UNIVERSITY OF OREGON LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE HANNAH CHAPIN Unearthing Water Efficiency CLAY POT IRRIGATION DESIGN THROUGH DIGITAL FABRICATION How to design using an How to fabricate using Super efficient irrigation for EVOLUTIONARY SOLVER SLIP CASTING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT 1.5” 1” 1.5” flat rim 0.75” surface 3D texture remnants 4.25” ridges to increase surface area evolutionary solver influenced shape 3” RESEARCH COMMITTEE Ignacio Brian Mary Lopez Buson Gillis Polites Master’s Project Ceramists Expert Digital Fabrication Advisor & Digital Expert Fabrication Expert CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 Special thanks to... Iganacio Lopez Buson, Brian Gillis, Mary Polites, Kory Russel, Robert Ribe, Mike Bartell, Damon Harris, Delaney Hopen, Celia Hensey, Maggie Chapin, and Seren Chapin 3 CONTENTS 1how clay pot irrigation systems work 06 2 introduction to project 20 3 how to design clay pots 34 4 testing clay pot design 60 5 how to apply to a landscape 88 6 future work 112 Note: Unless otherwise cited, all images are either credited to Ignacio Lopez Buson or Hannah Chapin. All graphics were created by Hannah Chapin. CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 PREFACE HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WORK CLAY POTS, OLLAS, PITCHERS Clay pot irrigation, in its simplest form, utilizes unglazed baked porous clay pots buried in the ground near the root system of a plant and is filled with water. As the water slowly seeps out through the clay wall, it provides controlled irrigation for plants. These self-regulating systems are highly efficient due to the water flow rate varing with the plants’ water demand. 01 7 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK HISTORY OF CLAY P “Make 530 pits per hectare, each pit 70 cm across O and 12 cm deep. To each pit add 18 kg of manure. Mix the manure well with an equal amount of earth. Bury an earthen jar of 61....” - 2000 year old text from Fan Sheng-chih Shu T Clay pot irrigation, Today, clay pot also known as olla irrigation continues to be irrigation, has a rich and practiced in both small- extensive history that scale home gardens S spans centuries. Buried and larger agricultural clay pots have been used operations. Its long history in many dry climates and enduring presence worldwide including India, highlight its effectiveness Iran, Africa and South as a water-conserving and American countries. While plant-friendly irrigation the exact origins of olla technique. irrigation are difficult to pinpoint, the technique has been practiced in various regions around the world. Modern Era: Olla irrigation has persisted as a traditional Moorish Spain: During the Islamic rule in Spain, and sustainable irrigation method in various parts of the Ancient Mesopotamia: Clay vessels and terracotta Ancient Rome: The Romans adopted the the Moors introduced advanced irrigation systems, world. It has gained renewed attention in recent years pots were used for irrigation in the fertile lands of olla irrigation method and employed it in including the use of ollas. They utilized clay pots to due to its eco-friendly nature and water-saving benefits, Mesopotamia, now present-day Iraq. their extensive agricultural practices. irrigate gardens, orchards, and agricultural fields. particularly in arid and water-stressed regions. TIMELINE ~4000 BCE ~3000 BCE ~150 BCE 1000 - 1500 CE 8th - 15th century 14th -17th century 20th century to present Ancient China: Chinese farmers used unglazed Mesoamerica: Indigenous civilizations, such as the Aztecs and Renaissance Europe: Clay pot irrigation gained popularity in Europe clay pots buried in the ground to provide a Mayans, utilized olla irrigation as a fundamental technique for their during the Renaissance period. Italian and French gardeners slow and steady water supply to their crops. agricultural systems. They created intricate irrigation networks and incorporated clay pot irrigation into their ornamental gardens. implemented clay pot irrigation to support the growth of crops. 9 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK EXPLORING ROOT INTERACTIONS WITH CLAY POTS and selecting suitable plants. https://www.thecaliforniapotcompany.com/aboutirrigationpots Watering diameter based on clay pot size. ~ 2’ diameter ~ 3’ diameter ~ 4’ diameter Irrigation pots ranging from 80 to 148 ounces have the capacity to effectively irrigate an area slightly larger than a 36-inch diameter. Smaller pots, around 22 ounces, can cover approximately a 24-inch diameter area. It’s important to note that the specific characteristics of the soil can influence these radius measurements. Soils with a higher proportion of sand may result in a slightly reduced effective radius, while soils with a higher clay content may allow for a larger radius of coverage. 1 Liter 3 Liters 6.5 Liters 11 https://www.thecaliforniapotcompany.com/aboutirrigationpots Pitcher irrigation promotes accelerated plant establishment and enhanced growth rates. 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK clay pot APPLICATIONS Irrigation pots have a wide range of applications, serving various purposes in farms, gardens, restoration sites, and propagation. They prove particularly valuable in challenging environments characterized by high salinity, extreme aridity, limited water supply, and scarce resources. Clay pot irrigation offers substantial water-saving benefits, and further exploration of pot porosity, including clay-to-sand composition, wall thickness, and firing temperature, holds potential for optimizing irrigation efficiency with different vegetable crops. Ongoing research into effective irrigation systems, like clay pots, is essential for equipping us with the necessary tools to combat future droughts Clay pots reduce the cost and and ensure sustainable water management practices. improve the success of environmental restoration, landscaping, and re-vegetation projects. 13 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK clay pots for HOUSE PLANTS Exploring the latest offerings on Etsy’s marketplace. The concept of clay pot irrigation remains The olla should be buried in the soil the same whether the plant is inside or near the root system, but not so deep outside - the porous clay pot is buried in that it interferes with the growth of the the soil near the root system of the plant, plant. One advantage of using an olla for and filled with water. The water slowly houseplants is that it can help maintain seeps out through the pores in the clay, a consistent level of moisture in the soil, providing a steady supply of moisture to which can be difficult to achieve with the plant’s roots. When using a clay pot traditional watering methods. for indoor plants, it is important to select a pot that is appropriately sized for the plant and the container it is growing in. 15 Clay pots for house plants. 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK hose clay pots for LANDSCAPING In the present day, an array of diverse designs has emerged for both indoor and outdoor clay pot irrigation systems. Innovations range from extending the neck length of the pots to selectively glazing specific areas extended or even incorporating hose attachments, enabling neck further exploration of the system’s efficiency. These advancements provide ample opportunities to enhance and customize the performance of clay pot irrigation, making it a versatile and adaptable option for various watering needs. 17 glazing UTILIZING CLAY POTS FOR DIFFERENT LANDSCAPES. 01 HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023SYSTEMS WORK Exploring efficiency: innovations in clay pots for house plants. While the shape of clay Additionally, incorporating textures pots has received more extensive that promote root adhesion, such as research regarding plant growth, slightly rough or uneven surfaces, it is important to also explore the can further enhance the root-pot role of surface area and texture in interaction. These strategies not only maximizing root interactions with encourage better water uptake but clay pots. Increasing the surface area could also stimulate root branching INNOVATING can be achieved through various and overall plant growth. methods, such as incorporating ridges, grooves, or perforations on the pot’s walls. This enables the root SURFACE TEXTURE system to establish a more extensive contact with the porous clay surface. and designing for root interactions 19 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MULTI-FOLD PROCESS My project focuses on utilizing digital technologies to evolve the design and application of clay pots for irrigation purposes. Through research and experimentation, the aim was to gain a deeper understanding of how these digital tools can be utilized to enhance irrigation performance, reduce water consumption, and improve land management. 02 21 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT DESIGN & MANUFACTURING EVOLUTION of clay pots Hand-building Pottery Wheel Throwing Slip Casting Slip Casting + Digital Design + 3D Printing Skills & Tools Pinching Pottery Wheel Mold Making & Preparation 3D Printer Needed: Coiling Mastery of Many Techniques: Slip Preparation Software Knowledge Slab Construction Centering Hand-eye Coordination Shaping Pulling Outcome of Pot: Organic & Irregular Shape Symmetrical & Consistent Forms Reproducibility & Precision Rapid Prototyping Variations in Size & Thickness Smooth & Refined Surfaces Complex & Intricate Designs Design Freedom Requires more time Efficiency & Reproducibility Smooth & Uniform Surfaces Customization & Personalization Manufacturing Complexity Iterative Design Reduce Cost & Waste Decentralized Process 3D Printing + Digital Design Hand + Building Pottery Wheel Slip Casting Slip Casting Modern Era: Olla irrigation has persisted as a traditional Moorish Spain: During the Islamic rule in Spain, and sustainable irrigation method in various parts of the Ancient Mesopotamia: Clay vessels and terracotta Ancient Rome: The Romans adopted the the Moors introduced advanced irrigation systems, world. It has gained renewed attention in recent years pots were used for irrigation in the fertile lands of olla irrigation method and employed it in including the use of ollas. They utilized clay pots to due to its eco-friendly nature and water-saving benefits, Mesopotamia, now present-day Iraq. their extensive agricultural practices. irrigate gardens, orchards, and agricultural fields. particularly in arid and water-stressed regions. TIMELINE ~4000 BCE ~3000 BCE ~150 BCE 1000 - 1500 CE 8th - 15th century 14th -17th century 20th century to present Ancient China: Chinese farmers used unglazed Mesoamerica: Indigenous civilizations, such as the Aztecs and Renaissance Europe: Clay pot irrigation gained popularity in Europe clay pots buried in the ground to provide a Mayans, utilized olla irrigation as a fundamental technique for their during the Renaissance period. Italian and French gardeners slow and steady water supply to their crops. agricultural systems. They created intricate irrigation networks and incorporated clay pot irrigation into their ornamental gardens. implemented clay pot irrigation to support the growth of crops. 