2528 
Curtis, Andrew Richard 
HP 1988 
1\LM A- I 01-.1 <c0 
RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION PLAN WITH DRAWINGS FOR 
THE WOODEN BALUSTRADE AND URNS THAT EMBELLISHED 
THE ROOF STRUCTURE OF VILLARD HALL 
UO PDX LIBRARY RESERVES 
IN LIBRARY USE ONLY 
FINES: $3.00/hour overdue 
RETURN TO UO PDX LIBRARY 
by 
ANDREW RI CHARD CURTIS 
• December 1988 
I 
-
-LLaL__ :9 ~ --=q 

A RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION PLAN WITH DRAWINGS FOR 
THE WOODEN BALUSTRADE AND URNS THAT EMBELLISHED 
THE ROOF STRUCTURE OF VILLARD HAL L 
by 
ANDREW RICHARD CURTIS 
A TERMINAL PROJECT 
Presented to the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: 
Historic Preservation, 
the School of Architecture and Allied Arts, 
and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon 
in partial fulfillment of the requirements 
for the degree of 
Master of Science 
December 1988 
--
·1___11____LJ 
ii 
APPROVED: 
iii 
© 1988 Andrew Richard Curtis 
i V 
VITA 
NAME OF AUTHOR: Andrew Richard Curtis 
PLACE OF BIRTH: Marlboro, Massachusetts 
DATE OF BIRTH: February 12, 1961 
GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: 
University of Oregon 
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design 
Middlebury College 
DEGREES AWARDED: 
Master of Science, 1988, University of Oregon 
Bachelor of Arts, 1984, Middlebury College 
AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: 
Documentation and Assessment of Historic Buildings 
Drafting 
Substitute Materials for Exterior Restoration 
Restoration Carpentry and Project Mana gement 
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 
Assistant Preservation Consultant, Wegroup PC Architects and 
P1 a nners, Eugene, Oregon, 1988 
Graduate Assistant, Historic Preservation Program Workshop, 
Eugene, Oregon, 1987 
Draftsman, House Joiner Ltd., Middlebury, Vermont, 1984 
Carpenter, Wellen Construction, Marlboro, Massachusetts, 1985-87 
AWARDS AND HONORS: 
Association for Preservation Technology Scholarship, 1988 
vi 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
The author expresses sincere appreciation to Professor 
Philip H. Dole for his countless hours of inspirational guidance and 
unceasing assistance as my adviser and as chairperson of my committee 
throughout this project. In addition, special thanks are extended to 
Professor Donald L. Peting, whose genuine interest in the proposed 
restoration of Villard Hall and confidence in my abilities brought 
considerable ease to me during the preparation of this manuscript 
and the accompanying restoration drawings. William J. Hawkins III 
provided his expertise and enthusiasm during the search of other 
Warren Heywood Williams buildings to assist in the design process for 
the urn/balustrade system. I would also like to thank Kim Emerson, 
Jon Iversen, Kevin Low, Michael Meyer, and John Puttman for their 
help in documenting existing conditions on Villard Hall and for their 
friendship. 
I also wish to express my gratitude to the Director of the 
Physical Plant, Harold C. Babcock, for facilitating the task of 
measuring the building. Grateful thanks are due to James V. Bernhard 
of Wegroup PC Architects and Planners for employing my drafting 
services and utilizing my drawings for this project in conjunction 
with Professor Peting 's Historic Structures Report. 
vii 
Finally, I wish to thank my parents, Dr. Richard Curtis 
and Laurinda Curtis, for their unfai 1 ing encouragement and support 
throughout my entire academic career. 
viii 
DEDICATION 
To Richard and Laurinda 
ix 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Section Page 
I. INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING ••.••.•••...... 
Introduction.......................................... 1 
The Statement of the Problem.......................... 4 
The Statement of the Subproblems...................... 5 
The Delimitations..................................... 7 
The Assumptions....................................... 8 
The Importance of the Project......................... 9 
II. THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION: VILLARD HALL................ 10 
Introduction.......................................... 10 
The Exterior Description.............................. 11 
The Architect Warren Heywood Williams and 
His Use of Urns..................................... 23 
I I I. THE METHODOLOGY.................................... . . . . . 36 
Introduction.......................................... 36 
The Existing-Condition Inspection..................... 37 
The Collection and Analysis of Historic Photographs ... 38 
The Field Documentation............................... 46 
The Existing-Condition Drawings....................... 50 
The Interviews........................................ 50 
The Research of Existing Literature and Archives, 
and the Search for Existing Urns on Other Warren 
Heywood Williams Buildings .......••................. 53 
The Chronology of Exterior Alterations................ 53 
The Use of Reverse Perspective and a Scale System 
for Deducing the Overal 1 Form and Dimensions of 
the Urn/Balustrades........... . ..................... 53 
The Research of Technical Information................. 54 
Accumulated Bibliography •••...••••.••..•....•....••... 55 
IV. THE PROPOSED RESTORATION DESIGN......................... 56 
The Drawings.......................................... 56 
The Review of Material Choice......................... 57 
'1:1)1----_l_j 
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS............... 68 
Summary............................................... 68 
Conclusions........................................... 76 
Recommend at ions....................................... 82 
APPENDICES 
A. PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION ( 15 photographs)............. 89 
B. FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND NOTES (74 pages) ••••••••••••••••• 105 
C. EXISTING-CONDITION DRAWINGS (9 drawings) •••••••••••••••• 180 
D. PROPOSED RESTORATION DRAWINGS (8 drawings) •••••••••••••• 190 
E. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RELATED TO THE EXTERIOR 
ALTERATIONS OF VILLARD HALL (6 pages) ••••••••••••••••• 199 
F. EXCERPTS FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR VILLARD 
HALL (3 pages) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 206 
G. EXCERPTS FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR A 
DWELLING HOUSE IN ALBANY (1 page) ••••••••••••••••••••• 210 
H. PRESERVATION BRIEFS 16 ON SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
(14 pages) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 212 
I. LIST OF DOCUMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS ( 1 page) ••••• 227 
BIBLIOGRAPHY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 229 
xi 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
Figure Page 
1. [Cover Illustration--Villard Hall: Circa 1896]. ••••••••• 
2. West Elevation at Second Level: 1988 View ••••••••••••••• 15 
3. vlest Elevation of Southeast Corner-To~1er Window at 
Second Level: 1988 View ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 
4. Northwest Corner Tower Above Cornice: 1988 View......... 17 
5. Center Salient Section--East Elevation of Semicircular 
Pediment and Tablet Above: 1988 View.................. 17 
6. Evidence of the Original Point of Attachment Between 
Main Roof and the Wooden Balustrade: 1988 View........ 18 
7. North-Elevation Balustrade--Existing Condition: 1988 
View 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•.......... 20 
8. North-Elevation Balustrade--Existing Condition: 1988 
View 2................................................ 21 
9. West Elevation of Southeast Corner Tower Base Pedestal: 
1988 View •••••••..••••••••••.••..•...•••.••.•.•.•..... 22 
10. The Bank of British Columbia Built in 1873 •.•........•.. 25 
11. Historic Photograph of the Union Block Built in 1879 •••. 26 
12. Historic Photograph of The First Bank of British 
Columbia Built in 1886 ••••..•••••••••••••••••....•.... 26 
13. Jacobs-Dolph House Built in 1880: Circa 1950 View....... 27 
14. Jacobs-Dolph House Built in 1880: Circa 1960 View ••••••• 29 
15. Solid Cedar Finials: 1988 View ••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 30 
16. Remains of the Morris M. Marks House Front-Porch Roof-
Line Urn/Balustrade Stored in the Attic: 1988 View •••• 31 
xii 
17. Pedestal and Urn From Morris M. Marks House Built in 
1882: 1988 View •••••••••.•••••••••.••.•••••.••••....•. 32 
18. Pedestal From the Morris M. Marks House Built in 1882: 
1988 View •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••.•..•••• 33 
19. Base for Urn Atop Pedestal From the Morris M. Marks 
House Built in 1882--The Front-Entry Porch-Roof-Line 
Balustrade: 1988 View................................. 33 
20. Balustrade Remains From the Morris M. Marks House Built 
in 1882--The Front-Entry Porch: 1988 View •••.••••••••• 34 
21. Northeast Elevation With Urn/Balustrade: Circa 1896 
View.................................................. 39 
22. East Elevation With Entire Urn/Balustrade and Deady 
Hal 1 in the Background: Circa 1886 View............... 39 
23. \.Jest Elevations of Deady and Villard Halls With Both 
Urn/Balustrades in Place and Gymnasium Under 
Construction in the Background: 1889 View ••••••••.•••• 40 
24. West Elevations of Deady and Villard Halls With Urns 
Removed From Deady Hall: November 1891 View .••.•••.•.• 41 
25. Villard Hall With Far-Right Urn on Western Elevation 
Leaning Back Against the Main Roof Surface: Circa 
1903 Vie~1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••.•• 41 
26. View From the Northeast With Only the Balustrade Still 
in Place on the Building: Circa 1935 View ............• 43 
27. West Elevation During Construction of Robinson Theatre: 
1949 View ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••.••••...• 43 
28. Turned Baluster of the North-Elevation Balustrade: 1988 
View.................................................. 45 
29. Existing Condition of North-Elevation Balustrade: 1988 
View.................................................. 46 
30. A Partial Collection of Field-Documentation Tools ••••••• 47 
31. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Finial on the New Market 
Theatre in Port land, Oregon: 1988 View................ 80 
32. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Finial on the Kamm House 
in Portland, Oregon: 1988 View •••••••••.•••.•••••••••• 81 
xiii 
Photographs Page 
1. Deta i 1 of Existing Engaged Pedesta 1 on the North-
Elevation Roof-Line Balustrade: Remodeled Circa 1949.. 90 
2. North-Elevation Balustrade Above the Cornice: Existing 
Condition .•••••••.••.••••..•.•..•••.........•......••• 91 
3. North-Elevation Balustrade as Viewed From the Main 
Roof: Existing Condition.............................. 92 
4. Detail of Area Behind the Engaged Pedestal of the 
Existing North-Elevation Balustrade................... 93 
5. Detai 1 of Area Behind Existing North-Elevation 
Balustrade Pedestal................................... 94 
6. South Elevation of Existing Southeast Corner-Tower 
Engaged-Base Pedestal................................. 95 
7. Northeast Corner-Tower Engaged Pedestal: Existing 
Condition............................................. 96 
8. West Elevation of Southeast Corner-Tower En gaged-Base 
Pedestal: Existing Condition .••.•.....• . ....•......... 97 
9. South Elevation of Southeast Corner-Tower Engaged-Base 
Pedestal: Existing Condition.......................... 98 
10. Existing Condition of the West-Elevation Bl ind-Dormer-
Engaged Pedestals..................................... 99 
11. Deta i 1 of Sediment Bui 1d -Up Behind the Engaged 
Pedestal of the Centrally Located Blind Dormer: 
Existing Condition •..••...•..••....................... 100 
12. Detai 1 of Remodeled Engaged Pedestal of the West-
Elevation Centrally-Located Blind Dormer ...•.......... 101 
13. Detail of Main Roof Truss: Existing Condition ..•.••..... 102 
14. Fiberglass and Aluminum Finial on the New Market 
Theatre Roof Parapet in Portland, Oregon: 1988 View ... 103 
15. Fiberglass Finial on the Kamm House in Portland, 
Oregon: 1988 View ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• 104 
SECTION I 
INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 
Introduction 
Villard Hall, located on the University of Oregon campus 
(along Kincaid Street between East Eleventh and East Twelfth Avenues) 
in Eugene, survives as a distinguished example of Second Empire 
architecture in Oregon. The building was designated as a National 
Historic Landmark in 1977, despite several periods of extensive 
interior remodeling and the addition of a theatre to the west 
elevation in 1948. Completed in 1886, the building is significant 
(a) for its architectural features designed by Warren Heywood 
Williams, a leading architect in Portland, Oregon (during the 187O-
8Os); and (b) for its association with Henry Villard, a highly 
successful railroad builder who generously donated to the University 
during its financially troubled early years. The bui !ding currently 
houses the Department of Speech (which includes the academic majors of 
Rhetoric and Communication, Telecommunication and Film, and Theatre). 
Many years of deferred maintenance has left the building in a severely 
deteriorated condition that is in need of immediate preservation and 
restoration action. 
The aim of this Master's "Terminal Project" was to produce 
a restoration and preservation plan that would supply drawings for 
the missing balustrade and urns which previously embel I ished the roof 
structure of Villard Hall. The project was selected in order (a) to 
fill the need for active independent research (on Villard Hall) to be 
conducted by students in the Historic Preservation Program and ( b) to 
provide a view of the methodology necessary to produce a complete 
restoration and preservation plan for individual architectural 
details. Particular attention is given to the section dealing with 
the choice of an appropriate material for restoration of the urns. 
The final conclusions were reached through a synthesis of the findings 
produced during the resea re h methodology. The research included the 
documentation and assessment methodology, interviews, research of 
existing literature, research of technical information related to the 
proposed restoration, collection of historic photographs, and search 
for existing urns on other bui !dings designed by W. H. Wi 11 iams. 
The initial research enabled (a) the compilation of a chronology of 
exterior alterations, (b) the execution of existing-condition 
drawings, and (c) the use of a reverse perspective and a scale system 
for the deduction of the urn/balustrade form and overall dimensions. 
The research methodology for the restoration of the 
urn/balustrade system was carried out in several simultaneous phases. 
The field documentation included existing-condition inspection, field 
measurements, photographic documentation, and videotapes; this was 
begun in conjunction with the interviews, the collection of historic 
photographs, the research of existing I iterature and archives, and 
the search for existing urns on other W. H. Wil Iiams buildings. The 
early research activity resulted in the compilation of a chronology of 
events related to exterior alterations of Vil lard Hal I, a complete set 
of existing-condition drawings, and an extensive bibliography. The 
proposed res tor at ion design was derived from the fie Id-documentation 
evidence, the research into the typical design characteristics of 
W. H. Williams' work, and the use of reverse perspective and a scale 
system for the deduction of the urn/balustrade form and dimensions. 
The recommendations and conclusions were derived from the findings of 
the research methodology and consultations with Professor 
Philip H. Dole, Professor Donald L. Peting, and architect William J. 
Hawkins III. 
The field-measurement booklet (which exists under separate 
cover), 1 and .many of the existing-condition drawings and photographs, 
were produced between January 1987 and June 1988 for two primary 
purposes. The first was for the Historic Preservation Program East 
Porch Restoration Workshop and a special-project course on Vil lard 
Hall offered by Professor Peting during Winter Term 1988. The 
second was for the Historic Structures Report being written by 
1Andrew R. Curtis, Field Measurements for the Existing 
Condition Drawings of Villard Rall (Eugene: University of Oregon, 
Architecture and Allied Arts Branch Library, Historic Preservation 
Program Collection, 1988). 
---- ------ - -l 
I~ I_ _ ■ __J _J . 
Professor Peting in 1988 for Wegroup PC Architects and Planners of 
Eugene, Oregon, for the University of Oregon Physical Plant. All 
recommendations and conclusions were based on research done during 
this time period. Any new information (such as the discovery of 
original plans and/or additional historic photographs pertaining to 
the urn/balustrade system) could lead to further clarification of the 
urns' original material and to a reevaluation of the restoration and 
preservation recommendations and conclusions. 
Many of the fol lowing sections contain smal I portions of 
identical information which has been included in order that each 
section may stand on its own. 
The Statement of the Problem 
An examination of the historic photographs of Vil lard Hal 1 
reveals the loss of the urn/balustrade system which had been located 
above the main cornice (between the roof of the corner pavilion and 
the centrally located semicircular pediment) and below the decorative 
tablet on the blind-dormer parapet wall: Previously "there was 
balustrading which erupted into pillars [or pedestals] two times on 
each side of a central, semi-circular pediment on the [east and] west 
faces, and two times only on the north and south sides. 112 The 
2Joseph A. Baird, Jr., Historic American Buildings Survey 
Photograph-Data Book Report (Un1vers1ty of Cal!forn1a, 1964), quoted 
by Carolyn Pitts, National Register of Historic Places Inventory: 
Nomination Form (Washington, DC: Historic Sites Survey D1v1s1on, 
National Park Service, 1977), 3. 
pedestals supported urns which were removed circa 1903 during the 
building's second decade of existence. Subsequently, most of the 
balustrading (except for a section renovated circa 1948 on the north 
elevation) was also removed. 
Very little active independent research, documentation, and 
assessment of the exterior conditions had been undertaken by Historic 
Preservation Program Workshop students or faculty before the advent 
of Professor Peting's Winter Term 1988 "Special Project: Villard Hall 
Historic Study." Considering the current need for immediate 
preservative action, and acknowledging that no original drawings 
are known to exist for the building, the aim of this Master's 
"Terminal Project" was to devise a documentation and assessment 
methodology to produce a restoration and preservation plan which would 
supply drawings for the missing balustrade and urns that embellished 
the roof structure of Villard Hall on the campus of the University of 
Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. 
The Statement of the Sub prob 1e ms 
The first subproblem was to devise a method for resolving the 
form of the urns and the construction details of the urn/balustrade 
system. Several part_s of the methodology were uti 1 ized: 
1. Undertaking an intensive documentation of existing conditions 
through extensive field measurements, photography, and 
videotape. 
2. Researching other buildings and available plans for 
such buildings by the architect in question, in order 
to formulate a basic vocabulary for his design work. 
3. Researching early photographic documentation, archival 
information, builder's guides (contemporary to the period 
in question), and craftsperson publications; and conducting 
extensive interviews with knowledgeable people concerning 
the many aspects of this subject. 
4. Devel oping a system of reverse perspective to deduce the 
dimensions of the original urns in the historic photographs. 
The second subproblem was to consider the most probable causes 
for the removal of the urns; for example: 
1. They may have been removed as the result of changing 
architectural tastes. 
2. They may have been removed as the result of newly imposed 
earthquake codes after the San Francisco disaster. 
3. They may have been removed as the result of severe 
deterioration at their surface point of attachment to 
the pedesta I. 
The third subproblem was to ascertain the original material 
of the urns and explore possible substitute materials or alternative 
design solutions. This was accomplished through constructing (a) a 
list of possible original materials, (b) a list of possible substitute 
materials, and (c) diagrams of alternative design solutions. 
The fourth subproblem was to analyze the findings to propose 
(a) the form and construction of the original urn/balustrade system, 
and (b) the scope of the final restoration and preservation plans. 
The fifth subproblem was to test the design of the proposed 
urn/balustrade system in terms of its compliance with necessary 
preservation guidelines, codes, and standards for rehabilitation. 
That is, the fol lowing questions were asked: 
1. Does the design pose any maintenance problems? 
2. Does the design meet code requirements? 
3. In terms of meeting the technical needs in Questions 1 and 2, 
does the design meet the Secretary of the Interior's Standards 
for Rehabilitation3? 
The Del imitations 
The study included areas directly attached to the balustrade 
and areas that provided assistance in the attainment of the correct 
proportions for the details in question. 
The study was not intended to take the p 1a ce of Professor 
Peting 's proposed Historic Structures Report. The present research 
will, of course, be referenced in the actual final documents which 
constitute Professor Peting 's work. 
3Sharon C. Park, Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of 
Substitute Materials on Historic Building Exteriors (Washington, DC: 
D.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of Interior, National 
Park Service, Preservation Assistance Division, Technical Preservation 
Services, 1988), 1. 
The study did not attempt to consider other deteriorated 
areas, except in its suggestion of areas which should be repaired 
before the urn/balustrade system is restored. For example, the 
cornice is directly related to the urn balustrade, but it does not 
have details that are completely missing on the building. Thus, one 
can suggest restoration of individual details from existing details. 
The Assumptions 
The first assumption was that the future restoration 
and preservation plan for the entire bui !ding would cal 1 for the 
restoration of the urn/balustrade system. 
The second assumption was that the University of Oregon 
bui !ding-maintenance budget would always be minimal. So the new 
design for the urn/balustrade system would need to employ the best 
material offered today for use in this particular construction detail. 
The third assumption was that none of the urns would be 
found, and that designs would need to be developed from researching 
W. H. Williams' buildings in Portland and from early photographs of 
the urns in place on the building. It was also assumed that the 
existing-condition drawings would assist the design process. 
The fourth assumption was that the point of attachment between 
the urn and pedestal would need to be designed in a manner that not 
only would comply with present code requirements, but also would 
maintain historic integrity. 
The Importance of the Project 
This Master's "Terminal Project" was selected in order to 
fill the need for Villard Hall's inclusion in the active independent 
research conducted by Historic Preservation Program Workshop students. 
Although the scope is quite narrow, the final product provides a view 
of the methodology necessary to produce a complete restoration and 
preservation plan for the architectural details. 
10 
SECTION I I 
THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION: VILLARD HALL 
Introduction 
The fol lowing exterior description of Vi I lard Hal I and 
brief biography of architect Warren Heywood Williams (1844-88) 
serve as vital background information for the review of the research 
methodology presented in the Section I I I. Far more than merely 
being an interesting background or a documentation of the historical 
importance of the structure and its architect, the description and 
biography provide important clues for the analysis of present 
conditions. The exterior description is confined to a discussion 
involving the forms and materials of the individual architectural 
details as related to the proposed restoration design for the 
urn/balustrade system. The biography of W. H. Williams is slanted 
toward gaining a better understanding for the context of the urns in 
his building designs. By examining a group of W. H. Williams-designed 
buildings within the Pacific Northwest that are approximately the same 
age, many simi I iar construction techniques and moulding profi !es are 
identifiable. 
Most importantly, the background information gives the 
urn/balustrade system a certain amount of integrity and ori gi na Ii ty, 
11 
thus warranting its significance and the need for a restoration plan. 
The urns in the urn/balustrade system are particularly important 
because they gave the building a unique spirit that expressed the 
character of W. H. Williams' work in Oregon. W. H. Williams combined 
a number of local materials, catalog detai 1s , and many unique forms 
to produce a distinct architectural style. 
