f Oregon Prr o iswe o Warner Creek C n o o rcs at re G ct a P iovolta i nal rF dri ag cA ili Mikayla McKone Master’s Project 2024 Landscape Architecture College of Design University of Oregon Thense ty Project Overview Research has shown that there are many physical and mental benefits from having gardens in prison. Gardens provide Adults in Custody (AICs) the opportunity to connect with nature, learn new skills, build relationships, and access fresh healthy food, among many other benefits. With the introduction of renewable energy to an existing prison garden, this project explores how solar panels can expand the current benefits of the existing prison garden at Warner Creek Correctional Facility. Through a literature review, case study analysis, and site visits, this research proposes a new site for agrivoltaic implementation which overlaps with Oregon Department of Corrections Sustainability Plan. Although landscape architects cannot solve issues of mass incarceration or climate change alone, they can help promote renewable energy to maximize mutual benefits to increase land use efficiency, improve the human experience of incarceration, and address food security inside prison. 02 03 Acknowledgements Advisory Team: Ellee Stapleton Kory Russel Yekang Ko Special Thanks To: Ryan McKone Harper Keeler UO LA Faculty 2024 MLA Cohort Kate Bildsten Rima Green Angie Ngo Zung Ngo Mackenzie Ngo 04 05 Table of Contents: Context Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 10-27 28-31 32-41 Design Process Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 44-45 46-53 54-59 Design Exercise Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 62-63 64-65 66-83 Moving Forward Estimates Impact Opportunities 86-89 90-91 92-97 06 07 Context Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 08 09 Mass Incarceration U.S. Prison Population Compared to World The U.S. currently has 1.8 million people incarcerated which is the largest incarcerated population anywhere in the world. Beginning in the late 1970s there was an exponential increase in people incarcerated due to shifts in policy such as mandatory minimums which required lengthy prison sentences. In Oregon, there are approximately 13 thousand people in the prison system which contributes to the overall 32 thousand people that are in jail, prison, or on probation or parole. Although there has been a recent small decline in the number of people incarcerated, the effects of mass incarceration will still be felt for many decades to come. United States Prison Population (1925-2020) Oregon Prison Population (1980-2020) Diagram (Top Right) 1,600,000 16,000 Source: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profi les/OR.html 1,400,000 14,000 Graphs (Bottom Right) 1,200,000 12,000 Source: sentancingproject.org 1,000,000 10,000 800,000 8,000 600,000 6,000 400,000 1980 Population 200,000 4,000 1980 Population 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 10 11 Inequity of Incarcerated People The issue of mass incarceration is not an issue that is felt equally amongst our population. Communities of color have been disproportionately affected by the prison system. In Oregon, Black people are five Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Correctional Facilities Correlation of Incarcerated People and Poverty times more likely to be incarcerated than any other race. Moreover, studies have shown a strong correlation between those who are incarcerated and people that are in poverty. Diagrams (Left) Source: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/OR.html Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 12 13 Life in Prison Daily life in prison is rigid and ruled by mundane routine, policy, and procedure to ensure safety. The environment is often harsh, sterile, confined, and lacking in privacy. AICs have a lack of autonomy, and it can be difficult to remain hopeful especially when serving life sentences. Often there is very limited time allowed for recreation or access to nature. All of these things can contribute to AICs experiencing declining mental and or physical health conditions. Collage (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 14 15 Food in Prison Example Prison Meal The American prison system feeds Nutraloaf almost 2 million inmates a full three meals per day on around two to four dollars” Breakfast (Camplin, 2016). Often, prisons use tactics to cut costs such as buying predominantly flash frozen food or using the “re-rack” system in which uneaten food is frozen and reserved later in the week. Thus, inmates rarely have access to fresh fruits and vegetables. Nutraloaf is the quintessential example of cheap, easy, and the bare minimum; it really embodies the phrase “food as punishment”. There is no “universal recipe”, but essentially it is leftover food that is mashed together and then baked. Nutraloaf, also called