23 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT Understand how the analysis of micro-climates and different plant needs will inform the spatial Landscape project application. arrangement of the clay pots. flow of landscape project Use digital technologies (site mapping and PROJECT environmental simulations) to determine micro-climate variations on site. ELEMENTS micro-climate analysisIdentify a plant and root structure that is best Measure grass biomass from suited for the greenhouse testing of the clay greenhouse experiment. pot models. plant/root research Create a methodology of how to best final presentation manufacture clay pots that factors expenses, time, energy and materials. digital fabrication Use an evolutionary solver to Prototype clay pot models to test clay pot irrigation inform final clay pot design. in a greenhouse environment. 3D modeling Test the porosity/seepage rate of clay pots. clay pot analysis Integrate clay pots as a hybridized Comparison of conventional irrigation irrigation solution to replace systems to clay pot irrigation systems. traditional sprinklers on the site. irrigation research 25 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT COMPARING CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION at a small scale CLAY POT IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SPRAY IRRIGATION Water directed to roots Provides targeted watering Water sprayed through air No evaporation Minimal evaporation Heavy evaporation Roots control water amount Pre-determined water amount Pre-determined water amount Provides a constant water supply Automated water supply Automated water supply Reduces disease risks: ideal for water-sensitive plants Reduces disease risks Can damage leaves 27 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT COMPARING CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION at a large scale CLAY POT IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SPRAY IRRIGATION Cost effective Demands special materials Demands special materials No electricity Requires electricity Requires electricity Easily Implemented for small-scale projects Either small or large scale Suitable for large areas Improved production efficiency Sophisticated manufacturing Sophisticated manufacturing DIY potential Requires careful planning & installation Requires careful planning & installation Requires minimal maintenance Requires regular maintenance: easily blocked w/ sediment Requires regular maintenance 29 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT FUTURE CLIMATE CONDITIONS of Eugene in 2080 By 2080, the climate in Eugene is projected to resemble the current climate in Granite Bay, California. In Granite Bay, summers are typically 13.8°F hotter and 86.2% drier than in Eugene. This anticipated shift in summer drought and heat will have significant implications for growing conditions and will require ongoing adaptation of irrigation practices. 31 02 INTRODUCTION TO CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PROJECT DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES algorithmic design, digital fabrication, and micro-climate analysis While clay pots are readily available for purchase traditional methods. This innovation enables iterative 3D printing one- Beginning steps at garden stores, the utilization of 3D printers presents prototyping, allowing designers to modify digital part master mold to of learning how to a range of advantages when it comes to exploring clay models and print new iterations quickly and cost- use for fabrication 3D print for the pot design and efficiency. 3D printers provide enhanced effectively. Forexample, in fields like healthcare, the process. fabrication phase. customization and precision, allowing for greater combination of digital design and 3D printing allows design flexibility and intricate details. Additionally, they for extensive customization, addressing individual offer accessibility and efficiency in the manufacturing needs. Design optimization algorithms further enhance process, enabling individuals without specialized the process, fostering lightweight and efficient designs wheel-throwing skills to engage in clay pot production. that minimize waste and enhance product functionality. The integration of digital design with 3D printing has Additionally, digital technologies and computational revolutionized product development, offering designers modeling can help assess micro-climate variations on- unprecedented freedom to create complex and site, guiding the layout of clay pot irrigation systems by customized objects. With 3D printing, digital designs analyzing factors such as water flow patterns, sunlight can be translated into physical objects by adding exposure, shading influences, and wind direction. material layer by layer, opening up new possibilities that were previously challenging or impossible with 33 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 METHODS HOW TO DESIGN CLAY POTS DECONSTRUCTING GEOMETRIES Exploring different clay pot shapes and surface areas is crucial because the form directly impacts water distribution, evaporation rate, root growth patterns, aesthetic appeal, and space optimization. When considering the use of algorithmic solvers to aid in design solutions, it was important to deconstruct and analyze the pot geometries in order to create a definition in Grasshopper. 03 35 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS Generation Size: 100 Generation Count: 100 Population Size: 10000 Evolutionary Solvers Genes Genomes Fitness Fitness Objectives Values WALLACEI Data Data Phenotype Phenotypes Input values required for Wallacei and the corresponding output data. WALLACEI Wallacei is a powerful evolutionary engine integrated with Grasshopper 3D, enabling users to conduct evolutionary simulations. It combines advanced analytics, comprehensive selection methods, and detailed tools to enhance users’ understanding of their evolutionary runs. From setting up the design problem to analyzing results and selecting optimal solutions, Wallacei allowed the clay pot design decisions to be informed throughout the simulation process. Furthermore, it offered the flexibility to select, reconstruct, and output desired phenotypes from the population, providing a robust framework for achieving the desired final output to help inform the clay pot design. A condensed grasshopper definition utilizing Wallacei. GEOMETRY FINAL FITNESS MERGE ALL MEASUREMENTS WALLACEI PHENOTYPES PARAMETERS GEOMETRY FORMAT GOALS ANALYTICS 37 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS Objective 1: Maximize Volume Objective 2: Maximize Surface Area Objective 3: Maximize10-70 Slope Objective 4: Minimize Cantilever Average of Fitness Ranks Increase Volume: To expand water Increase Surface Area: Enhancing Increase Slope 10- 70: Expand Decrease Cantilever: Allows structure This phenotype shows the average of storage for plants. root-pot interactions. surface area and root-pot interactions. to maintain durability. fitness ranks for over 10,000 iterations. VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME 0-70 SLOPE 0-70 SLOPE 0-70 SLOPE 0-70 SLOPE 0-70 SLOPE 39 CANTILEVER CANTILEVER CANTILEVER CANTILEVER CANTILEVER SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS Maximize 10-70 Degree Slope Minimize Cantilever Maximize Surface Area DATA INFORMED Maximize Volume clay pot design DESIGN 1 While using Wallacei informed my decision- making process and facilitated the finalization of two clay pot shapes, I took over the final creative choices and added textures, inverted shapes to change the water distribution, speculated on the neck length, and adjusted the bottom of the pots to 1” neck length & width have a rounded structure. Additional grooves DESIGN 2 41 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS CLAY TYPE FABRICATION METHOD Uses Sculpting, hand-building, & wheel throwing. Firing Temperatures Optimum hardness at lower temps: ~1745 F and 2012 F. No limitations to geometry. Earthenware Porosity Most porous. Clay pot surface can be 3D print PLA pot, analyzed. REJECTED Plasticity Highly plastic and contains iron then build cast & other mineral impurities. More steps to create cast. Other Facts Oldest and most common clay. Terracotta most popular. Slip Cast Mold PLA is expensive. Mainly used in slip casting, also Uses used for wheel throwing. Less wasteful of clay material. Firing Temperatures Shrinks excessively. Fire to mature hardness at ~ 2336 F. CNC/laser cut the Laser allows for stacking affect. pot, then build cast Ball Porosity Semi-porous. Less accurate process. Plasticity Highly plastic and contain few impurities. Eliminate need to use PLA. Other Facts High unfired strength. 