of the neighborhood that draws people from all over to shop, walk, and browse.?125 Existing Historic Landmarks and Districts. Only a miniscule proportion of the city?s historic resources that have been formally designated are in East Portland. Just one of Portland?s more than 650 historic landmarks (including National Register and locally designated properties) lie east of 82nd Avenue. Leach Botanical Garden (Sleepy Hollow), off SE Foster Road is owned by the City of Portland and managed by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation. The Shriner?s Hospital for Children, on NE Sandy Boulevard and 82nd Avenue, was listed on National Register, but was demolished in 2004. Only one of Portland?s 13 historic districts is located in East Portland, the National Register-listed Rocky Butte Historic District. Sleepy Hollow/Leach Botanical Garden 123 See Portland Parks and Recreation Cultural Resource Survey, Phase I: Reconnaissance Level and Phase II: Intensive Level. 124 Portland Bureau of Planning Selective Reconnaissance Survey of Public Schools in Outer East Portland, 2007. 125 Portland Bureau of Planning, Adopted Montavilla Neighborhood Plan (March 1996) 9. Review Draft December 20, 2007 45 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Types and Locations of Potentially Significant Resources. East Portland has relatively few nineteenth and early twentieth century structures, in comparison to Portland's core and streetcar suburbs. The table below and Maps 2 through 5 in Appendix A show year-built data for structures in the study area, providing an initial gross indication of the number and distribution of potential historic resources. Most of the oldest resources are located in the closer-in areas, such as Lents, Montavilla, Cully, Parkrose, Mt. Scott-Arleta and Brentwood-Darlington. They include many typical Portland four-squares and modest bungalows and a few scattered "Victorians." Several one- and two-story commercial storefront buildings from the early twentieth century can be seen on main streets and in community centers in many East Portland neighborhoods. More characteristic are the large numbers and variety of buildings dating from the World War II and Post-War eras?structures that are only now coming to be eligible for historic designation, based on the National Register?s 50-year cut-off. These resources and their associated suburban-style street patterns are located through-out the study area (see Map 4). As a whole, our knowledge about the characteristics, history and potential significance of these structures is limited. Also worthy of note is the existence of potentially significant resources associated with Work Projects Administration (WPA) work along Johnson Creek in the early 1930s. Much of the effort involved stream channelization, but also included bridge construction and other improvements. Some of this infrastructure has been removed and remaining examples may continue to be at risk as wetland and stream habitat restoration projects are implemented. East Portland Buildings by Period Built Period WPA-built infrastructure on Johnson Creek. Photo from A.G. Flynn / www.ccrh.org/comm/jcreek/ Buildings Percent Prior to 1914 2,142 3.7% 1914-1940 6,566 11.2% 1941-1958 19,396 33.1% 1959 & later 24,990 42.7% No Bldg./No Data 5,484 9.4% Total 58,578 100% Source: Multnomah County Assessment and Taxation. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study IV. Preservation Options for East Portland This section begins to sketch options for next steps in preservation research and planning in East Portland. The preliminary, general approaches presented below are not mutually exclusive nor are they the only possible alternatives. They will need further analysis and discussion among public agencies, preservationists, and the citizens, property owners and leaders of East Portland?s neighborhoods, before actual projects can be prioritized, scoped in detail, and funded. Historical Research Shriners? Hospital at NE 82nd and Sandy, a National Register property demolished in 2004 The historical overview in this document is limited in scope and depth and relies on largely anecdotal and poorly documented accounts in community histories and planning documents. It highlights only a few themes and historical touchstones, and some neighborhoods have been given more attention than others. More comprehensive and detailed historical studies focusing on the social and developmental history of East Portland and/or selected sub-areas are needed to provide the contextual background for informed and useful historic preservation efforts in the future (such as landmark and district nominations and design guideline development). Such work will require a more thorough survey of scholarly secondary sources (for example articles in Oregon Historical Quarterly and the literature of architectural history), as well as applied research into primary sources, such as pioneer accounts, oral histories, newspaper articles, plat maps, aerial photographs, development promotion materials, etc. Survey and Inventory More extensive documentation of the architectural resources of potential significance in the vast East Portland area is sorely needed. Along with historical context development mentioned above, survey and inventory efforts would help establish the pre-requisite foundation of base- line knowledge to support more applied preservation planning, policy development, landmark and district designation, and renovation project work, over time. East Portland areas surveyed decades ago need to be reexamined for missed resources and those that have since become eligible for historic status, and the many areas that have never been surveyed need to be researched, documented, photographed and analyzed. Because of the many differences between the area and more well-documented areas closer to the urban core, East Portland inventory processes may involve different approaches and require additional ingenuity. For example, one of the most heavily relied upon sources used by preservationists in inner Portland, Sanborn insurance maps, will be of limited help, as they were prepared for only a very small portion of East Portland, and then only in later editions. On the other hand, for the area's generally more recent structures, original City building permit and plan records may be more extensive than for Portland's oldest urban areas, facilitating inventory research. Other structure- or development-specific sources of information may also be Review Draft December 20, 2007 47 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study available. For example, some of the development and contracting firms active in the area in 1950s may still exist in some form (or have living former principals or employees), that can provide invaluable documentary and anecdotal evidence. Potential Preservation Focus Areas Because the geographic extent is so large, and the history and built environment so diverse, survey work and historical research may need to be focused on particular areas and/or certain types of resources, for practical purposes. Possible focus areas include the following: Historic facade at 5716 SE 92nd Ave. in Lents, renovated through PDC?s Storefront Improvement Program. ?At-risk? Areas. In places experiencing (or expected to experience) development pressure, the existing and historic built environment and landscape fabric may be assumed to be at some risk. An analysis of recent growth patterns and existing policies that support increased density can help identify these areas, for example along and near the new I-205 MAX light rail corridor. By documenting the resources and history of these areas in a timely manner, future preservation activities such as nominations to the National Register and preservation policy development can more effectively help preserve important character-defining features, structures and landscapes, as change occurs and development activity increases. Resources located in Urban Renewal Areas (URAs) may also potentially be at greater risk of redevelopment due to the nexus of both revitalization/growth policies in these areas and the availability of public funding to help carry them out. However, urban renewal can also supply the resources and momentum needed for resource documentation and survey work, and, importantly, support for renovation and rehabilitation projects. Lents and Gateway may be good places to concentrate initial preservation efforts for these