disciplinary loaf, is “intended to be void of flavor, and therefore any notion of pleasure” (Camplin, 2016). “Food’s value [in prison] is based on two things: the void (or lack of enough) and the lack of choice” Lunch Dinner Images (Left) Source: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/07/07/what-s-in- a-prison-meal - Erika Camplin Image (Right) Source: https://poststar.com/nutriloaf/image_e6a3fec0-4405- 526c-b773-b47c8e677c00.html Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 16 17 Commissary Example of Commissary Items and Prices for FCI (Dublin, CA) Most institutions follow nutritional Collage of Common Commissary Food Items standards set by the Bureau of Prisons; however, there is not a set standard for nutritional guidelines for all correctional facilities in the United States. Typically, a menu is created which rotates every six weeks, and usually only fulfills the bare minimum nutritional requirements. Diets are often high in carbs and sodium which can lead to increased health risks. Commissary is vital to life inside because it allows inmates the opportunity to supplement their diets from what is provided and is a way for them to “express individuality and creativity as sort of a rebellion from the rigid existence within prison” (Camplin, 2016). For example, inmates will pool their resources of items bought from commissary together to create “spreads” to celebrate special occasions. Images (Left) Source: https://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/dub/ Image (Right) Created by: Mikayla McKone Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 18 19 What is the Purpose of Prison? Prison Model Spectrum For centuries, capital punishment or The Oregon Department of torture were used to deal with lawbreakers. Corrections has begun to adapt principles However, in the 18th century, Quakers of the Norwegian Model into what they call Penitentiary Model created the Penitentiary Model which “the Oregon Way” which prioritizes employee confined inmates to their cells to allow them and AICs’ health and wellbeing to improve to reflect on their moral failings as penance. incarceration outcomes. In the early 1800s, the Auburn Prison Model was introduced which allowed inmates to leave their cells daily to perform hard labor. The Norwegian Prison Model, developed in the 1990s, is one that is highly renowned and often referenced as a way that prison can be a space to rehabilitate people to rejoin society. They have significantly shorter sentences and try to allow inmates to live as “normal” of lives as possible while they serve their sentence. In The “Oregon Way” Norway, they view the loss of freedom as the punishment. This means that inmates are able to still cook their own meals, recreate as they please, and have regular family visits. Collage (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone Capital Punishment Norwegian Model Auburn Model Punishment Rehabilitation Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 20 21 Vocational Training + Vocational Education Diagram Recidivism Vocational training programs are a critical component for rehabilitation efforts in prison. Often, these skill-based programs set AICs up for success in employment when they are released from prison. These programs give AICs goals to work towards and help bring positive meaning to their time spent incarcerated. A commonly used metric for the success of these programs is to compare the recidivism rates of their participants to AICs Oregon Recidivism Rates who did not participate in those programs. Recidivism refers to the arrest and conviction of someone three years or less after they had previously been arrested or released from incarceration. In Oregon, the recidivism rate is around 40% for those who are convicted of a new crime with about 20% of those convictions leading to reincarceration. The recidivism is drastically lowered, to 4%, for AICs who participated in the prison garden program. Diagram (Top Right) Source: https://medium.com/@rananiki720/vocational-educa- tion-6f2a9208735e Graph (Bottom Right) Source: McAlister et al. (2020) Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 22 23 Prison Gardens Benefits of Prison Gardens: One popular vocational training program used in several correctional facilities across the country is prison garden programs. Many benefits have been documented through research for the implementation of prison gardens such as reduced recidivism of participants, increases in fresh healthy produce, and increased access to nature. However, some of the benefits are more qualitative such as feelings Team Giving Back of tranquility, improved self-worth, and Building Tranquility to Vocational improved relationships. Community Training Access to Improved Increase in Nature Problem Reduced Solving Coping Skills Recidivism Access to Accountability Physical Environmental Exercise