3D Clay Printer Print pot using a Difficulty printing if clay is not 3D Clay Printer properly prepared. Uses Hand-building and wheel thrown. Popular for tableware. REJECTED Might create gaps in the wall. Firing Temperatures Matures between high temps. ~2,167 F to 2345 F. Clay printers are expensive. Stoneware Porosity Not porous. Shape could collapse while printing. REJECTED Plasticity Moderately plastic and hard. Need skill-set in craft. Other Facts Very durable and dense. Unable to analyze pot shape. Wheel throwing & cast slipping. Uses For tableware & vases. Wheel Thrown Wheel Thrown Less control over shape. Matures between 2381 F and Firing Temperatures 2455 F. REJECTED Eliminate need to use PLA. Porcelain Porosity Not porous. Less expensive materials. REJECTED Plasticity Least plasticity. Analysis of FABRICATION Other Facts 3 types of porcelain: hard- paste, soft-paste, & bone china. METHOD & CLAY TYPE 43 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS Industrial SLIP CASTING METHOD CE R AM 3D PRINT MOLD MAKING FILLING CASTING EMPTYING RESULTING CAST I C To ensure uniform thickness After the mold is opened, the Slip casting offers numerous and optimal casting results, the mold molded ceramic object is removed advantages in ceramic production, S is rotated and tilted during the casting and set aside for further processing. including the ability to reproduce process. This helps distribute the slip Depending on the specific requirements, intricate details, achieve consistent evenly across the mold’s interior, allowing the greenware may undergo additional thickness, and create complex shapes. It for consistent ceramic deposition. As treatments, such as drying, refining, or is a versatile and widely utilized method the casting progresses, the plaster surface decoration, before being fired that has contributed to the production mold acts as a filter, separating the in a kiln. The firing process transforms of diverse ceramic objects found in liquid portion of the slip from the solid the molded ceramic into a durable, everyday life, art, and design. particles. hardened material, ready for various applications ranging from functional Once the desired thickness has pottery to intricate sculptural pieces. been achieved, the mold is carefully inverted, allowing any excess liquid to Slip casting is a widely utilized drain out. The remaining ceramic layer, technique in the realm of industrial still in its malleable or ‘green’ state, ceramics, offering a versatile and retains the shape and details of the mold. efficient method of shaping ceramic The excess ceramic around the opening materials. For this method, ceramic of the mold is trimmed, ensuring clean particles are first suspended in water edges and a neat final product. to form a fluid mixture known as ‘slip’. The composition and viscosity of the slip can be adjusted to achieve the desired properties for casting. This slip is then carefully poured into a specially prepared plaster mold. + The plaster mold plays a crucial Ideal for producing hollow ware. -Labor-intensive. role in the slip casting process. The Complex forms can easily be achieved. Limited control over tolerances. porous nature of the dry plaster allows water from the slip to be gradually Efficient use of material. Slow production rate. absorbed, leading to the formation of a solid layer of ceramic on the inner Lends itself well to low-production runs. Large-scale production requires many molds. surface of the mold. This layer starts to develop immediately upon contact with Allows for production of a lot of homogeneous clay Larger storage space required. the mold, with the thickness increasing pieces without compromising the shape. over time. 45 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS 3D PRINTING & MOLD M AKING A 3D-printed pot The step-by-step design utilized for process of utilizing creating the plaster the 3D print to master mold. create the master mold. SLIP CASTING METHOD 3D PRINT MOLD MAKING FILLING CASTING EMPTYING RESULTING CAST 47 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS Texture remnants from the 3D print. CASTING NOTES 1. Minimum of 4 bands is needed to hold mold together. 2. Once slip is emptied from mold, let the mold sit upside down for 15 min before flipping it to the correct orientation for the remainder of the hour. 3. The clay cast will dry from the top down, and needs to be cleaned within the day. 4. Optimal Casting times: wall thickness (55 min), drying in cast (60 min), drying before clean up (60 min), and drying before firing (24 hr). SLIP CASTING METHOD 3D PRINT MOLD MAKING FILLING CASTING EMPTYING RESULTING CAST 49 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS 1 2 Ideal for simple, solid shapes Suitable for forms with undercuts or without undercuts complex shapes Offers a quick and easy method Enables the production of ceramic for creating ceramic objects with objects with intricate details and varied one-piece molds geometries Enables straightforward and Mold parts are more difficult to produce efficient production Require keys 3D Print and Mold Making Notes: 1. Draft angle (3%), height of print (7.5 in.), diameter of print (7 in.), height of pot (6 in.), diameter of pot (5.5 in.), texture (ripple), pot volume (56 oz.), and no keys 2. Once slip is emptied from mold, let the mold sit upside down for 15 min before flipping it to the correct orientation for another hour. 3. The clay cast will dry from the top down, and needs to be cleaned within the day. 4. Optimal Casting times: wall thickness (65 min), drying in cast (75 min), drying before clean up (60 min), and drying before firing (24 hr). base support mold raft horizontal ripple texture vertical ripple texture ONE VS TWO PIECE 51 master molds 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS BISQUE FIRING DESIGN 1 Total Pots: 26 Design 1: 11 Design 2: 12 Control: 3 DESIGN 2 CONTROL By exploring various pot shapes, designers can optimize water distribution, balance evaporation for specific conditions, cater to different plant species’ root systems, enhance visual appeal, and maximize space utilization. 53 Thin-walled structures that are both lightweight and strong 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS 0.75” 1.00” 0.75” DESIGN 1 Retained mold raft for extending neck length of the clay pot design. 1.50” Narrow neck width to decrease amount of evaporation. DESIGN 2 Texture remnants from 3d print. 4.50” Disk-like shapes to increase the surface area. CONTROL Larger base to increase the volume. 4.00” Volume: 600 mL DESIGN 1 Watering Diameter: ~22 in. 55 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS 1.50” 1.00” 1.50” DESIGN 1 Retained mold raft for extending neck length of the clay pot design. 1.50” Narrow neck width to decrease amount of evaporation. DESIGN 2 Larger top to increase the volume. 4.50” Disk-like shapes to increase the surface area. Texture remnants from 3d print. CONTROL 3.00” DESIGN 2 57 03 DESIGN OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POTS 1.00” 2.00” 1.00” DESIGN 1 Retained mold raft for extending neck length of the clay pot design. 1.50” Traditional wider shaped neck. DESIGN 2 Texture remnants from 3d print. 4.50” Tapered body shape to facilitate easier burial in soil. CONTROL Rounded bottom for pot durability. 2.00” Volume: 600 mL CONTROL Watering Diameter: ~22 in. 59 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 RESULTS ANALYSIS OF CLAY POT DESIGN RESEARCH QUESTION This research aims to determine which clay pot design yields the highest biomass of the native grass, Roemer’s Fescue, providing insights into the project’s success. 04 61 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN GREENHOUSE TESTING part 1 ~13 hrs of 72oF daylight The original greenhouse setup was instrumental in preparing for the actual experiment. il It provided insights into the optimal soil composition oam so for measuring plant biomass and helped determine s l mmu the arrangement of the pots within the container. 8” hu The setup included a combination of seeds and 80% container plants, as well as commercially purchased clay pots.18” 26” 63 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN ROOT BOUND LAVENDER 65 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 67 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 69 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN GREENHOUSE Materials TESTING part 2 x 6 clay pots 25.5” 18” 20” 8” x 6 sand bags This research aims to determine which pot design yields the highest biomass of native grass, x 300 providing insights into the project’s success. grass seeds The greenhouse experiment utilized four containers filled with sand and seeded with roemer’s fescue grass to evaluate the different pot designs. Two pots from each design were allocated to three containers, while the fourth container served as a control without a clay pot. The containers were uniformly watered twice a week by pouring water into the pots or by spraying the same amount of water into the control container. The watering procedure and grass documentation has been carried on for 8 weeks. x 4 Note: The roemer’s containers fescue grass was selected for its faster growing rates and fibrous root systems. 71 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN 73 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL POT NO POT - CONTROL DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL POT NO POT - CONTROL N S x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 1 x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 5x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 2 x xx x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x WEEK 6x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o x x x x x x x x x x 75 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xF x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx xx x x x x x x WEEK 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 7x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x4” x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 8”x x x x x x x x x x x x x8” x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x 75 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL POT NO POT - CONTROL DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL POT NO POT - CONTROL N S x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 1 x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 5 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Th xis diagxram illustra xtes thex changxes ixn x x x xx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x plaxnt groxwth observed in eac x xh container over an x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 8-weekx period x along with the shading pxrovided x x x x x x x x xfrom the container walls. Although the plaxnt x placement in the diagram is approximate, it aims x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x to demonstratxe thxe xwatering radixus x x of xthe xclaxy x x x x x x x x x x x pots and estimated grass growth. xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Notaxbly, inx the container without a xclay x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x pot, the plant xgrowth appeaxrs more unxiform, x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x which can be attributed to the use of a spray bottle WEEK 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x for watering. During week 3, xI startxed to notice x WEEK 6 x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x gaxps in thxe graxss growth on axrexa xs rexceivixng m xore xx x x 7GA5PS INo GRFASS x x x x x xUNIFORM x solar exposure. Fxinally during week 8, therxe was x x x xGROWxTH x x x x x x x x x x x x x x DxISPERSEMENxT x x x x esxtablishxed cluxsters of growxth around x thxe pxots, x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x especiaxlly in the more shaded xregxions of the x x container. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 3 x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 7x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x4” x x x x x x INCREASE IN GRASS ESTABLISHMENT x x x x x x x x x x x UNIFORxM x x x x x x x x x x x x x x IN SHADxED RExGIONS xx x x DISPE xRSEMExNx x T x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x8” 8” x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x WEEK 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x 77 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023PPOTL DESIGNANT BIOMASS MEASUREMENTS Design 1: 1.4 g After harvesting the plant experimental pots. In addition, it is biomass from each container, important to recognize the presence Design 2: 1.1 g removing the sand, and drying the of other limitations in this experiment, biomass to eliminate moisture weight, with one significant constraint being Control: 3.2 g it became evident that the control the influence of solar radiation and pot exhibited the highest biomass shading on grass growth within Spray: 2.3 g at 3.2g. One possible explanation the containers. Over the course of for the higher biomass in the control a few weeks, it became apparent pot is the variation in water volume. that the taller walls of the containers It is important to note that the control provided more shade to the right pot, which was made by a beginner side of the container, resulting in with limited experience, may have increased grass growth in that area. unintentionally contained a larger To optimize growing conditions and volume of water compared to the facilitate a more comprehensive other pots. This difference in water analysis, future studies should aim content could have contributed to for consistent solar exposure and the observed difference in biomass conduct additional sampling. between the control pot and the other N S 18.0” Solar analysis of containers. 7.2” 25.5” 79 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN green coloration where soil surface layer came into contact with neck of pot. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS While the focus of this experiment was primarily on biomass, there were several additional experimental observations made on the day of data collection. Firstly, it was observed that there was a greater density of grass within a 10-inch radius of the clay pots, indicating a potentially lower porosity than anticipated. This observation can most likely be attributed to the use of ball clay material, which color retention of is less porous compared to terracotta or the use bisque of sand in the container. Another observation was the color retention of the pots throughout the two-month experiment, with minimal green coloration visible where the surface soil layer came into contact with the neck of the clay pots. 81 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL DESIGN 1 83 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL DESIGN 2 85 04 ANALYSIS OF CLAY CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023POT DESIGN DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2 CONTROL CONTROL 87 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 DISCUSSION HOW TO APPLY TO A LANDSCAPE Drawing upon the research findings and the results of my experiment, I sought to apply clay pot irrigation to an existing design. 05 89 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION clay pots arranged in rows plants organized Farming around pots. LANDSCAPE clay pots arranged in rows COMPARISON Orchard Establishment Buried clay pots have proven to be highly effective clay pots arranged in a wide range of landscape applications. They offer in clusters to create exceptional benefits for various purposes such as layered design residential gardens, orchard and forest establishment, environmental restoration, farming, and propagation. How they are arranged and applied in each landscape will differ, and I wanted to begin to understand how they could be coupled with conventional irrigation to placement of other provide water to an established design. objects to fill in Residential planting gaps Gardens Residential Gardens Orchard Establishment used for first Forest years of tree Orchard Maintenance Establishment establishment Forest Establishment Environmental Restoration Container Plants Landscapes used until plant Excellent Farming Storm-water establishment Good Planters Propagation pots arranged in Fair clusters Unknown Storm-water Planters 91 Buried Clay Pot Porous Clay Pipe 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION “There have been conversations with many of the neighbors. Not everyone can afford hiring someone ECOSENCE to do this, but much of it can be done DIY. There has been this great movement over the past 10 years or so to Tucson, Arizona regenerate our habits. And the moment one house does some sort of landscape design thing, it inspires seven other houses down the road to do the same.” 93 05 LANDSCAPE 2 years later... CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 5 y20e23ars later...APPLICATION “The ollas have helped our trees grow faster than we ever anticipated! There is a sweet acacia that has grown to about 20 to 25 feet tall, providing valuable shade for not only our smaller plants, but also for the birds and insects that we commonly find underneath in our sagebrushes. And every spring, birds and butterflies are common visitors. We do have an irrigation system, but we only have to turn it on during the wickedest of 118-degrees days during the summer.” 95 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION PLANNED PARENTHOOD Eugene- Springfield Health Center Learning from the Burges Residence case study, I wanted to see how I could apply these ideas to willamette valley. As I had briefly mentioned, my aim was to explore a hybridized irrigation method, specifically for a landscape with a highly dense planting plan. This stage is not fully developed, because believe it or not, it was incredibly hard to find a firm that will give you their irrigation and planting plan in Eugene. Thankfully Delaney hooked me up with a project from CM, she asked for permission of course, of a project they had designed in 2011 for Planned parenthood. While the overall project is extensive, I focused my attention on the entrance garden for the purpose of my study. Entrance Garden 97 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS For this design, I opted to utilize a commercially available clay pot, specifically a larger version of the pot I used in the greenhouse. This larger version has a water capacity of 6.5 liters and a watering diameter of 4 feet. Considering the scale of the site, using clay pots exclusively would require approximately 800 ollas. The circular shapes depicted here represent the watering diameter of the clay pots. Given that the landscape was initially designed for spray irrigation, my objective was to identify an area where I could propose the replacement of spray irrigation with clay pots. So I conducted an environmental analysis, specifically for water flows, solar radiation, and wind movement during the summer months. For each analysis, I strategically positioned the clay pots in the most challenging environments, which is also the same areas where I predict the spray irrigation would be least effective and could be replaced with clay pots to mitigate water loss. Specifically, I placed the clay pots in the driest areas with high solar radiation and in windy spots where spray could easily be lost through evaporation. This approach allowed me to assess the potential benefits of using clay pots in the areas most prone to water loss and evaluate their effectiveness in these more difficult micro- WATER SOLAR WIND climate conditions. 99 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION WATER OVERLAID ENVIRONMENTAL SOLAR ANALYSIS Using the overlaid placements from the different analyses, I identified areas where there was consistent overlap in all three layouts. This WIND analysis led to the identification of this orange area that primarily follows the perimeter of the garden. 101 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION PLANTING PLAN SHRUBS GROUNDCOVERS & ORNAMENTAL GRASS BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME Berberis thunbergii ‘Aurea’ Golden Japanese Barberry Allium ‘Globemaster’ Flowering Onion Callicarpa dichotoma Purple Beautyberry Archtostaphylos uva-ursi Big Bear Big Bear Kinnickinnick Cornus sericea ‘Flaviramea’ Yellowtwig Dogwood Blechnum spicant Deer Fern Cornus sericea ‘Isanti’ Isanti Redtwig Dogwood Carex oshimensis ‘Evergold’ Variegated Japanese Sedge Cornus sericea ‘Kelseyii’ Redtwig Dogwood Daphne odora Winter Daphne Carex testacea Orange Sedge Enkianthus campanulatus Enkianthus Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower Euonymus alata ‘Compacta’ Dwarf Winged Euonymus Hemerocallis sp Orange Daylily Forsythia viridissima ‘Bronxensis’ Bronx Forsythia Gaultheria shallon Salal Iris tenax Tough-leaf Iris Mahonia repens (L) Creeping Mahonia Juncus patens Spreading Rush Mahonia repens (S) Creeping Mahonia Liriope muscari ‘Big Blue’ Lilyturf Prunus laurocerasus ‘Mr. Vernon’ Mt. Vernon Laurel Prunus laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’ Otto Luyken Laurel Panicum virgatum ‘Hanse Herms’ Red Switch Grass Rosa gymnocarpa Little Wood Rose Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Hameln’ Dwarf fountain grass Sarcacocca ruscifolia Sarcococca Spiraea betufolia ‘Tor’ Birchleaf Spiraea Polystichum munitum Western Sword Fern Viburnum davidii David Viburnum Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’ Black-eyed Susan 103 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION PREDOMINANT PLANTS IN AREA Mt. Vernon Laurel Dwarf Fountain Grass Within the designated area of the overlaid environmental analysis, the predominant plant species include the Mt. Vernon Laurel, Dwarf Fountain Grass, Red Switch Grass, and Dwarf Winged Euonymus. These plants have low Red Switch Grass Dwarf Winged Euonymus maintenance requirements and are able to thrive in drought-prone conditions once established. Additionally, most of these plant species possess fibrous root systems that are well-suited for integration with clay pots. 105 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION OVERLAID IRRIGATION PLAN ANALYSIS PLANTING IRRIGATION 107 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION OVERLAID IRRIGATION PLAN ANALYSIS PLANTING IRRIGATION If I had been involved in the design and construction process of the CM project in 2011, I would have suggested replacing the spray irrigation system in the designated area with clay pots. Although this area is relatively smaller, it would still require approximately 30-50 clay pots, depending on any potential rearrangement or updates to the plant selection in the planting plan. Additionally, considering the proximity of this area to the mainline, it could be feasible to connect the clay pots to a water source using a hose system. 