reasons. ?Outer? Areas. Areas far from the urban core and/or less affected by recent development pressures, for instance Pleasant Valley (which this study has not examined, but which has been planned for urbanization; see Pleasant Valley Concept Plan in the Appendices) may contain potentially significant resources that are as-yet undocumented and relatively less affected by land use intensification. By surveying these areas and documenting their historical associations soon, preservation efforts can more easily stay ahead of the ?redevelopment curve,? and help ensure the most important resources are protected before the risk of redevelopment increases. Post-War Resources. Much of the area's character derives from the structures and development patterns of the post-war era?a time which Portland preservationists have only recently begun to examine in detail. In the 1940s and 1950s, architectural styles and building forms changed significantly, as the spare language of Modernism came to be more widely accepted, ranch houses and two-car garages fell into popular favor, and planned developments, the speculative developer, and industrial scale residential construction methods came into their own. Changing aesthetics and explosive demand for housing dictated simpler, replicable Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study designs and the mass-production of easily and quickly constructed homes from off-the-shelf materials and pre-fabricated components with minimal requirements for hand-crafted artisanship. Much of the potential significance of East Portland resources lies not only in the structures themselves but also in the post-war street, block and lots patterns that differ so markedly from those in inner Portland, for instance, subdivisions characterized by curvilinear streets, cul-de-sacs, and irregular lot dimensions. A deeper exploration of East Portland through this period would more generally help the preservation and public history communities to understand a critical time in history of Portland and the nation. Brick house at SE 122nd and Raymond, Rare/Early Resources. Some of the most significant resources in East Portland are likely to be the remaining examples of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century resources, for instance remnant agricultural landscapes, farm houses and barns. Given both their increasing rarity and their clear associations with the area?s rural past, preservation efforts that seek to identify, document and preserve these resources should be considered. Other examples of ?rare? types that could be the focus of documentation and protection efforts might be special war-time worker housing, drive-in commercial structures of the 1950?s, or ?high-style? ranch houses. Preservation Policy Revision A number of public plans, regulations and policies combine to create a framework that helps guide preservation activities, ranging from Federal rules and State statutes, to City of Portland neighborhood plans and preservation zoning code provisions. The groundwork of additional historical context development and inventory work and a better understanding of the area may require revisiting some of these existing policies and suggest ways that new ones might support the protection and appreciation of East Portland?s cultural resources. For instance, design guidelines and other policy and background documents that inform historic design review processes (see image and caption below for an example) may need to be revised based on more extensive and detailed knowledge of the important character-defining aspects of neighborhoods and individual building types and styles. Illustration from Building Blocks for Outer Southeast Neighborhoods: Neighborhood Design Guidelines for Residents and Developers, prepared in 1996 by Portland Community Design and the Portland Bureau of Planning. This group of ?characteristic? styles seems to emphasizes ?traditional? design elements more common in inner neighborhoods and under represent war-era and post-war types and styles, such as the ranch, that are common in East Portland. Review Draft December 20, 2007 49 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Education, Outreach, and Collaboration Regardless of the specific approaches taken, larger-scale preservation projects such as inventorying or historic district creation, will require the cooperative efforts of preservationists, public agencies, property owners and concerned citizens. Effective comprehensive preservation efforts both require and create opportunities for communities to work together in a collaborative manner?increasing and building upon local knowledge and community identity. Public history projects, outreach to citizen groups, school districts, local historical societies, etc., and inclusive preservation planning processes will help ensure informed decision-making and increase the quality and effectiveness of preservation efforts. Conclusion While the rich history and built environment of East Portland and its communities have not been as comprehensively documented as some other parts of the city, that is not to say that its residents and community leaders are unaware of their heritage. East Portland?s community identity?developed in part in distinction from (and occasionally in opposition to) ?Portland??is very much rooted in its citizens? understanding and appreciation of their history, landscapes and built environment. Consciousness of history underlies and buttresses community pride, civic engagement and community action in East Portland. To-date, however, there have been few concrete historic preservation activities and projects. Nonetheless, with the help of the preservation community, government agencies and community-based leadership, East Portland?s residents, businesses and property owners are well positioned to leverage one of their key community assets?a clear sense of pride and ownership of their history and landscape. New East Portland preservation initiatives could expand the frontiers of Portland's collective historic preservation endeavor beyond 82nd Avenue and the era of the "streetcar suburb." This would not only provide East Portlanders with proactive and positive approaches to the livability concerns accompanying growth and change, but also broaden our understanding of the City as a whole. Parkrose, ca. 1924, OHS image. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Bibliography Abbott, Carl. Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in The Pacific Northwest. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ??. Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. America On the Move. Online Smithsonian Institution exhibition. americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/. Section 14: ?Suburban Strip: Sandy Boulevard, Portland, Oregon, 1949. Ames, David L. and Linda Flint McClelland. Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service, 2002. Ames, Ken and Herbert Maschner, Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Bliven, Melvin. Notes from Research. Unpublished manuscript, 1948. Blumberg, Rachel, ed. The Wheel Keeps Turning: An Oral History of Parkrose. Portland: FamilyWorks, 2002. Brown and Caldwell. Sewer Needs Study for Lents and Foster-Powell Neighborhood Areas, City of Portland. Portland: Brown and Caldwell, 1979. Chapman, W.S. Foster Road. Unpublished manuscript, 1915. Corning, Howard, Ed. Dictionary of Oregon History. Portland: Binfords and Mort, 1956. Darby, Melissa. ?Indian John ? Information from Fairview-Rockwood-Wilkes Historical Society,? n.d. ??. Native American Houses of the Kalapuya. n.p., [ca. 2007]. ??. ?Old John?s Skillet.? We Proceeded On, Nov. 2006: 16-21. East County Sanitary Sewer Consortium. Framework Plan for Providing Sewer Service to Mid- Multnomah County. [Portland ?]: East County Sanitary Sewer Consortium, 1984. Genealogical Forum of Oregon and Friday Morning Research Group, comps. Cemeteries of East Multnomah County: Bridal Veil, Columbia Masonic, Mt. View-Stark, Mt. View-Corbett, Pleasant Home, Pounder, Powell. Portland: Genealogical Forum of Oregon, 2001. Horner, Howard and Grace, eds. History and Folklore of the David Douglas Community. Portland: David Douglas Historical Society, 1989. Review Draft December 20, 2007 51 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. Kelly, Plympton. (Date unknown) Unnamed manuscript. Contained in collection of documents related to the Lents neighborhood in the Wilson Special Collection room, Multnomah County Central Library, Portland. Kramer, George. The Interstate Highway System in Oregon: A Historic Overview. Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Geo-Environmental Unit, May 2004. Lamb-Greene, Helen. From Circuit Riders to Speakeasies: A Family History of Growing Up in Early Rockwood, Oregon. [Portland: H. Lamb-Greene], 1992. MacColl, E. Kimbark. The Growth of a City. Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950. Portland: The Georgian Press Company, 1979. Metro. Pioneer Cemeteries. Parks, Trails and Greens. 2007. Retrieved online June 14, 2007: http://www.metro-region.org/article.cfm?articleid=159. Mills, Amy. A Cultural History of the Neighborhood Along the I-205 Light Rail Project. Tri- County Metropolitan Transportation Service District of Oregon (TriMet), April 2007. Multnomah, County of. Centennial Community Plan, 1979. ??. Errol Heights Community Plan, 1980. ??, Tax Assessor. Automated data files. Norman, C.R. Woodmere History. http://www.pps.k12.or.us/schools- c/pages/woodmere/history.html Parkrose School District. Parkrose History. www.parkrose.k12.or.us/community/local_links/parkrose_history.pdf Paulson, Rod. ?Parkrose ? A Visit to Suburbia.? The Community Press (more info needed) ??. ?Lents ? Foster Road ? And the Electric Street Cars.? The Community Press. Pleasant Valley Project Partners. Pleasant Valley Concept Plan. 2002. Portland, City of. Digital files retrieved from www.portlandonline.com. Histories and timelines from Parks, Transportation, Environmental Services, Auditor?s Office and other bureaus. ??. Historic Resources Inventory, 1984. ??, Bureau of Parks and Recreation. Cultural Resource Survey. Phase I: Reconnaissance Level, 2005; Phase II: Intensive Level, 2006. Review Draft December 20, 2007 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study ??, Bureau of Planning. Background Report: Outer Southeast Community Plan, Planning Bureau, 1993. ??, ??. Brentwood-Darlington Neighborhood Plan, 1992. ??, ??. Centennial Community Plan, 1995. ??, ??. Cully-Parkrose Community Plan, 1986. ??, ??. Cully Neighborhood Plan, 1992. ??, ??. Cultural Resources Protection Plan for Columbia South Shore. 1996, 2 vols., as amended 2004. ??, ??. East Portland Review (Draft), August 2007 ____, ___. Foster-Powell Neighborhood Plan, 1996 ??, ??. Hazelwood Community Plan, 1996. ??, ??. Lents Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ??, ??. Mill Park Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ??, ??. Montavilla Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ??, ??. Mt. Scott-Arleta Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ____,____. Pleasant Valley Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ??, ??. Portland Historical Context Statement (Draft), October 1993. ??, ??. Powellhurst Community Plan, 1988. ??, ??. Powellhurst-Gilbert Neighborhood Plan, 1996. ?Historical Overview? by Jack Vahey. ____, ____ Wilkes Community and Rockwood Corridor Plan, 1987 Portland Community Design and Portland Bureau of Planning. Building Blocks for Outer Southeast Neighborhoods: Neighborhood Design Guidelines for Residents and Developers, 1996. Portland Development Commission. Gateway Regional Center. Retrieved online June 19, 2007. http://pdc.us/ura/gateway.asp. ??. Lents Town Center. Retrieved online June 19, 2007. http://pdc.us/ura/lents.asp. Portland State University. MURP Program Planning Workshop, Outer Southeast Livable Infill Project, April 2004. Review Draft December 20, 2007 53 East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft December 20, 2007 Price, Larry W., Ed. Portland?s Changing Landscape. Portland: Portland State University Foundation, 1987. Sanborn Map Company insurance maps: 1924-1928, 1950 and 1970. Staehli, Alfred M. They Sure Don?t Build Them Like They Used To: Federal Housing Administration Insured Builders? Houses in the Pacific Northwest From 1934 to 1954. M.A. thesis. Portland State University, History, 1987. Vaughan, Thomas. Space, Style and Structure: Building in Northwest America. Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1974. East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Appendices Public Review Draft December 20, 2007 City of Portland, Bureau of Planning Commissioner-In-Charge Mayor Tom Potter Planning Director Gil Kelley Historic Resources Program Brian Campbell, Principal Planner Liza Mickle, City Planner Nicholas Starin, City Planner Project Staff Liza Mickle, City Planner Nicholas Starin, City Planner Carmen Piekarski, GIS Analyst Dan Pauley, Community Service Aide For more information, contact: City of Portland Bureau of Planning 1900 SW Fourth Ave, Ste. 7100 Portland, Oregon 97201-5380 Phone: (503) 823-7700 Fax: (503) 823-7800 www.portlandonline.com/planning/ The Bureau of Planning is committed to providing equal access to information and hearings. If you need special accommodation, call the Bureau of Planning at (503) 823-7700. (TTY 503-823-6868) East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study: Appendices Table of Contents Appendix A: Maps 1 Map 1: Study Area and Neighborhoods 1 Map 2: Age of Structures, 1913 and Earlier 2 Map 3: Age of Structures, 1914-1940 3 Map 4: Age of Structures, 1941-1958 4 Map 5: Age of Structures, 1959-Present 5 Map 6: Annexations 6 Map 7: Generalized Zoning, Environmental Zones, and Flood Plain 7 Map 8: Schools and School Districts 8 Map 9: Open Space and Parks 9 Map 10: Urban Renewal Areas 10 Map 11: Vacant Lands 11 Map 12: Single-Family Development, 1996-2006 12 Map 13: Multi-Family Development, 1996-2006 13 Map 14: Flag Lots and Skinny Lots 14 Map 15: Lot Sizes More than Twice the Zoned Density 15 Map 16: Metro 2040 Concept 16 Map 17: Pleasant Valley Concept Plan 17 Map 18: Townships and Sections 18 Map 19: GLO Map 1N2E, 1852 19 Map 20: GLO Map 1N2E, 1860 20 Map 21: GLO Map 1S2E, 1854 21 Map 22: GLO Map 1S2E, 1862 22 Appendix B: Aerial Photographs 23 Description and Sources 23 Aerial 1: East Portland - North, 1935 24 Aerial 2a: East Portland - Central (a), 1936 25 Aerial 2b: East Portland - Central (b), 1936 26 Aerial 3: Portland International Airport Area, 1948 27 Aerial 4: East Portland - North & Central, 1951 28 Aerial 5: East Portland - West/Central , 1960 29 Aerial 6a: East Portland - North Sequence, 1935 30 Aerial 6b: East Portland - North Sequence, 1951 31 Aerial 6c: East Portland - North Sequence, 1960 32 Aerial 6d: East Portland - North Sequence, 1996 33 Aerial 6e: East Portland - North Sequence, 2006 34 Aerial 7a: East Portland - South Sequence, 1936 35 Aerial 7b: East Portland - South Sequence, 1952 36 Aerial 7c: East Portland - South Sequence, 2006 37 Notes on Selected East Portland Maps 38 Appendix C: Historical Timeline 23 Appendix D: Properties in the Historic Resources Inventory 27 Appendix E: Federal Land Patents 23 Appendix F: Annexations by Neighborhood and Period 29 Appendix G: Miscellaneous Data Tables 31 SE 82 and Powell, 1937. Photo: City of Portland Stanley Parr Archives and Record Center nd Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 1 Appendix A: Maps Map 1 East Portland Study Area and Neighborhood Boundaries Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 2 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 3 Map 3 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 4 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 5 Map 5 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 6 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 7 Map 7 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 8 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 9 Map 9 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 10 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 11 Map 11 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 12 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 13 Map 13 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 14 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 15 Map 15 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 16 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 17 Map 17 Pleasant Valley Concept Plan, 2002 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Townships and Sections Map 18 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 19 Map 19 Oregon General Land Office Map 1N2E, 1852 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 20 Oregon General Land Office Map 1N2E, 1860 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 21 Map 21 Oregon