The Exterior Description 
The principal elevation of Villard Hall is now oriented to 
the east and perpendicular to Deady Hall (which is located directly 
south). The east elevation measures 125 feet in length, and 74 feet 
in height from the ground to the top of the corner towers' iron 
crest i ngs. The corner towers ( or pav i 1 i ans) and the center section 
project from the plane of the main elevation. They are topped by 
a mansard roof above each tower and a brick parapet wall; moulded into 
the face of the wall is a decorative tablet which is above the 
centrally located semicircular pediment of the center section (refer 
to cover photograph, Figure 1). The main roof has a slightly flatter 
pitch than the 75° angle of the tower roofs; the main roof rises only 
two-thirds as high as the tower roofs. Second Empire details found 
on this elevation are mirrored on the other elevations--excluding the 
center section, which has a tablet above a semicircular pediment at 
the cornice height and a wood entry porch at the ground level. The 
west elevation is not referred to in this description, but it once 
exhibited identical detailing to that of the east elevation. 
12 
The exterior walls of Villard Hall are built of brick and 
mortar. In his original specifications for the building, architect 
w. H. Williams called for 
the balance of the mortar to be composed of Port Langdon lime and 
clear sharp sand, mixed in the proportions of one (1) barrel of 
lime to sixteen (16) cubic feet sand •••. Strong arches turned 
over a 11 openings. The two ( 2) tab lets of front pa rape ts wi  11 be 
built of brick, the balance of the parapets will be of wood.1 
The brickwork of the four elevations, from the ground level to the 
undersides of the woodwork of the main cornices (including the 
architrave mould of the main cornice, all around, and the friezes 
of main cornices, except for towers and center projections), and the 
two tablets of the parapets were cemented onto the brickwork with 
a coat of Portland cement and finely sifted Lewis or Sandy River 
sand mortar a full one-half inch thick, mixed in the proportions of 
one part cement to each of two parts sand. 2 This cement mortar or 
architectural rendering was screeded to form the bold horizontal 
rustication (including belt-courses and voussoirs of the arched window 
openings) in an imitation of the stonework found in the original 
buildings of the French Second Empire style in France. 
The windows are the principal articulating feature of the wall 
elevation. The window on both the first and second stories typically 
have 1-3/4" wide stile double-run sashes with 26-ounce Chancis Crystal 
1warren Heywood Williams, Specifications for Villard Hall 
(Eugene: University of Oregon Archives, 22 June 1985), 4. 
2Ibid., 16. 
13 
or Belgian sheet glass. A 1-3/4" semicircular stationary transom sash 
stile is located at the head of each first-story window. The bull's-
eye windows above the second story's main block windows have 1-3/4" 
circular sashes and the same glass. All windows are set in cedar 
frames. 
On the main block of the structure, on al 1 faces (although 
with seven windows east and west to three on the north and 
south, and a central window of the east and west group in a 
salient section of the building over the main door and porches, 
manifesting a 1-3-1 rhythm), the windows proper are flanked by 
tall, slender pilasters with [composition metal] Corinthianesque 
capitals which "support" a strip molding running between each side 
of the wall recess. The pilasters (unfluted) are on square bases 
with panelled recesses of the same square shape. Framing each 
window recess, in series of three on each facade, are Corinthian 
pi !asters supporting [a galvanized iron] entablature [with imposts 
which are ornamented with a composition metal garland motif 
ornamenting the frieze] extending between the end pavi 1 ions and 
central entrance salient, above which spring arches enclosing 
round [bull's-eye] windows. The windows on the second floor of 
the [corner towers'] pavilions are more Mannerist. The window 
proper is framed with an "eared" architrave which runs down into 
scrolls at either side of the window's bottom. The whole window 
seems to sit on small vertical strips or "feet" (actually, part 
of a panelled section below the window). [The window sits on a 
3/8" thick cast-iron window sill 6'-3" long and 11" wide with a 
moulded front edge.] Above, over the "eared" frame, is a [cedar] 
pediment with a keystone connecting it to the frame. The pediment 
is filled wi~h [carved wood] crisp, foliate ornament around a 
convex boss. 
The exterior doors at the center of the north and east elevations 
are 2-1/4" thick; they have heavy raised mouldings, raised panels, and 
3Joseph A. Baird, Jr., Hi storic American Buildings Survey 
Photograph-Data Book Report (University of California, 1964), quoted 
by Carolyn Pitt s , National Register of Historic Places Inventory: 
Nomination Form (Washington, De: Historic Sites Survey Divisi on, 
National Park Service, 1977), 3. 
14 
26-ounce Chancis Crystal or Belgian sheet glass in the upper portion 
( see Figures 2 and 3). 
At the roof level, the original material primarily used shifts 
to cedar (see Appendix F, pages 206-09). Wooden modillions support 
the cornice on each elevation of the main block of the building, 
whereas modillions with bracket extensions supported the cornice of 
the corner towers (the pavilions) and the center salient section. 
The corner towers' engaged-base pedestals have a paneled section 
between a base-strip moulding and a cyma recta or ogee moulding below, 
and an oval o above which supports the sloped tin-covered top she 1f . 
A circular louver-board window with keystone and flanking wooden 
scrol lwork is centered along the top edge of this base-pedestal 
detail. A turned wooden finial once embellished the top of the 
keystone (see Figure 4). The base section and cyma recta moulding, 
on the right, are not original. 
The urn/ba 1u s trade system, under consideration in this 
project, was located directly above the main cornice--between the 
corner towers' (or pavilions') engaged-base pedestals and the 
engaged pedestals of the centrally located brick parapet wall with 
its decorative tablet and wooden side scrolls (see Figure 5). An 
identical urn/balustrade system was located between the corner towers' 
roofs on the north and south elevations. The balustrade portion of 
each complete urn/balustrade system was interrupted twice by a wooden 
pedesta 1 that served as the base for a 6-foot high wooden urn. 
15 
FIGURE 2. West Elevation at Second Level: 1988 View 
16 
FIGURE 3. West Elevation of Southeast 
Corner-Tower Window at 
Second Level: 1988 View 
~ 
B]I~~.■ __J _J 1 . 
17 
FIGURE 4. Northwest Corner Tower Above Cornice: 1988 View 
FIGURE 5. Center Salient Section--East Elevation of 
Semicircular Pediment and Tablet Above: 1988 View 
18 
The tripartite balustrade had an equal number of turned 
wooden bulbous-shaped balusters between the pedestals (refer to cover 
photograph, Figure 1) - -a fact which 1e ads one to be 1i  eve that the 
existing north balustrade was extensively rebuilt because its 
balusters are unevenly spaced in a 11-10- 11 rhythm versus the 11 -11-11 
rhythm observed in the historic photographs. Evidence for a di ffe rent 
point of attachment 1o cation between the main roof and the pedesta 1s  
further supports the assumption that the existing balustrade on the 
north elevation was rebuilt (see Figure 6). 
FIGURE 6. Evidence of the Original Point of 
Attachment Between Main Roof and 
the Wooden Balustrade: 1988 View 
19 
As illustrated by Figures 7 and 8, the existing-condition 
photographs and drawings for this balustrade show the historically 
inaccurate moulding profiles and extensive use of 1" plywood for 
the structure of the pedestals and rai I sections of the balustrade. 
The moulding profiles observed during the field investigation were 
identical in profile to the mouldings dated circa 1949 which were 
presented during the Spring Term 1988 East Porch Restoration Work shop 
(see Appendix A, pages 89-104; and Appendix C, page 188). The 
original balustrade pedestals had deep-panel mouldings similar to 
those currently found on the corner-tower base panels. The evidence 
left by paint shadows on the existing corner-tower engaged-base 
pedestals provides a good indication of the original balustrade's 
location and height in comparison with the existing one (see 
Figure 9). (The location of the cornice gutter, directly under 
the balustrade, is shown on the existing-condition roof plan in 
Appendix C, p.age 181.) 
The decks of the main roof and tower roofs, tops of main 
cornices, second-story belts, window caps, and porch roofs are all 
tinned over; whereas the mansard-roof slopes are shingled over 
with 6" sav1ed Oregon cedar shingles, laid 5" to the weather (see 
Appendix F, pages 206-09). The wood shingles currently in place on 
the bui !ding appear to be original, whereas the original tin-roof 
surface is covered with roofing tar and fiberglass matting along the 
cornice gutter. 
20 
FIGURE 7. North-Elevation Balustrade--
Existing Conditi on: 1988 View 
21 
FIGURE 8. North-Elevation Balustrade--
Existing Condition: 1988 View 
22 
FIGURE 9. West Elevation of Southeast 
Corner Tower Base Pedestal: 
1988 View 
(Note paint-shadow evidence.) 
23 
W. H. Williams' specifications for the building called for 
all exterior wood, as well as the cast- and galvanized-ironwork for 
the four fronts, to have three good heavy coats of linseed oil and 
"Pioneer" white lead paint; and all, except the crestings, sashes, 
doors, porch floors and steps were to be sanded (on the two last 
coats) with first-grade Monterey, California, white quartz sand. The 
outside doors were grained in imitation Black Walnut and wax finished. 
All the tinwork (except the leaders) were painted with two heavy 
coats of metallic red paint. Shingling of the main and tower roofs 
were painted with two good heavy coats of linseed oil and "Pioneer" 
white lead paint. 4 (A chronology of events related to the exterior 
alterations of Villard Hall is included as Appendix E, pages 199-205.) 
The Architect Warren Heywood Wi 11 i ams 
and H1 s Use of Urns 
The following short biography of Warren Heywood Williams and 
the review of relevant contemporaneous buildings designed by him, is 
presented here in order to attain a more in-depth understanding for 
the context of the wooden urns and balustrades found in his building 
designs. Particular emphasis is placed on those buildings for which 
wooden urns or finials were available for study. The investigation 
provided a valuable visual resource of common moulding profiles, 
construction techniques, and deterioration problems--al l of which 
4warren Heywood Williams, Specifications for Villard Hall 
(Eugene: Univers ity of Oregon Archives, 22 June 1985), 4. 
24 
serve an important role in the proposed restoration design for the 
urn/balustrade system on Vil lard Hal 1. 
During the 187Os and 188Os, the arch i tectura 1 designs of 
Warren Heywood Wi 11 iams ( 1844-88) furnished the Pacific Northwest--
particularly in Portland, Oregon--with an air of architectural 
sophistication and refinement which rivaled that in any other major 
city of the mid- to late-nineteenth century. He designed several 
large commercial palaces, many handsomely proportioned and detailed 
mansions, churches, and important public buildings. 5 
Born in New York, W. H. Williams was 5 years old when his 
father (architect Stephen Hedders Williams) moved the family to San 
Francisco. W. H. Williams apprenticed in his father's architectural 
office, and was influenced by one of his father's noted associates, 
Henry W. Cleaveland. 6 In 1869, W. H. Williams came to Portland, 
Oregon, for the first time; as a representative for the firm (which 
was now named Stephen H. Wi 11 iams and Son) he was to oversee the 
construction of the new Odd Fellows Temple. W. H. Williams moved to 
Portland following the of 1872 and 1873. He first entered into a 
partnership with E. M. Burton from 1873-75, and then with Justus 
Krumbein from 1875-78. Notable buildings of this period include 
the Henry w. Corbett Residence, which was constructed in 1874; and 
5william J. Hawins III, "Warren H. Williams, Architect," 
Portland Friends of Cast-Iron Architecture Newsletter 17 (December 
25 
The Bank of British Columbia, which was constructed in 1873 (see 
Figure 1~; . 
FIGURE 10. The Bank of British Columbia Built in 1873 
(Note the urns on the roof-line balustrade.) 
In 1878, Williams and Krumbein designed the large Cosmopolitan 
Block, and the Alisky and Hegele Building. W. H. Williams produced 
several large commercial bui I dings from 1879 to 1888, including 
the Portland, Oregon, Union Block in 1879 (see Figure 11); and the 
Victoria, British Columbia, First Bank of British Columbia in 1886 
(see Figure 12). 
W. H. Williams died at the age of 44 on 7 January 1888, having 
contracted pneumonia while on a trip East. Many of his outstanding 
building designs have been left out of this short review of his work, 
but it is hoped that the reader has gained an appreciation for the 
26 
FIGURE 11. Historic Photograph of the Union Block Built in 1879 
(Note the extensive use of urns above the cornice.) 
FIGURE 12. Historic Photograph of The First Bank of British 
Columbia Built in 1886 
(Note the presence of finials above the cornice.) 
27 
extraordinary architectural treasures he left behind. The fol lowing 
discussion focuses on the results of research into particularly good 
examples of urns on other buildings designed by W. H. Williams. 
The Jacobs-Do I ph House ( 1880) is an exce I lent example of 
w. H. Williams' use of urns in his building designs (see Figure 13). 
The urns pictured in Figure 13 are proportioned similarly to the urns 
on Vil lard--with a characteristic wide body, separately attached 
handles, and elongated turned top section. 
FIGURE 13. Jacobs-Dolph House Built in 1880: Circa 1950 View 
(Note urns above the entry-porch roof-I ine balustrade 
pedestals; photograph from Oregon Historical Society.) 
28 
The photographs from Minor White Studios ( located at the 
Oregon Historical Society) show several urns above the paired 
pedestals of the entry-porch roof balustrade (see Figure 14). 
The solid-wood finials presented in Figure 15 are similar 
in size and material to many of the urns pictured in historic 
photographs of buildings designed by W. H. Williams. The finials' 
origins are unknown, but stylistic characteristics attribute them 
to the 1870-80s. These photographs are available in William J. 
Hawkins III 's architectural-detail collection. 
Although the urns cannot be directly attributed to a 
W. H. Williams-designed building, their importance lies in the 
fact that they are sol id one-piece cedar turnings of the same 
period as those found on Villard Hall. In addition, they show 
evidence of failure at their point of attachment along a concentric-
nai ling pattern at their base. Identical evidence for this type of 
failure at the point of attachment can be seen in the remains of the 
1882 Morris M. Marks House front-entry porch-roof-! ine urn/balustrade 
system, which was discovered in the attic of the bui !ding at 
Southwest Harrison Street in Portland (see Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 
and 20). The design is attributed to W. H. Williams. It appears 
that the concentric-nai I ing pattern at the base caused the urns to 
fail at the point of attachment because the nailing acted like a 
splitting wedge along a weak point in the natural graining of the 
cedar. 
29 
FIGURE 14. Jacobs-Dolph House Built in 1880: Circa 1960 View 
(Note that the photographic detai 1 from Minor White 
Studios shows the urns in place on the building; 
photograph from Oregon Historical Society.) 
30 
FIGURE 15. Solid Cedar Finials: 1988 View 
( Photograph courtesy of 
William J. Hawkins III.) 
31 
FIGURE 16. Remains of the Morris M. Marks House 
Front-Porch Roof-Line Urn/Balustrade 
Stored in the Attic: 1988 View 
( Note the broken base of the urn.) 
32 
FIGURE 17. Pedestal and Urn From Morris 
M. Marks House Built in 1882: 
1988 View 
33 
FIGURE 18. Pedestal From the Morris M. Marks House Bui It 
in 1882: 1988 View 
FIGURE 19. Base for Urn Atop Pedestal From the Morris M. 
Marks House Bui It in 1882--The Front-Entry 
Porch-Roof-Line Balustrade: 1988 View 
(Note tightly spaced concentric-nailing 
pattern in base.) 
34 
FIGURE 20. Balustrade Remains From the Morris M. Marks House 
Built in 1882--The Front-Entry Porch: 1988 View 
( Photograph retrieved from attic of house.) 
35 
Thus, the research of urns on other buildings designed by 
w. H. Williams has led to a few conclusive answers to the second 
and third subproblems posed in Section I of this text and has also 
provided the necessary background information for the resolution of 
the fourth subproblem. The answers are further expanded upon in 
Section I I I of this text. 
36 
SECTION III 
THE METHODOLOGY 
Introduction 
The fol lowing descriptions of field-documentation 
techniques and related research activities are presented in 
order to provide a complete overview of the research methodology 
necessary for a restoration and preservation plan with drawings for 
the wooden balustrade and urns that previously embel 1 ished the roof 
structure of Villard Hall. The methodology consisted of a number 
of related, and usually sequential, activities which built upon one 
another. 
The documentation and research activities were carried out 
over a period of 9 months, at first for the East Porch Restoration 
Workshop (conducted during ~linter and Spring Terms of 1987) and 
then for Professor Donald L. Peting 's Special Project course 
(during Winter Term 1988). Additional research was carried out 
on an independent basis during the spring and summer of 1988. The 
existing-condition drawings and resulting proposed-restoration 
drawings were completed after several months of drawing and 
consultation with Professors Philip H. Dole and Donald L. Peting. 
37 
Additional critique sessions occurred with architect and Warren 
Heywood Williams authority, William J. Hawkins III; architectural 
conservator, Alfred N. Staehli; restoration craftsman, Greg Olson; and 
substitute-materials specialist David Talbot. The set of existing-
condition drawings (a) for all four elevations; (b) for the roof 
plan; and (c) for the section views through the corner pavilion, 
main roof, and blind dormer were executed for Professor Pet i ng 's 
Historic Structures Report for the building. (The Report is being 
1vritten by Professor Peting in his capacity as Preservation 
Consultant, under contract to Wegroup PC Architects and Planners 
of Eugene, Oregon.) 
The Existing-Condition Inspection 
The existing-condition inspection was carried out in 
conjunction with Professor Peting 's Special Project course on 
Villard Hall during Winter Term 1988. The follov,ing subsections 
discuss the activities included in the inspection (for example, 
the collection of historic photographs, field documentation, 
existing-condition drawings, interviews, and research of existing 
literature and archives, and search for existing urns on other 
\~. H. \./illiams buildings in the Pacific Northwest). The inspection 
was all-inclusive from the start, but narrowed to a detailed 
investigation of those areas directly associated with the 
urn/balustrade system. 
38 
The Collection and Analysis of 
R1 stone Photographs 
An abundance of historic photographs proved to be avai I able 
for the compilation of a structural history (or chronology of the 
exterior alterations), tracing each elevation of the building (see 
Appendix E, pages 199-205). Thus, the photographic record yielded a 
massive amount of physical data which 11as recorded, identified, dated, 
analyzed, measured, compared, and evaluated during the process of 
redesigning the urn/balustrade system. 
The photographs were collected from numerous sources during 
the entire duration of the project. The University of Oregon Archives 
(located in Fenton Hall) has the most extensive collection of historic 
photographs of Villard Hall. The University Publications Office 
(located in Condon Hal I) and the Oregon Historical Society ( located in 
Portland) have several important early views. The Lane County Museum 
and early editions of the University of Oregon yearbook (entitled 
the Webfoot) contain a number of dated early views of the bui !ding. 
Several historic photographs of the entire east elevation and one 
particularly vivid view of one-ha If the east elevation with Deady Hal I 
in the background were especially helpful in the process of resolving 
the original form of the urns (see Figures 21 and 22). Although 
several of the early photographs are not dated, one is able to piece 
together the series of events and corresponding dates that led to the 
removal of the urns circa 1903 and removal of the balustrade in 1949. 
39 
FIGURE 21. Northeast Elevation With Urn/Balustrade: 
Circa 1896 View 
FIGURE 22. East Elevation With Entire Urn/Balustrade and 
Deady Hall in the Background: Circa 1886 View 
(Photograph from University of Oregon Archives.) 
40 
The first important photograph to shm1 both Villard Hall and 
Deady Hall with urns embellishing the roof lines of each respective 
building is exhibited in Figure 23; in the distance, the roof of the 
new gymnasium building is under construction in the year 1889 (see 
Figure 23). 
FIGURE 23. West Elevations of Deady and Villard Halls lHth 
Both Urn/Balustrades in Place and Gymnasium 
Under Construction in the Background: 1889 View 
( Photograph from University of Oregon Archives. ) 
Although Figure 21 previously provided a view of Deady Hall in 
the background with its ball-shaped urns removed (in its photograph 
dated circa 1896), the photograph in Figure 24 shows Deady Hall 
without urns as early as November 1891. However, it is the photograph 
included as Figure 25 which proved to be the most valuable for the 
purpose of determining why the urns were removed from Vi 11 a rd Ha 11. 
41 
FIGURE 24. West Elevations of Deady and Villard 
Halls With Urns Removed From Deady Hall: 
November 1891 View 
( Photograph from University of Oregon Archives.) 
FIGURE 25. Villard Hall With Far-Right Urn on Western 
Elevation Leaning Back Against the Main 
Roof Surface: Circa 1903 View 
( Photograph from University of Oregon Archives.) 
42 
The photograph in Figure 25 was found in the 1903 edition 
of the student yearbook, the Webfoot. A close examination of the 
photograph reveals that the far-right urn on the west elevation had 
broken off somewhere near its base or point of attachment and it is 
seen leaning back against the main roof surface. Thus, one is led to 
the assumption that the urns were removed from the building for safety 
reasons after it was determined that (a) the point of attachment 
was improperly designed or (b) the point of attachment had badly 
deteriorated as a result of poor design. The photograph is also 
important because it leads one to believe that the urns 1·1ere removed 
because of a failure at the point of attachment and not because the 
material (most probably wood) had badly deteriorated. This conclusion 
outweighs the assumptions that they were removed because of changing 
architectural styles or that they were removed as the result of the 
newly imposed earthquake codes which fol lowed the San Francisco 
disaster. The research of other urns on W. H. Williams buildings 
in Portland revealed similiar evidence of failure at the point of 
attachment to their pedestal or base. This part of the research 
methodology is discussed more fully later in this section. 
Al 1 photographs dated after 1903 show the urns removed from 
the building (see Figure 26) and the balustrade still in place on all 
the elevations. This condition exists until the 1949 construction 
photographs taken during the addition of Robinson Theatre to the west 
elevation (see Figure 27). 
43 
FIGURE 26. View From the Northeast With Only the Ba 1u strade 
Still in Place on the Building: Circa 1935 View 
(Photograph from Oregon Historical Society.) 
FIGURE 27. West Elevation During Construction of Robinson 
Theatre: 1949 Vie~, 
(Note entire balustrade has been removed.) 
44 
The photograph in Figure 27 shows that the balustrade has 
been completely removed from the bui !ding and that a section of 
finish cedar has been removed from the right side of the pavilion's 
roof base. During the existing-condition inspection, the removed 
cedar section was discovered to have been replaced with plywood. 