109 05 LANDSCAPE CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023APPLICATION FINAL SELECTION AREA ANALYSIS PLANTING IRRIGATION Integrating ollas with other drip and spray irrigation methods in a residential landscape design can offer a more comprehensive watering solution that combines the benefits of each system. While ollas provide precise and localized watering directly to the root zone of plants, drip and spray systems can cover larger areas, providing a broader distribution of water. 111 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 CONCLUSION FUTURE WORK While I enjoyed using digital technologies throughout the many stages of this project, I would like to recognize that many of the steps may not be necessary. 3D printing offered opportunities to customize and analyze the shape of the clay pot, but perhaps the time honored design is simply the best. It is conceivable that the design itself may not be as crucial as the use of a porous clay container buried in the ground to supply water to plants. In my opinion, further development of the environmental analysis could greatly benefit landscape architects in considering a hybridized irrigation approach. By combining traditional methods with modern techniques, we can create more efficient watering systems for landscapes. Lastly, I would be interested in exploring the possibility of increasing the size of the clay pots and utilizing clay sourced from the design site itself. 06 113 CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2023 REFERENCES 06 115 SCRIPT: 0. BEGINNING SLIDES SLIDE 2: However before I begin, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the remarkable individuals who have contributed to this long project. Their support, invaluable expertise, and endless patience have been instrumental to my journey. While I may not be able to mention everyone who has contributed, please know that your contribution has been deeply appreciated and has left an indelible impact on this project. • First and foremost, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my advisor, Ignacio, for his exceptional guidance, patience, and weekly crisis support. Ignacio's commitment to teaching and his willingness to answer my questions at almost any time of the day has been truly gracious. • Brian Gillis for your insight and guidance during a critical time in my project. The fabrication of the clay pots would not have been possible if wasn’t for your class. • Mary Polites for sharing your enthusiasm and expertise on digital fabrication and root systems. • Kory Russel and Robert Ribes for their advice and instruction over the last 5 months. • Mike Bartell for graciously giving me access to the Polymer Lab and assisting me with all of my 3D prints. • Damon Harris for firing the clay pots and providing advice in times of fabrication uncertainty. • I would like to extend a special appreciation to Delaney and Celia for their unwavering friendship and motivation throughout this exhausting process. Your presence has been a source of strength and inspiration, and I am grateful for the countless hours we have shared in studio. • I would also like to send my love to Maggie and Seren for their constant support and encouragement throughout my graduate school journey. Your unwavering belief in me, willingness to listen, and ability to lift my spirits have been invaluable. Thank you for being there for me through the ups and downs of the past three years. SLIDE 3: I have organized my presentation into six chapters to provide a comprehensive overview of this project. First, we will explore the intricate mechanics of clay pot irrigation, nah I kid, we will be understanding how this system is the simplest yet most efficient way to irrigate. Next, I will introduce the underlying structure of my project. We will then dive into the design and testing process of clay pots, followed by their practical application in a landscape setting. Lastly, I will touch upon future prospects and discuss the additional work I would have loved to undertake if only we could add another year to this three-year program. Let’s get started! 1. HOW CLAY POT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WORK SLIDE 4: Clay pot irrigation, in its simplest form, utilizes unglazed baked porous clay pots buried in the ground near the root system of a plant and is filled with water. As the water slowly seeps out through the clay wall, it provides controlled irrigation for plants. These self-regulating systems are highly efficient due to the water flow rate varing with the plants' water demand.To prevent evaporation and keep out soil and insects, the pot is typically covered with a lid or cap. Known by various names such as the pitcher method or ollas, this technique has proven to be well-suited for small-scale farmers worldwide. In fact, it demonstrates exceptional efficiency, surpassing even drip irrigation and offering up to ten times greater effectiveness compared to conventional surface irrigation methods. AND those names that I previously mentioned, olla and pitcher irrigation, will be used interchangeably with clay pot irrigation. SLIDE 5: Clay pot irrigation is an ancient technique that traces its roots back thousands of years and has been practiced by various civilizations across the globe. Although the precise origins of olla irrigation are not extensively documented, it is believed to have emerged in regions characterized by arid and semi-arid climates, such as India, Iran, Africa, certain South American countries, and parts of Central America. This technique likely evolved as a means to conserve water and irrigate crops in areas with limited rainfall. It is intriguing to observe that various cultures across different continents have independently arrived at the same conclusion: the use of clay pots for irrigation. One of the earliest accounts of this irrigation practice was documented over 2000 years ago in China by agronomist Fan Shengzhi. SLIDE 6: Pitcher irrigation offers numerous benefits, including the promotion of accelerated plant establishment and enhanced growth rates. However, it's important to note that plants must be located within a specific radius of the pot, which varies depending on its size or volume. Additionally, the complexity of the root system should be taken into account. Buried clay pots provide a versatile solution for various plant types, including vegetables, trees, bushes, and berries. This method is particularly effective for plants with well-developed horizontal root systems, ensuring their optimal irrigation and growth. SLIDE 7: Olla irrigation, a time-honored technique, continues to be practiced in numerous regions worldwide, especially in regions where water is scarce or expensive. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in olla irrigation for its sustainable and environmentally-friendly nature. The applications of clay pot irrigation are diverse, effectively serving in farms, gardens, restoration sites, and propagation. Additionally, clay pots are practical in most soil mediums, even in sandy or gravelly soils that drain very quickly, making them suitable for a wide range of settings. SLIDE 8: The concept of clay pot irrigation remains consistent regardless of whether the plant is indoors or outdoors. In this method, a clay pot serves as a porous barrier between the plant's root system and water. The water gradually seeps through the pores in the clay, ensuring a steady supply of moisture for the plant's roots. Using a clay pot for houseplants offers the advantage of maintaining a consistent level of soil moisture, which can be challenging with traditional watering techniques. If you're interested, there are various house plant watering systems available on platforms like Etsy. SLIDE 9: Today, there are many different designs for both indoor and outdoor clay pot irrigation systems. Whether it’s extending the neck length, glazing specific areas, or attaching the clay pot to a hose, there are many ways to explore the efficiency of this irrigation system. SLIDE 10: While the shape of clay pots has received more extensive research regarding plant growth, it is important to also explore the role of surface area and texture in maximizing root interactions with clay pots. Increasing the surface area can be achieved through various methods, such as incorporating ridges, grooves, or perforations on the pot's walls. This enables the root system to establish a more extensive contact with the porous clay surface. Additionally, incorporating textures that promote root adhesion, such as slightly rough or uneven surfaces, can further enhance the root-pot interaction. These strategies not only encourage better water uptake but could also stimulate root branching and overall plant growth. 2. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT SLIDE 11: Having discussed clay pots and identified design opportunities, I am now excited to now explore the multifaceted aspects of this project. SLIDE 12: Throughout time, clay pots can be crafted in various ways depending on the available tools and skillsets. Drawing from my rudimentary historical knowledge of their evolution alongside the tools utilized, it is likely that the earliest pots were constructed through hand-building using simple coiling or pinching methods. Subsequently, between 6,000 and 4,000 BC, the potter's wheel was invented, revolutionizing pottery production. Wheel throwing enabled faster and more efficient pot-making, allowing potters to create symmetrical vessels with consistent thickness and shape. As time progressed, around the 1st millennium BC, slip casting emerged as a technique. Slip casting facilitated the production of vessels with intricate shapes and fine details that were challenging to achieve solely through wheel throwing. With the advent of 3D printing, there is now the potential for further innovations in clay pot manufacturing, particularly when coupled with slip casting techniques. SLIDE 13: My project focuses on utilizing digital technologies to evolve the design and application of a vervalcular irrigation system, the clay pot. Through research and experimentation, the aim was to gain a deeper understanding of how these digital tools can be utilized to enhance irrigation performance, reduce water consumption, increase root interactions and improve land management. Over the last year, there have been many veins to this project that have started at different times. Root and irrigation research, digital fabrication, and 3D modeling were the beginning vessels propelling this project forward, and with this accumulated knowledge base, other areas were later explored such as landscape design and micro-climate analysis. In order to assess the success of this project, which I will elaborate on later, I conducted ,what I might call, preliminary research on the clay pots that I designed. In this experiment, I used the pots for irrigating Roemers Fescue, a native grass species characterized by its fibrous root system. The clay pot design yielding the highest biomass of the grass will serve as a gauge for the success of this project. While the experiment itself is not complete enough to run a statistical analysis, the information collected will be used to understand how new tools could be applied to an ancient technology. Other sub-research inquiries that I also probed were: • How will root architecture influence the design of the clay pots? • How does the analysis of micro-climates and different plant needs inform the spatial arrangement of the clay pot irrigation systems? • Will increasing the surface area of different clay pot designs increase the growth of Roemers Fescue? • Can an evolutionary solver help to inform the design of the clay pots to meet specified objectives? SLIDE 14: To provide a contextual understanding of the research implications, let’s briefly compare conventional irrigation systems with clay pot irrigation. The primary purpose of landscape irrigation systems is to supplement the water requirements of plants. In the United States, residential landscape irrigation alone accounts for over 9 billion gallons of water used outdoors. Furthermore, 50 percent of the water wasted outdoors comes from inefficient irrigation methods. To better understand how water waste can be reduced, it is effective to compare the conventional irrigation systems to clay pots at a small scale. Clay pot irrigation reduces water usage by up to 90 percent compared to spray irrigation while promoting improved plant survival and growth, enabling plants to better withstand seasonal drought. One advantage of using clay pots is the ability to maintain a consistent soil moisture level, which can be challenging with traditional watering techniques. Drip irrigation is an efficient method that utilizes a network of tubes or hoses with small emitters to deliver water directly to the plant's base. This precise delivery system reduces water waste and enhances plant growth. On the other hand, spray irrigation involves the use of sprinkler systems to distribute water. Water is sprayed into the air and then falls onto the soil, providing moisture to plants. Water loss due to evaporation and wind can occur, and excessive water pressure can potentially damage plant leaves. SLIDE 15: On a larger scale, clay pot irrigation is a low-tech, cost-effective method that can be easily replicated and maintained. It is well-suited for small-scale projects. However, its limited water capacity may pose challenges when using it for larger land use. In contrast, drip irrigation is widely used in large-scale farming and gardening. It can be automated using timers and sensors to optimize water usage. Nevertheless, there are considerations to keep in mind. Small emitters in drip irrigation systems can become clogged due to sediment or debris, affecting water flow and plant health. Additionally, the installation and maintenance costs of drip irrigation systems can be relatively high, requiring regular upkeep to prevent leaks and ensure proper functioning. While spray irrigation is commonly employed in large-scale farming and gardening, it is less efficient compared to other methods. Furthermore, the installation and maintenance expenses associated with spray irrigation systems can be significant. SLIDE 16: In general, residential gardens in the Willamette Valley benefit from consistent rainfall, providing sufficient water for most of the year. However, the occurrence of summer droughts and extended dry spells necessitates additional watering, making clay pot irrigation highly advantageous. This emphasis on irrigation efficiency becomes even more crucial in light of future climate conditions. By 2080, the climate in Eugene is projected to resemble the current climate in Granite Bay, California. In Granite Bay, summers are typically 13.8°F hotter and 86.2% drier than in Eugene. This anticipated shift in summer drought and heat will have significant implications for growing conditions and will require ongoing adaptation of irrigation practices. The profession of landscape architecture is uniquely poised to have a special role in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Landscape architects, with training in systems thinking and ecological planning, must urgently respond to landscapes facing water scarcity. To address the predicted seasonal droughts, efficient irrigation systems such as buried clay pots can be used and specifically could provide utility to many types of landscapes. SLIDE 17: While clay pots are readily available for purchase at garden stores, the utilization of 3D printers presents a range of advantages when it comes to exploring clay pot design and efficiency. 3D printers provide enhanced customization and precision, allowing for greater design flexibility and intricate details. Additionally, they offer accessibility and efficiency in the manufacturing process, enabling individuals without specialized wheel-throwing skills to engage in clay pot production. The integration of digital design with 3D printing has revolutionized product development, offering designers unprecedented freedom to create complex and customized objects. With 3D printing, digital designs can be translated into physical objects by adding material layer by layer, opening up new possibilities that were previously challenging or impossible with traditional methods. This innovation enables iterative prototyping, allowing designers to modify digital models and print new iterations quickly and cost-effectively. Forexample, in fields like healthcare, the combination of digital design and 3D printing allows for extensive customization, addressing individual needs. Design optimization algorithms further enhance the process, fostering lightweight and efficient designs that minimize waste and enhance product functionality. Additionally, digital technologies and computational modeling can help assess micro-climate variations on-site, guiding the layout of clay pot irrigation systems by analyzing factors such as water flow patterns, sunlight exposure, shading influences, and wind direction. 3. HOW TO DESIGN CLAY POTS SLIDE 18: Exploring different clay pot shapes and surface areas is crucial because the form directly impacts water distribution, evaporation rate, root growth patterns, aesthetic appeal, and space optimization. When considering the use of algorithmic solvers to aid in design solutions, it was important to deconstruct and analyze the pot geometries in order to create a definition in Grasshopper. While this approach illustrated on the slide may seem basic, it provided a solid foundation for analyzing with Wallacei. SLIDE 19: Wallacei is a powerful evolutionary solver integrated with Grasshopper 3D, enabling users to conduct evolutionary simulations. The main difference between evolutionary solvers and regular solvers lies in their problem-solving approach. Regular solvers focus on solving specific problems based on known mathematical models and problem structures, while evolutionary solvers are more flexible and suitable for complex and poorly-defined problems where explicit models may not be available. Wallacei combines advanced analytics, comprehensive selection methods, and detailed tools to help users’ understanding of their evolutionary runs. Through the iterative process of generating and evaluating design alternatives, I used these tools to explore a wide range of possibilities, taking into account factors such as water distribution, volume, surface area and structural integrity. SLIDE 20: The specific objectives I prioritized in my analysis were maximizing volume, to expand the water storage for plants. Maximizing surface area, to increase the root-pot interactions and increase the slope between 10-70 to also support increasing those connectivity points. Finally by decreasing the cantilever, the structural durability was maintained. By structuring my definition accordingly, Wallacei successfully identified the top four pots that best met each objective and subsequently, the average of those fitness ranks. SLIDE 21: While using Wallacei informed my decision-making process and facilitated the finalization of two clay pot shapes, I took over the final creative choices and added textures, inverted shapes to change the water distribution, speculated on the neck length, and adjusted the