Fresh Stewardship Healthy Food Education Plant Improved Self Identification Autonomy Improved Worth Relationships Diagram (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone Background Image Source: https://education.ucdavis.edu/ccs-in- sight-garden-program Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 24 25 Prison Garden Precedents The first prison garden program in the New York California Oregon United States was started at Rikers Island in 1997 in partnership with the Horticultural Society of New York. It has been very successful with a 40% lower recidivism rate than the general prison population. Another well-known prison garden is the Insight Garden Program in California. As part of the IGP program, inmates also participate in therapy work alongside working with plants. This program has had great success and has even been implemented in a couple other states. In Oregon, the nonprofit group Growing Gardens has implemented gardens in all 12 correctional facilities in the state. Each of these precedents provides AICs with hands on experience in the garden and the food grown is used directly in the prison’s kitchen. Images (Right) New York Source: https://gardencollage.com/change/environ- mental-justice/inside-rikers-island-prison-garden/ California Source: https://i1.wp.com/insightgardenprogram.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SQ-garden-implementation1.jpg Oregon Source: https://rootsofsuccess.org/new-hope-for-wom- en-in-an-oregon-correctional-facility/ Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 26 27 Oregon DOC Sustainability in Prison Project In 2012, the Oregon DOC joined the Sustainability in Prisons Project (SPP). SPP was founded through a partnership Nature in P between the Evergreen State College and rison the Washington Department of Corrections Short Term Goalss to address the issues of both environmental degradation and mass incarceration. •Expand sustainable gardening classes to 10 facilities + y in P Their projects include bringing nature into provide volunteers to facilitate the programsit ris prisons, conservation efforts, educational il programing for AICs, and evaluating how the •Increase sustainability jobs to all facilities and have reentry prisons operations can be more sustainable. job placement Overall, the goals of their program is to “reduce the environmental, economic, and human costs of prisons” (Sustainability in •Five hundred acres of farmland in production with non-profits Prisons Project, 2024). to donate 75% of produce to food banks Oregon DOC released a 5-year Long Term Goals sustainability plan as part of its participation in the SPP. This document detailed several •Decrease water consumption by having facility landscaping short term and long term goals, some of be 50% native drought tolerant plants which I’ve selected to highlight (page right) the relevance of my project. •Have solar panels installed at two facilities E Diagram (Left) •Reduce GHG emissions to 75% below 1990 levels by 2050d u Source: Oregon Department of Corrections Sustainability Plan c a t i o (2017-2022). (2018)n + Tra i n i n g Modified By: Mikayla McKone Image Cover (Right): Source: Oregon Department of Corrections Sustainability Plan (2017-2022). (2018) Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 28 29 Sustainable Operations ustainS ab n onser vatiC on + Restorati o on Pr jeco t Climate Change U.S. Drought Monitor: Oregon (12.13.22) News Headlines of Climate Change Many of the goals listed in the Oregon Projections of Increasing Mean Temperature in Oregon DOC Sustainability Plan are a direct result of efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change and severe weather. In the past decade, Oregon has experienced some of the hottest and driest conditions, especially in the central and eastern parts of the state. Several projections have indicated a likely annual rise in mean temperature for Oregon of about 5-6 degrees Fahrenheit. Southern and Eastern Oregon are naturally the drier https://www.koin.com/news/oregon/climate-report-says-ex- parts of the state which means they are treme-weather-events-stress-pnw-communities-industries/ especially susceptible to drought. These changing conditions can be particularly problematic for growing seasons and irrigation for farming and gardens across the state. https://www.opb.org/article/2023/05/29/forecasters-wor- ried-about-extended-oregon-fi re-season/ Drought Map (Left) Source: droughtmonitor.unl.edu Headlines (Left) Source: Listed below photos Graph (Right) https://www.koin.com/news/oregon/how-oregon-counties-have- Source: https://apps.usgs.gov/nccv/loca2/nccv2_loca2_counties. seen-rising-temperatures-in-the-last-100-years/ html Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 30 31 Agrivoltaics Agrivoltaics is the co-location of “Agri-” relating to food production solar energy production and