It was also during the Robinson Theatre construction that 
the north balustrade was completely rebui It using plywood and was 
unfaithfully restored with moulding profiles similiar to those found 
during the existing-condition inspection of the East Porch (see 
Appendix B, pages 159-72 and Append ix C, pages 184 and 186-87). The 
most noteworthy differences between the original balustrade und the 
existing balustrade on the north elevation is the shallow profile of 
the pedestal-panel moulding and the reduction from 11 turned balusters 
to 10 in the center section of the tripartite balustrade. The 
investigation further determined that the only original material found 
on the exist~ng north balustrade is that of the individual bulbous-
shaped turned cedar balusters (see Figures 28 and 29). Another 
important discovery which may be noted from the drawings is the 
evidence of the original point of attachment for each pedestal by a 
wrought-iron knee brace ( see Append ix B, pages 119-20; and Append ix C, 
page 185). The location of the original balustrade along the base 
of the corner pavilion was easily determined by the existence of a 
distinct paint-shadow line on the ~,ooden base of each corner pavilion 
(see Appendix B, pages 129-35; and refer to Figure 9). 
45 
FIGURE 28. Turned Baluster of the North-
Elevation Balustrade: 1988 View 
(Note nai 1 holes show evidence 
of having been reused.) 
46 
FIGURE 29. Existing Condition of North-Elevation Balustrade: 1988 View 
The Field Documentation 
Field documentation included the recording of field 
measurements and notes (see Appendix B, pages 105-79). The reader is 
also referred to the complete set of field measurements for the entire 
exterior of the building which appears under separate cover, 1 to the 
black-and-white photographs (see Appendix A, pages 89-104), to the 
1Andrew R. Curtis, Field Measurements for the Existing 
Condition Drawings of Villard Hall (Eugene: University of Orego~ , 
Architecture and Allied Arts Branch Library, Historic Preservation 
Program Collection, 1988). 
47 
color slides of all existing conditions, 2 and to the videotape which 
summarizes the complete field-documentation process. 3 The field 
documentation ( in particular the field-measurement and videotape 
activities) were conducted with the assistance of field partners and 
certain standard documentation tools (see Figure 30; and Appendix I, 
pages 227-28). 
. ..., 
FIGURE 30. A Partial Collection of Field-Documentation Tools 
2
For information regarding the availability of the color 
slides contact Andrew R. Curtis (in care of Dr. Richard Curtis, 
42 A Centra 1 Street, Hudson, Massachusetts 01749). 
3Andrew R. Curtis, 1988 Existing Conditions of Villard Hall: 
A Videotape (Eugene: University of Oregon, Architecture and Allied 
"Arts Branch Library, Historic Preservation Program Collection, 1988). 
48 
In the case of the field measurements for the area directly 
related to the urn/balustrade, rock-climbing gear and the advice of 
an experienced mountain climber al lowed an up-close investigation of 
the area above the main cornice. The existing balustrade on the north 
elevation was documented in its entirety during two separate trips 
over the main roof edge down to the cornice level. Color s 1i des and 
black-and-white photographs were taken to comprehensively document 
specific detailed areas. The initial photographs proved very 
helpful in the production of the preliminary graph-paper sketches; 
these sketches were then used as the implement for recording the 
measurements taken during the second trip over the edge. Extreme care 
was exercised at all times to establish a clear communication system 
between the person "on belay" and the person letting out slack from 
the friction knot. The knot was secured to two carabiners that 1-1ere 
locked to a strap looped around the sturdily attached radio tower at 
the center of the main roof. The most important safety consideration 
was that slack created by movement along the cornice, by the person 
on belay, toward the friction knot or toward a perpendicular position 
below the knot had to be constantly pulled in ( "up slack") in order 
to prevent a free-fal 1 over the distance of slack in the rope. 
The resulting pendulum-swinging action 1•1as potentially dangerous 
considering the amount of glass in the 1-1all plane below. A major 
problem with this measurement technique is that the person documenting 
the conditions is time-constrained by the person waiting above (who 
49 
oftentimes has volunteered a precious hour or two of his or her time). 
So it is important that the person conducting the documentation have 
a 1i st of important measurements composed beforehand. This can be 
accomplished by laying out varicolored dimension lines on detailed 
sketches before any field-measurement session, so that each detail 
may be methodically measured line by line. The person measuring often 
feels confident that he or she has covered every dimension needed to 
complete the finished existing-condition drawings in his or her studio 
without any further measuring; unfortunate 1y , this often proves not to 
be the case, and further field measurements are inevitably required 
to accurately complete the drawings. In the event that the 1a tter 
situation occurs, it is most helpful to keep a running list of 
measurements to be taken during what is to be the f ina 1-measuri ng 
session. 
Several photographs and portions of the videotape were 
also taken while "on belay"; whereas others were taken with the 
aid of telephoto, zoom, and wide-angle camera lenses. Black-and-
1~hite Kodak Plus-X pan 125 ASA and Kodak Tmax 100 ASA films proved 
to be the best for exterior photography 1~ i th a 35 mm Canon AE-1 
Camera. Kodak Ektachrome (Tungsten) 160 ASA proved to be the best 
fi Im for the reproduction of the historic photographs into slides 
using a light stand at the Allied Arts and Architecture Student 
Services Office. Long segments of videotape were taken of al I 
existing conditions and historic photographs; they were later edited 
50 
and narrated within the Instructional Media Center (IMC) studio--a 
sec ti on of the University of Oregon Li bra ry. 
After a 11 of the documentation and ex i sti ng-cond i ti on 
i.nspection activities were completed, it was finally possible to 
enter the studio and draft the existing-condition drawings with only 
a few return trips to the bui !ding for measurement checks that were 
1 isted on a sheet of paper and checked off in the field. 
The Existing-Condition Drawings 
Selected existing-condition drawings appear in reduced form 
within Appendix C (pages 180-89); the full set may be viewed in the 
Historic Preservation Drawing Collection located in the Al I ied Arts 
and Architecture Library. The notes for the existing-condition 
drawings are included in Appendix B (pages 105-79). The goal of 
the drawings was to present the findings from the existing-condition 
inspection in as clear and accurate a manner as possible, while 
providing the first available set of measured drawings for the 
building. 
The Interviews 
Throughout the course of this project a number of very 
informative and direction-producing personal interviews 1~ere 
conducted. The process quickly became the most enjoyable and exciting 
part of the project--particularly as new leads were opened up and 
51 
discussion on the development of the urn/balustrade-section drawings 
grew more and more detailed. The fol lowing annotated 1 ist of 
interviewees is only a smal 1 portion of those actually interviewed. 
Murray Adams, Masonic Temple, 12 January 1988: 
Provided the location of the original full-scale detailed drawings 
for the Masonic Temple building designed by w. H. Williams 
(circa 1887); these proved helpful in determining the moulding 
profiles. The drawings are located in the Oregon Collection 
section of the Library at the University of Oregon. 
Harold Babcock, Director, Physical Plant, University of Oregon, 
12 January 1988: 
Arranged al 1 the necessary equipment for, and access to, the 
building. 
Philip H. Dole, Professor Emeritus, Department of Architecture, 
Uni vers 1 ty of Oregon: 
Professor Dole provided many hours of expert and thought-provoking 
advice on the entire scope of the project, from start to finish, 
as Corrrnittee Chairperson for my project. 
Eileen G. Fitzsimons, Oregon Trail Advisory Council, 7 March 1988: 
'-las extensively researched the life and works of W. H. Williams. 
She owns the original copy of the specifications for a Dwelling 
House in Albany, Oregon, which was designed by W. H. Williams. 
(As an aside, she was married to David Lockhead Williams, the 
great-grandson of Warren Heywood.) 
52 
William J. Ha~tkins III, Architect and Author, 5 February 1988: 
The authority on W. H. Williams and cast-iron architecture in 
Oregon. Provided many leads vthich were of assistance in locating 
urns on W. H. Williams buildings in Portland; he also served as a 
member of my Committee. 
Greg Olson, Restoration Craftsman, Salem, Oregon, 2 November 1988: 
Critiqued the final proposed restoration-section drawing, and 
offered suggest ions for constructing the urns in wood. 
Donald L. Peting, Professor, Department of Architecture, University of 
Oregon: 
Provided hours of very constructive criticism and support during 
the entire project, while serving as a Committee member. 
Alfred N. Staehli, Architectural Conservator, Portland, Oregon: 
Offered technical advice on past bui !ding practices by wood 
craftsmen in Oregon. His grandfather executed many of the 
sculptural details found on W. H. Williams buildings (as 
evidenced by the grandfather's signature on the back of many of 
the details). 
David Talbot, Architectural Reproductions, Boring, Oregon: 
Reviewed the substitute-materials options for the restoration of 
the urns. His work had a good "track record" in the investigation 
of urns made of glass-reinforced polyester resins. 
53 
The Research of Existing Literature and Archives, 
and the Search for Existing Urns on Other 
Warren Heywood W1l11ams Buddings 
The results of this part of the research methodology are 
elaborated in several of the fol lowing sections in the text. Suffice 
it to say here that the search for literature and archival information 
produced little substantive information, but the search for existing 
urns on other buildings by W. H. Williams was successfully rewarded 
by the discovery of several smaller sol id-wood urns. The condition 
of these unearthed urns proved instrumental in my final decision to 
restore the urns in cedar. 
The Chronology of Exterior Alterations 
The chronology of exterior changes was compiled throu ghout the 
entire project, as bits and pieces of the puzzle presented themselves 
for consideration, in the effort to reconstruct the events that led to 
the removal df the original 12 urns circa 1903 and the 6 tripartite 
balustrades before 1949. (Refer to the discussion on the removal of 
the urns in the historic-photographs section of the methodol ogy and 
Appendix E, pages 199-205, for the complete chronology.) 
The Use of Reverse Perspective and a Seale System 
for Deduong the Overall Form and D1mens1ons 
of the Orn/Ba I ustrades 
After a substantial number of clear historic photographs 
showing the urn/balustrade were located and the field measurements 
54 
were completed, a system was devised for deducing the original form 
and construction details. This system involved the use of reverse 
perspective in combination with a scale system developed from the 
field measurements. Basically, the dimensions of the urn/balustrade 
system were proposed by using a strong magnifying glass and a divider 
to compare the known distances with the unknown distances between 
points along the urn/balustrade system. The process was double-
checked by carrying lines, in perspective to a vanishing point on the 
horizon 1 ine, across the object in question to a known vertical height 
on the centrally located blind-dormer parapet wall. By using this 
system, as well as the evidence found on the corner-pavilion engaged-
base pedestals (refer to Figure 9), the dimensions of the restoration 
design were proposed. 
The Research of Technical Information 
The Journal of the Association for Preservation Technology 
was by far the most helpful resource during the search for technical 
information concerning the details of the proposed restoration. 
Articles covering many aspects of this project were invaluable 
learning tools--especial ly during the formulation of the research 
methodology and discussions regarding possible choices of materials to 
be used in the urn restoration. The Architectural Graphic Standards 
book was also useful in guiding the delineation of certain details. 
An early edition of The Builder's Guide by Asher Benjamin 11as 
55 
beneficial in reaffirming my thoughts on the correct proportion of 
the urn in relation to the pedestal and on the proper method for 
describing the mouldings. Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of 
Substitute Materials on Historic Building Exteriors arrived "hot off 
the press" from Washington; it reconfirmed the choice of wood as the 
main restoration material for the urn/balustrade system. 
Accumulated Bib! iography 
The accumulated bibliography at the end of this text 
includes al I the sources used during the project. Al though many 
are not directly referred to in this manuscript, all were listed in 
order that future researchers investigating Villard Hall would be 
able to locate potentially valuable references. 
56 
SECTION IV 
THE PROPOSED RESTORATION DESIGN 
The Drawings 
The research methodology culminated in the proposed-
restoration drawings. Produced at 1" = 1 '-0" scale, the series 
of drawings 1-1hich show a section cut through the north-elevation 
balustrade are presented in order to enable the viewer to gain an 
understanding of the chronology of changes that have occurred between 
the years 1885-1988 (see Appendix D, pages 192-93). A similiar set 
of drawings shows a series of section views through the balustrade 
pedestal between the years 1885-1988 (see Appendix D, pages 194-95). 
In 3" = 1 '-0" scale, the final section view shows the proposed-
restoration construction details for the urn/balustrade system (see 
Appendix D, page 197). An isometric diagrammatic sketch located at 
the bottom right-hand corner of the details sheet (see Appendix D, 
page 198) shows the form of the proposed galvanized-steel structure 
behind the finish material of the pedestal below the urn. An 
elevation drawing of the proposed urn/balustrade (at 3" = 1 '-0" scale) 
provides the most accurate picture of the restoration moulding-profile 
proposals (see Appendix D, page 196). An elevation (at 1" = 1 '-0" 
57 
scale) of the entire proposed urn/balustrade above the cornice on 
the north elevation yields the most complete view of the proposed-
restoration changes, as compared with the existing-condition drawing 
of the remodeled balustrade currently in place above the main cornice 
on the north elevation (see Appendix D, page 191). A final view of 
the restored urn/balustrade system on a full-elevation drawing of the 
east elevation requires further time than that which was al lowed for 
this project, but wo1.ild most certainly revive the unique spirit and 
special imagery that were once associated with the work of the great 
Warren Heywood Wi 11 iams. 
The Review of Material Choice 
The choice of seasoned Oregcn cedar as the main material 
for the restoration of the urn/balustrade system was arrived at after 
considerable deliberation over the most appropriate material for use 
on this National Historic Landmark. Several substitute materials 
were explored as possible replacements--including metal, fiberglass 
(fiber-reinforced polymers), and glass tiber-reinforced concretes 
(GFRCs). All were found to have several advantages in comparison 
to the choice of cedar; but, in the final analysis, the choice of 
cedar, in combination with a galvanized-metal and marine plywood 
internal framework, best balances the criteria for selection of 
materials as established by the Secretary of the Interior's Standards 
for Rehabilitation (see Appendix D, pages 197-98; and Appendix H, 
pages 212-2b) : 
58 
"The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Reha bi 1i  tat ion 
require that "deteriorated architectural features be repaired 
rather than rep laced, wherever possible. In the event that 
replacement is necessary, the new material should match the 
material being replaced in composition, design, color, texture, 
and other visual properties." Substitute materials should be 
used only on a limited basis and only when they will match the 
appearance and general properties of the historic material and 
wi 11 not damage the historic resource. 1 
The fol lowing brief description of the proposed-restoration section 
drawing is offered here in order to facilitate the review of material 
choice. 
The final proposed-restoration dra~1ings for the urn/balustrade 
system cal 1 for the use of original materials--except for areas 
related to the internal framework of the pedestal and sol id-cedar urn 
above. Thus, the balustrade is proposed to be constructed of the 
finest-quality seasoned Oregon cedar as called for by W. H. Williams 
in his original specifications for Villard Hall, and as found in 
several other buildings designed by him in Portland, Oregon (see 
Appendices F and G, pages 206-11). The drawings also call for the use 
of marine-quality ply~1ood, as used in the structure of the first-level 
pedesta 1s  of the east porch ( see the proposed-structura 1 "Column 
Pedestal" drawing which was designed for the Historic Preservation 
Program Workshop, Winter Term 1987, in Appendix C, page 189). Plywood 
is suggested for use in this situation due to its extra strength 
1Sharon C. Park, Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of 
Substitute Materials on Historic Building Exteriors (Washington, DC: 
D.S. Government Printing Off ice, U.S. Department of Interior, National 
Park Service, Preservation Assistance Division, Technical Preservation 
Services, 1988), 1. 
59 
against the lateral wind forces created by the large sail-like urns 
above. A galvanized 3/4"-thick metal framework is recommended to 
support the weight of the proposed sol id-cedar urn and a vertical 
piece of 2-1/2" galvanized-metal pipe would serve to tie the 
individually turned sections of the urn together with the framework 
of the pedestal. The metal pole takes the place of the pole used to 
turn the 1a  rge centra 1 body of the urn on a specially designed wood 
lathe. This lathe would be similiar to the one used for the solid-
cedar columns of the east porch. It is assumed that both the urns 
and the columns were turned locally by the same wood craftsman on 
an oversized lathe. Cedar of the grade necessary for this kind of 
turning was probably readily available in Eugene at that time. 
Al 1 wood structura 1 members and blocking behind the 7/ 8" 
finish-cedar face boards and mouldings are recommended to be pressure 
treated. Al 1 na i 1 i ng for the above structura 1 work shou 1d  be done 
with top-quatity galvanized nails. All surfaces are recommended to 
be painted with three heavy coats of linseed oil and "Pioneer" white 
lead paint with the last two coats sanded with first-grade Monterey, 
California, white-quartz sand. 
The choice of wood for the restoration of the urns was 
arrived at after investigation into several other material choices. 
As an economical alternative to the high cost of replicating the 
urns in metal and as an alternative to the weighty proposal for solid 
1-1ood, the other choices investigated included cast aluminum, metal, 
60 
fiberglass (fiber-reinforced polymers), and glass fiber-reinforced 
concretes ( GFRCs). 
Arguments in Favor of Wood: 
1. It is known that many of the finials on W. H. Williams 
bui !dings were turned from sol id blocks of top-qua! ity 
cedar and later carved (refer to Figure 15). 
2. It has also been documented that several large wooden 
sculptures during the time period in question were constructed 
of built-up (glued-up) cedar blocks that were covered with a 
white lead paste or gesso which was the customary way of 
filling joints in exterior woodwork. 2 
3. A photograph of the west elevation of the bui !ding found in 
the 1903 edition of the Webfoot (the University of Oregon 
yearbook) shows the far-right urn leaning back against the 
sloping main roof; this fact suggests that it broke off 
somewhere at its base, along the point of attachment to the 
pedestal. Research into existing urns on W. H. Williams 
bui !dings in Portland, Oregon, uncovered several wooden urns 
that appeared to have broken off at the point of attachment. 
In most cases a series of long nails were driven in a 
concentric pattern through the first rounded section at the 
base of the urn, and it is along this ring that several of 
2A!fred N. Staehli, interview of architectural conservator 
by author, in Portland, Oregon, 22 January 1988. 
61 
the urns had split 1vhich caused a failure similar to that 
found in the 1903 photograph of Villard Hall. A legitimate 
solution for this problem would be to turn the main body of 
the urn in one piece--just as the east porch columns were 
found to have been turned on a large wood lathe with the help 
of a 2-1/2" pole running through the middle to support its 
weight. Considering that the same craftsman probably also 
built the urns, it is a possibility that they 1,ere turned in 
similiar fashion. Thus, one could insert a 2-1/2" ga lvanized-
metal pole into the cavity left by the lathe process and use 
it to tie the main elements of the urn and pedestal together--
with the addition of a metal structural framework beh ind the 
finish material of the pedestal (see Appendix D, pages 197-98). 
4. Considering the National-Historic-Landmark status of the 
building, it is important to follow the criteria for selection 
of materials as established by the Secretary of the Interior's 
Standards for Rehabilitation. 3 The section of the Standards 
relating to this project emphasizes that it is sound 
preservation philosophy to replace damaged or deteriorated 
materials with nevi or salvaged material similar to the 
original material--in other words, replacement in-kind is 
3sharon C. Park, Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of 
Substitute Materials on Historic Building Exteriors (Washin gton, DC: 
U.S. Government Printing Othce, U.S. Department of Interior, Natio~al 
Park Service, Preservation Assistance Division, Technical Preservation 
Services, 1988). 
62 
fundamental to a sound restoration. Thus, if it is available, 
the original material should be used; other materials should 
be used only after a 11 options for restoration in cedar have 
been ruled out. 
5. The choice of cedar would result in an excellent training 
opportunity for both the students in the Historic Preservation 
Program and the University of Oregon Physical Plant workers to 
join forces with a craftsperson (such as Greg Olson) in order 
to produce the urns. 
The Arguments Against Wood: 
1. Weight. A weight of 150-300 pounds is the projection for each 
urn ~,hich is completed in wood. An internal metal framework 
would result in a stronger structural unit. 
2. Cost of production in wood. Production would initially 
involve a large set-up cost for the redesign of a lathe to 
handle the large urns. A possible solution to this initial 
high cost ~,ould be to devise a makeshift lathe that combined 
a large pm~er router and a hand-powered turning mechanism (as 
suggested by Seu I ptor /Professor Pau 1 Buckner of the University 
of Oregon Fine Arts Department). 
3. Material availability. It would be extremely difficult to 
find a perfectly dry, tightly compacted ring structure, large 
diameter (3 '-0") piece of cedar; however, the Olympic Peninsula 
in Washington State is known to have trees of this type. 
63 
4. The urns are located in an area that is not 1i kely to 
receive a great deal of repeat maintenance. 
The Arguments in Favor of Cast Aluminum: 
1. The durability of cast aluminum could be expected to be 
greater than wood or fiberglass. 
2. Cast aluminum is lightweight. 
3. Cast aluminum is not only corrosion-resistant, but also 
noncombustible. 
4. Cast aluminum is easily assembled. 
The Arguments Against Cast Aluminum: 
1. It is difficult to prevent galvanic corrosion between 
cast aluminum and the other metals at the urns' points 
of attachment. 
2. Cast aluminum has a greater expansion-and-contraction 
rate than ,JOod, and requires gaskets or cau 1k ed 
joints. 
3. It is difficult to keep paint on cast-aluminum exterior 
surfaces. 
The Arguments in Favor of Metal: 
1. The durability of metal may be expected to be greater than 
wood or fiberglass. 
2. Several large metal finials are kno~m to have existed on 
W. H. Williams buildings in Portland, Oregon. 
64 
The Arguments Against Metal: 
1. Meta 1 is probably the most expensive option. 
2. No evidence exists that the urns were metal; for 
example, no staining on the woodwork below the urns 
from oxidation of the metal is visible in the historic 
photographs. 
3. There· is also the question of whether there is a 
skilled craftsperson available to hammer such a complex 
form. 
4. It is difficult to keep paint on exterior-metal surfaces. 
The Argument in Favor of Fiberglass (Fiber-Reinforced Polymers): 
1. Fiberglass is lightweight and has a high ratio of strength 
to weight. 
2. Fiberglass 1-,ould be a relatively inexpensive way to reproduce 
the urns--especially if several were to be reproduced (and, 
in this case, "several" would mean 8 urns). 