General Land Office Map 1S2E, 1854 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Map 22 Oregon General Land Office Map 1N2E, 1862 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Appendix B: Aerial Photographs This appendix contains aerial photographs and mosaics showing various parts of the East Portland study area spanning the years 1935 to 2006. The table below shows the photo titles, years, and image sources. Individual images (1 through 5) of selected areas are followed by two sequences of photos showing the same geographic areas at similar scales, over a period of years. Comparisons between images within the sequences allows changes in land use and development intensity to be visually charted over time. The first sequence of five photos (6a through 6e), from 1935 to 2006, covers an area in the northeastern portion of East Portland generally bounded by the Columbia River to the north, E Burnside to the south, NE 118th to the west, and NE 158th to the east. Portions of the images highlighted in green indicate areas where changes in land use intensity occurred after the date of the previous photo in the sequence. They show, for instance, places where larger agricultural tracts were divided into smaller "gentlemen's farms," or where agricultural land was converted to residential or industrial uses. The highlights are not additive; they reflect only changes from the previous map. The highlights are based on a visual inspection of the photos and not on quantitative data such as building permit or plat records. As such, they are meant to provide a broad impression, not a precise record. The second sequence of three images (7a through 7c), from 1936 to 2006, shows an area in the southern portion of East Portland generally bounded by SE Division to the north, SE Mt. Scott Blvd. to the south, SE 82nd to the west, and SE 145th to the east (the 1936 photo only shows a part of this area). Land use changes have not been highlighted in this sequence. Following the photos is a table that briefly describes the coverage and content of two additional series of aerial photos from 1945 (U.S Coast and Geodetic Survey) and 1960 (Metropolitan Service District) covering parts of the study area. These are available for viewing at the Research Library of the Oregon Historical Society, but have not been digitized. Many additional aerial photographs spanning various years and locations are available from the U.S. Geological Survey. They can be identified by location and extent (in some cases assisted by low resolution preview images) and ordered for a fee at the following web site: http://eros.usgs.gov/products/aerial.html No. Title/Year Photo Source 1 East Portland - North, 1935 Portland Bureau of Environmental Services 2a East Portland - Central (a), 1936 Portland Bureau of Planning 2b East Portland - Central (b), 1936 Portland Bureau of Planning 3 Portland International Airport Area, 1948 Portland Bureau of Environmental Services 4 East Portland - North & Central, 1951 U.S. Geological Survey 5 East Portland - West/Central , 1960 Portland Bureau of Planning 6a East Portland - North Sequence, 1935 Portland Bureau of Environmental Services 6b East Portland - North Sequence, 1951 U.S. Geological Survey 6c East Portland - North Sequence, 1960 U.S. Geological Survey 6d East Portland - North Sequence, 1996 Portland Bureau of Planning 6e East Portland - North Sequence, 2006 Portland Bureau of Planning 7a East Portland - South Sequence, 1936 Portland Bureau of Planning 7b East Portland - South Sequence, 1952 U.S. Geological Survey 7c East Portland - South Sequence, 2006 Portland Bureau of Planning 23 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 1 East Portland - North, 1935 Burnside 172nd Halsey 148th Glendoveer Golf UP RR Sandy Blvd 122nd 102nd Rocky Butte 82nd Rose City Park Golf Sandy Blvd Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 25 Aerial 2a East Portland - Central (a), 1936 122nd Stark Halsey Glisan Sand y Rocky Butte 82nd Prescott Mt. Tabor 60th Burnside 44th Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 East Portland - Central (b), 1936 Aerial 2b 122nd Powell Woodstock 52nd 92nd 82nd Foste r Holgate Mt. Tabor Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 27 Aerial 3 Portland International Airport Area, 1948 82nd 33rd Selected current rights-of-ways and PDX runways and taxiways shown for orientation and comparison. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 122nd Division Aerial 4 East Portland - North & Central, 1951 181st Sandy Blvd Glendoveer Golf Course 160th Burnside 182nd Powell Powell Butte Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 5 East Portland - West/Central , 1960 102nd Rocky Butte 122nd ~ 145th Halsey Burnside Stark Division 82nd 112th Holgate Woodstock Foster 29 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 6a East Portland - North Sequence, 1935 Compare sequence of photos, 5a to 5e. Green highlights show approximate areas of land use intensification since year of previous photo. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 6b East Portland - North Sequence, 1951 Compare sequence of photos, 5a to 5e. Green highlights show approximate areas of land use intensification since year of previous photo. 31 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 6c East Portland - North Sequence, 1960 Compare sequence of photos, 5a to 5e. Green highlights show approximate areas of land use intensification since year of previous photo. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 6d East Portland - North Sequence, 1996 Compare sequence of photos, 5a to 5e. Green highlights show approximate areas of land use intensification since year of previous photo. 33 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 6e East Portland - North Sequence, 2006 Compare sequence of photos, 5a to 5e. Green highlights show approximate areas of land use intensification since year of previous photo. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 35 Aerial 7a East Portland - South Sequence, 1936 Woodstock Holgate Division 122nd Foster Rd. 82nd Kelly Butte Powell Compare sequence of photos, 6a to 6c. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 7b East Portland - South Sequence, 1952 Division Kelly Butte Powell Holgate 122nd 82nd Woodstock Foster Rd. 92nd 112th Mt. Scott Blvd. Compare sequence of photos, 6a to 6c. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Aerial 7c East Portland - South Sequence, 2006 Division Kelly Butte Powell Holgate 82nd 122nd Woodstock Foster Rd. 92nd 112th Mt. Scott Blvd. Compare sequence of photos, 6a to 6c. 37 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Notes on Selected East Portland Aerial Photographs 1960 Metropolitan Service District Aerial Photos Location: Oregon Historical Society Research Library Map Location Notes 21-06 Powell Butte Area The land is forested around Powell Butte. A number of widely spaced farm homes, many with long driveways, are noticeable. Most of the area is cultivated farm fields. 21-07 North of 21-06 More forest, rural development, and farm fields like map 21-06 21-08 North of 21-07 Areas of post-war Suburban development with larger yards, especially south of Division Street in Centennial Neighborhood. Surrounding area farm fields rather than forest with rural homes. 21-09 North of 21-08 Post-war suburban development and denser rural development and farms along Stark Street. 21-10 North of 21-09 Older, denser rural development, some smaller post-war suburban development. 21-11 North of 21-10 Large area south of Columbia River large farm fields. Appears to be some industrial development along Columbia Blvd. 20-08 Powell Butte and Johnson Creek area east of 21-06 Some post-war development along individual straight streets off established country roads. A number of homes along Johnson Creek. 20-09 North of 20-08 Area North of Foster along 138th Ave. Some post-war development along individual straight streets off established country roads. Rest of area scattered homes and farm fields. 20-10 North of 20-09 Same type of character as 20-09. 20-11 North of 20-10 Area South of Glenview Golf Course Semi-rural mixed era development. Some small to moderate size post-war suburban development. Still many large lots. 20-12 North of 20-11 North of Glenview Golf Course along Banfield Freeway New post-war suburban development between Golf Course and Freeway. Still some large rural lots. North of Banfield Freeway still fields. Good examples of landscape before and after post-war suburban development. 