agriculture uses. Although still a relatively new practice, agrivoltaics has the potential to increase land-use efficiency compared to traditional “-Voltaics” relating to solar energy production agriculture or solar farms alone. Much research is currently underway to study how production for both energy and crop yield can be optimized. Definition (Top Left): Source: https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/newsroom/sustain- able-farm-agrivoltaic Diagram (Bottom Left): Source: Rahman et al. (2023) Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 32 33 Water, Energy, Food Nexus Symbiotic Relationship of Agrivoltaics Diagram Benefits of Agrivoltaics Agrivoltaics provides a solution to Water-Energy-Food Nexus Diagram issues that arise in the Water-Energy-Food nexus. Essentially, a symbiotic relationship occurs where both the plants and solar Water panels can mutually benefit. For example, the evapotranspiration from the plants can • Increase soil moisture help cool the panels down making them more efficient. Simultaneously, the shade • Potential to collect rain water provided by the panels can help retain soil moisture, improve yields for some crops, and protect plants from extreme weather such as • Reduce irrigation demand hailstorms. Energy • Energy production • Increase solar panel eciency AGRIVOLTAICS • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Food Diagram (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone • Increase select crop yeild tyIcon Source: https://thenounproject.com/ Energy Securi Digarma (Right) • Protection from severe weather Source: Cansino-Loeza et al. (2020) Modified By: Mikayla McKone • Diverse microclimate Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 34 35 Food Security rity Sec u r ate W Agrivoltaics Around the World Installed Agrivoltaic Capacity Worldwide, 2012-2021 (MW) In the last decade, agrivoltaics Leading Countries of Agrivoltaic Research installations have increased dramatically 14,000 with the sharpest increase in the last 5 years. The practice first began in countries 13,000 like Japan, Germany, and France; however, 12,000 research has expanded to the United States, 11,000 China, Italy, and South Korea, among others 10,000 (Rahman, 2023). Although each country 9,000 has its own definition of what agrivoltaics is, 8,000 the variations in terminology are relatively minimal. Many different designs, layouts, and 7,000 crop pairings are being tested to optimize 6,000 benefits in hopes of scaling up installations 5,000 around the world. 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Graph (Left) Source: (Dawnbreaker, 2022) Map (Right) Base Map Source: https://www.freeworldmaps.net/printable/ Modifi ed By: Mikayla McKone Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 36 37 Five Most Common Types of Agrivoltaic Installations Agrivoltaic Typology Ground Mounted Stilted Semi-Transparent Multi-Angled Bifacial Within the agrivoltaic typology, Semi-transparent panels and multi- there are five main types of agrivoltaic angled panels are adaptations from the configurations. The most common and stilted model, and both attempt to give cheapest approach is using ground mounted plants more uniform light saturation and solar panels. They are larger, lower to the precipitation exposure. The last typology is ground, and fixed at a certain angle to vertical bifacial panels which are typically optimize energy production. Because of their more efficient than the other typologies size, the crops would need to be planted because they can receive sunlight from both farther apart. sides of the panels. Because of their form, their optimal orientation is facing East-West Another common type is stilted panels compared to the other typologies which are which have a support structure which raises better oriented to face South. High Solar Access for Plants High Solar Access for Plants High Solar Access for Plants High Solar Access for Plants High Solar Access for Plants the panels overhead. Stilted panels have the option of being either fixed at a particular angle or they can be installed to rotate as the sun moves. They tend to have a higher cost than ground mounted because of the increased material required for the support structure and if they use solar tracking technology. High Energy Output High Energy Output High Energy Output High Energy Output High Energy Output Diagram (Left) Created by: Mikayla McKone Prison Security Compatability Minimum Medium Maximum Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 38 39 Low Cost Low Cost Low Cost Low Cost Low Cost Low Area Low Area Low Area Low Area Low Area Agrivoltaic Precedents Colorado Oregon California The largest agrivoltaic installation in Although there are no precedents of the United States in Jack’s Solar Garden in agrivoltaics used in prison gardens, there Longmont, Colorado. Jack’s Solar Garden are