3. The moulding process would allow an easier means of accurately 
reproducing the urns. Instead of fabricating 8 individual 
urns, only one model or pattern would need to be fabricated; 
thus, moulds taken from the model would provide an accurate 
means of reproduction. 
4. Fiberglass maintains its color integrity with exposed 
high-quality pigmented gel-coat. 
5. Fiberglass is noncorrosive and rot-resistant. 
65 
The Arguments Against Fiberglass (Fiber-Reinforced Polymers): 
1. Fiberglass has a high coefficient of expansion and 
contraction--about twice that of meta I; therefore, oftentimes, 
the piece has to be designed with historically inaccurate 
expansion joints. 
2. There are problems with the surface finish of fiberglass. 
Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight initiates the degeneration 
of the molecular carbon bonds in the fiberglass. 4 Gel-coats 
to protect the fiberglass matting underneath have not been 
adequately tested for durability over a long time period. 
Another important consideration is that the substitute 
materi a I often weathers differently than the surrounding 
original materials. Over time, the substitute mate rial 
invariably retains its original newness or brightness and 
this feature stands out in contrast to the cycle of weathering 
for s_urrounding materials. Moreover, attempts to match the 
weathered-look of surrounding materials can lead to problems 
with the surface gel-coating of the fiberglass piece when 
these untested materi a Is are added for co lo red effects. A 
final surface consideration is that the completed group of 
moulded urns would have exactly identical features; thus, some 
of the original spirit of the handmade craftsmanship would be 
4John A. Fidler, "Glass-Reinforced Plastic Facsimiles in 
Bui !ding Restoration," Association for Preservation Technology 
~ 14, no. 3 (198 
66 
lost in their reproduction. A good example of this spirited, 
handmade craftsmanship appears in the detai 1i ng of the east 
porch where the individually turned balusters have varied 
profi !es. 
3. Considering that this bui !ding is designated as a National 
Historic Landmark, it is important to follow The Secretary of 
the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Proj ects5 
and other criteria regarding the selection of materials 
(as established by the U.S. Department of Interior); this 
publication emphasizes the use of original materials wherever 
and whenever possible. Thus, the p Ian ca 11 s for cedar because 
it is still available in the Pacific Northwest. 
4. The vapor impermeability of fiberglass may require a 
ventilation detai I. 
5. Each urn would require a separate anchorage system and an 
interior stainless-steel armature. 
6. Fiberglass is combustible, if fire retardants are not added. 
The Arguments in Favor of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concretes (GFRCs): 
1. GFRCs are lightweight. 
2. GFRCs have a good moulding ability. 
5u.s. Department of the Interior, The Secretary of the 
Interior's Standards for Hi star ic Preservation ProJ ects ( prepared by 
1=l. Brown Morton 111 and Gary L. Hume) (Washington, De: U.S. Department 
of the Interior, Technical Preservation Services, Historic 
Conservation and Recreation Services, 1978). 
67 
3. GFRCs are weather resistant. 
4. Cements are, in general, breathable. 
5. Cement material is fire-rated. 
The Arguments Against Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concretes (GFRCs): 
1. GFRCs would require a separate anchorage system. 
2. Color additives may fade with sunlight. 
3. With GFRCs, it is necessary to have properly detailed joints; 
such joints are not always historically accurate and are often 
visibly evident from long distances. 
4. GFRCs may have a different absorption rate than the adjacent 
historic materi a 1s . 
68 
SECTION V 
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
The proposed-restoration drawings for the wooden balustrade 
and urns that previously embellished the roof structure of Villard 
Hall resulted from extensive research carried out over a period from 
February to November 1988. The exterior description of Vi I lard Hal 1 
and the biography of architect Warren Heywood Williams were presented 
as vital background information for the review of the research 
methodology. The description and review of results for each research 
activity were presented in the early pages of this manuscript, in 
order to provide a complete overview of the research steps necessary 
to execute a restoration and preservation plan. The final discussion 
regarding the conclusions and recommendations for the proposed 
restoration and preservation plan are facilitated by the following 
brief summary of (a) the exterior description of Villard Hall, 
(b) the biography of the architect, (c) the research activities, 
and (d) the research results. 
The exterior description of Villard Hall provided an 
important overview for both the form and material of the individual 
69 
architectural details, in relationship to the proposed urn/balustrade-
system restoration design. In particular, the description of existing 
conditions found on the north elevation showed that the presently 
existing balustrade had been remodeled circa 1949 using historically 
inaccurate mouldings similiar to those found during the restoration 
of the east porch during the Spring Term 1987 Historic Preservation 
Program Workshop. ( See Append ix C, page 188, for porch-remade Ii ng 
plans calling for similarly inappropriate mouldings.) Other important 
information included a description regarding the original point-of-
attachment location betv1een the main roof and the balustrade pedestals 
(refer to Figure 6). Evidence for the location and height of the 
original balustrade has been previously examined (as may be note.ct by 
referring to the discussion of Figure 9, which displays a distinct 
vertical paint shadow). Excerpts from W. H. Wi 11 iams' original 
specifications for the building assisted in the description of 
original materials. Especially valuable information gleaned from 
this source included (a) the description of the sand-paint mixture 
specified for al 1 exterior surfaces, (b) the description of the 
roofing materials, and (c) the section which called for all of the 
parapet woodwork to be secured 1~i th wrought-i ran knees (see 
Appendix F, pages 206-09). 
The biography of\~. H. Williams and focused review of 
contemporaneous buildings designed by him al lowed for a more complete 
understanding of the context of the wooden urns and balustrades found 
70 
in his building designs (refer to Figures 10-12). Particular emphasis 
was directed toward the Morris M. Marks House (1882) and its front-
entry-porch urns, which are currently stored in the attic of the large 
Italianate house on Southwest Harrison Street in Portland, Oregon. 
Evidence discovered during research in the Portland area revealed 
failure at the point of attachment along a concentric-nailing pattern 
at the base of the so 1i  ct-cedar urns; this was found to be the most 
common area of failure for urns of this type (refer to Figures 16-20). 
Thus, the research regarding architect \.I. H. Williams' use of urns 
on other buildings, and the investigation of failure patterns found 
in those urns, led to several conclusive answers to the questions 
concerning the probable cause for the removal of the urns themselves 
and their original material. The findings of this research ~,ere 
used in the final analysis of the proposed urn/balustrade system and 
preservation plan. 
The scope and direction of the research methodology were 
established during the formulation of the research proposal for 
this project. Basically, the goal of the research proposal 1-1as 
the development of a method to resolve the form of the urns and 
the construction details of the urn/balustrade system, while also 
attempting to determi~e the most probable cause for the removal of the 
urns and to ascertain the original materials. Possible substitute-
material choices were evaluated for compliance with necessary 
preservation guidelines, as well with as codes and standards for 
71 
rehabi I itation, before the final proposed restoration drawings and 
preservation plans were completed. 
The methodology consisted of a number of related, and often 
sequential, activities that bui It upon each other as the project 
progressed. The initial existing-condition inspection was carried 
out during Professor Peting's Special Project course on Villard Hall 
during Winter Term 1988. It was during this time that a number 
of important research activities were conducted simultaneously. 
A complete photographic documentation of the entire bui !ding--
including black-and-white photographs, color slides, and videotape 
were produced. (For samples of the photographic documentation, see 
Appendix A, pages 89-104.) The photographs proved to be a valuable 
record of existing conditions during the time the drawings were being 
produced in the studio. 
The existing-condition drawings were produced after the 
complete set of field measurements and notes had been compiled for the 
entire exterior of the bui !ding (see Appendices B and I, pages 105-79 
and pages 227-28). 1 A number of field assistants were needed to 
safely conduct the field-measurement sessions on the building. The 
goal of the drawings was to present the findings from the existing-
condition inspection in as clear and accurate a manner as possible, 
1The reader is also referred to Andrew R. Curtis, Field 
Measurements for the Existing Condition Drawings of VillaraTiaTl 
(Eugene: Um vers 1 ty of Oregon, Arch I tecture and AI  lted Arts Branch 
Library, Historic Preservation Program Collection, 1988). 
72 
while providing the first set of available measured drawings for the 
building. 
An extensive search through the University of Oregon Archives, 
the Lane County Museum, the Oregon Historical Society, and the 
Provincial Archives of British Columbia provided an abundance of 
historic photographs. Several early views of Vil lard and Deady Hal ls 
proved to be extremely valuable in the compilation of a chronology of 
exterior alterations to each elevation of the building. Especially 
noteworthy was the revelation that one of the urns on the west 
elevation had broken off near its base or point of attachment (as may 
be seen by referring to Figure 25, which was found in the 1903 edition 
of the University student yearbook). The final, resulting assumption 
was that the urns were removed circa 1903 from the bu i 1d ing for 
safety reasons after it was determined that the point of attachment 
was improperly designed or had badly deteriorated as the result of 
their poor design. The remainder of the dated, post-1903 historic 
photographs of Villard Hall provide further evidence that the 
urns were completely removed from the bui !ding after that date ( see 
Appendix E, pages 199-205; and refer to Figures 21-27). A number of 
historic photographs of w. H. \~illiams buildings in both Portland, 
Oregon, and Victoria, British Columbia, illustrate his prolific use of 
urns and finials in his building designs. Although usually smaller in 
scale, the urns on his other buildings generally exhibited several 
similar design characteristics turned from solid-cedar blocks. 
73 
The interview portion of the research methodology was the 
most rewarding--especially as new leads opened up, and as critiques of 
the existing-condition and proposed-restoration drawings progressed. 
An interview with Murray Adams provided the location of the original 
full-scale detailed drawings for the Masonic Temple (constructed in 
1887); these drawings proved of great assistance in determining the 
moulding profiles of the urn/balustrade system. Harold C. Babcock, 
Director of the University of Oregon Physical Plant, arranged for 
the necessary equipment and access to the bui !ding. Professors 
Philip H. Dole and Donald L. Peting provided ma ny hours of expert 
advice concerning all aspects of the project, from start to finish; 
and both were members of my Committee. William J. Hawkins III 
provided many leads toward locating urns on W. H. \Hlliams 
buildings in the Pacific Northwest, and arranged several meetings 
with other experts concerning portions of my project. In fact, he 
was instrumental behind the interesting meeting with Eileen G. 
Fitzsimons, who had extensively researched the life of W. H. Williams 
up through the year 1880. Greg Olson and Alfred N. Staehli critiqued 
the technical aspects of the proposed-restoration drawings and 
offered suggestions for constructing the urns in 1•10od. David Talbot 
provided a complete review of the substitute-material options for 
the restoration of the urns; he also advised that they be mou lded 
using glass fiber-reinforced polymers. 
74 
The research of existing literature produced numerous 
secondary sources and a few primary sources. The most valuable 
of the primary sources was the complete set of W. H. Wi 11 iams' 
original specifications for Villard Hall. A few descriptive 
articles, pertaining to the exterior of the building, were helpful; 
but no specific literature on urns in the Pacific Northwest was 
located. 
A chronology of major events and exterior-building alterations 
was compiled from information gathered during the research activities. 
The chronology assisted in the separation of the events that led to 
the removal of the original 12 urns circa 1903 and the 6 tripartite 
balustrades before 1949 ( see Append ix E, pages 199-205). 
The form and overall dimensions of the urn/balustrade system 
were derived from the most vivid historic photographs possible, 
by using the technique of reverse perspective and a sea le system 
developed from the known, existing field measurements. Basically, a 
magnifying glass and divider 1~ere used to compare the known distances 
with the unknm·m distances, between points along the urn/balustrade 
system, in the historic photographs. The reverse-perspective 
technique was used to double-check the scale system. 
The accumulated bibliography contains all the sources referred 
to during this project. Although many were not directly referenced 
to in this manuscript, all 1~ere studied and utilized throughout the 
duration of the project. 
75 
The research methodo 1o gy cu !mi nated in the proposed-
restoration drawings. A series of drawings (at 1' = 1 '-0" scale) 
i 11 ustrated the section views through the north-elevation ba 1u s trade 
and pedestals in order to enable the reader to gain an understanding 
of the chronological changes which occurred between the years 1885-
1988 (see Appendix D, pages 192-95). A final section view (at 
3" = 1 '-0" scale) demonstrated the proposed-construction details 
for the urn/balustrade system; and an isometric diagrammatic sketch 
located at the bottom right-hand corner of the details sheet shows the 
form of the proposed galvanized-steel structure behind the pedestal 
finish material (see Appendix D, pages 197-98). Two elevation 
drawings (one at 3" = 1 '-0" and one at 1' = 1 '-0" scale) provided the 
most accurate and complete views of the proposed restoration changes, 
in relation to the existing-condition drawing of the remodeled 
balustrade currently in place above the main cornice on the north 
elevation (see Appendix C, page 184; and Appendix D, pages 191 and 
197). 
The review of material choice for the proposed-restoration 
design explored several substitute materials before arriving at the 
final decision of cedar; the final decision 1,as reached only after 
considerable de! iberation concerning the most appropriate material 
for this National Historic Landmark. This extensive analysis of 
substitute materials required evaluating the issues which are in 
question whenever such a restoration is contemplated. Substitute 
76 
materials which were considered included metal, glass fiber-reinforced 
polymers, and glass fiber-reinforced concretes: Al 1 were found to 
have several advantages; but, in the final analysis, the choice of 
cedar--in combination 1~ith a galvanized-metal and marine plywood 
internal framework--was deemed to provide the best balance among al 1 
the choices and between the criteria established by the Secretary of 
the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. 2 
The summary of results garnered from the research methodology 
has been presented here as a "quick reference" and "lead-in" to the 
final subsections on conclusions an d recommendations regarding the 
restoration and preservation p 1a n. 
Conclusions 
The final conclusions were derived from the review of the 
research-methodology results. The research included the existing-
condition inspection, the historic-photograph collection, the field 
documentation, the interviews, the existing-literature research, the 
technical-information research related to the proposed-restoration, 
and the search for existing urns on other buildings designed by 
W. H. Williams. This initial research enabled the compilation of the 
exterior alterations, the existing-condition drawings, and the use of 
2sharon C. Park, Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of 
Substitute Materials on Hi storic Building Exteriors (Washington, DC: 
D.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of I~terior, Natio~al 
Park Service, Preservation Assistance Division, Technical Preservation 
Services, 1988), 1. 
77 
a reverse perspective and scale system for deducing the urn/balustrade 
form and overall dimensions. Consultations with Committee members 
also played a major role in the derivation of conclusions from the 
research methodology. 
The initial research proposal had as its intention the 
development of a method to resolve the form of the urns and the 
construction details of the urn/balustrade system, while also 
attempting to determine the cause for the removal of the urns and 
to ascertain the original materials. Possible substitute-material 
choices were evaluated for compliance with necessary preservation 
guidelines, as well as the codes and standards for rehabilitation. 
The first important conclusions which were reached during 
the course of this project answered many of the quest ions posed under 
"The Statement of the Subproblems" subsection ( in Section I) of this 
manuscript. The form of the urns and the construction details of the 
urn/balustrade system were concluded to have appeared as shown in the 
series of section views through the north-elevation balustrade and 
pedestals (as presented in Appendix D, pages 192-95). The details 
shown in each section drawing resulted from the method especially 
devised for resolving the form of this particular urn/balustrade 
system. For example, the paint shadow provided a significant 
indication of the original balustrade in comparison with the existing 
one (refer to Figure 9). Indicative evidence regarding the original 
point of attachment between the main roof and the wooden balustrade 
78 
was also unearthed (refer to Figure 6). The findings lead one to 
conclude that each wood pedestal was originally attached to the main 
roof at three separate points with wrought-iron knee braces. In fact, 
w. H. Williams' original specifications for the building called for 
the use of wrought-iron knee braces to support the parapets. The 
large nai 1 holes observed in the engaged turned baluster led to 
the conclusion that the nail holes were evidence of the baluster's 
original points of attachment, but the nail holes now exist in a 
remodeled balustrade (refer to Figure 28). 
The search for and analysis of historic photographs resulted 
in the conclusion that the urns were removed from the building for 
safety reasons after one on the west elevation broke off at its 
point of attachment circa 1903 (refer to Figure 25). The photographs 
also facilitate one to conclude that the tripartite balustrades were 
removed from all elevations of the building circa 1949 (except for 
one section on the north elevation). It is further concluded that 
the north-elevation ba 1u strade and severa 1 of the corner-to~ier 
engaged-base pedestals were extensively rebuilt using 1" plywood 
and historically inaccurate moulding profiles circa 1949; and, 
furthermore, these inaccurate moulding profiles are similar to those 
found on the east porch during the Historic Preservation Program 
Workshop (see Appendix A, pages 90-101; and refer to Figure 27). 
Another important piece of evidence for the circa 1949 remodeling date 
79 
is the 11-10-11 rhythm of the existing balusters versus the 11-11-11 
rhythm observed in the historic photographs. 
The original material of the urns 11as wood. The main body of 
the urns consisted of a sol id one-piece cedar turning into which the 
vertical gadrooning was later hand-carved. The urns 1-,ere probably 
turned by the same wood craftsman who turned the so 1i d-cedar co 1u mn s 
of the east porch. Thus, it is cone 1u ded that the urns were turned on 
a large wood lathe through the implementation of a 2-1/2" metal pipe 
inserted the entire length of the piece. This conclusion permits the 
consecutive recommendation regarding the proposed-galvanized pipe; 
which, in turn, is connected to the newly designed structura 1 frame 
behind the pedestals. The urns are believed to have failed at their 
base or point of attachment along a concentric-nailing pattern 
similar to those which were discovered in Portland, Oregon (refer 
to Figures 15-20). 
The recommendation that seasoned Oregon cedar be the material 
implemented in the proposed restoration was arrived at after other 
substitute materials 11ere explored as possible replacements. The 
glass fiber-reinforced polymer finials examined in Portland were found 
to have several advantages to the cedar replacement (see Figures 31 
and 32); hm1ever, it was still concluded that cedar in combination 
with a galvanized-metal internal framework best balanced the criteria 
for the selection of materials as established by the Secretary of the 
Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. 
80 
FIGURE 31. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer 
Finial on the New Market 
Theatre in Portland, Oregon: 
1988 View 
81 
FIGURE 32. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Finial on the 
Kamm House in Portland, Oregon: 1988 View 
The urn/ba 1u s trade system, as wel 1 as a 11 other exterior wood, 
had originally been painted with three heavy coats of linseed oil 
and "Pioneer" white lead paint; the last two coats were sanded ~,ith 
first-grade Monterey, California, white-quartz sand (refer to previous 
discussion in Section II, page 23). The field investigation revealed 
that the original terneplate-tin main roof and tops of main cornices 
have never been replaced, although the main cornice areas have been 
covered with fiberglass matting and roofing tar. It was also 
concluded that the mansard-roof slopes sti 11 retain their original 
(1886) 611 Oregon-cedar shingles, which are laid 5" to the weather. 
82 
Recommendations 
Tne fol lowing recommendations are meant to complement the 
information presented in the proposed-restoration drawings. Specific, 
relevant sources are recommended for consultants planning future work. 
In addition, recommendations for appropriate wood, moulding, metal, 
and paint-finish choices are discussed. Modifications to the original 
design and recommended installation procedures round out the section. 
Future restoration and preservation work on Villard Hall 
should begin with a review of several thorough studies (a) associated 
with the Historic Preservation Program at the University of Oregon and 
(b) related to this project. Individual studies were compiled to form 
Fragments From Villard Hall: A Survey of Architectural Elements With 
Recommendations for Restoration (completed in Winter 1988). 3 The 
Survey contains several reports on areas directly related to the 
proposed restoration of the urn/balustrade system. In particular, 
it is highly recommended that future preservation planners targeting 
the details considered in this project should consult the following 
chapters: "Wood Shingles" by Jill A. Chappel, "Gutters and 
Downspouts" by George Kramer, "Roof Flashing" by Patty Sackett, 
and "Wooden Ornamentation" by Christine Taylor. Al I of these 
sections directly relate to the urn/balustrade restoration design. 
3George Kramer, ed., Fragments From Villard Hall: A Survey of 
Architectural Elements With Recommendations for Restoration (Eugene: 
University of Oregon, Historic Preservation Program, 1988). 
83 
Another valuable source of information is the comprehensive 
photographic collection possessed by the author of the present 
manuscript; the collection contains extensive documentation of 
existing conditions. A similar collection of photographs and slides 
gives a complete chronological overview of the east-porch restoration 
workshop. The collection--consisting of Field Measurements for 
the Existing Condition Drawings of Villard Hall ,4 supplementary 
videotape,5 and color slides6--provides an invaluable resource of 
documentation to be referred to during the off-site planning for 
future restoration work. 
Regarding recommendations on the appropriate choices of 
materials, it must be remembered that practically none of the original 
mater ia 1s  for the u rn/ba 1u s trade system exist today--except for the 
turned bulbous-shaped balusters of the existing north-elevation 
balustrade. Thus, this project deals more with restoration, than it 
does with preservation, issues. However, many preservation issues 
surround the areas directly related to the urn/balustrade system. 
4Andrew R. Curtis, Field Measurements for the Existing 
Condition Drawings of Villard Rall (Eugene: University of Oregon, 
Architecture and Allred Arts Branch Library, Historic Preservation 
Program Collect ion, 1988). 
5Andrew R. Curtis, 1988 Existing Conditions of Villard Hall: 
A Videotape (Eugene: University of Oregon, Architecture and Allred 
Arts Branch Library, Historic Preservation Program Collection, 1988). 
6For information regarding the availability of the color 
slides contact Andrew R. Curtis ( in care of Dr. Richard Curtis, 
42 A Central Street, Hudson, Massachusetts 01749). 
84 
It is recommended that work on the urn/balustrade system begin 
only after a thorough on-site investigation of the entire cornice 
area. Any future proposed-restoration work wou Id be most s uccessfu I 
if the initial planning and investigation occur in an all-encompassing 
manner. For example, the entire building should be scaffolded to 
allow a complete investigation of the area in question. In this way, 
the evidence found while "peeling away" layers of historic fabric in 
one location may be compared to the often conflicting or corroborating 
evidence at another location on the bui !ding. 
The rock-climbing procedure used for the present 
investigation, described earlier in the text, is not recommended. 
Further investigations of the cornice area should be carried out only 
after proper scaffolding has been installed around the bui !ding or 
after adequate funding enables the use of a "cherry picker" for an 
up-close investigation. The rock-climbing techniques used for the 
investigation phase of this project were the only means avai !able. 