20-13 North of 20-12 Still rural with sparse development. Large fields with few trees. 20-14 North of 20-13 Same character of 20-13, only along Columbia River. 19-11 Area around Powell and Holgate Blvds. Along 112th Ave. Semi-rural mixed era development. Shows Richardson Village, an large post-war suburban development with ranch style homes Powell and Holgate Boulevards along 112th Avenue in the Powellhurst-Gilbert Neighborhood. Other smaller post- war suburban developments. North and East of Richardson Village is still mostly rural farm fields. 19-12 North of 19-11 Between Division and Burnside West of 138th Ave. Denser development. Post-war suburban streets, still many large lots. Appears to be a new school in the area. 19-13 North of 19-12 Mostly same character as 19-12. Newer large suburban shopping center at the corner of NE Halsey and NE 122nd Avenue. Both roads are five lanes. A good amount of trees in some subdivisions to the East of the map area. 19-14 North of 19-13 Between Sacramento Street and Columbia Blvd along Banfield Freeway Probably best example of changes and different characters of the are in 1960. -New post-war suburban tracts area directly south of Banfield Freeway. Some large subdivisions and also smaller developments -Dense earlier subdivisions North of Freeway to the West -Large lot earlier subdivision South of Freeway to the West -New school just south of Freeway -Freeway interchange -Rural development, older. Further south of freeway and to the west. -Large open fields, North of freeway to the East. 18-12 West of 19-12 Forested areas, large stack of logs at lumber mill visible towards center of map area. 18-13 North of 18-12 Earlier suburban development in Lents, some post-war development with cul-de-sacs. 18-14 North of 18-13 Same character of 18-13. 18-15 North of 18-14 Mixture of earlier and post-war suburban development. Shows some of the homes removed for I-205. Morningside Hospital (now Mall 205) along Stark with surrounding fields to the south and east. 18-16 North of 18-15 Rocky Butte Area Rocky Butte, with road but no development. Parkrose neighborhood has some post-war suburban development. Woodland Park development looks somewhat isolated. 18-17 North of 18-16 Mixture of older denser development. Industrial activity evident. 18-18 North of 18-17 Large farm fields, few trees. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 1945 US Coast & Geodetic Survey Aerial Photos Location: Oregon Historical Society Research Library Map Location and Notes 1136 Rectangular residential blocks along Sandy Blocks in what is now the Cully Neighborhood. Large fields north towards Columbia River. 1142 Rural land around Kelly Butte and Lents 1141 Lents and some surrounding area. Rectangular residential blocks. Some rural fields. Shows some of the area displaced by I-205. 1140 Same type of development as 1141. 1139 Mt. Tabor and a lot of field. No trees evident to the east 1233 Large farm fields along the Columbia River 1232 Area that is now Parkrose before it was build. Some rural homes with fields. 1186 Russellville area. Glenview Golf Course and a few rectangular residential blocks. Rural, mostly fields with some stands of trees. 39 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Appendix C: East Portland Historical Timeline 1825 ?Great Burn? Forest Fire scorches the area (Mills, 3) 1826 Another large forest fire scorches the area (Mills, 3) 1841 First Oregon Trail Pioneers arrive in Willamette Valley 1848 Powell Grove Cemetery founded at what is now NE Sandy Blvd and NE 122nd Ave. (Metro) 1850 Donation Land Claim Act 1853 May 28 meeting held at Johnson?s Mill to consider opening wagon road to Portland, which would later become Foster Road (Chapman) 1854 Clackamas County approves construction of Baseline Road, now SE Stark Street. It includes cement markers, some of which can still be seen today. (Hazelwood 1996 Plan, 4) 1854 December 22 Multnomah County created by territorial legislature (David Douglas, 12) 1855 Isaac Williams makes Donation Land Claim between what is now SE 72 nd and 82nd and SE Harold and Flavel (Mt.Scott-Arleta 1996 Plan, 16-17) 1856 Thomas Cully makes Donation Land Claim along Columbia Slough (Cully 1992 Plan, 8) 1861 Whitaker School founded in Cully Neighborhood (Cully 1992 Plan, 9) 1867 Brainard Cemetery founded at what is now NE Glisan and NE 90th Ave. in the Montavilla Neighborhood. (Metro) 1877 Columbia Pioneer founded at what is now NE Sandy Blvd and NE 99th Ave. in the Argay Neighborhood. 1882 Little Homes No. 2 platted, first subdivision in Brentwood-Darlington (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 13) 1883 Rigler Primary School founded in Cully Neighborhood (Cully 1992 Plan, 9) 1884 Commercial Building at NE MLK Blvd. and SE Oak Completed by Thomas Cully (Cully 1992 Plan, 8) 1889 Montavilla Platted (MacColl, 106) 1892 Lents platted and named after Oliver P. Lent 1892 Steam powered streetcar comes to Lents (Lents 1995 Plan, 3) 1894 County Road 602 established, later 52 nd Ave. Important to Brentwood- Darlington Development (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 15) 1900 Jail Facility completed on Kelley Butte (David Douglas, 12) 1901 Lents streetcar electrified (Lents 1995 Plan, 3) 1902 Lents school house burnt (Plympton) 1903 Arleta Park Subdivision platted in what is now Mt. Scott-Arleta. (Mt. Scott-Arleta 1996 Plan, 21) 1904 Morning Side Hospital Opens to provide care for Mentally Ill patients from the Alaska territory (David Douglas, 22) 1905 Jewish Cemetery Established at SE 67 th and Nehalem in Brentwood-Darlington subdivision. (Brentwood Darlington 1992 Plan, 12) 1906 Montavilla votes for annexation to Portland, (MacColl, 106) 1907 Parkrose Plat filed (Cully-Parkrose 1986 Plan, 6) 1907 Last major forest fire burns in area (Mills, 3) 1908 Buckley School founded at corner of 124 th Ave and Division in Mill Park Neighborhood (Mill Park 1995 Plan, 3) 1910 Errol Heights subdivision platted in what is now Brentwood-Darlington (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 13-14) 1910 Gill Bros. Seed Company started, an important area company. (David Douglas, 137) 1911 Rose City Plat filed (Cully-Parkrose 1986 Plan, 6) 1912 November, Lents Votes to join city of Portland, (MacColl, 106) 1914 Mt. Scott Parents shut down schools protesting mandatory vaccination (Johnston, 191) 1924 First Zoning Code goes into effect in Portland (MacColl, 107) 1924 Buckley School closes (Mill Park 1995 Plan, 3) 1926 May- City approves street widening bond causing development to move East (MacColl, 341) 1927 Centennial Neighborhood established as the Lynch District (Centennial 1995 Plan,1) 1930 Stark Street, formerly Baseline Road widened and paved. (David Douglas, 181) 1931 John and Lilla buy what becomes Leach Botanical Garden (David Douglas, 25) 1935 Parkrose Fire District #2 Formed, first rural fire district with own coverage in the area. (David Douglas, 20) 1937 August, 82nd Avenue rezoned commercial (MacColl, 108 and 507) 1941 Jail completed on Rocky Butte (David Douglas, 14) 1945 Perry family starts a small grocery store at 13055 SE Division (David Douglas, 241) 1948 May Vanport Flood caused many to look for new housing, including what is now Outer East Portland (David Douglas, 115) 1949 Log Cabin structure built at 1027 NE 122nd Ave (David Douglas, 82) 1950 December Truss-Fab plant, a maker of pre fab housing, in Brentwood-Darlington burns in major fire (Brentwood- Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Darlington 1992 Plan, 15. 