examples of prisons installing solar is a family farm which has converted a arrays outside security fencing to power their portion of their property to agrivoltaics. operations. The California Department of Their installation is made up of 3,276 stilted Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) has solar-tracking solar panels which produce 1.2 several renewable energy projects already MW (Mega Watts) which is enough to power constructed through a private partnership 300 homes annually. The energy produced with SunEdison. One of those projects is at is purchased and used from its community Ironwood State Prison which has 2,600 solar subscribers, which helps offset some of panels installed to produce 1.18 MW. (Solar the cost of initial installation. (Colorado Daily Staff Writers, 2008) Agrivoltaic Learning Center, 2024) In Oregon, agrivoltaic research is being conducted through OSU’s North Willamette Research and Extension Center located in Aurora, Oregon. Their five- acre installation was completed in 2021 and it focuses on researching long-term sustainable farming, energy production, and water conservation. (Sustainable Farm Agrivoltaic, 2022) Images (Left) Jack’s Solar Garden: https://www.jackssolargarden.com/ North Willamette Research & Extension Center: https://exten- sion.oregonstate.edu/nwrec/agrivoltaic-project CDCR: https://solarbuildermag.com/news/sunedison-in- stalls-18-4-mw-of-solar-power-at-california-prisons/ Mass Incarceration ODOC Sustainability Plan Agrivoltaics 40 41 Design Process Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 42 43 Prison Site Selection Map Site Selection There were two main criteria used to Correctional Facility (WCCF) as having the select a prison garden site which would be most ideal conditions for an agrivoltaic best suited for the addition of solar panels: prison garden. a lower-level security prison and solar potential. In Oregon there are 12 prison facilities (one maximum security, six medium security, and five minimum security). I first narrowed down my search to focus on the five minimum-security prisons. The reason for this is because AICs in these facilities are closer to being released into the community, and they generally have more gate clearance which means they can participate in more vocational programs. Next, I compared the location of each of the minimum-security prisons to identify which facility would receive the best solar potential. The map displayed (left) shows the direct irradiance (DNI) during summertime which ultimately identified Warner Creek Map (Left) Direct Normal Solar Radiation : University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Lab Modifi ed by: Mikayla McKone Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 44 45 Average Climate in Lakeview (1991-2020) Lakeview, Oregon “Tallest Town in Oregon” Lakeview Key Map Lakeview is a small rural town in Eastern Oregon with a population of around 28” 2,300 people. It is close to 4,800 feet in 14” 213 Portland elevation earning it the nickname “Tallest Town in Oregon”. Lakeview sits at the edge of the high desert, so it typically has hot Eugene summers (75°-100° F) and mild winters (25°- Annual Rainfall Sunny Days Annual Snowfall 45° F). On average they have 213 sunny days Annually in the year and get 14” of rain and 28” of snow annually. Lakeview It became a town in 1876, with its history rooted in logging and agriculture; however, today it has become one of Oregon’s leaders in renewable energy production. Lakeview History Collage LEGEND Graph (Left) Low High Average High Temperatures (° F) Data Source: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/cdo-web/ Created By: Mikayla McKone Low High Average Low Temperatures (° F) Map (Top Right) Base Map Source: Google Earth Low High Relative Precipitation (inches) Modifi ed By: Mikayla McKone Collage (Bottom Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 46 47 Lakeview Context Map Renewable Energy in Lakeview Warner Creek LEGEND Correctional In 1923, a well was drilled and struck several more installations approved for Facility Fremont- a geothermal hot spot creating a 50- development. (WCCF) Winema Warner Creek foot geyser (Old Perpetual) in Lakeview. National Correctional Facility Although this became a popular attraction, In addition, in partnership with Forest (WCCF) it was also the discovery of a source of Iberdrola Renewables, Lakeview has a potential geothermal energy for the town biomass cogeneration plant which produces to use. Eventually wells were drilled, and 26.8 MW, enough to power 18,000 homes and Existing Solar Projects pipelines were laid, to offset energy costs steam for the local Collins Fremont Sawmill. for Lakeview’s hospital, high school, middle A majority of the biomass source comes school, elementary schools, industrial park, from unusable material produced during the Transmission Lines and