Despite the high attention given to safety precautions, it is felt 
that this method is much too dangerous due to the uncertain stabi 1i  ty 
of the cornice. It is recommended that all future inspections and 
restoration work be done from a properly installed scaffolding system, 
inspected by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 
All persons involved in work on the scaffolding should be secured to 
it with a safety harness when working outside the designated safety 
areas. 
85 
The greatest danger results from a lack of communication and 
inadequately designed temporary implements, including scaffolding 
and ladders. Often, when doing difficult or dangerous work, the 
accident record is low because people are more safety conscious. 
Dangers arise when the di ff icu 1t  work has been conquered and 
overconfidence builds. Most serious accidents occur around simple 
hazards when confidence levels are high. 7 
The woodwork of the proposed urn/balustrade system wi II 
need to withstand the extreme climatic differences that occur above 
the cornice 1e ve 1. The expansive roof area radiates intense waves 
of heat during sunny periods and directs rapid water flow onto the 
balustrade area on rainy days. The exterior finish surface of all 
detailing above the cornice should be of first-quality Oregon sawn 
cedar, as called for in W. H. Williams' original specifications for 
the building. Cedar, particularly Western Red, is resistant to decay, 
warp.ing, and checking. The softness of cedar allows for easy nailing, 
but it is recommended that nails be driven into predrilled holes. 
Before installation, each individual piece of cedar should be 
thoroughly primed on al I surfaces--especial ly the exposed end grain--
with an oil-based primer. 
Marine-qualitt plywood is suggested for use in constructing 
the interior structure of the pedestals and the inner box of the 
7Bernard M. Fei Iden, "Appendix VI: Health. and Saf~ty f~r 
Architects and Conservator/Restorers During Work in the Field, 
Conservation of Historic Bui !dings (Boston: Butterworth, 1982), 413. 
86 
balustrade's top and lower rails (see Appendix D, pages 193, 195, 
and 197). Plywood is recommended for use in constructing the inner 
structure, due to its greater strength relative to solid wood. All 
2" x 4" pedestal corner posts are recommended to be of pressure-
treated 1u mber. 
It is recommended that the 1a  rge wooden urns be turned on a 
lathe. The top and bottom sections should be turned from a sol id 
piece of cedar, whereas the large center section should be turned 
from a "g 1u ed-up II block of cedar timbers. It is recommended that 
the vertical gadrooning on the center section be hand-carved using 
~-parting wood chisels. All mitered corners of the square urn base 
should be splined with 1/4" wafers. 
When reproducing the mouldings of the urn/balustrade 
system, it is recommended that a high level of accuracy be achieved. 
Moulding-grade cedar should be knot free and thoroughly dried with 
a moisture content of less than 5% before profiles are shaped. 
Suggested profiles are presented in the drawings. Much of the 
engaged-base deta i 1 of the corner towers' exterior finish mater i a 1 
exhibits profiles similar to the proposed profiles. 
The final restoration color should be chosen after an 
extensive paint analysis of the entire exterior of the building. 
Because of the wide-ranging colors known to have existed on the 
building, it is recommended that a thorough paint-analysis study 
of the original paint scheme be conducted by a professional paint 
consu 1t ant. 
87 
It is recommended that sand paint be used to impart a 
stonelike appearance to the newly restored balustrade. A white 
lead-based oil paint, similar to that called for in w. H. Williams' 
original specifications, should be used. An unsanded primer coat 
should be applied to all faces of the individual pieces; this should 
be followed by two coats of finish paint, containing sand not only 
mixed into the finish coats, but also laid into the wet paint. Paint 
jobs of this type were commonly given 20-year guarantees by good 
painters around the turn of the century. 
A specially designed stainless-steel corner-post shoe is 
recommended for use under each pressure-treated 2" x 4" post of the 
pedestals. The shoe, as drawn in Appendix O (page 198) would allow 
the post to "ride-up" above the flat cornice top, or it could straddle 
the cornice gutter in such a 1~ay that it would al low water and debris 
to freely flow under the urn/balustrade system. A prefabricated 
metal framework is recommended for attaching the urn/balustrade 
system to the main roof slope. A vertical center pole is recommended 
to secure the urn to the framework. A degree of flexibility should be 
maintained in the design of the metal framework in order to allow for 
a degree of adjustment to compensate for the irregularities of the 
roof and cornice gutter. 
It is recommended that the galvanized-metal framework and 
marine-plywood box behind each balustrade pedestal be prefabricated 
and primed in the wood shop. The marine-plywood inner structure of 
88 
the balustrade's top and bottom rails could also be prefabricated in 
the shop. In addition, the newly turned cedar balusters could be 
incorporated into this prefabricated structure. These parts, fully 
prefabricated and painted in the shop, could be quickly hoisted into 
place and bolted together--forming a structural whole. The urns could 
then be I owe red onto the vertical center po le and adjusted for true 
vertical position. The finish cedar material would then be applied 
on-site and painted. 
The overall research and its resulting recommendations have 
included information crucial to work on other areas of the building 
in addition to the area concerning the wooden balustrade and urns. 
The proposed-restoration plan for the wooden balustrade and urns has 
been presented here with the hope that future restoration efforts 
on the building wi 11 be guided by the research methodology and this 
research's approach to designing the missing details. Although the 
restoration of the urn/balustrade system wi 11 undoubtedly be placed 
low on the priority list of future restoration activity, it is hoped 
that al I surrounding restoration and preservation work on Vi I lard Hal I 
will take into account the recommendations proposed in this project. 
89 
APPENDIX A 
PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION 
90 
PHOTOGRAPH 1. Detail of Existing Engaged Pedestal 
on the North-Elevation Roof-Line 
Balustrade: Remodeled Circa 1949 
(Note historically inaccurate 
flat-moulding profiles and 
the use of plywood.) 
91 
PHOTOGRAPH 2. North-Elevation Balustrade Above 
the Cornice: Existing Condition 
92 
PHOTOGRAPH 3. North-Elevation Balustrade as Viewed 
From the Main Roof: Ex isting Condition 
93 
PHOTOGRAPH 4. Detail of Area Behind the Engaged Pedestal 
of the Existing North-Elevation Ba 1u s trade 
(Note trapped sediments and location of the 
leader drain from the main roof.) 
94 
PHOTOGRAPH 5. Detail of Area Behind Existing North-
Elevation Balustrade Pedestal 
( Note the iron knee brace extending 
back into the main-roof structure.) 
95 
PHOTOGRAPH 6. South Elevation of Existing Southeast 
Corner-Tower Engaged-Base Ped es ta 1 
96 
PHOTOGRAPH 7. Northeast Corner -Tower Engaged 
Pedestal: Ex isting Condition 
(Note vertical paint-shadow line.) 
97 
'",\. \.  
\ '.".' 
,- , . 
''  '0~- ., 
'\ \.\ . 
'- .. '-.' , .• ' 
"','\ ,' 
I'- '-\' 
-~ '~-
·, 
PHOTOGRAPH 8. West Elevation of Southeast Corner-Tower 
Engaged-Base Pedestal: Existing Condition 
(Note that the top of the pedestal and tin 
roofing have been cut away from roof valley.) 
98 
PHOTOGRAPH 9. South Elevation of Southeast Corner-Tower 
Engaged-Base Pedestal: Existing Condition 
99 
PHOTOGRAPH 10. Existing Condition of the West-Elevation 
Blind-Dormer-Engaged Pedestals 
( Note extensive remode 1i  ng with 
plywood as the primary material.) 
100 
PHOTOGRAPH 11. Detail of Sediment Build-Up Behind the 
Engaged Pedestal of the Centrally 
Located Bl ind Dormer: Existing Condition 
- -
- '~· ----.~ 1 
101 
PHOTOGRAPH 12. Deta i 1 of Remodeled Engaged Pedesta 1 
of the West-Elevation Centrally-
Located Blind Dormer 
102 
PHOTOGRAPH 13. Detail of Main Roof Truss: 
Existing Condition 
103 
PHOTOGRAPH 14. Fiberglass and Aluminum Finial 
on the Ne~, Market Theatre Roof 
Parapet in Portland, Oregon: 
1988 View 
-~ _ ____ _ f_j- ~ 
J 
104 
PHOTOGRAPH 15. Fiberglass Finial on the Kamm House 
in Portland, Oregon: 1988 View 
105 
APPENDIX B 
FI ELD MEASUREMENTS AND NOTES 
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180 
APPENDIX C 
EXISTING-CONDITION DRAWINGS 
r-_____________________ 181 
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IS•(D ,. 
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. VILLARD fiALL [AST PORCH RESTORATION 
,--------------------~189 
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COLUMN 1"1EDESTAL 
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL 
190 
APPENDIX D 
PROPOSED RESTORATION DRAWINGS 
191 
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199 
APPENDIX E 
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RELATED TO THE EXTERIOR 
ALTERATIONS OF VILLARD HALL 
200 
Chronology of Events Related to Exterior 
Alterations of Villard Hall 
DATE EVENT 
March 13, 1884 The Executive Committee of the Board of Regents 
reported to the Board on 13 March 1884 that the 
sum of $30,000 appropriated by the Legi s I ature 
of the State of Oregon for the construction of 
an additional brick building at the Univers ity 
of Oregon 1~as available. The Board authorized 
the Executive Committee to receive plans for a 
brick bu i 1d ing to be erected on the north s ide 
of the present building (Deady) 1-1hich was t o be 
approximately 120-feet long and 80-feet wi de, 
two-stories high, with a basement--to cost abou t 
$25,000 (Regents Annual Report: 1885-1914). 
March 25, 1885 J. S. McMurry was aviarded a contract to fu rni sh 
brick at $8.50 per thousand actual-count de livered 
on the ground, the brick to be burned on t he same 
ground and by the same parties as tho se in t he 
present building (Deady) (Report of the Executive 
Committee, 18 June 1885). 
April 8, 1885 The Board of Regents approved plans fo r the new 
bui I ding which had been drawn by archi tects Justus 
Krumbein (1847-1907) and Warren H. Wi l l i ams (1844-
1888) of Portland ("Villard Hall Fil e ," University 
Archives). 
Apri 1 14, 1885 Mr. Lord Nelson Roney selected as Superintendent 
of the new buil ding at $4.00 per day. He was 
recommended by W. H. Wi 11 i ams ( Report of the 
Executive Committee, 18 June 1885). 
June 18, 1885 Plans and specificati ons we re finished and bids 
for con str uction were opened (Report of the 
Executive Committee , 18 June 1885). 
June 22, 1885 W. H. Ab rams enter s into ag reement with the . 
Boa rd of Regent s , to erect and complete a B'.1 ck 
Bu il di ng at Eugene Ci ty, Oregon, in conform1~y 
wi t h specifications and drawings made for this 
pur pose by W. H. Williams . 
201 
It was further agreed that the brickwork should be 
performed by William Palmer of Portland, Oregon 
( Report of the Executive Cammi ttee, 18 June 1885). 
July 16, 1885 The Regents awarded a $1,200 contract to Chase and 
Niles of Portland to install a heating system in 
the bu1ld1ng (Report of the Executive Committee, 
5 March 1886). 
July 28, 1885 A metal casket (containing 82 items of historical 
interest) was deposited under the northeast 
cornerstone during an elaborate ceremony ( Oregon 
State Journal, 1 August 1885). --
September 20, 1885 John Barrett of Portland was employed to do al l 
the necessary plumbing for the building (Report 
of the Executive Committee, 5 March 1886)-.- -
October 1 , 1885 Benjamin F. Dorris was employed to construct a 500-
gal Ion iron water tank in each of the north towers 
(Report of the Executive Committee, 5 March 1886). 
Cherry and Parks of Albany were awarded the 
contract to supply $448 worth of iron crestings 
for the roof of the bui Id ing. 
P.H. Farrell, corner stone .••••••..••... $ 17 .25 
D. Mackey, ten brackets ••••..•.••.••....• 25 .00 
J . B. Rinehart, extra painting ••..••..••. 100.00 
H. Perrin, sidewalk and yard .•.•..•.•...• 50 .00 
C. F. Johnson, sidewalk and yard ••••••..• 22 . 50 
Pengra, Whee I er, and Company, I umber .•... 205 . 00 
Rob inson and Church, nail s ••••••.•.•...•• 21.10 
[Total Cost of Bui !ding = $2,536 . 35] 
(Report of the Executive Committee, 5 March 1886). 
March 15, 1888 The Board of Regents unanimously adopted a 
resolution to name the new building "Villard Hall" 
in honor of Henry Villard (railroad builder and 
philanthropist) in appreciation for his generous 
gifts to the University . 
June 17, 1886 The Executive Committee agreed to pay the claim 
of w. H. Abrams' contracts for $250.00! for J'.alse 
works mistakenly omitted from the original bid 
(Report of the Executive Committee, 17 June 1886). 
202 
The recommendation was that the outside of Vi I lard 
Hall be painted, if there were sufficient funds in 
the improvement fund to so do. 
A further recommendation ~ias made that the old 
bui !ding (Deady) be cemented or painted and 
sanded. 
June 24, 1892 The Executive Committee reported to the Boa rd of 
Regents that three coats of paint and two coats 
of sand had been applied to the exterior of 
the building ("Villard Hall File," University 
Archives). 
The State Legislature appropriated the sum of 
$5,500 for repairs of the University building, 
pursuant to the report of a speci a I committee. 
Warrants amounting to $5,459 1-1ere drawn, and the 
sum was expended by the Executive Committee as 
fol lows: 
D. M. Mccready, painting ••••••••••••.•••• $1,396.75 
Luckey and Company, paints ••••••.•••••••• 1,162.71 
Starr and Griffin, tin roofing........... 975.00 
Bigelm~ and Kirkpatrick, mill work....... 235.05 
Upper Wallamet Company, lumber ••.•••••••• 397.04 
J. M. Hendricks, cement and sand......... 381.20 
W. S. Bucknell, cementing ••••••••••.••••• 135.75 
Starr and Griffin and others, Hard1-1are... 193.76 
Miscellaneous 1·1ork on premises........... 454.67 
W. H. Alexander, superintendent.......... 127.50 
Tota I •••••••••••••••••••••• $5,459.43 
(Annual Report for the State University, 24 July 
1 
1903 Date of I a test historic photograph shO\'ling 
the urns in place on the building. Photograph 
found on pages 18 and 40 of the 1903 ~lebfoot 
(the University of Oregon yearbook). 
1905 Date of the earliest photograph showing the urns 
removed from the bu i I ding. Photograph found on 
pages 22 and 32 of the 1905 Webfoot yearbook. 
January 27, 1948 The Bui I ding Committee of the State Board of 
Higher Education reported to the Board that 
203 
President Newburn suggested that the original 
bui Id ing-program fund be set up for a drama unit 
to be used to remodel Villard Hall and for an 
addition to the Hal I. The Board approved, and 
Annand and Kennedy (architects) were directed to 
prepare plans ("Villard Hall File," University 
Archives). 
April 27, 1948 Plans for the Villard Hall remodeling and 
the University Theatre project v1ere presented 
to the State Board of Higher Education by 
architect Annand. The Board approved the 
p 1a ns and recommended the advertisement for 
bids. The al location for the project was 
$450,000. 
Exterior changes to Villard Hall called for in 
the plans included the replacement of the v1ooden 
east-porch stairs, deck, upper balustrade, and 
deteriorated portions of the lower pedestals. 
Two windows from the 1~est elevation were relocated 
to the north entrance where they flanked the 
centrally-located main-entrance door. A door 
was added at the ground level in the center of 
the south elevation. Several of the engaged 
b Ii nd-dormer and corner-tower base pedesta 1s  
were rebuilt with plywood. The original roof-
! ine balustrading 1-1as removed completely--except 
for a section on the north elevation, which 1~as 
replaced with historically inaccurate details 
similiar to those found on the east porch prior 
to the Historic Preservation Program ~/orkshop 's 
restoration during Spring Term 1987 (see 
"Existing-Condition Drawings" at the University 
of Oregon Physical Plant). 
Additional changes included the addition of a 
visually obtrusive white metal box located at the 
top of the northeast corner tower, which houses a 
microwave dish, several inappropriate air ducts, 
and two radio towers. 
The addition of the theatre has completely 
blocked off the view of the west elevation. 
Several wooden sculptural pieces were removed_ 
from the semicircular pediment on this elevat10n. 
The oak-leaf carvings were located in the prop 
room below the theatre workshop and the large oval 
204 
~~~~~~e~~ate Seal was located in the University 
1950 Period of major roof repairs on campus. It was 
possibly at this time that Villard Hall's main 
roof was covered with roofing tar and a cornice-
gutter system relined with fiberglass matting and 
tar. 
1910-1976 Growth of Virginia Creeper Ivy during this time 
period completely enshrouded the building. 
January 8, 1976 Wegroup PC Architects and Planners brought the 
building up to fire-safety codes with a set of 
safety-deficiency correction drawings. The plans 
cal led for the installation of a sprinkler system 
and catwalk in the attic of Villard Hall (plans 
are available from the Physical Plant). 
June 8, 1977 Villard and Deady Halls were designated as 
National Historic Landmarks during a special 
ceremony on campus. 
November 2, 1985 Time capsule reopened by Rona Id E. Sherri ffs, 
Professor of Speech, and K. Keith Richard, 
University Archivist. 
Spring 1987 Vi I lard east-porch restored by students in the 
Historic Preservation Program Workshop under 
the direction of Adjunct Assistant Professor 
Greg Olson. Professors Philip H. Dole, Donald L. 
Peting, and Michael E. Shellenbarger critiqued 
the existing-condition dra~iings and proposed that 
restoration drawings be completed by Andre~, R. 
Curtis and Neal Vogel during Winter Term (plans 
are available from the Physical Plant). 
Winter 1988 Vil lard Hal 1 Restoration Project: Special Project. 
Professor Donald L. Peting leads a group of 
Historic Preservation Program Workshop students 
in an investigation of the exterior condition 
of the bui !ding. Students produced a survey of 
arc hi tectura I elements with recommendations for 
restoration (entitled "Fragments of Villard 
Hall"). 
Spring 1988 Andrew R. Curtis ~,as employed by Professor 
Donald L. Peting to produce a complete set of 
205 
existing-condition drawings in conjunction 
with work in progress on a Terminal Project 
for the restoration of the urn/balustrade system 
on Villard Hall. The drawings 1-1ill appear in 
the Historic Structures Report being produced 
by Professor Pebng ( in consultation with 
Hegroup PC Architects and Planners) and prepared 
for the University of Oregon Physical PI ant. 
206 
APPENDIX F 
EXCERPTS FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR VILLARD HALL 
207 
Excerpts From the Original Specifications for Villard Hall 
Approved June 22, 1885 
by 
University of Oregon Boa rd of Regents 
Specifications of Materials and Labor required to erect and complete 
a two-story Brick Building, at Eugene, Oregon, for the Oregon State 
University. 
Genera 1 Remarks 
Dimensions all to be in strict conformity with the drawings made 
for the purpose by W. H. Wi 11 i ams, Architect: together with the 
figures thereon presented. Figured dimensions to take precedence of 
the scale, whenever the same do not agree. The Regents will furnish 
all brick required for this 1~ork, the contractor to pay for the same 
at the rate of Eight and one-half ($8.50) dollars per thousand, kiln 
count, delivered on the premises. The Regents will also furnish, at 
their own expense, the iron cresting for the roofs, the contractor 
to set the same. Contractor wi 11 furnish the balance of materi a 1 of 
whatsoever kinds, and perform all the various kinds of labor required 
to complete the work hereinafter specified. All of the materials of 
their several kinds to be of the best quality, and all of the ~JOrk 
to be done in a good, substantial and workmanlike manner, and to the 
full and entire satisfaction of the aforesaid W. H. ~iilliams. Upon 
completion, all floors and stairs to be left broom clean, and all 
refuse, implements, etc., to be removed from the premises, and every 
part and portion of the work to be completed and in perfect order upon 
deli very and acceptance. 
Mason Work 
Foundation walls, from the bottoms of the footing courses to the 
surface of the ground, as shown on the drawings, to be brick of 
rubble stone (Smith's Rock). The balance of the 1-1alls, as shown on_ 
the drawings, to be built of brick, thoroughly wetted, and la1d_up in 
the style termed shoved up, so that a 11 joints a re thoroughly f 1I  led 
with mortar. The two (2) furnace flues, built as shown on drawings, 
with smooth joints on the inside, and topped out as sho~m on dra\~ings, 
with select burnt square brick, neatly pointed on the ou~s1des. (See 
"~lrought Iron l·lork.") Ventilating flues to be 4" x 16" in clear, 
208 
pargeted smooth inside, and to open out at tops, at back of parapet 
1-iood pedestals. Mortar for al I. • • • The two (2) tablets of front 
parapets will be built of brick, the balance of the parapets will be 
of wood. Furnish and set thirty two (32) stone (Gully's Springfield 
Stone) blocks, 36 11 11 x 36 x 8"-square, hammered on the four (4) sides 
and bottoms, and patent hammered on the top faces. ( See "Genera I 
Remarks. 11 ) 
Framev1ork 
r-1ain roof formed with trusses, as shmm on drawings. lJeck and s loping 
rafters of main roof to be 211 6 11 set 2' -8 11 x apart on centers. Tower 
roofs framed with 3'' x 8" hip rafters and plates, and 2" x 6" jack 
rafters, set 2'-8 11 apart on centers. • • • 
Outside Wood Finish 
Porches to be f !oared over, on proper frames, with 1-3/8" x 4" 
edge-grained matched tlooring, laid with white lead in the joints. 
Ceilings of the porches ceiled 1-iith 7/8" x 4" matched and beaded 
boards. Pedestals, columns, pilasters, cornice balustrades, etc., 
as per drav1ings. Outside steps built with 1-3/4" treads and 1-i/8" 
risers, on proper strings. Buttresses as per drawings. Top member 
of second-story be! t, a 11 of the main corn ices of towers and center 
projections of two (2) main longitudinal fronts (Except architraves), 
the balance of the main cornices (Except friezes and architraves), 
parapets of the four ( 4) fronts ( Except the t~,o ( 2) tab lets), and 
the second-story wi  ndo~, s caps of the four ( 4) towers to be of wood. 