bottom of the pots to have a rounded structure. SLIDE 22: Once the two clay pot designs have been selected, additional factors were considered during the fabrication process. One crucial consideration is the type of clay employed, as it significantly impacts the pot's porosity. Porosity refers to the quantity and size of pores within the clay material. The porosity of clay can also vary depending on its composition and firing technique. Furthermore, the type of clay chosen also affects the appropriate fabrication method, such as slip casting or wheel throwing. In this particular project, ball clay was utilized due to its availability as a slip in the ceramics studio. However, it is important to note that ball clay is less porous compared to terracotta clay. SLIDE 23: After successfully 3D printing a mold, I moved on to the ceramic phase of my project. I must mention that, until four months ago, I had no prior experience with slip casting. Despite my initial unfamiliarity, I assure you that learning slip casting was a relatively straightforward endeavor. Slip casting is a technique employed in industrial ceramics for crafting intricate shapes and thin- walled structures. It entails pouring a liquid mixture, known as slip, consisting of clay and water into a porous plaster mold. The plaster absorbs the water from the slip, leaving behind a solid clay layer that takes on the mold's shape. The slip casting process involves several key steps. Firstly, the mold must be prepared by cleaning and thoroughly drying it to ensure proper adherence of the slip. Next, the slip is then poured into the mold, which is held right-side up to prevent leakage, and to coat the entire mold surface. The length of time the slip is left in the mold determines the thickness of the resulting clay layer. Once the desired thickness is achieved, excess slip is drained by placing the mold upside down on a flat surface. After the clay layer has sufficiently hardened, the mold is opened, and the cast is removed. Additional drying may be required before the cast is ready for finishing. SLIDE 24: In the following slides, I will present the slip casting technique in-action, as well as the two additional steps of 3D printing and mold making as shown here. SLIDE 25: It took a few attempts to familiarize myself with the mold and drying times, but I was eventually able to document some helpful casting notes. SLIDE 26: During the initial stages of the slipcasting process, I had to make a decision regarding the type of mold to use: either a one-part or a two-part master mold. Although a one- part mold offers simplicity and efficiency in production, I ultimately opted for a two-part mold due to its suitability for creating complex shapes with intricate geometries. SLIDE 27: At the conclusion of the slip casting process, I successfully fired a total of 26 clay pots: 11 of design 1, 12 of design 2, and 3 "control" pots that replicated the traditional shape and texture of tradition clay pots. With the firing complete, the clay pots were now ready for greenhouse testing. SLIDE 28: Before diving into the details of the greenhouse experiment, I would like to emphasize some important design aspects of each pot. In all the designs, I purposely retained the mold raft to extend the length of the pot's neck. Additionally, I maintained a narrow neck width to minimize evaporation. Furthermore, the disk-like shapes were intentionally incorporated to enhance the surface area of the pots. These design choices were made to optimize the performance of the clay pots in terms of water retention and efficient irrigation. SLIDE 29: This design shares similar characteristics with the previous pot, but there are differences in texture and water storage placement. In this design, the texture varies, providing a unique visual and tactile experience. Moreover, the majority of the water is stored closer to the soil surface, potentially allowing for easier access and absorption by the plant's roots. This variation in water distribution could have implications for plant growth and overall water efficiency in the irrigation system. SLIDE 30: Finally, this clay pot exhibits a traditional shape with a smooth surface. While it maintains a classic aesthetic, there is a notable feature worth highlighting: the tapered body shape and rounded bottom. These design elements are intentionally incorporated to facilitate easier burial of the pot in the soil. 4. TESTING & ANALYZING DESIGN SLIDE 31: Now we have arrived at the analysis of the clay pot designs. SLIDE 32: The initial round of greenhouse testing played a crucial role in preparing for the actual experiment. It provided valuable insights and information that helped in several aspects to this study. Firstly, it helped determine an ideal soil composition required for accurate measurement of plant biomass. Understanding the right soil composition was essential, as it revealed that incorporating sand into the mix facilitated easier removal of roots. Secondly, this greenhouse testing allowed for the arrangement and positioning of the pots within the container to be carefully planned. This arrangement is important for ensuring consistent environmental conditions and minimizing any potential confounding factors that could affect the results. Finally, this initial setup helped me to gain a better understanding of the space limitations within the greenhouse and the extent to which I could conduct testing. This realization allowed me to plan and adjust my experimental approach accordingly. SLIDE 33: The setup consisted of container plants such as lavender and rosemary, and commercially purchased clay pots. The testing was initiated at the beginning of February, and it is evident from the images that the container plants were root bound. SLIDE 34: After inconsistently watering this container for a couple of months, I made the decision to stop watering it and allowed the pot to dry out completely for a period of 2.5 weeks..Upon removal of the clay pots, it was observed that the hole showed enhanced root growth patterns in the soil at the base of the pot where there was a more consistent water supply. SLIDE 35: Additionally, the lavender plant, which still had remnants of root bound areas, displayed increased root growth on the side that had more contact with the clay pot. SLIDE 36: For the final stage of testing, using the digitally fabricated clay pot designs, the greenhouse experiment utilized four containers filled with sand and seeded with roemer’s fescue grass to evaluate the different pot designs. Two pots from each design were allocated to three containers, while the fourth container served as a control without a clay pot. The containers were uniformly watered twice a week by pouring water into the pots or by spraying the same amount of water into the control container. The watering procedure and grass documentation was carried out for 8 weeks. SLIDE 37: These images showcase the process of burying the clay pots and setting up the experiment. The photographs capture the stages of preparing the sand, placing the clay pots in the designated areas, and arranging the containers. SLIDE 38: This diagram illustrates the changes in plant growth observed in each container over an 8-week period along with the shading provided from the container walls. Although the plant placement in the diagram is approximate, it aims to demonstrate the watering radius of the clay pots and estimated grass growth. SLIDE 39: Notably, in the container without a clay pot, the plant growth appears more uniform, which can be attributed to the use of a spray bottle for watering. During week 3, I started to notice gaps in the grass growth on areas receiving more solar exposure. Finally during week 8, there was established clusters of growth around the pots, especially in the more shaded regions of the container. It is important to mention that the grass in the container without a pot suffered significantly, as no watering was provided during the final week, resulting in the death of many grasses. SLIDE 40: After harvesting the plant biomass from each container, removing the sand, and drying the biomass to eliminate moisture weight, it became evident that the control pot exhibited the highest biomass at 3.2g. One possible explanation for the higher biomass in the control pot is the variation in water volume. It is important to note that the control pot, which was made by a beginner with limited experience, may have unintentionally contained a larger volume of water compared to the other pots. This difference in water content could have contributed to the observed difference in biomass between the control pot and the other experimental pots. In addition, it is important to recognize the presence of other limitations in this experiment, with one significant constraint being the influence of solar radiation and shading on grass growth within the containers. Over the course of a few weeks, it became apparent that the taller walls of the containers provided more shade to the right side of the container, resulting in increased grass growth in that area. To optimize growing conditions and facilitate a more comprehensive analysis, future studies should aim for consistent solar exposure and conduct additional sampling. SLIDE 41: While the focus of this experiment was primarily on biomass, there were several additional experimental observations made on the day of data collection. Firstly, it was observed that there was a greater density of grass within a 10-inch radius of the clay pots, indicating a potentially lower porosity than anticipated. This observation can most likely be attributed to the use of ball clay material, which is less porous compared to terracotta or the use of sand in the container. Another observation was the color retention of the pots throughout the two-month experiment, with minimal green coloration visible where the surface soil layer came into contact with the neck of the clay pots. SLIDE 42: Among all the clay pots, Design 1 had the smallest volume and relatively lower water storage near the soil surface, which could have influenced the early root establishment of the grass. However, the most concentrated root structures were observed at the base of the pot, where the highest water retention occurred. The most intriguing finding was the root architecture, characterized by elongated, fibrous roots tightly wrapping around the circular indents on the pot's surface, as depicted in the largest image. This root structure was the most well-established among all the tubs. SLIDE 43: Despite having the majority of water stored towards the top surface of the soil, this design yielded the lowest biomass during data collection. Surprisingly, even after a week without watering, all the clay pots still retained at least 200 ml of water. And another observations that I would like to note is: upon removing the pot, the sand in the top image still contained noticeable moisture. SLIDE 44: The control shape, based on traditional olla designs, has demonstrated consistency and durability over thousands of years, and reaffirmed its effectiveness even in the context of digital fabrication. This enduring shape has withstood the test of time, raising questions about the necessity of 3D printing and digital design in this particular process. 