1952 and 1953 Cherry Blossom Park in Hazelwood Neighborhood show off in Parade of Homes (Hazelwood 1996 Plan, 4) 1953 Sacagawea Primary school founded in Cully Neighborhood (Cully 1992 Plan, 9) 1954 August 17th, Grand Opening of Gateway Fred Meyer 1955 October 1 The Banfield Freeway between 42nd Avenue and Troutdale is open (Kramer, 16) 1956 Kelly Butte Civil Defense Center opens and is designed to withstand a ?near miss? by up to a 20 megaton bomb and sustain city and county operations for 90 days. (Auditor?s Portland Historical Outline) 1958 PRL&P Abandon East Side passenger service Belrose Line (MacColl, 109) 1958 March Midland Branch of Multnomah County Library Opens (David Douglas, 31) 1959 Portland?s second zoning code inacted (Auditor?s Portland Historical Outline) 1960 Eastport Plaza Opens (Oregonian, 12/16/87) 1960 Obie?s Restaurant, the first in a chain of pioneer family buffet restaurants opens and 122 nd and Division. Company remained in business until 1982. (David Douglas, 262) 1961 Attempt to annex Errol Heights (now Brentwood-Darlington) fails (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 18) 1962 Columbus Day storm ravages area (David Douglas, 110) 1969 Gill Bro?s Seed Company Fire. Burnt out area later became part of Gateway Shopping Center (David Douglas, 220) 1969 April Construction begins on Mall 205 on the former site of Morningside Hospital. It would become the first enclosed, climate controlled shopping center in Oregon. (David Douglas, 310) 1971 Attempt to annex Errol Heights (now Brentwood-Darlington) fails (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 18) 1971 1971 Errol Heights Improvement Association formed (Brentwood- Darlington 1992 Plan, 17) 1974 Construction of I-205 reaches Multnomah County line (Kramer, 59) 1975 Foster/Woodstock Couplet completed altering the flow of traffic in Lents (Lents 1995 Plan, 5) 1977 Attempt to annex Errol Heights (now Brentwood-Darlington) fails (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 18) 1977 Hazelwood Community Group formed (Hazelwood 1996 Plan, 5) 1978 December 28 United Airlines plane crashes near SE 157th and Burnside (David Douglas, 33) 1980 Interstate 80N renamed Interstate 84 (Kramer, 50) 1985 Cully Neighborhood annexed by the city of Portland (Cully 1992 Plan, 9) 1986 Portions of Hazelwood Neighborhood Annexed to the City of Portland (Hazelwood 1996 Plan, 5) 1986 Annexation of Errol Heights concludes and neighborhood association decides to change the name to Brentwood Darlington to better represent larger subdivisions in the neighborhood. (Brentwood-Darlington 1992 Plan, 19) 1987 Mill Park Neighborhood Association officially recognized by the City of Portland (Mill Park 1995 Plan, 5) 1987 December- Cully Neighborhood Association officially recognized by the City of Portland (Cully 1992 Plan, 9) 1994 The process of Portland annexing Hazelwood Neighborhood Completed (Hazelwood 1996 Plan, 5) 1998 September- Lents Town Center Urban Renewal Area created (PDC) 2001 June- Gateway Regional Center Urban Renewal Area created (PDC) 41 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Appendix D: East Portland Federal Land Patents (including Oregon Donation Land Claims) Source: http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ Township 1N2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. ANDERSON, WILLIAM L 9/13/1909 0830 78695 BAKER, MORRIS 12/10/1864 80623 OROCAA 042712 BARKER, HIRAM 4/19/1881 5015 OROCAA 043044 BARKER, SUSAN 4/19/1881 5015 OROCAA 043044 BARNARD, OBED M 1/20/1871 107174 OROCAA 042972 BARNARD, OBED M 5/2/1870 683 OROCAA 042957 BARNARD, ORED M 9/2/1872 77408 OROCAA 042991 BARR, SAMUEL E 7/1/1869 25102 OROCAA 042928 BUCHANAN, GEORGE A 5/2/1870 58 OROCAA 042955 BUCKENSTOS, JACOB HEIRS OF 1/24/1866 1021 OROCAA 040602 BUCKENSTOS, SARAH L 1/24/1866 1021 OROCAA 040602 BURK, ERVIN 3/22/1866 1513 OROCAA 042837 BURK, HARRIET C 3/22/1866 1513 OROCAA 042837 BURRAGE, CHARLES W 11/20/1865 244 OROCAA 042720 BURRAGE, CHARLES W 6/1/1866 282 OROCAA 042863 BYBEE, JAMES 8/5/1869 654 OROCAA 042947 CASON, DELILIA 11/10/1874 4308 OROCAA 043026 CASON, HILLERY 11/10/1874 4308 OROCAA 043026 CHISHOLM, JOHN 7/1/1861 55 OROCAA 042671 CLARK, CHARLES 12/1/1871 978 OROCAA 040726 CLARY, J V 10/15/1862 48004 OROCAA 042673 CULLY, REBECCA J 1/18/1866 997 OROCAA 042723 CULLY, THOMAS 4/6/1866 86432 OROCAA 042850 CULLY, THOMAS 1/18/1866 997 OROCAA 042723 CUPPY, ANDREW 1/5/1869 24890 OROCAA 042895 DANVERS, WILLIAM 6/14/1877 3386 OROCAA 043035 DAVIDSON, ELIJAH B 1/24/1866 1008 OROCAA 040597 DAVIDSON, SALOMA 1/24/1866 1008 OROCAA 040597 DUFUR, ANDREW J 5/15/1869 473 OROCAA 042899 EBINGER, WILLIAM A 12/21/1863 134 OROCAA 042677 EBINGER, WM A 12/21/1863 138 OROCAA 042680 FINSTAMAKER, JOHN 6/1/1866 185 OROCAA 042856 FISHER, SOLOMON W 5/15/1869 487 OROCAA 042903 FISHER, SOLOMON W 5/2/1870 715 OROCAA 042960 FLEMING, JESSE 1/24/1866 1004 OROCAA 042778 FS 12/31/1936 ORORAA 042654 GILHAM, MARECY 10/15/1873 3916 OROCAA 043009 GILHAM, NEWTON D 10/15/1873 3916 OROCAA 043009 GRAY, FRANKLIN B 12/1/1871 1017 OROCAA 042989 GRAY, GEORGE B 3/19/1866 1420 OROCAA 042828 HALL, WILLIAM 1/24/1866 1007 OROCAA 040594 HAMILTON, EDWARD 7/1/1869 25102 OROCAA 042928 HAMILTON, ELIZABETH 1/24/1866 1003 OROCAA 042774 HAMILTON, GEORGE 1/24/1866 1003 OROCAA 042774 HAY, CLARK 5/5/1873 3117 OROCAA 042996 HAYDEN, GAY 12/21/1863 119 OROCAA 042674 HILL, ISAAC 10/1/1869 7 OROCAA 040705 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Township 1N2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. HILL, LORENZO D 2/10/1874 1320 OROCAA 043022 HOLTGRIERE, HENRY 3/8/1866 1390 OROCAA 042823 KERNS, LOIS B 7/21/1873 3550 OROCAA 043001 KERNS, WILLIAM 7/21/1873 3550 OROCAA 043001 LADUM, E H 11/30/1977 11301977 OROR 017366FD LEBO, JACOB 9/9/1871 103174 OROCAA 042982 LONG, GEORGE M 1/18/1866 998 OROCAA 042725 LUTHER, ALBERT 10/19/1859 531 OROCAA 042667 MANNING, FRANCIS M 7/15/1878 1490 OROCAA 043039 MCKAY, SAMUEL 1/5/1869 24890 OROCAA 042895 MILLARD, ELIZABETH 1/18/1859 138 ORORAA 040524 MILLARD, GIDEON 1/18/1859 138 ORORAA 040524 MONAGHAN, TERENCE 11/25/1873 345 OROCAA 043018 MUELLER, JOHN 6/20/1870 81235 OROCAA 042965 OREGON STATE 12/21/1871 1 OROCAA 001100 OREGON STATE 2/14/1859 2141859 ORORAA 000050 OREGON STATE 8/25/1890 SG3 OROCAA 000077 OREGON STATE 10/10/1891 SG5 OROCAA 043059 POWELL, DAVID 1/24/1866 1001 OROCAA 042738 POWELL, DAVID 1/20/1871 107174 OROCAA 042972 POWELL, DAVID 1/10/1865 179 OROCAA 042715 POWELL, JACKSON 12/10/1864 69773 OROCAA 042709 POWELL, JOHN 1/18/1866 1000 OROCAA 042737 POWELL, JOHN 4/15/1864 131 OROCAA 042687 PROTZMAN, LOUIS F 4/15/1864 144 1/2 OROCAA 042693 PULLEN, ANDREW 7/24/1873 3715 OROCAA 043005 PULLEN, MARTHA JANE 7/24/1873 3715 OROCAA 043005 QUIMBY, EBENEZER L 1/18/1866 999 OROCAA 042731 QUIMBY, ELMIRA M 1/18/1866 999 OROCAA 042731 QUINN, JOHN 1/24/1866 1005 OROCAA 040591 READ, LEWIS 1/18/1859 238 OROCAA 042662 RENNISON, ISAAC 6/24/1882 2531 OROCAA 040745 RENNISON, MARY 6/24/1882 2531 OROCAA 040745 ROFS, SHERRY 10/15/1862 48004 OROCAA 042673 SCHRAMM, CHARLES G 10/4/1875 4584 OROCAA 043029 SCHRAMM, MALINDA A 10/4/1875 4584 OROCAA 043029 SHIELS, THOMAS 8/5/1869 600 OROCAA 042939 SMITH, GEORGE W 5/10/1864 100691 OROCAA 042697 SMITH, GEORGE W 5/10/1864 101189 OROCAA 042704 SPARROW, SOLOMON 5/10/1864 100906 OROCAA 042701 STEVENSON, CHARLES 1/24/1866 1006 OROCAA 042795 STOWELL, HAMILTON 4/15/1864 125 OROCAA 042683 STOWELL, HAMILTON 12/10/1864 69773 OROCAA 042709 STREET, ISAAC F 9/9/1871 103174 OROCAA 042982 STREET, ISAAC F 6/1/1866 279 OROCAA 042858 STREET, ISAAC F 6/1/1866 319 OROCAA 042869 STREIBIG, MARY 5/10/1864 100906 OROCAA 042701 SWIFT, HENRY 1/18/1876 3363 OROCAA 043032 SWIFT, JANE 1/18/1876 3363 OROCAA 043032 SWITZLER, JEHN 10/19/1866 2305 OROCAA 042873 THAYER, FRANCE C 5/10/1864 101189 OROCAA 042704 THAYER, SOLOMON 5/10/1864 101189 OROCAA 042704 TOOHILL, JOHN 4/6/1866 86432 OROCAA 042850 43 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Township 1N2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. USA 11/30/1977 11301977 OROR 017366FD VICKERS, LEONARD B 9/30/1865 560 OROCAA 042718 WEBBER, HENRY 12/10/1864 80623 OROCAA 042712 WELCH, JOEL 9/2/1872 77408 OROCAA 042991 WETHERBY, GEORGE 9/13/1909 0830 78695 WHITAKER, ANTHONY 2/4/1867 2871 OROCAA 042877 WHITAKER, ISABELLA 2/4/1867 2871 OROCAA 042877 WICK, HENRY 6/20/1870 81235 OROCAA 042965 WILKS, ELIZABETH 1/24/1866 1002 OROCAA 042763 WILKS, WILLIAM G 1/24/1866 1002 OROCAA 042763 WILLIAMS, JOHN A 3/22/1866 1586 OROCAA 042845 WILLIAMS, NANCY 3/22/1866 1586 OROCAA 042845 WILSON, ANDREW 2/10/1871 108 OROCAA 042978 Township T1S2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. ABRAHAM, JAMES 6/13/1873 3417 OROCAA 043187 ABRAHAM, JANE 6/13/1873 3417 OROCAA 043187 BATTIN, THOMAS 12/1/1871 788 OROCAA 043141 BLUM, LOUIS C 6/25/1872 1086 OROCAA 043157 BUCKLEY, JOHN C 2/10/1883 1528 OROCAA 043644 BURRELL, N S 9/10/1861 85875 OROCAA 043073 CAMPBELL, HIRAM T 12/1/1871 893 OROCAA 043142 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM J 1/21/1890 2151 OROCAA 043651 CASON, WILLIAM A 1/18/1866 970 OROCAA 043083 CLARK, JOHN C 12/1/1871 975 OROCAA 043144 CORWIN, WILLIAM 3/22/1866 1505 OROCAA 041708 CRESWELL, AVIS MARIA 3/22/1866 1517 OROCAA 043099 CRESWELL, EBENEZER HEIRS OF 3/22/1866 1517 OROCAA 043099 CUNNINGHAM, JOHN 10/15/1862 82592 OROCAA 043082 DAVIDSON, JOHN E 1/10/1870 34557 OROCAA 043106 DEAN, CHARLES S 