Coping, ornamental vJOrk, and figures of the two (2) tablets also 
to be of wood. Main cornices and second-story belts to be of wood. 
Main cornices and second-story belts to be secured to 1-1/2" rough 
brackets, built into the walls 2'-6" apart on centers. 1-loodwork of 
the parapets to be secured 1vi th wrought i ran knees. Rough framing, 
flooring and ceiling of the above-specified work, to be of Fir. The 
balance of the above to be of Cedar. Al 1 of first-quality seasoned 
Oregon woods, planed smooth on all exposed faces, and mouldings fine 
run. 
Roofing, Etc. 
All of the roofs, including porches, and tops of the Main cornices 
and second-story be 1t s, to be covered with second-qua I I ty seasoned 
7/8 11 x 6 11 Matched Oregon fir boards, laid in courses and blind-nailed 
to each rafter and bracket. Heading courses properly broke, smoothed 
flush and through nailed, setting the nails. Decks of main and tower 
_ ____ _-_I_-J-{ 
J 
209 
roofs, tops of main cornices, second-story belts and window caps and 
the porch roofs to be tinned over in the best manner. Tin flashings 
fixed around chimneys and scuttle well. Scuttle lid properly tinned 
over. Valleys of main roof properly lined with tin. Tin shing le 
flashings behind hip mouldings of tower roofs. All of the tin for the 
above to be of best quality I.L. Charcoal tin. All roofing properly 
cleated, nailed and soldered, using rosin and no acid, and the rosin 
to be thoroughly cleaned off before being painted. Valley 1i nings to 
have two (2) good heavy coats of metallic red paint, on both sides, 
before being laid in. Slopes of the main and tower roofs to be 
shingled over with best-quality dimension (6 11 1•1idth) sawed Oregon 
cedar shingles, laid five (5) inches to the 1-1eather and thorough ly 
nailed. Al 1 of the fasciae and hip mouldings of the main and tower 
roofs to be of first-quality seasoned Oregon ceda r, planed smooth on 
all exposed faces and mouldings fine run. Tops and sides of tablets 
and 1o wer 1o uver-boa rd windows to be tinned over. Gutters formed on 
tops of main cornice as directed. One (1) 20 11 No. 16 ga lvanized iron 
ventilator, 3 1 -0 11 high, placed in the center of main roof. All of the 
above to be made perfectly watertight and warranted so for ( 1) year. 
Furnish and set four (4) 411 No. 20 galvanized-form leaders to lead 
water from main roof to ground. Furnish and set (1) 211 tin leader, 
to each porch, to 1e ad water to the ground. ( See II Stai rs, Etc. 11 ) 
210 
APPENDIX G 
EXCERPTS FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR A DWELLING HOUSE IN ALBANY 
211 
Excerpts From the Ori~inal Specifications 
for a Dwe II mg ouse in Albany 
Specifications of Materials and Labor required to erect and complete 
a Dwelling House on the parcel of land situated on the northeast 
corner of Ferry and Seventh Streets, Albany, Oregon, for S. E. Young, 
Esquire. 
Roofing, Etc. 
Roofs to be sheathed with second-quality 7/8" x 6" matched boards, 
laid in courses and blind-nailed to each rafter and shingled over 
with best-quality 6" width dimensions sawed Oregon Cedar shingles 
laid 4-1/2" to the \'leather and thoroughly nailed. Hips and valleys 
and gutters all lined with tin flashing fixed around all chimney over 
the heads of al 1 outside openings and where the ••• and roofs butt 
against. • • • Porch roofs sheathed and shingled (except balcony) 
same as main with tin-lined gutters. 
Sheathing planed off smooth on top and to be covered with No. 6 
Hydraulic canvas duck, oiled one ( 1) coat, stretched skintight over 
the roof sheathing, lapped 1-1/4" 1-1ith 1-1hite lead in the laps, tacked 
closely with "Shelton" 12-ounce tacks, oiled another coat and painted 
two (2) good coats of white lead oil. All oil to be raw linseed. All 
tin for the above vJOrk to be of best-quality I.C. Charcoal and to be 
painted with two coats of Princes metallic paint on both sides before 
being put on the building. 
Cresting, saddleboard and beads, finials, cove, and gable finish 
a 11 seasoned Oregon Cedar. Al 1 of the above to be made perfectly 
watertight and warranted so for one year. 
212 
APPENDIX H 
PRESERVATION BRlEFS 16 ON SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
213 
16PRESERVATION BRIEFS . 
The Use of Substitute Materials 
on Historic Building Exteriors 
Sharon C. Park, AIA 
U.S. Dep;irtmf'nl of tllf' Interim, N,1tionill l'.ul,.. Servin" 
Preservation AssistancC' Uivisit1n , ·1 cchnic.il !'reservation Services 
Introduction the accur.1te ,·isual duplication of hi s tnrir matcri.1ls, 
When dC'lniorilt('d, d.1milgC'd , pr In'-! fr,1turro:; ,,f .1 a~d lc1 st a rea~onable time . Gr~iwing evidence in-
~1c.itr~ tht1t with proper planntn~. cMl'ful specifir.i-
~S\;ic:\;~'.i~~~:~~l~ iI:i:r;~;~::~:;:~I~l:~·.:,::i:itatP hons and super\'ision, substitute materials can bl' u~ed successfull r in the process of res toring the 
l~~~~~r:.~1~1 1c~nd v,suill arpcarance of historic rec;11urces ~~::~~~~i~:~\~r;i~~~ ,7;~~~-ll"~l(' ~:l;~r,~~·~;l·~~lcl~ 1 1
su~~;~t1~~('~~;~~\!l~t:,~~~:r~lxn:;:~:~ ~1~ ~rs1:~r~·c ll~(• of 
clos~ly and no damage- to the rema ining historic 
fal-inr will rc-<.u\t buildingc; . While substitute materials are frequently 
Crl',11 11\11 '-I hi· if '-U l,•,t ilul c m.1lt•ri,1J-; llsC'd on intC'riorc; , thc sC' ,1rplic.1tion.c; arC' not suhjcc t lo C".lr(' l.l~• ·n ilfl' 
Wl',1i lwring ,ind moisture pl'llt'lr,1 lion , and will nnl h1· 
~i~L~~~;~~:::~~;~~-\',::i:;:~:~~:~::.:~)~~:i~:~~~'.\'i~;i::~~~ discu._,,,d in thi s BriC'f. GivC'n the gcnrral nature of thi s public.1tion, specifications for substitute malerials 
the performancC' of c;uhst1tutP m.1t C'ric1 ls ovrr time are not pro\'ided . The guida~ce pro_vided s~?uld not 
be used m plact> of consultations with qualified pro-
Only after ~onsic.ler,,tion of all options, in consult,1tion 
fessionals . This Brief includes a discusc;ion of when to 
:i~~f1~;a~:i~~trl~'.:I:;·!::;;x~E;~~~:~i~~I'~'.~;:~." use substitute materials, cautions regarding their ex-pectC'<l J'Crformance, and descrip tions of sever.ii 
Th_e practice of using suhstitutC' materials in substitute materials, their advantages and disa<l -
a_rch1tecturc is not _)'l' I it continues to pose prac- vantages . This review of materials is by no means nt•\\', 
tical problem_s and to raise philosophical questions compr<·hcnsive, and attitudes and findings will 
On the .Prac!Ka_l level the i~appropriate choice i~- chan~e as technology develops 0r 
E~;;;e:\~~:~::::~~:;;:~.:;:~,~:~~fa~~:~;;i~;~;:;~:g•~'.~:~: a Historical Use of Substitute Materials The tradition of using cheaper and more common 
more philosophical lr,·el, the wholesale use of materials in imitation of more expensive and less 
av,1il,1bll' matcric1ls is a long om·. George Washington, 
it~ll~~~tI~~:S~\~:f f:~;r~;~:::fi~'.j ~~~-~\ :t~ofi;~it"t~~~~~~h,~:·~~~;a,e cut f.t::~:::::::'.'.t· · ashl.1r c;tonr. This technique along with scoring s tucco into hl11rk patterns was fairly common in colonial 
1~~.,:!~~~u :!:\~: ,:~-~.:: :~·,\JI: 11~::i AnH.·:ic.1 to imitate stnm' (see illus. 1, 2). ~~~;;~f itl~l~, ;,~t ~ T I ~l1'i l U I l' Multlr-d or cast masonry substitutes, such as dry · 
t,11np 1 ,1,;t ~tone and pourrd nmrrele, bc-c.inw popul,1r 
~~~I~:~~i~~l&':'.~:,~'~!,/E~,'.~:;~::i~~:~::.::~:i,:, •;:·:n:~, in rlan· of quarried stonr durin~ the 19th centurr These masonry units were fabricated locally, avoiding 
214 
~-
f,(~l\:l;;g}f~ ~tf' if !{!i:.~:f.~~~f ; 11~:f i {~  
11/u,. 4 Tin· J9th -n•11 /u,v •l~11•mdr11rJ • 1wrn·l.1111/ md•I /irtWI• 
11(1~ 11 ,nl III im1l•l1m1 n/ ulhrr m•frr111/ ,; /11 1111• 1•. r , llir rnfrrr 
r .1/i'n11r r•f llr.- /.1111.~ /.~l•ml S,~·1¥ l),·1•1•11 Co1111.i11¥ 1< ••~I -mm 
r1·1111·~n1l11rs ,1,1111· 1'/111/0; 81•,it'f /,11_1;1111 , J 11n11I. ,,f C11•I lm11 
Ard11tr,l11rc 
expensive quarrying and shipping costs, and \\ ' l'f(' 
versatile in representing f' ilher om,1teh· c;u\·cd blocks, ~:;:~;~~e1,;~~t~:~~:~~~~:;,:i~;':::1;~~:;~~/·~~:~a\,·as 
plain wall stones or rough cut te'<tured surf.i(es . The cotta could tie gl.11ed to imit;l!c· .i variety of natural 
:~'i;e~~:d d:r;~~~~i 1::'.,~h~.11f~[:1~~if,;!~;:~::~ ~-:,~- stone'- , frnm bro\,·n-.tone5 to limt'"-lones , or could be ~~ colored for a polvrhrome effect 
junction ,vith mail order houses (ser illll '-. 3). Later , Nineteenth cerltury technolo~y made a variety of 
panels of cementit ious pf'rma-stonC' or formstttn e and m,1IC'rials readily available that rn,t flnly werea\ile to 
less expensive asph,111 ,rnd sheet metal pant+• were imit.1tc• mPre ex"prnsivr materi.1ls tiut \\:ere also 
used to imitate bricl-.. or stn,w cheaper to fal'iricate and e,1sit·r hi use . 1 hroughuut 
Metal (cast, stamped, or hrt1kc-formed) \,·a,; used the century, imitative material5 continued to evolve. 
~~[:ft ~i~~;~};~,~;i::i):;!jn~tl~,?~}i:.i'.I:·· \Ji}:;r:;~~ll~tHl:'.i~:~~li~}~r 
even entire huilding frnnts in imitation of building 
stone (<tet• illus . no . 4) 
a ::~:~j~~\/;•l~:,:;:~~i~~~i:~~iS ~1\\'.:~~r~,;:~\ ~:::~de;~ !~~~,~~:~,~~~~;l,~~~-~l~;t:a~~~ri~~:~e C~-?;~,r~l/l~~~~•T 1\j~ ~t~:.--r~~l' ,,·idl' sprl',1d use All of thC'se materials, stone, cast. 
19th and early 20th centuries . It simulatt.~d tht> ap• stone, cast-iron, and various pressed metals were in 
2 
~ -.. - ~-LJ { 
J 
215 
When to Consider U~ing Substitute 
Materials in Preservation Projects 
BC'cauc:;c• the ovC'r7C'.tlouc:; uc:;e of substitute' materi.il c; 
can grC'.itly impair the historic rharacter of a his toric 
structurC' , all preservation options should be explored 
thoroughly before substitute materials .ire used . It is 
important to remember that the purpose of rC'pairing 
damaged features and of replacing lost and ir• 
reparably damaged ones is both to match vi sually 
what was there and to cause no further deterioration . 
For these rC'.1sons it is not apprnpriate to covl•r up 
historic materials with syntlwtic materials that will 
alter the appearance, proportions and details of a 
his toric building and that will conceal future 
deteriorillion (see illus . 6) 
Somr millC'ri,,ls have been uc:;l'd sucn•c:;sfully for thr 
rt'p.tir of d,1m.t~C'd feiltun•s !-Uch il<; epoxit•s for wood 
infillini;, ccml'nlitiou.<- patching for sands tone' repairs, 
or plas ti c stone for masonry rC'pairc:; , R<•pair c:; ilTC' 
prdt•r,11,\t• lo repl,iremt·nl wlw!IH'r or n11t tin· n·pair-; 
i.lrC' in kind or with a synthetic subs titutt• material (see 
illu s . 7) 
In general, four circumstances warrant the con-
sideration of sutlstitutr materials: 1) lh C' unavail.ibility 
of his toric materials; 2) the una vail.ibilit y of skilled 
craftsmen ; 3)inherent flawsintheoriginalmaterial s; 
and 4) code-requirrd changes (which in many ca c:;es 
can be e,tremC'lv destructive of hi<:tori c resource' !- ) 
Co<: I m.t y or ~ .1y nut be a determining facto r in 
considering the use of substitute material s. Depend-
ing on the area of the countr~1, the a.mount of 
materi.il needC'd , and the pro1ec1t·d life of less durable 
!-uhc:;titutr m ,1trri,1I<:, ii may N' clw,pC'r in thr ltmg 
~~\~;l::~\:!'f~l::t}V;:;~ 1 1~t:.t~~~jl~l~'. l~•~'r\;~ : ,~iyl~ r~,I~ ::f may 
~,~;~::'::'::ir~t::;:;~::~::~I~~:;\:!i~\::.'~:~~i::'.:?~·D,:.~:~~,~ 
production at thr ._,,nw linw and \\t'rf' c, •!l·C!1· d cin thr 
basis of the availabilit , 111 lll,lll'fi ,11 , ,rnd lo".d u ,1lh· 
manship, as well as d·ur.ibilil y and cost ('- l'e illus . 5) . 
The criteria for selection todav are not much 
different · 
Many of th<' materi.,J._ u-.t·J hi-..turic,1lly tu imit.1te 
other materials are still .,, .1ilable Tht•se .ire tifh•n 
referred to as the tradition.ii malL'ri ,dc; · \\·ond , (,1 •:;;t 
stone, concrete, terra cottc1 i'tncl Cil '- 1 mrtalc: In the I.1st 
~~;o~~c;~::~r~.~~·<c;~\~~1;:~:.~1~;:~~tt~:.~ .,::::1~~.~\1 1~f ~;~:,. 
thetic materinls , such ., .. fibl'rgJ ,1.., , , ,l l rylir 1v1h mer ,;, 
and epoxy rrs inc; , h;i,4 • 1--., •,•n Ot·, t· lni 11•d .,net .1n· 1-.t•ing 
used as sub-.titutc· m.1t, •1i .d -. in 11111-.\11t l li,,n . 111 ,omt• 
respl"cts thest' nl'\\l'r r11•d111..h (ol1t•11 rcfrnl·d 1t 1 ,1 , 
~~~~ ::~hl(;:1~~;,\:1,:;l.~11:1:.'.' "J .'i:•~11 f: ~.l:n.~ir~~·;I ,;:: .:,\' !::;~;;.t,11 
~a\·;~~·~,~,~~~I ~1~1~··~ ~:. 1::lill \~l'.!~:·1 !;' ;;~·~-1~: :.,~;::~~;i:1wJ 
solid performance reCl1rd c:;, 
216 
217 
l/lu~ 11 . Tiu· 1111ftr•1fo/11/1l1111/ /,r c /11111 1rt1/I l, •, /11111111, ·, ,.., ,mo//1,·r 
;::7;~••;;1:/,'1 1::t;;;:.r'lc:::::::'~';,',::,;;•t,:·:,:1t l~':;:,,:::.~1::::'.1/; ~ ~, t:::' 1 ll <I 
m1JSr11i, l!r r "l'-'drl1t111 < 1q111•d111/11111111111,1 fll1m111rw11 ;1,1~ / '1')<<11-
bll' h,·1•11v u /1"211< ""'r~mx III t/11 < mnl11m, ll'Or a,wr/1'11•11' 
Plwtw John C W.t1t1• 
aluminum, cast stonf', fihrrgl.,..;,, rnl) ml'r corn ll'll'" · 
glass (ihcr re infor cd concrrtc-c:; ,ind tc-rr,, w t1 ,1 ~lold 
makinA and casting l,1k(•c:; skill ;md u,,fhnH: n \\ lw rnn 
undcrtakr th ic: wor.,_ nrr .,, .. ,il.1hk ('l'L' il\u 1;; JI) , 11 ) 
EHnrt5 s hould always be m ,11..l t•, rri11r tn rqil.i ll'mrnt, 
to seek out arti c.;m s \\'ho might be nhlc to n.•r,,ir or-
name nt a l e lcml'n ls and thc rehv savt' the hi c: turir 
fea ture~ in pl ;,rr . ' 
3. Poor original building malcrial c:;. 'iw1w hi..,t11r11. 
building materialc:; wcrr o( inhrrcn tly poor qu,1lity or 
their modern counlNp;utc:; <Hl' infr•ri11r In i1dd1tion , 
~\\7:.~ ~~:~:~:~:~ ~~!·r,~,/.'·;:/,1i~;11i,\,t1 11r:1)tl::1~~~: ~~::1;:1 :~:~ I !I 
ga lva nic corrosio n E,,,m pl L'.., n( p1111r qu,1l11y m,1 h: ri,1 lc:; 
were the very c:;oft c:;;,nd...iont•c:: whil h emch•d quit kl\' 
An ex:, mpk 11f p11nr q11 .1hl)' 1nHd1·r11 n-pl.111·1111·11 1 
materi;,I i~ !ht• tin c1 1,1h'd "ll'l· l ro11fin~ whkh j.., rnn l h 
lises s dural:,lc th ;rn th t· hi .., lurk t in nr tL~riw 1rt111 1, hkh no longer avai lab le- . In some C.l'-l''- , mt1rc dt1r,1bk 
naturnl stone~ or pre .,.., , connl'I<• might hL' .1v,,il.1blC' 
ac. subc:;stittauint rlc:e; sfso r th (' t;,11 11 ..,,11nt '" .1nd 1t1P1km tnnt·· 
fl/r, , 11 C1•lr-,1·l• lrd rl,,11,'\t'• ,,r of 11111rr11 rn h1•tm1r pwcrn ~, 
coa ted stet•I or lt'.ld -coilh'd cop per m,bh t ,,, 111 111,,,n/• h,,11,~t' Ill. · 1111,·:,:ri/11 ro/ II,, 111~/orit rr<1111111· "'"~ I•· 
1
prod uce a more durnblc vet vi!- llillly comp,1tihlr ;;;,'.''/,;:;'.,~.~;:,~~·~'.:·~,:1, :i'~: :~~,~~;~,'t,:::.: ~:::.i 1~,','.,:,;··:~:~-·::.:::.','; 
replacement roo(ing ('-('t' illuc.. 12) 
4. Code-rclaled change'i . . tHtw t inH''- rdNrrd to nc:; 
lifo and safety codes, hui!Jin~ uidl''- oflt•n r<•quirt• 
~1~:'~~c:o~e~.•s,~:~riix~~~~::~1:~\~~~\~ ...r i:~ 1:,:~~~;7,~:,t Ii!:j }J!,~f2 ?i i:?Jiiff: 2f2 IE~~:: 
overhanging m;t<;onr\' p,1r,,pt:I'- ,1nd cornil(• ,;, m 
frees tanding urn s or fi11i:d c. bl' ,;C'nurlr H'ilnduHC'c..l tn 
new s truct ural frnmt''t or bC' rc•n111vrd compll'h·h·. In 
\'~·?i~S'.~::1~.~i:nt'.'::::'::~:~i!:;}:':::?:'.;::t.'1~·'::~):;," 
moved mny he c:;11 ~H•, 11 ., .. 111 di1111n, .., h tlw inh•r,rity nf 
the resour r . lhi~ <nuld afh-LI tlw ~•j.'.,rnfi1iln~1• of thl' 
:~~~ti~: ~~: ;~.'1\111! ~'.:I';\'/ 111 1 1 11lri,~ ; :., ~ :: : :;1 • i: i.., 1~• 1".';i ~:: ::,1:'. ;:'.11: It l 
cou ld rrc.u lt in lo..,., of I (•Lil-1,11 t,l\ 11l·d1t .., h•r 11•h.1hi l 
ltation . Departmenl of th <• lntrrior rq~u l,1ti11n, m,,k<.' 