5. APPLICATION TO DESIGN SLIDE 45: Drawing upon the research findings and the results of my experiment, I sought to apply clay pot irrigation to an existing design. SLIDE 46: As mentioned earlier, buried clay pots have proven to be highly effective in a wide range of landscape applications. They offer exceptional benefits for various purposes such as residential gardens, orchard and forest establishment, environmental restoration, farming, and propagation. How they are arranged and applied in each landscape will differ, and I wanted to begin to understand how they could be coupled with conventional irrigation to provide water to an established design. SLIDE 47: With my growing research and admiration for clay pots, I began wondering why landscape architects werent using these simple yet effective methods more frequently in design. Eventually I came across the case study: called the Burges Residence, designed by EcoSence, a landscape architecture firm based in Tuscon, Arizona. For this project Landscape designers and eco-hydrology specialists at EcoSense, utilized a passive rainwater harvesting design and underground clay vessels to allow water to percolate slowly. In Tucson, like many other desert cities, the region faces severe drought conditions, resulting in stringent restrictions on lawn irrigation and the promotion of rainwater harvesting and gray-water systems through rebates. However, despite the arid climate, the area still experiences occasional monsoon rains amidst long periods of dry heat. Thus, creating systems that can capitalize on these sudden, intense storms becomes crucial. Additionally, the owner of the Burges Residence desired a low-maintenance yet aesthetically pleasing garden. The images from this case study showcase how the strategically placed clay pots seamlessly blend into the landscape, aiding in the establishment of sweet acacia plants upon planting. SLIDE 48: This integration of clay pots not only addresses the water scarcity issue but also contributes to the overall attractiveness and functionality of the garden design. It serves as a testament to the versatility and effectiveness of clay pots in creating sustainable and appealing landscapes. I would like to share a quote from the owner: “The ollas have helped our trees grow faster than we ever anticipated! There is a sweet acacia that has grown to about 20 to 25 feet tall, providing valuable shade for not only our smaller plants, but also for the birds and insects that we commonly find underneath in our sagebrushes. And every spring, birds and butterflies are common visitors. We do have an irrigation system, but we only have to turn it on during the wickedest of 118-degrees days during the summer.” SLIDE 49: Learning from the Burges Residence case study, I wanted to see how I could apply these ideas to willamette valley. As I had briefly mentioned, my aim was to explore a hybridized irrigation method, specifically for a landscape with a highly dense planting plan. This stage is not fully developed, because believe it or not, it was incredibly hard to find a firm that will give you their irrigation and planting plan in Eugene. Thankfully Delaney hooked me up with a project from CM, she asked for permission of course, of a project they had designed in 2011 for Planned parenthood. While the overall project is extensive, I focused my attention on the entrance garden for the purpose of my study. SLIDE 50: For this design, I opted to utilize a commercially available clay pot, specifically a larger version of the pot I used in the greenhouse. This larger version has a water capacity of 6.5 liters and a watering diameter of 4 feet. Considering the scale of the site, using clay pots exclusively would require approximately 800 ollas. The circular shapes depicted here represent the watering diameter of the clay pots. Given that the landscape was initially designed for spray irrigation, my objective was to identify an area where I could propose the replacement of spray irrigation with clay pots. So I conducted an environmental analysis, specifically for water flows, solar radiation, and wind movement during the summer months. For each analysis, I strategically positioned the clay pots in the most challenging environments, which is also the same areas where I predict the spray irrigation would be least effective and could be replaced with clay pots to mitigate water loss. Specifically, I placed the clay pots in the driest areas with high solar radiation and in windy spots where spray could easily be lost through evaporation. This approach allowed me to assess the potential benefits of using clay pots in the areas most prone to water loss and evaluate their effectiveness in these more difficult micro-climate conditions. SLIDE 51: Using the overlaid placements from the different analyses, I identified areas where there was consistent overlap in all three layouts. This analysis led to the identification of this orange area that primarily follows the perimeter of the garden. SLIDE 52: Next I looked at the planting plan to see how this identified area overlapped with the plants. SLIDE 53: Within the designated area of the overlaid environmental analysis, the predominant plant species include the Mt. Vernon Laurel, Dwarf Fountain Grass, Red Switch Grass, and Dwarf Winged Euonymus. These plants have low maintenance requirements and are able to thrive in drought-prone conditions once established. Additionally, most of these plant species possess fibrous root systems that are well-suited for integration with clay pots. SLIDE 54: Finally, I overlaid the irrigation plan provided by CM with the planting plan and the environmental analysis. SLIDE 55: If I had been involved in the design and construction process of the CM project in 2011, I would have suggested replacing the spray irrigation system in the designated area with clay pots. Although this area is relatively smaller, it would still require approximately 30-50 clay pots, depending on any potential rearrangement or updates to the plant selection in the planting plan. Additionally, considering the proximity of this area to the mainline, it could be feasible to connect the clay pots to a water source using a hose system. SLIDE 56: Integrating ollas with other drip and spray irrigation methods in a residential landscape design can offer a more comprehensive watering solution that combines the benefits of each system. While ollas provide precise and localized watering directly to the root zone of plants, drip and spray systems can cover larger areas, providing a broader distribution of water. 6. FUTURE WORK SLIDE 61: While I enjoyed using digital technologies throughout the many stages of this project, I would like to recognize that many of the steps may not be necessary. 3D printing offered opportunities to customize and analyze the shape of the clay pot, but perhaps the time honored design is simply the best. It is conceivable that the design itself may not be as crucial as the use of a porous clay container buried in the ground to supply water to plants. In my opinion, further development of the environmental analysis could greatly benefit landscape architects in considering a hybridized irrigation approach. By combining traditional methods with modern techniques, we can create more efficient watering systems for landscapes.Lastly, I would be interested in exploring the possibility of increasing the size of the clay pots and utilizing clay sourced from the design site itself. CITATION OF IMAGES: Images from pages 14-15: • https://www.etsy.com/listing/1246465572/self-watering-pot- terracotta?gpla=1&gao=1&&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=shopping_us_ps-c- home_and_living-outdoor_and_garden-planters_and_pots- other&utm_custom1=_k_CjwKCAjwrpOiBhBVEiwA_473dLDDrobmCoad4_4tYjsNPqzqhl6OxncNZbyDDOkyLG xsj7v7fMgs-xoCHu8QAvD_BwE_k_&utm_content=go_12567672933_119053838626_507203910639_aud- 318110574626:pla305291086462_c__1246465572_111465955&utm_custom2=12567672933&gclid=CjwKCAj wrpOiBhBVEiwA_473dLDDrobmCoad4_4tYjsNPqzqhl6OxncNZbyDDOkyLGxsj7v7fMgs-xoCHu8QAvD_BwE • https://www.etsy.com/listing/1249805578/plant-olla-self- watering?click_key=6a9c180b7283730f9b88b8938b96cf35b5660123%3A1249805578&click _sum=bf5d8ddf&ref=pla_similar_listing_bot-4&frs=1 • https://food52.com/shop/products/9959-moma-self-watering-wet-pot- planter?sku=33242&utm_source=googlepmax&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=1854249 3252&utm_adgroup=&utm_content=&gclid=CjwKCAjwrpOiBhBVEiwA_473dLQr- 2IQiYMJypzuooAEjx4KT2ITs0k5n5oWJ0bI324xcsmJwnyntRoCStwQAvD_BwE • https://www.etsy.com/listing/1347566676/self-watering-spike-for- automatic?ref=listing_page_ad_row- 5&plkey=52c14f273b3a867b2972a3832522b8ab19c3cce4%3A1347566676&listing_id=1347 566676&listing_slug=self-watering-spike-for-automatic Images from pages 16-17: • https://www.etsy.com/listing/234387645/olla-bottle-12-tall-3-round-glazed- top?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_quer y=ollas+for+gardens&ref=sr_gallery-1-2&frs=1&organic_search_click=1 • https://www.etsy.com/listing/223574130/olla-ball-irrigation-system-save- water?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_qu ery=irrigation&ref=sr_gallery-1-15&frs=1&organic_search_click=1 Images from pages 17-18: • https://vertplanter.com/products/classic-planter RESEARCH: 3D printing ‘greener’ buildings using local soil. 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