9/10/1861 85875 OROCAA 043073 DOLSON, CHARLES 4/15/1874 46070 OROCAA 043216 DOLSON, CHARLES 3/20/1875 46070 OROCAA 043216 01 ELLIOTT, ADELIA M 10/15/1873 3954 OROCAA 043204 ELLIOTT, FRANCIS N 10/15/1873 3954 OROCAA 043204 FISK, LEONARD 10/15/1873 4090 OROCAA 043210 FITCH, THOMAS 3/22/1866 1506 OROCAA 043098 FREEMAN, GEORGE H 4/10/1882 1653 OROCAA 043638 FREEMAN, GEORGE H 5/10/1884 1890 OROCAA 043645 FULLER, MARTHA J 7/24/1873 3737 OROCAA 043200 FURY, HUGH 2/1/1875 510 OROCAA 043224 GATES, ALONZO 6/14/1877 4769 OROCAA 043628 GATES, CYNTHIA 7/24/1873 3705 OROCAA 043197 GATES, HAVY M 6/14/1877 4769 OROCAA 043628 GATES, JOHN 12/1/1871 771 OROCAA 043138 GATES, THOMAS W 7/24/1873 3705 OROCAA 043197 GERVAIS, B J 4/20/1882 1416 OROCAA 043639 GRANDON, ISABELL 3/18/1881 4983 OROCAA 043633 GRANDON, ISRAEL 3/18/1881 4983 OROCAA 043633 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Township T1S2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. GRAY, ROBERT 5/5/1873 3294 OROCAA 043180 GRAY, SARAH ANN 5/5/1873 3294 OROCAA 043180 GRUBER, JOHN 11/10/1877 126 OROCAA 043629 HARPER, D 4/15/1874 46070 OROCAA 043216 HARPER, D 3/20/1875 46070 OROCAA 043216 01 HARPER, DAVID 3/20/1875 46070 OROCAA 043216 01 HARPER, DAVID 4/15/1874 46070 OROCAA 043216 HARRISON, JOHN 8/3/1882 1708 OROCAA 043642 HOLGATE, AMOS 8/3/1882 1058 OROCAA 043640 HOWARD, JOHN 11/6/1893 3724 OROCAA 043656 JOHNSON, ELIZABETH 10/19/1859 522 OROCAA 043070 JOHNSON, EZRA 11/10/1874 4323 OROCAA 043222 JOHNSON, JACOB 8/15/1876 4624 OROCAA 043254 JOHNSON, WILLIAM 10/19/1859 522 OROCAA 043070 JOT, GEORGE D 5/26/1873 325 OROCAA 043183 KELLEY, HAMPTON 3/8/1866 1374 OROCAA 043091 KELLEY, MICHAEL 4/25/1872 1132 OROCAA 043151 KELLY, ARCHON 3/19/1866 1423 OROCAA 041700 KELLY, CLINTON 3/19/1866 1424 OROCAA 041704 KELLY, MARIAH 3/19/1866 1424 OROCAA 041704 KELLY, PLYMPTON 7/24/1873 3739 OROCAA 043201 KERN, MARY ANN HEIRS OF 4/28/1875 4475 OROCAA 043229 KERN, WILLIAM 4/28/1875 4475 OROCAA 043229 KERNS, SAMUEL F 7/1/1861 10 OROCAA 043071 LASKEY, THOMAS C 1/10/1870 34557 OROCAA 043106 LENT, FREMONT L 12/1/1891 2597 OROCAA 043653 LENT, MARTHA A 9/4/1876 4663 OROCAA 043255 LENT, OLIVER P 9/4/1876 4663 OROCAA 043255 LONG, EDWARD 2/20/1866 1275 OROCAA 041694 LONG, MARTHA S 2/20/1866 1275 OROCAA 041694 MANLEY, THOMAS 10/15/1862 82592 OROCAA 043082 MARQUAM, EMMA 6/25/1878 4471 OROCAA 043631 MARQUAM, P A 6/25/1878 4471 OROCAA 043631 MCLEAN, HUGH A 6/20/1870 716 OROCAA 043112 MCMAHAN, MARTHA J 7/24/1873 3737 OROCAA 043200 MCMAHAN, SAMUEL W HEIRS OF 7/24/1873 3737 OROCAA 043200 MILLER, HENRY 10/15/1873 4155 OROCAA 043211 MILLER, MARY ANN 10/15/1873 4155 OROCAA 043211 NELSON, ELIZABETH R 10/15/1873 3982 OROCAA 043206 NELSON, LEVI W 3/18/1881 4977 OROCAA 043632 NELSON, NANCY J 3/18/1881 4977 OROCAA 043632 NELSON, SAMUEL 10/15/1873 3982 OROCAA 043206 NIMMON, EMANUEL 5/5/1873 3112 OROCAA 043160 NIMMON, JUDITH 5/5/1873 3112 OROCAA 043160 OGDEN, HARRIET E 2/26/1887 1679 OROCAA 043648 OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RR CO 5/9/1871 1 OROCAA 000290 OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RR CO 6/18/1877 5 ORORAA 001108 OREGON STATE 2/2/1872 1 OROCAA 000095 OREGON STATE 2/9/1872 2 OROCAA 000089 OREGON STATE 2/14/1859 2141859 ORORAA 000050 OREGON STATE 6/28/1876 4 ORORAA 038120 PRETTYMAN, DAVID D 6/13/1881 5084 OROCAA 043636 PRETTYMAN, ELIZABETH 3/22/1866 1536 OROCAA 041709 45 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Township T1S2E Patentee Name Issue Date Doc. Nr. Accession/Serial Nr. PRETTYMAN, PERRY 3/22/1866 1536 OROCAA 041709 REAM, WESLEY P 2/10/1883 1527 OROCAA 043643 RICHEY, JAMES 2/20/1877 543 OROCAA 043256 RODGERS, TERRENCE 11/17/1884 1624 OROCAA 043646 SALES, WILLIAM E 11/25/1873 366 OROCAA 043220 STARR, BENJAMIN F 7/21/1873 3563 OROCAA 043191 STARR, CATHERINE B 7/21/1873 3563 OROCAA 043191 TITUS, MARTIN HEIRS OF 10/4/1875 4558 OROCAA 043231 VANVLACK, EGBERT B 12/19/1885 1913 OROCAA 043647 WARNOCK, WILLIAM 8/3/1882 1059 OROCAA 043641 WATSON, JAMES P 1/11/1892 3212 OROCAA 043654 WILLIAMS, HESTER 7/21/1873 3589 OROCAA 043193 WILLIAMS, ISAAC 7/21/1873 3589 OROCAA 043193 WILLIS, JACOB O T 4/1/1875 529 OROCAA 043227 WILLS, GEORGE 6/27/1870 1094 OROCAA 041732 WILLS, JACOB 6/27/1870 1095 OROCAA 041736 WILLS, LORANA E 6/27/1870 1095 OROCAA 041736 WILLS, SARAH 6/27/1870 1094 OROCAA 041732 WITTEN, JOSHUA E 3/8/1866 1381 OROCAA 043092 WITTEN, NANCY 3/8/1866 1381 OROCAA 043092 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Appendix E: East Portland Properties in Portland Historic Resources Inventory (1984)* Publicly owned properties shown in italics. Name/Description Address Year Built Rank Style Columbia Rug and Upholstery Cleaners 8235 NE Beech St. 1951 -- Early Modern Residence 8304 NE Beech St. ca. 1925 III California Mission Style Trinity School 9201 NE Fremont St. 1931 II Castellated Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children1 8200 NE Sandy Blvd. 1924 II Twentieth Century Georgian Sanctuary of Our Sorrowful Mother 8840 NE Skidmore St. 1924 II Early Modern Residence 8659 SE Foster Rd. 1922 III Bungalow Residence 7726 SE Foster Rd. 1884 III Rural Vernacular Manufacturing, retail 8816 SE Foster Rd. ca. 1940 -- -- Automobile Service (?) 8901 SE Foster Rd. 1920 (?) -- Brick Utilitarian Lents Machine (transfer office, machine shop)2 9015 SE Foster Rd. 1922 -- Mediterranean Commercial, utilitarian 9129 SE Foster Rd. ca. 1910 (?) -- Wood, Post and Beam Utilitarian Apartment house, retail 9143 SE Foster Rd. 1913 III Italianate Retail, market 9201 SE Foster Rd. ca. 1910 (?) III Streetcar Era Commercial Retail 9202 SE Foster Rd. ca. 1925(?) -- Streetcar Era Commercial Retail 9213 SE Foster Rd. ca. 1910 (?) -- Streetcar Era Commercial Grimson Garden (residence, lake)3 16211 SE Foster Rd. 1947 II Tract House Residence 8604 SE Glenwood St. 1911 III Bungalow Site of first Lents school 9202 SE Harold St. -- Site -- Residence4 8809 SE Holgate Blvd. 1914 III Bungalow Residence 7811 SE Knight St. 1896 -- Rural Vernacular,Queen Anne Church5 8835 SE Woodstock Blvd. -- III Northwest Regional Style Site of Lents carline waiting station 9130 SE Woodstock St. -- Site -- End of the carline, Lents 10200 SE Woodstock St. -- Site -- Lents Junction Substation 10227 SE Woodstock Blvd. 1906 III Brick Utilitarian Residence 10134 SE Mt Scott Blvd. 1890 Rural Vernacular Residence 10321 SE Mt Scott Blvd. 1953(?) III Bungalow -- 10306 SE Pardee St. 1939 -- Bungalow Residence 7628 SE Reedway St. 1909 -- Bungalow Retail, apartment house 8724 SE Yamhill St. 1915 -- Streetcar Era Commercial Residence 4 SE 84th Ave. 1912 (1910?) II Bungalow Church 5903 SE 87th Ave. ca. 1905 (?) -- -- Church 6019 SE 87th Ave. 1911 III Twentieth Century Gothic Church 5921 SE 88th Ave. 1912 III Fifties Modern Library, retail 5827 SE 91st Ave. 1915 II Bungalow Lents Park 4707 SE 92nd Ave. 1920s III -- Fire station6 5707 SE 92nd Ave. 1928 III Bungalow (?) Retail7 5716 SE 92nd Ave. ca. 1920 (?) -- Streetcar Era Commercial Social -- Order of Odd Fellows 5802 SE 92nd Ave. 1913 III Streetcar Era Commercial 47 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Name/Description Address Year Built Rank Style Social -- Lents Masonic Lodge 5811 SE 92nd Ave. 1909 -- Streetcar Era Commercial Retail, apartment house, school (?) 5812 SE 92 nd Ave. 1913 -- Streetcar Era Commercial Retail, restaurant 5824 SE 92nd Ave. 1925 -- Streetcar Era Commercial Retail, restaurant** 5931 SE 92nd Ave. 1902/1905 -- Western False front Vernacular Retail, tavern 5932 SE 92nd Ave. ca. 1915 (?) -- Streetcar Era Commercial Bank, theater, retail** 5940 SE 92nd Ave. 1907 III Streetcar Era Commercial Theater, Union Gospel Mission, commercial 5942 SE 92 nd Ave. 1909(?) -- Streetcar Era Commercial Residence 6228 SE 92nd Ave. 1906 -- Bungalow Residence (?), church (?) 6324 SE 92nd Ave. 1936 -- English Cottage Residence 6404 SE 92nd Ave. 1922 III Bungalow Retail8 6333 SE 100th Ave. 1913 III Streetcar Era Commercial Residence, garden, Sleepy Hollow/Leach Botanical 6704 SE 122 nd Ave. 1936 I English Cottage Hitching Post (stables, riding academy, arena and barn) 6729 SE 162 nd Ave. -- -- Wood Utilitarian Madison High School 2735 NE 82nd Ave. 1955 II Fifties Modern Marshall High School 3905 SE 91st Ave. 1960 II Fifties Modern *Only those parts of the study area that were within Portland corporate limits before about 1980 were surveyed for the Historic Resources Inventory. 1 Demolished 2004 2 Permit issued 5/07/01 to demolish existing building on site (old appliance repair shop) 3 Building permit for addition 05/07/04. 