218 
need tn kel'p d C',1d loads In a minimum or if the 
fenture lx·ing repl.1n•d is rcl,,tivrly inaccess ibll' for 
routine maintenanct' 
Cautions and Concerns 
In dealing \Vilh exll'rior fec1lt1rC'S and milterial '>, it 
mus t be remembered th.11 mfli s ture penetr,1tion, ultra - - -~-==:::-----=:= 
violet degradation , and differing thermal expansion 
and contractio n rates of diss imilar materials make any 
repa ir or re placeml'nt prohlrm.1t ic. To ensurr th;it a 
repilir or replacement will perf<1m1 well over tim C', it 
is critic.ti to unders tand full y th r properties of N,th 
the original and the substitute m.it e rial s, to in ,;til ll 
r<'pl;icrment miltcria\ c: cn rr('ctl y, In ,1,;q.,.;c; their imp,1ct 
on adjacent hi s ln ric m,1lni,1ls, .1nd to have re J '>o nahle 
exrectations of future perfo rman c.::e 
M,rn y high tech m,1lC'ri .1 ls ilre too n C'w to h ;we been 
IC'SIC'd tlu,mughly. llw difh•rt' IKt '' in \'.l ror 
rC'rnH'ilhility bt'lwt 'l' n '>tl lllt' ... , ·ntllt'ti1· lllillt'ri,1 1.. . ;rnd 
tht• hi c; loric m.ill'ri,1b Ii.wt· in sum, · ra-.t•s r,10 .... 1: d 
unC'xpccted further detC'rior.ition . It is therdP!'l' dif . 
fi cult to recommend s ubstitutr mt1teri,1I ._ if th t· hi c:;tnr ic 
matcri,1ls Me s till il\' ilil .iblc . Ac.. prt'\'inus ly nwnti111wd. 
consideration should al\\'ays be gi\'cn fir e:: ! to u c;ing 
traditio nal mate ria l, and met hod '- of rep,1ir or rcpl;i ce- 11/11~ 1-' 11,r 1·1~11•/ '}111,/1/1cc nf Iii.- /11(fl1n1 ~·•tmr 11111~1 Iv 
m ent before accepting unproven techniques , m ater ials m•td,rd 1drrn 11(111~ ..,11/, .. /1/11/r m•lrr111/~ /11 /Ju( illu~lr•twn. //it 
or applications. l1gl1trr 11~·,g/1/ 1m11rr•I {1/•rr ,rmm/ 1,l1111x/rc //(I'd In rr1•l•rr tl,r 
,fr1n11 1Mlt'1I lml1 1r11 <fotr 10,,( 11v·rr tfrl11r/,·,I II• 11111/r/1 t/11' wlm, 
Substitute malNials must me<'t tlut>c b,,..,ir nitr ri a 
s1:r, (/11111,·•mf 1•,11/,·m 11/ llir '"'·'"'"' t1t•f111, 111111 ll1rl11~tcinc 
before beinF, consid C' rrd: they muc..t be compatible 1,1n.1• bird~ wcrr rr•ll•c/1rd Pl,nr,,: Sli•mn C. l'ul. AIA 
with the historic material s in .ippcarance; their 
physical properties mus t be s imilar IP those o f the 
historic m.1terial '-. or be' inc..t:1llcd in il m,mrwr !hilt 
tolerates diHerC'nces; and thn· muc;.t nwet cC'rt.iin 
basic performance expectations over an e xte ndt'd 
peri0d of time 
Matching thr Appearanc<" of the fli,toric Makri,11~ 
In order to provide an .ippe.ir,1nce th.1t is comp.:itil;,le 
with the historic millrri,11. thC' Tlt'\\' m.itNi.il s hould 
m,1tch tlw dl•l.1i\ c: .,nd n,1fh111,rn.., hip 111 tin · 01i1:in,1l a s 
well ,,s lht· color, surl,ll'L' tl''tlurt·, s url,Hl' rt'llt •1. 1i\'it,· 
and fini s h of the origin.ii m,1teri.1I ( '-Pl' i\lu o; 14 ). Tile 
closer an elen1C'nt is to tlw viC'wer , thC' mor<• closely 
the m,1terial and craftsm,1nc;hip muc;t m;itch thC' 
original 
Matching the color and surf.Jee IC'\ lure of the 
historic materia l with a suhc;titutC' m;iteria l ic; normallv 
difficult. To enhance th<' r h ,inc<'s u f a ~ood m.il ch , it . 
is advisable tu d eil n a p<1 rtinn of the building \\' here 
ne\\· materi;i ls are to bC' uc.l'd . If pigrnC'nls arC' to be 
added to the substi tute mate rial , a specia li s t should 
d e te rmine the rormulatio n of thl' mix, the nat m;il ;ig-
grC'gates and thC' ty p C'<; of pigml'nt c; In hC' U'-l'd As ,1II 
exposC'd malt•ri :1 1 j<; s uhi l'l I IP ullr,1-,· il1 kl dq.;r,1d,1ti1111, 
if poss ible , samples of the ne\\' m,1il' ri,1l c; mad C' during 
the e,,rly plc111ning ph,, st''- shou ld b1 • h •<.,tl'd or ,1 lli1wrd 
to WC',1ther ov<·r Sl'VC'rill .... ,,.1,;;n11s In lt·s t for c11lnr 
stability 
Fabricators should '-urply .i sufficil•nt numbC'r of 
samples tu permit on-silt' comp,1ri-.on of n 1lt1r, lt•v 
~ ~7,~: 11 1!~-1 111 11 ; :(', 6~~\~il il ~i , 1~~: 1\;.r:.r\l 1\~ :: 1• ,: ~~ , i!:: ·,~,t \~.,:\~:; ~l' rl'-
in color and texture within thC' original mt1tt•riill3, the 
219 
Illus . 16. Thr R,,orlq11alir.1/ s11/,Mil11tr ,i111/1·nal .o: sl111w11 Jinrdp 
ma/c/1 tlirl1i.< lnr1r$41ml</r111c111cnlnr, /1·1/1111 ·, l no/i11,,;:a111f"-11r(11rr 
drtaifr, Dry•taml' caM .< tc111c m,:-: 11s,·,/ In 111111, I, Ilic n•1I '-1111d-./o1w 
that uros 110/011saarnilahl1· 1/ic ri·,m1,,;; / 111l lr, f /11SI f111w111,or-
poralrcf ~1rl1 historic a11d su/ i-::,/1/11/t ma/0111I<. S11ff1timt 111, •lif~ 
Wf.'~t madl' to amid tlir pro'1/1·m vf tlrtfctmg tlir s1dist 1t11t,·~ /,.\/ 
their unifomuty. Photo: Sliaro11 C Pnrk, A/A 
Matching the Physical Properties 
\Vhile substitute materials can closely match the ap-
pearance of historic ones, their physical properties 
may diffe r greatly. The chemical composition of the 
mall'ri..il (i.r., presence of acid s, alkalines, salts, or 
me tals) ,;hould bl• c>valual1•d to l'nc;urr that the> 
replacemrnt m,,terials will be compatible with the 
hic;toric rrsource. Special care mu c;t therefore be taken 
lo intc-gr;,tr and to anch c1 r 1hr nrw m11terialc; properly 
{'>et• illu <. . 17) . The tlwrmill r >q ,,m.., ion and rontr;,ction 
cot•fficirnts of each adjacent material must bC' within 
Illus. 17. Carr n111st fl(' takor 111 rn,<;11rr that tlir ri•1•ln1·n11nrl tolrrabll' limits . The function of joints must be 
mntrmJ/s u•,/1 11~1,k ri•1tl1m II p1,·,l,·,1:,.:11,·,I "l/" ln11 A.I t/11' N,,,n< undn c:!11od ;md <ll'l,1ilrd f'illwr lo l'liminalr moic;ture 
~;:~~n~~r~t~~~'1::;r,~~~•~':::~}'~-~~ir::,1 ,::,i11 1,:~l'1 11 1 ,';;~c·, p1•1wtr,1ti1lll {If IP ,lllnw v,1pnr r,·rnwability . M.1lt'ri,1I<. .•· : , ,~ :1 :'•;: ;;'. that will c.1uc:e galvanic corrosion or othrr chemical 
core from theexposcde11dr. /,a(k too rkptli of4R mcl,r, . 11irr.t- reactions must be isolated from o ne another. 
terior u®r11 shrllf. rrmn111rd inlnrt . fi/1rr,~lnsc n11-/.c (/rft 1•/111/n) To ensure proper attachment, surface preparation is 
and sprnally fornwlatrd slrurt11ral cl'oxy u·ar ustd In fill tltr critical. Deteriorated underlying material must be 
cltanedoulcorrsandocost r1i.,rl{wafcrr,idu,itli all 11,rdrtailnf 
i:,ro1:7~ 1;i:st~ ;;:, ,~;~,';';;;~;','~':) cleaned out . Non-corrosive ;mchnring de\"ires or 11 1 1 :;;~' ;~;,,::;;'/r ~~',:·,;  '~.;, ~:,In ~:~;;;~ 
bi,1alum nf repair amJ ~a~~e~::~-i~~:!a~J ~~~l";~/~ :~~Yo!~:r"J~:,~~~ri~,I rrJJlal"t'llll'llf llf.lllS s11 /1Mit11/r ma/ci,n/c Q( 
port of a Wtll thought out t-y(frm . Plint iJf. : Courlrt-yof /fornst111 elements should bC' used (see i\lu c; . 18). Properly 
Goodall chosen fastenc-rs allow attachrd materials to e'<p,ind 
and contract at their own ralc>!- Caulking, fle'<ible 
0
substitute material,; s ht111ld he c:imil,1rly variC'd so that ::::~~~ ~~J~~:n:~r:tt~~~!sn~:::~~,~nc!~ea~s~~~i:light 
they are not consp_icuou,; by tht·ir uniformity diffNC'nces of movemrnt Since physical failures often 
Substitute matenals, notably the m;isonry ones, result from poor anchorage or improper installation 
may be more watc-r-ahc:nrlx•nt th.in thf' hi.;tori r techniquc- c; , a structurnl enginc-rr should be a member 
;r~>'.~~;~:~ \~/~;;l~~ 1~i~~.·;::;:t ~~~:~r~~11~~1f·l'\\~:~?;1,1~l~ 1 0ar- of s~~;;}':~nt h~•nr~t~:I•~~~~ !~~! 1~1~~;.;~:,~: "1rh ~ ~ 
coatmg on the subst1tulL' matNial. I lowev(' r, thL•se eroxil' s and rolymcrs are much strungl" r th ,m hic:toric 
clear ~oatings tend to alter the reflrcti\'ity of the> materials and generally impermeable to moisture. 
1
~~i;e;~~~•s ~~JI !:i:~~ft'~:.~i~l~•r~~~~i~~l\t'~r~n;n'i~•:;t~t' ~~:~·;l'~'if~~~~:-~~~~ ~~,r~ ~~;:~~,~~,r~:~,~~~~~1~::\~;~~~ 
spalling. For these re,1s11n c; , thry are not recommend - sinn and contraction properties of adjacent histo_rir 
ed for use on historic materials materials more closely, or unless the new matenals 
220 
are isolated from thr hi,;;tnric onC's al1<1grthcr. Whrn 
strcmger or v.1p0r imrcrnwi1hlr rww m.1trri<li '- ;,rp 
ust•d .1!t1ng,;;idc hi<:IPl"it ,nu·,. SIH'""t'<: fn11n tr,1p1wd 
moisture ur differing P,p.in-;ion .ind contr.iction riltrs 
generally hastrn detc-rioration t1f thr weal,.,rr hic;turic 
material. For this rea!-on , a conser\'ative ,ipprn;ich to 
repair or replacement is recommC'ndrd, onr !hilt uc;ec; 
more pliant materials r.tthcr than high•s trrn~th ones 
(see illus . 19) . Sinn• it is ,,lmoc;t imposc;; ibh.• for 
substitute materials tn match th r propcrtiec; of historic 
~;~~~~~ his~~r~~)~~!~~i:~:~'\,:;~~\~n~;,~~:r;;~;~ir:~ that 
if material failures occur. the>\' occ11r \\'ilhin the new 
material rather than the hishlric matNial. 
Prrformance Expectations 
While a suhstit ute m;iteri;il m,1,· i1ppt•,1r In hf.' ilffl'pl· 
/1111 .-. JQ \Vlit'li 1/,r 11lr11"l1/lll 1•m1irrt1r.-./11Tr 110/ 111/11/rlm( ,-...r. 
~~~~~ i~~ '.~l~~tl~l\~il\'/Ctj'nl~:::~~•l~Jji,~ll~•I i~~ :~::' j; ~\~~~~!~~ •.,~:: ::1~ 0 lh 11/111/11 /Ji, rm,i/ r1J•11~1,111 /111/rl n111/1/111 h,111 1""1"'"'//r~. ,crt·/111 ' 
1/,1111,1:,,:, · 1,11, •~• ,,, /11 /111 , 11h1". /11,, n l11·11u/i,1 11:,.:1, I (J• •x l{ ,rJ'lmr• 
mi\kri,1ls .1rc s11 Ill'\\' th.it indu o..;tn· .... 1.u1d.1rd..., .111· 11111 
avail,1ble , thus mal,..ing it diHicull -lo spt>city tJU.ility ;;~·:~\, ':;~~ ,,.,::; :,',',:'/:g~·J :;.',,~, ~;;~~c;:'.c i;'~~t::l, ~:1:~"~r~:,~:·"~l::c1 
control in fabric.itinn . or to prrdict milintcn,1nn• re· sy~lr-111/llfrClll/_11 rn//1 llir 11/llliff/lll ,;tmrr. m /Irr uwl/ ~11rro1111dm~ ,t 
quirements and long term pcrfmmilncc Wht•rp pnc;si- Prc~~urr l•w/1 "1' rr-.11/1111~ 111 /II t'f'rt1r/lll O/llrl •t tlir rer1/rr of 1hr 
ble, projects in\'olving substitulr millL•rii\ lc; in c;imil.ir 1m1t, and 5-JWlli-rl rd,i;:r, !1•ti'f"'ryh,.-.1,1r, , ,1111r1·lli1t nws•d1•rr11I 
circumsti\nces should t'c f'xilmined ~1.,tt•rial spt>d fic,1- to llir ri~,d 1m1I. Plioto: \-\'1/lrr M So11ll1r1mrr 
tions outlining stability of color .1nd lr\lurr; cnm-
pressive or tensile strength s if .1prrorriiltf'; the· 
acn•pt.1ble rang(' of tlwrm ,11 rocllit·il'nl ...,, ,rnd tilt.' 
durability of coating'- and fini c;;hcs should \-le> included 
in the contract documc>ntc;; _ \'\ 'i tht1l1I t\w c;; c• wrilll'l1 
documents , the owner m.w be ldt with little recourc;;e 
if failure occurs (see illus . ·20, 21) 
The tight controls m·n•,.c;ary 1t1 rnc;u1l' lonM· h:rm 
performance extend heycllld h,win~ written r c· rfmm-
ance standards and se\r(ling m,1teri.1lc; th.it h,wl' a 
sucn. ., sfu l tr,llk n•c11rd It i<. i111p,1rt.int h i '-•·lt·d 
qu;i\if1l•d L1brir,1l ors ;rnd in ..., t,1lk1 o..; wh11 l,..1111,, \\ h,11 
they are doing and ,,.:hti l·,rn fnll1n,· ur if n·p.iir-. .in' 
nC'CC'S'-.lr\' . ln <:t,1llcr'- ,11lll ,·1mlr,11h11o..; 11ni.1mili.11 ,,ith 
spt•cific il1b-.titul(' m;ilL0 1i.1I<. .1111! hen,· tl1t•\' funttum in 
your local environment;,! rondition'- should be " :'. 
avoided ,·· ,;,,-.,1 
The surfaces of substitute' m.1tl'ri.il ,; m,w m·t·d f• .1 ... 
special care once installt•d . ror ('X.imrlt•, r hC' mic.i. l 
residues or mold rl'k<bL' .,gl'nts should bl· rem• 1ved 
completely prior to install.1tion . since tht•y atlr.1ct f. '_:-:."!. J'; .. ,.,.,.~ ., 
pollutants and cause the replacement mate-rials to ,lp· 
pear dirtier than the adj.1cent his toric matcrial c; Fur- r 
thermore, suhstitutc> m;,t,~ri ,1\ c;; m,,y rt'LJUirC' mor1· frr-
quent cleaning, special cll'aning product s and rrotl'c- l ..;( 
tion from impact by hanging \\"induw-clraning scaf-
fo ld ing. Finally, it is critical that the> subc;titulr ... ~·. 
:att~:i~~i~i~~e;c~i~~-~11 ~:,;;;~ ~1:r~'~,!:~"~\1.~;~-~~~;,\\~:.rrd 
l ~ .... 
of all the building mater1.1ls cont inu <.• to ensure> the l {_ 
life of the historic rl'SOllffl' 
: ~- Ill _u ~ 
j 
221 
Summary 
Sulic;titute matrri,1\,;-those pmducls us<'d to imitate 
hishlfic materialc;-should be uc;ed only after all other 
ortionc; for rep.iir ,ind repl.icemf'nl in kind ha\'P been 
Choosing an Appropriate Substitute ru l<'d out 8ec,10uc;e there are c;u manv unl-..mrn nc; Material ~\~;:~~~l~f ~~;i~ :t~';r1:ur;r~:~:n~~n;t:n~:d:~~~ti:~,~~11ut 
Once all reasonahle options f1,r rl'p.iir nr rl'rl.i<'emrnt a thornugh invec;tigation into the proposed materials, 
in kind ha\'e bc·en c-,h.1ust1,.'d ttw dwin· il:·1nnM the f.Jbric.i ltlr , thr in~t .1ller, the .1\ailahilit\' of 
wide varit•ty of substitute moteri.ils currl'ntl~- on S}-'L'lificat1ons, and the u<,e of th,11 malt·n~I in a 
m.irk<•t muc;;t bt• m.:1Lk ("l'l' illus. 22) . ·11i, , ch,Ht-- c;i111il.1r c; i!U;"1!it1n in ;"I c;imil.1rt'll\'ir11nmrnt 
cnd of this lhid dt""l I ilw ,1 numl•t'r of -; 111 h l,11li ... 1it111t• 111,11,·ri.1 1.., ;"!rt' nor111,1ll) 11..,, ,d \\ht·n the 
:~~~~t t:fr;';:~~~::~gt l~t;/~~r:~ilt;,~:f .';;~:~I~ !i:.~~t~ hi ..,lnri, lll,ll1·1i,1J.., nr 1r.1!h111.111•.h1p ,HI' rn1 lnnJ:t·r 1 1 :~:\ 1 ;~: :;" ;l\·,1il.1hlt-, if ti ll' ,irigin,11 111,11t-n.1I .., ,IH' 11! ,1 punr 
~~~!~~:~._ \~~~:Jt\ ~~ ~:\;\•~ .r'\l~:!~~ Ji.Ii~;:~:~•~;~! r:.\1;::, lll t' qu .i lity or an• c;1t1..,i11g d;"1m,1gt · In adj,Kt•nl m.ill'rialc;, 1 1 j ,< t' nt 1ir if ll u·n· ,1n• "' l'('1ifH n11!1• 1i •,p11 rt ·rn,·nl.., th ,11 
materials, since tht•ir pn1perli1•,; 1111d pnfnrrn.m, t· .irl' p1t•, l11d1· 11 11' ,1..,1• 11f ll1', lt1rit 111 .1h- r1,1l c; U-.1• 111 th1·..,t' 
better knmvn . Nor do the ch.1rts indudP \'inylc: or matt·ri.ilc; ~h1Hild l"lf' limih'd , !-lllff" replacl.:'ment of 
molded urethanes which ilf~ sometimes used .is his!Pril m.i!C'ri ,11'- on a 1.ir~e sr.ik mav jenp,ud i1e the 
cosmetic claddings or .lS substit utes for wooden 
miJlwork . Becau se millwnrk is still readilv a\'ailahle, it 
should be repl;1.ced in kind . · :~~:~:::;'ri:~di:i:;~~;:~~~:;:~i~\;::~:a;E";~:i,~:~"~ 
The charts describe the properties and use5 of bef(1rr turning to substitute matl'rials. 
several materials findin g greatrr uc;r in hi c; toric The importance of ma_tching the aprearance and 
preservation projects, and outline ad\';mt.igcc; .ind phy,;ir,il prnperliC's of historic m,1IC'r_1i:l lS and , thus, of 
disadvantages of each. It should not be rt>ad ,,s an finding a sucre!-c;hll long-le-rm !-tllutum cannot be 
endorsement of any of thrse m,1terials , hut spn·es a,; m·erst.tted The successful solutions illuc;tratc>d in this 
a reminder that nu1merous materia ls must be stud ied Brief \\'('Te from historic rresrr\'ation proJC'CIS f~ ~t~I:~ ::;~<';~r!~ ;:t\~~7,~!:;:;~filt:~~.~~~:;~, t:~l',:~~/~~i~ 
(c~st s tone, precast connetc•, ;md gl.1c;c; fiht ·r 
2:I~i }t~0~~I~{J[j(!~i:I:I![~i]!ij~~::~ ~i~s•::;J[:t::~f~ itfi r~}EE~ i:}:~f ~1~11~-~ l; ~ ~I~~ ·irt~ ~ \~ ~-f :1J1Jt 111 ;:·t;;,~;: '-~' 1! ~; ·t:" ~;~~I ~ t,~!I~ ·:~:~~'.:;!~ 1l~ 
woods of t•),prrt profl'ssionals. 
FOLLOWING ARE DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
222 
PROs and CONs of VARIOUS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
Casi Aluminum 
Maltrial: Cast aluminun, i.c; a mt1ltt•n aluminum .11loy c-as t 
in permcme~I (nlC't,11) mo_lds or on<'•_tinw !.,md ~ll1ld,; which 
must be ad1usted for shnnbg(' dunn~ th<' cu rm~ prores-. 
Color is from paint arrlit•d to prinlt'd i'\luminum nr from a 
foctory fini .c;ht•dni.1ti11g . Sm.ill s1•rti1m,; ,.111 be l"ll.1!11•1! 
tl1gl'lher tu arhil'Vl' i!1tririlh.' o~ sculptu r,11 d<'l,1i\-. U111t 
castings are also available for items such as column plinth 
blocks 
Application : Cast aluminum t·.it1 hl' a s ub-.tituli' fur cast• 
iron or other deroratin elrments This wnuld indudt• 
~;!):~~~~~~ :~;::~~:~i:~~~1t~;i::~it~~~~.a;~;~l,!~~~t:~;~ 
E~£'.!~r:'.~~~~}:,~'.:~~~::~~~::If~:t::~;. ~· IE~:~:~~,:~.,.,ls, Clo:1·-1111 drltnf 1-l1ou·mx Orr rn.~1I rn~lm.~ m aluminum nf /1111-19//H nrlury rq1/1u1 rul11m ,1ar,d ra111tn/ foira slorr/rn11J. l'ltnto 
joint details are very important Slia,on C. Part A/A 
Adnnt~ge!I: Dis,1dvant,1geq: 
• light wc•i~hl (1 1:! of l·,1 ... 1 iron) • ~'.::;i-;, ::lrml11ral c;trt·ni,.:th th,111 • i,1~\~·~i,"t111i.; ~· 11•p,11rt•d nr rt•plan•J 
• curn1s"1.>n-rl•: ·:t,1nl, n1111 -nm1l_s1 ·hlt.· 1 11
• intricate castings pns~iblt· • diffirult to prevent galvanic corrosion• !low iscastaluminumtobe 
• easily assembled, g,1t1ddrliH•ry timP with otht.•t mrt,,J,; attached' 
• can he prepared for a v.irit'ly <If 
•c olors • f,:~~\:,:~~fr:~:~ \
1
;~:~:~/~::~-:~t~i,::; • :,',t;~;~II~::::: 1,\·t~:~:.~~~n deve lopt·d 
~~~r i~~ durable, less brittle tha n ca u ~ J...t.•d join ts . . • I Ii!\\ a re r>. pan c; ion jo ~ n tc; de ta _iled ' 
• difficu lt to keep paint on aluminum • \\'111 lherl" be a galvanic corrosmn 
prnblrm' 
•llavefac turyfini c;hc>c;bt.•enprull"Cted 
durin~ installat10n' 
• Are fabricators linstallcrc; experienced' 
.. . TiF""'d -- ·r.: .. \ ~ ,. 