Warner Creek Correctional Facility. local timber operations. Currently, Lakeview has been awarded $100,000 by the Oregon Department of Despite being a smaller rural town, Roads Energy’s Community Renewable Energy Lakeview has sizable investments into HWY 140 Grant Project to expand their geothermal renewable energy and has shown its energy to help service more of the town. commitment to being a leader in sustainable Lakeview Buildings energy production in Oregon. As of 2020, there are eight solar installations generating power (Outback Lakview City Boundary Solar, Blackcap Solar, Blackcap Solar II, Airport Solar, Lakeview Solar, Rock Garden Solar, Garrett Solar, and Alkali Solar) with Old Perpetual Geyser Graph (Left) Geothermal Well Base Map Source: ArcGIS GIS Data Sources: NOAA, ODOT, OregonGEOHub Geothermal Pipeline Modifi ed By: Mikayla McKone 1:60,000 Miles ± Biomass Plant0 0.5 1 Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 48 49 Route 395 Site Analysis WCCF Solar Exposure Hydrology Pictured here are some of the site classifications: 189B (Oxwall gravelly clay analyses that I looked at for my site including loam) and 69B (Donica gravelly sandy loam). solar exposure, hydrology, elevation, Both types drain water quickly; however, they slope, and soil. The buildings of the prison could use soil amendments to increase their are clustered in the northern part of the nutrient value which is important especially property that Oregon DOC owns. To the for growing food. east is the prison’s namesake, Warner Creek. Overall, the area has good solar exposure since the surrounding vegetation is mainly low sagebrush. The facility buildings are predominately two stories tall which does ODOC Property Boundary create some shading on the northern and Low High Low High eastern parts of the site. Warner Creek Warner Creek Correctional Facility sits at about 4,900 feet in elevation. There is not a significant amount of slope changes Elevation Slope Soil where the buildings and current garden are. However, there is a detention pond to the east of the buildings and between Rabbit Hill Road where surface water collects. On the site there are two different soil Diagram (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone 69B 124A 73B 189B 4845’ 5100’ 0 % 36% 73C 243B 73E 243C Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 50 51 Warner Creek Correctional Facility WCCF Existing Site Plan 5 492 5 WCCF opened in 2005 and can Tool Shed Sun Shade Structure house up to 400 AICs. WCCF employs 110 people and is an important employer for the Lakeview community. The facility is Visitor’s Parking Lot located four miles northwest of Lakeview, Education and occupies less than sixteen percent of the Religion Medical land that Oregon Department of Corrections owns. In 2008, WCCF received the State Transformer BoxesIntake Energy Efficiency Design award primarily for its use of geothermal energy. Recreation Offices The existing garden is near the Visiting prison’s entrance and visitor’s parking. The garden is roughly an acre in size and has a Dining small shed and a large shade structure within Gatehouse the fencing. The rows run perpendicular to Housing Admin. Rabbit Hill Road and there are a few small trees dispersed throughout. Kitchen In partnership with the Institute for Applied Ecology, some AICs participate in Warehouse the Sage Brush Program which helps grow sagebrush seedlings to replant recently burned areas and restore critical Greater Covered Picnic Tables Sage-Grouse habitat. Map (Right) Work Force Laundry Base Map Source: ArcGIS 0 Created By: Mikayla McKone Maintenance 97 0 0 50 100 WCCF Building Facilities US Feet ± Existing Garden Area Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 52 Transmission Lines 53 495 4950 4945 4940 4930 4935 4930 4925 4920 4915 10 4885 489 4 49 4 96 4 49 4 59 9702 45 0 4 99 65 0 449 550 4935 4 920 49 49454 915 30 492 5 Rabbit Hill Road 491 0 4905 4900 4900 4895 4900 Overall Project Goals There are five main goals of The Power of Oregon Prison Gardens Project which are listed below in order of their priority: 1) Increase access to fresh healthy food 2) Expand AIC’s ability to connect with nature 3) Increase renewable energy use at WCCF 4) Expand vocational training opportunities 5) Facilitate positive relationships between WCCF and the community of Lakeview Collage (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone Source Images: https://www.growing-gardens.org/lettuce-grow https://www.npr.org/2021/11/14/1054942590/solar-energy-colora- do-garden-farm-land Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 54 55 Project Objectives Goals and Objectives Objectives were created as ways to measure each of the five overall goals. 