4 Lot listed as vacant in Portland Maps 0607/07. No record of permits. 5 Major demolition and rebuilding on site since 1984. 6 Major remodel and addition 2004-2006. 7 Store repaired after accident 2004, remodeled 2005. 8 In 2001 permit was issued to demolish building. Property has since be subdivided for infill residential development. Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Appendix F: East Portland Annexations by Neighborhood & Period See also Map 6 in Appendix A. Neighborhood Period Area Annexed Cully 1921-1930 Bounded by NE Prescott St. to NE 52 nd Ave, to NE Fremont St., to NE 47th Ave, back to NE Prescott St. 1961-1970 Bounded by Columbia Slough to 52nd Ave, to NE Columbia Blvd., to NE 52nd Ave, to NE Killingsworth Blvd., to NE 48th Ave., to NE Sumner St., to NE 42nd, back to Columbia Slough. 1971-1980 Bounded by line north of NE Going St. to NE 55 th Ave., to NE Prescott St, to NE 52nd Ave., back to line north of NE Going St. 1981-1990 Remainder of neighborhood Sumner 1971-1980 Bounded by Columbia Slough to NE 87 th Ave., to NE Marx Drive, to NE 82nd Ave., back to the Columbia Slough. 1981-1990 Remainder of neighborhood Parkrose 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood Argay 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood Wilkes 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood besides small area annexed since 1991 after 1991 A few blocks between NE Sandy Blvd. and railroad tracks from 162 nd Ave. to city limits. Bounded by NE Hancock St. to city limits, to NE Glisan St., to NE 155 th Ave. , to NE Holladay St., to 157th Ave, back to NE Hancock St. Russell 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood Parkrose Heights 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood Woodland Park 1981-1990 Entire neighborhood Madison South (E of 82nd) 1901-1910 Bounded by NE Fremont St. to NE 92 nd Ave., to I-84, to NE 82nd Ave., back to NE Fremont St. 1921-1930 Lots at southeast corner of NE 82nd Ave. and NE Sandy Blvd. 1951-1960 Bounded by NE Sacramento St. to line east of NE 95 th Pl., to NE Schuyler St., to NE 92nd Ave. back to NE Sacramento St. Bounded by line north of NE Beech St. to NE 91st Ave., to NE Fremont St, to NE 82nd Ave., back to line north of NE Beech St. Includes lots along NE Cadet Ave. 1961-1970 Bounded by NE Sandy Blvd. to NE Skidmore St., to NE Rocky Butte Dr., to NE Fremont St., to NE 91st, to line north of NE Beech St., to NE 82nd Ave., back to NE Sandy Blvd. Lots adjacent to Rocky Butte Dr. between about NE Siskiyou St. and NE Russell St. 1971-1980 Eastside of NE 92nd Ave. between NE Broadway and I-84. 1981-1990 Remainder of neighborhood Montavilla (E of 82nd) 1901-1910 Bounded by I-84 to 92nd Ave., to Se Lincoln St., to 82nd Ave. back to I-84. 1941-1950 Bounded by a line south of SE Yamhill to I-205, to SE Washington St., to SE 92nd Ave. back to line south of SE Yamhill St. 1951-1960 Bounded by a line south of SE Yamhill to I-205, to SE Lincoln St., to SE 92 nd Ave. back to line south of SE Yamhill St. 1961-1970 Lots on south corners of SE Lincoln St. and SE 90th St. Lots on SE Lincoln St. at SE 83rd Ave. West side of NE 92nd Pl. from south of NE Everett St. to NE Glisan St. 1971-1980 West side of NE 92nd Pl. from south of NE Everett St. to E Burnside St. 1981-1990 Remainder of Neighborhood Hazelwood 1951-1960 Portions of I-205 right of way 1981-1990 Generally the neighborhood west of 122nd Ave. and north of NE Glisan St. after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Mill Park 1981-1990 Most of neighborhood except a few scattered areas in the East after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Glenfair 1981-1990 Most of the western half of the neighborhood after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Centennial 1981-1990 Area immediately south of SE Division St. North corners of SE Powell Blvd. and SE 174th Ave. after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Powellhurst-Gilbert 1971-1980 Some lots along east side of SE 82nd Ave. 49 Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 Neighborhood Period Area Annexed 1981-1990 Most of area bounded by SE Division St to SE Bush St.,, to east of Se 116th Ave., to SE Holgate Blvd., to 112th Ave., to SE Powell Blvd., to SE 82nd Ave., back to SE Division St. after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Lents/Powellhurst-Gilbert 1959-1960 Bounded by SE Francis St. to SE 103 rd Ave., to SE Boise St., to SE 102nd Ave. back to SE Francis St. 1961-1970 Lots on northeast corner of SE 104th Ave. and SE Long St. 1981-1990 Most of the remaining neighborhood north of SE Holgate Blvd. after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood Pleasant Valley/ Powellhurst-Gilbert after 1991 Entire neighborhood Centennial/Pleasant Valley 1971-1980 Entire neighborhood Pleasant Valley 1961-1970 Majority of neighborhood, all areas within city limits not listed in later time periods 1971-1980 Southeast corner of SE 112th Ave. and SE Foster Rd. Area along Johnson Creek from west of SE 122nd Ave. to SE 145th Ave. Northeast and southeast corners of SE 152 nd Ave. and Se Barbara Welch Rd. 1981-1990 Bounded by Johnson Creek to line east to of SE 131 st/133rd Pl., to a line south of SE Flavel St., to SE 122nd Ave., back to Johnson Creek. Bounded by SE Jenne Rd. to SE Platt St., to line east of SE Equestrian Dr., to McKinley Rd., back to SE Jenne Rd. Also includes area around the intersection of SE Jenne Rd. and SE Foster Rd. after 1991 Area not annexed in 1971-1980 between Johnson Creek and SE Foster Rd., and between SE 117th Pl. and SE 145th Ave. Area just southeast of SE Henderson Way and SE 157th Ave. Lents 1911-1920 Bounded by SE Boise St. to SE 102 nd Ave., to SE Flavel St., to SE 82nd Ave., back to SE Boise St. 1951-1960 Bounded by SE Boise St. to SE 103 rd Ave., to SE Holgate Blvd., to SE 102nd Ave., back to SE Boise St. 1961-1970 Large lot between line south of SE Rhone St. and SE Boise St., and between SE 86th Ave. and SE 91st Ave. Area not annexed earlier south of SE Bybee Blvd. and east of SE 92nd Ave. 1971-1980 Lots on north side of Woodstock Blvd. between Se 82 nd Ave. and SE 92nd Ave. Bounded by line just north of intersection of SE Foster Rd. and SE Woodstock Blvd. to SE 112th Ave., to SE Bybee Blvd., to SE 102nd Ave. back to a line just north of intersection of SE Foster Rd. and SE Woodstock Blvd. Lots just south of SE Powell Blvd. between SE 82nd Ave. and SE 86th Ave. 1981-1990 Remainder of neighborhood north of SE Boise St. and south of SE Flavel St. after 1991 Remainder of neighborhood east of SE 102nd Ave. Mt. Scott-Arleta 1901-1910 Entire neighborhood Brentwood-Darlington 1901-1910 Lots just south of SE Henry St. between SE 45th Ave. and SE 50th Ave. 1961-1970 Bounded by SE Duke St. to SE 62 nd Ave., to a line north of SE Rural St., to SE 57th Ave., back to SE Duke St. Bounded by SE Tenino Dr. to SE 52 nd Ave., to SE Harney Dr., to SE 45th Ave., back to SE Tenino Dr. 1981-1990 Remainder of Area Appendices: East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study Review Draft 12/20/07 51 Appendix G: Miscellaneous Data Tables East Portland Area by Generalized Zoning East Portland Portland Zone Acres Percent Percent of Portland Acres Percent Commercial 1,787 6.5% 1.9% 6,220 6.5% Employment 816 3.0% 0.9% 2,864 3.0% Industrial 3,298 12.1% 3.5% 18,715 19.7% Residential MF 3,679 13.4% 3.9% 8,401 8.8% Residential SF 14,773 54.0% 15.5% 41,502 43.6% Residential SF+MF 18,452 67.4% 19.4% 49,903 52.4% Open Space 2,807 10.3% 3.0% 16,794 17.6% Other 656 2.4% 0.7% 199 0.2% Total 27,359 100% 28.8% 95,151 100% Source: Portland Bureau of Planning, East Portland Review East Portland Buildings by Period Built Period Buildings Percent Prior to 1914 2,142 3.7% 1914-1940 6,566 11.2% 1941-1958 19,396 33.1% 1959 & later 24,990 42.7% No Bldg./No Data 5,484 9.4% Total 58,578 100% Source: Multnomah County Assessment and Taxation. East Portland Average & Median Lot Sizes* Taxlots East Portland Percent of Portland Portland Number 56,920 30.6% 185,856 Average Size 11,888 118.8% 10,010 Median Size 7,433 135.2% 5,498 *Excludes lots in Open Space and Industrial zones. Source: Portland Bureau of Planning New Residential Units, 1996-2006 Type East Portland Percent of Portland Portland Single-Dwelling 5,356 49.5% 10,826 Rowhouse/Duplex 1,801 45.7% 3,937 Multi-Dwelling 6,571 30.4% 21,613 Total 13,728 37.7% 36,376 Source: Portland Bureau of Planning, East Portland Review