~ f -~~~GlQ~ i 
~---, 
8j1 
~~-c . -
JO 
223 
PROs and CONs of VARIOUS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
Casi Stone (dry-tamped): 
M.itrri.al: Cast stone is an almost -dry cenwnt, limC' and 
~~er~:nn:~~~~:i~~\~/t~~~~:dn i:;~;e: :o:~elo pro-
building industry as manr refer to high quality ptC'c,1c;t 
concrete as cast stone. In fact, while ii is a form of precast 
~~~;;e:~~f~~= 1;;;~~~)i~;b~i~~~i~; s:::~,~~ t~di~~e:r :~re 
can be either dry-tampC'd or poured full of connC'IC' 
Reinforcing bars and anchorage devices can be installed 
during fabrication . 
Applic.ation: Cast stone is often the most visually similar 
material as a replacement for unveined deteriotillrd stone, 
such as brownslunr or sandstone, or terri\ colta in imitation 
of stone. It is used both for surfocr wall shinC's and for 
ornamental features such as window and di'or -.urrounds, 
voussoirs, brackets and hoods . Rubber-like mold._ can l'te 
taken of gtK\d stones on site or made up at th<' f.ictnry from 
shop drawings . 
Advanl.ages: Dis•JYantages: Chrrklisl: 
• replicates stone textu re with ~ood • ht'.1\ y units may require ,1ddition,1I • Ar<' the cirigin,11 or similar materials 
molds (which can come from extant anclu1rah,' a\'ailable? 
stone) and fabrication • color can fJdr in sunlight • How are units to be installed and 
• expansion/contrac tion similar to stone • may be more absorbent than natural anchored? 
• minimal shrinkage of material stone • Have performance standards been 
• anchors and reinforcing bars can be • replacement stones an• ol'tvious if too developed to ensurP color stability? 
built in few models and molds are made • Have large samples been delivered to 
• material is fire-rat ed site for color , finish and absorption 
•rangeofcoloravailable testing? 
• vapor permeable • Has mortar been matched to adjacent 
historic mortar to achieve a good 
c11lor lh~11ing match? 
• Art• fal'tr "calor-, " .. :-lalkrs expt•m•nn·tP 
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concretes (GFRC) 
Maltrial: Gl,1ss fiht.·r reinfotl'l'd n •nrfl•h':- an· li•~htwt·i~hl 
cuncrcte compounds mudifa·d with ;,dditin•<; and rl'mforc<'d 
with glass fibers . Tht•y are generally fabricatt•d ;10: thin 
shelled panels and applied to a separate structural frame or 
anchor,,gt• sy.;tem . 11w CFRC is mo-;! commnnlv <.,pr.,vt•d 
into forms although ii r.in lw p11urL·d Tht.• gl.1..,.., mu-.t bl' 
alkaline resistant lo avtiid deterimating l'ffl'c ls caused by 
the cement mix. The color is derived from th(• natur,11 ag-
gregates and if necessary a small percentage of added 
pigments 
Application: Glass fiber reinforced concretes are u~ed in 
place of features originally maUi:= 0f stone, terra colla, mt't<'II 
or wood, such as cornices, projl'cling window ;rnd door 
trims, brackets, finials, or wall murals . As a moldt'd rro-
duct it can be prndur<'d in long sect illn'- of t1·pditive 1
~fi ~l:\if f{~ ~~~f: i~z~f :i,~ff fi {il.~i t~~- ~\i;dt,-;J,:fi .t}p~I.f.t~r'.{rf j].@}~;J,[_~~;1'~}£:.}f  
titious material , it is vapor permeabll' '"'"" - •-., ., 
0
lll~i;;;;;;:;::;:· r~.:hla!ni;.fdi'.,;.,:'efn~t~h;,_:,~.l,.:,;,Im:li( ri i!{ i~J{'., 
• cementsgrncrally breathabl<' .. 
• material is fire-ra ted 
)1 
224 
PROs and CONs of VARIOUS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
Precast Concrete 
Mattrial: Precasl concn.'h' i~ a wt'l mix of n·mt.•nl and ,1)!.· 
gregate p ou red into mtilds to crC'ate masonry unit-. Molds 
can be made from exist ing good surfaces on the huilding 
Color is generally in\C'gral lo the mix,,._ a natur.il rnlnration 
o( the sand or aggregatt•, or as a sm.lll rwrcent,,gt• nf pig -
ment. To avoid uns ightly air bubbles that rt•sult fwm thp 
natural curing process . greatcarl'must tx, tak£'n in the ini-
tial and long-term vibration of the mix . B<•caust.' of its 
weight it is generally usC'd to rt•produce individual units of 
masonry and not thin shell panels 
Appliution: Precast concrete is ~ener.illy used in plan· of 
masonry materials such asstoneClrterra cotta. ltis us('d 
both for Oat wall surfacc>s .ind for t<.•xtun•d or orn,1nwntal 
el<'ments . This indudt·s w.1II !-ihllll''- , window and tl1w.ir sur• 
rounds, sta ·r tn•ads, p,1\'nt, p\•cl'c:, parapt'ls, urnc:, 
balusters and other decoratil1t• elt•nit• nt !'-. It diffl•rs from c,1., t :i·.111nrt 1111:~,I~\ ~'~ 1;r•~;cr a.,'"'rit'fy ~f- hrxh quality carord, 
ston(' in that th<' surf,lft' is mon• dt•pt'ndt•nt on the h•xtuT<•d 
mold than the hand tampini; method of fat-irication Plmlo. Slumm C !'ark, A/A 
Adv.1nh1ges: Disadvantagt•c; · Che-ddisl: 
• easily fabricated . tak<'s s hapt• w<• II • may h.. mnrt' mu"stJte absorN'nl • Is the hi storic material still available? 
• rubN>r molds can be made from than stone althou~h coating<; ma)' be • Wha! are the structural/anchorage 
building stonl'S applied n •t1mremenls. 
• minimal shrin~.1gE' of matt•riJI • coh1r fad1·.., in sunlight • HavC' sampll's been matched for 
• can be load bearing or anchorage can • hca\'y units may rc>quire additional color/te>..turelahsorption' 
be cast in ant' hor,,~t• • HavE' shop drawings been made for 
• expansionlcontraclion similartostlln(' • smal l air t-iubhll'S may disf igure' units each sha pe? 
• matcrial isfire-ratl'd • rl'placemC'nl stonl'sarernnspicuuusif • AretherE'pcrformancestandards? 
• ra nge of color and aggrf'gate availahlC' too few modC'IS and molds are made • Has mortar bct•n matched to adjacent 
• vapor permeable historic mortar 1t1 ach ieve good 
colorltnnlingmatch? 
• Arefabricators/installersexperiencC'd? 
Fiber Reinforced Polymers-
Known as Fiberglass 
Mat~rial : Fitx•rgl,1'-S j,_ tilt' moc: t wrll J..111nv11 of tlw I I{]' pn ,-
ducts gcne rall y prod uet•d asa thin rigid laminatt• slwll 
formed b)' pouring a polp•c:tt•r or epoxy TC'- in gl'l-co.il into 
a mold Whc>n tack -fn•1• , l.i v,•rs of ch11pp1•d ~,,,.,., or gf.i..,,; 
fohric.irt• addt•dalung\, ith .1dd11innal r,• ,; m s K1•111fo1d11g 
rods and struts can bt· addl·d if m•cessary; the gel coa t can 
be pigmented or painted . 
Application: Fiberglass, a 11 11n l11,1d-l"ll.•.1rin g m.lll'ri,11 
=~~:.ii!.~~=~~:~~~;~l~~!;;~~:~5:i1~7.i~!~~~~~;:;~tor 
historic material s difficult . It s good molding abilit y and ver• 
satility to represent stonc-, wt1od , metal and t('rra cou;i 
makeitanahernativetn11rn,1te11rcarvt•dbuildingC"lt•mC'nts 
such as column capilals. h,1..,L'S, spJndrd pJnds, :~t:i~;~~: t;:'.i:.: {::;rr'.:'~,;,;;~~,7'~~~,~~:i~~;~ 1!~',~~,:t•;ir 
beltcourses, balustradl·~. window hoods or par.1pi.•t,; Its ln.'fl 11{ ddmf 1_,; mlricalr aml of l1itll quafit_y. Photo: Courlesy of 
ability to reproduce bright colors is a greal advanta~f' lndrprr1dr11rr Natrona/ H,~loriral Park. 
Chrcklist: 
0 1
: ~~~e :~;~~si:~'j~;~~: ~~v:::i~~e:d? 
111 av{ ,id unc:ij~ht ly app<•;,rnnC<'? 
• /\rl' tlH'rt' -.1a11J,ud,; for c-ulor 
slnbi lity/durabilily' 
• Havl" shop drawings been made for 
eachpiec<'? 
• Have samples been matched for color 
and ll"xture? 
• Are fobrirntors /installc-rs l"xperienal 
• Do codes restrirt u-.e of FRP? 
12 
1.:1__:::_ _I L-LJ ~ 
j 
225 
PROs and CONs of VARIOUS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS 
Epoxies (Epoxy Concretes, Polymer Concretes): 
Mat~rial : Epo'l!;y is c1 rl.'-.innu!'- two-p,ut thrrnui-sl'ltmg 
matC'rial wtcd asc1 wnsolid.rnt, an ;idht•:ivC'. a p,1tching 
compound, and as a moldin~ resin. It can rC'p,1ir dc1ma~ed 
mater·aJ or recn.•,,h.> Josi ft•,1turc'- . nll' n•s· __; -.-h -,·h MC' 
poured into molds arl' u;u~lly mi xt•d with fi111•r~ su~h as 
sand, or glass sph eres, In hghtf'n thE' mix and modify their 
expansionlcontraction pwpertic,; . When mixl'd with ag-
!?.E~t:~:J: ·i:1~~;:~:·.~r.:~~r,~:},E:,:~i;:~:~1~~: 
mix. Epoxies are vapor impermeahlr , which m,,1-.C''- detailing 
of the new elements C').lrrmr ly import,1nt '-O ,,._ 111 ;,void 
trapping moistun• N"hind thC' repbc1•mC'nt matt·ri.11 It c,m 
be used with wood, stnne, IC' rrn cnllil , and Vilriouc; m('tals 
Application: Epm:y jc; Pllt' 1,f lhc- mo._ 1 n'r!-,llill" 1,f 1hr nl'w 
~a1t:;;~1~;1::,l~ilt~l ~~,i;~r::l/~'}~::~::lll\1:;:~I~:::;~ ~:::~j~•:~}r;:r~,:~nlS 
namC'ntal nwt.il; nr In ~. ,-.t 1111-. -. 111g , ·l. ·1n,·nl-. nf w 11nd1•11 or . 
n.inwnt s . Sm.i ll r.1'-I 1•1,·1111·111'. c ,rn 1-.. · .,tt.11 lwd t,1 1·,1-.tmg 
m atc-rialsorentin• llt' \ \ f1 ·a lur_. .,1 ,111l•1•c.1 , 1 'f h,· rt' '- lll"ilr<' 
poured into mo ld s and due tt, the- r,1r1d '-l'll1n~ o l lh l' 
mat e rial .tnd th e- n(•t•d tu ,1n1id n.1d, it1j~ . tlw n10ld1 •d unit ~ 
are generally small or h11lhnv in , hlt· ,.._lultirlt• mnhl .., c .in bt· l111r. rq,lita n 1/11m11 cn111tal l l'fl ( madr 11(111s ,·,~•.l\l , ,..-.mr, 1111ur1',I 
combined for larger C'lemc>nt5. \\'ith ,;rcci.11 wd ,;, the E'pox• min a mnld lnk t•n from Oar bu,ldm~ TJ,c l11s:t11rac u'lXllirn rofomn 
ies ca n be structurally reinfmr rd . h;,mph•c. of <'P'' '-} slw(t 11 '(1 ( rrpairrd d11n11x Ille rrsloratil111 fl lrnln. Courtrsy [Nil 
replacement pieces include: finial s, °'ulptural dcl,'lil~. small Cnrp,1ratum 
column capitals, and nwdallinn!I; 
Advantagrs: Oii.,1d\·ant,1 ~r<. : 
• can Ix> u<:.c-d for n•p,"111 1.r1i ·lplnl,l 1n•nwnl • m ,1te ·ri.1l-..111•fl.1mm,1bh· ,mdJ:t·111•r,'llt• • Art• hic;(onr m,'l lt-t1,1lc. .:l\' .J 1l,1hlr lnr • lightweig ht , r;i <. il\' in ... lw.1! ,i-. thn I Utt' and m,1\· h,• tcn.:ic O\l ,Ith, or fnr ql~ht 111~- Ul ., ... a rt ·r a1 r 
• r~~~~ cf~~~1it~i~~:~~ \\'lu-11 hunn l , ,r1111n ? nu1\d,;, c.rn bt • • lt,..."1 m.,trr ,1l c; reyu ·rr c; p c-< ·:11 prutC'l"· • ll ,1<.the<'r1ny n ·., infl<'l·n formulated 
• material ca n N'sandcd and c,,rn·d ti i>11 fm 01~crat ur and ade!.1Uilh' venl1 · within thC'exp:m snin conlr act icincOE'f• 
• color and ultrJ·\'i11l<'t <:.frc("ning can l,'l! JOn "hilccuring firi<'nlsof adjacC'ntmatrri.i ls ' 
be added; takes p;iint \\'di • m., .1·r1,1I 111,w 1'l' suhwct IP ultr.1-\'iol<'t • llavrs.imrlesl-ieenmatchedfor 
• durable , rot and fungu~ r<'<.ic;tant d1•1t·1111rnliun unlesscoa t('d mfiltt•rs coh1rffinish' 
,1dd1·J • An• fabric.itor, in slaller<. c-xp1.:ri1•nn•d' 
• ~:~;;~.t~1\\~~i11~~;i~r~11 11 • ls lhereasound sul--<. tratenf material 1 t~ m:1~~t !':pan- toavuid dC'terio rall(lnbehind new 
,. ·11n c111•ff- · ·,,nt <:. m,11rr ·ilp 
• v.1p111 imp1· rn u•,1hll' • Art· lht·rt• ~ ·rformann· 
1 
1'41'11 ,nl '-' 
13 
226 
Further Reading: Substitute Material s Lyni·:ii:~':t~·;):,;r~::~;'"s!nd,:~';'."~::~~·t.:;:.n--: 
Berryman, Nancy D.; Su!->a!l M. lind.1\, Tenn Cott,1; 11rt'str-
vation of an Historic Matrrial . Ch icago: Landmarks National Park Service, Rocky Mount,1in Re~ional Ofhcr-
P reservation Cou ncil pf 111inoi-., 1084 P~r<:.rrrntum Rrir{'< 12 · n,r Prr<:.t'n ·atmn of H1V 
Brookes, A .J., Cladding of Buildin~:.. New York: Lon~rnan 1'_1,:mrnlr? Structural G/a<:.s. Wa<.hmgtn n , DC ~. ... 
lnc.,1983. h o n l\<.<.1stance D1vi,;ion, National Park Servicf' . U.S 
Dc-partmentof lhE" lnterior , 19f4 
Fisher, Thomas, "The SincNest Form of Flatte ry," Pro-
gr~sitir Arclriteclure (Nov . 1985) Phillip,;, Mt~rgan and Ju~ith Selw\TI, [7"1:r1rs ""' i•,~ 
~epair~ m H1 ,;/nnc Buildmgs. Washington, DC. Prtsf'1"\r 
Gay)e Ma rg~t; Da~id W. L~o.k, A JA; Jnhn G . Waite.' Metals tum l\<.<.i,;tance Oivi,;ion , National Park Sen'lCe l.! S 
in Amrnca 's H,stonc Bwldmgs: Usrs and Prrscrrntum DE"p,1rtmc-ntof the Interior, 197R 
Treatments . Washington, D.C.: Preservation A,;;sic;tan('C' 
Phillipe; , Morgan W .. Thr Mo™'-Libby Man s,m:i A Rtpcn 
Division, National Pa rk Serv ice, U.S. Department of the Rr~tnra/1m1 Wnrk Washington , DC. : Presena ,on 
ln terior, 1980 
Historic B11ildin~ Faca,lcs. New Yo rk: New York L..1ndmark" ~~~;'~~~~rf)i~:;~;~;, ~;;;nal Park Servict•, U.5 0rp.,1. 
Conservancy, 1986. Till er, dc-Tf'el P;,ttc-r!-nn, Prr<:.en-at m11 Brirfs 7; Tltt Prtv--a: 
Hornbostel , Ca leb, Co11slruclio11 Matrnals; Tv1ws. u~,-~ tmd nl 11, (fortc Gln:rd Ardutrrtural Trrro- Ct1tta \\ a<:..hrn u 
Applications, New York: John W ilC'y and Sonc;, Inc., D C : Prc-<.rrvalinn A<.c;i,:;t;incc- Di,i.,ion, 1':ahon.al Pa , 
1978. Srrvicf', U.S. Drparlmc-nt n f thr lnt r r ior, 1979 
Acknowledgements This ruhlication ha<. heen prepart"d pursuant toS«oo 
101 (h ) ('lf the National H1c;loric Pre~rYation Act . ,15, amend-
The aut h or gratefu lly acknowlC'dgl'c; th(' im·alu,1b!c ed, wh ich direc t<. thc Senrt,1rv of the lntenor to d~f'I. 
assistance of co-worker ti. l ichael Aul'r in editing thic; and makra\·ailahleinformatio,nconcerning hisloricrroPfT-
m an uscript. The following individual<. Me to be thanked for tic-s. The ~uidance prn\'ided in this Bnef w ill also a ssm 
their technical assistance · Mar,· Oehrlrin A 1 A .. rmperty owners in complying with the requ irements of 
Washingto n , D .C.; John G. \\;aite, A lbany, N) · 1l ym,,n lnll'rnal Revc-nuc Code of 1986. 
::rsi~-~/lr~1 Pn•c;c- f"\ ·atinn Brief<:. 1f. ha!- he<"n d cw-loped undM he ~t~~r~i:1~ 6h:1ad~11l:~i~n';.t;n:~,mf~ ~)7;,f~~~ff l<' r hn ir.,I <'ditor<:hip of Ir<' JI. Nc-l,:;nn . F,\I:\ CnK"f, rn,q,.. 
of Preservation Assi<.t,,ncc Di\'ic;i{ln , tht• cultural r('<.11uncc; \'atiun J\<:<:.r<,!;i n r(' Divi ... H.m , !\;ation.111\irk S<>f\K'C' . L' 
staff of th e National Park Sen·icc Regional Officl'", and Dl'parlmc-n t of the lnlerior, P .O . Ben. 3712i \\'ashurtoo. 
Stan G raves, on beha lf of the National Cnnft'r£'1K<' nf State DC 20013-7127 ,:'ommcnt,; on th<' u<:..<"fuln<'sc; of th lS ml ~-
Historic PrPservation Offlcl'rs, p nwidPd 11<.rful n1mmC'nlo; m.11 ion :-trt· wc-knm<' and c,1n br c;;rnl lo h . 'rfq,n al tht 
tha t were incorporated into the m,,nu,;cript abovt•address 
Cowr photc>~ral'/1: l11dr111.·mlr11c"r Hall , 1'/11/n,ld11/11a, /IA . tlir 1972 
inslal/alion of a comliinal1cm !1'111:11 / 0111I (1l>i·r:,.:lrh <:. rk11.J.., 11',1 ' 
duplicatmg the lo~, 181/i 1r-11/11ry 1111:,.:111al Plmtn · Courfr<:. y r•f Fotulrh, 1t,rSup,.nn1r,,.t,•nt ,,t p ,.,.,mlf'nL• I' S n,,.,...,_. 
lndep,tndtnctNatio11al H1st1irtral Park \\ 1•ti1n,rtnn. Il l' ,i-...1~ 
22 
APPENDIX I 
LI ST OF DOCUMENTATION AND ASSESSME T TOOLS 
List of Documentation and Assessment Too l s 
I. Camera Equipment 
- 35 mm SLR camera and fl ash. 
- Kodak Plus-X pan 125 ASA and Kodak Tmax 100 ASA fi 1 
for exterior photography. 
- Kodak Ektachrome (Tungsten) 160 ASA for I ight-stand 
photography. Use gray card for 1 ight meas urements . 
- Measuring Stick for inclusion in photograph s t o show 
scale. 
- Tripod. 
- Extension cord and light. 
- Notebook. 
II. Field-Measurement Tools 
2-foot x 3-foot piece of particleboard and large paper ! : s . 
- Graph paper. 
- 25- and 100-f oot meta 1 tape measures. 
- Several different types of pencils and colored- ink pens . 
- 3-foot carpenter's level. 
- Plumb bob and string. 
- Whistle to ~1ear around neck in case of emergency . 
- Field-measurement notebook. 
- Adhesive tape. 
- Profile gage or aluminum foil. 
- Flashlight and extra batteries. 
- Mirror. 
III. Investigation and Assessment Tools 
- Thin flatbar or prybar. 
- Severa 1 different sizes and types of screwdri ver s . 
- Knives, probes, and hieezers. 
- Magnifying glass or lens. 
- SpongE:. 
- Sample bags and containers. 
Sandpaper. · 
- Munsell color chart or Benj amin Moore Industr ia l Paint h -
- Thermometer. 
- Miniature microscope. 
- Brush. 
- First-aid kit. 
229 
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235 
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236 
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237 
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~rtment of Interior, National Park Service, 
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Talbot, David. Interview of Architectural Reproductions owner by 
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Department of the Interior, Technical Preservation Services, 
Historic Conservation and Recreation Services, 1979. 
238 
U.S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior' s 
Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating 
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