1) Increase access to fresh healthy food These objectives are tangible ways in • Expand garden space which the landscape architecture field can help improve the prison environment. • Create orchards Overall, these goals and objectives were an important reference which helped guide me through the rest of the design process. 2) Expand AIC’s ability to connect with nature • Maintain views to surrounding hills • Add color with pollinator gardens • Create outdoor classrooms 3) Increase renewable energy use at WCCF • Install solar panels 4) Expand vocational training opportunities • Increase participation of garden program • Add vocational program for solar panel maitenance • Add vocational training for bee keeping 5) Facilitate positive relationships between WCCF and the communitiy of Lakeview • Donate additional produce to food banks • Create a farmstand of produce for WCCF visitors Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 56 57 People-Panel-Plant Needs Venn Diagram Design Considerations PEOPLE The last step before beginning the design was to evaluate the potential needs and opportunities of the main components 2 • Outdoor Classrooms of my design: people, photovoltaic panels, and plants to help identify where synergies • Safety could happen between my goals and objectives. This would ultimately create more 2 •Pollinator Gardens: multifunctionality in the design. For example, Aesthetics the need for maintenance on the solar panels also can serve as a new educational 4 • Compost: Vocational opportunity and vocational training program Training + Soil Amendment 4 • Vocational at WCCF which would contribute to achieving Training: Goal 3 and Goal 4. Maintenance P 5 • Donated food: Vocational Training + WCCF Soil Amendment Agrivoltaics •SUNLIGHT 3 • Increase use of renewable energy 1 •Increased yield • Irrigation of select plant • Access to species energy transmission Diagram (Left) lines Created By: Mikayla McKone Site Selection Site Analysis Goals and Objectives 58 59 LANTSP ELS PAN V Design Exercise Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 60 61 Site Plan Fruit Orchard Main Toolshed Stilted Solar Tracking PV Bee Hives + Bird Houses Vertical Bifacial PV Composting The redesigned garden is two acres which is double the size of the existing garden. This expansion means there is more area to grow food, produce energy, and get more AICs involved. Perimeter Security Road For energy production, there are two types of photovoltaic panels used, vertical AlleeProduce Stand bifacial and stilted solar tracking. These systems will need regular maintenance providing AICs with an opportunity to get valuable vocational training in a very sought-after industry. Moreover, additional vocational training opportunities include bee keeping and composting as complementary programs to food production in the garden. Toolshed At the southern end of the site there is a walnut orchard that surrounds the existing Walnut Orchard covered picnic tables. Within the grove there are two circular outdoor classrooms which provide another space for AICs to gather and learn outdoors. Site Plan (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone Existing Picnic Area Outdoor Classrooms 0 100 Site Plan Circulation Design Elements FT 62 63 Site Plan Circulation The main circulation in the garden, highlighted in dark orange, are wider (8’- 12’) and more direct paths between each area. The linear East-West axis running through the garden was created to maintain viewsheds to the surrounding hills. The secondary pathways, pictured in blue, are typically narrower (2’-5’), especially through the garden rows, and occasionally meander. The paths are made from wood chips which can be sourced from the local Collins sawmill in Lakeview. Site Plan (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone 0 100 Site Plan Circulation Design Elements FT 64 65 Entrance As an AIC exits the main gates from the facility, the entrance to the garden is directly ahead. For safety and security reasons, the garden must be fenced in, especially with the addition of solar panels. However, the surrounding fences have the opportunity to be more engaging, uplifting, and inspiring than plain chain link fences. Even from the outside, this can signal to AICs and community members that this garden is a valued and a respected place of pride for gardeners. At the gate, AICs are greeted by a large sign that welcomes them into the garden. On either side of the path are flowers and planted herbs which add to the sensory experience of entering the garden. The entrance path leads them to a large gathering space in front of the main tool shed. This central space is an opportunity for the AICs to bond as a team and receive their daily assignments. Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 66 67 Fruit Orchard Agrivoltics To the west of the main tool shed is the fruit orchard. Planted in this orchard are two dwarf varieties of apple trees and two dwarf varieties of plum trees. Alternating 8.0 4" x 4" Wood Post the rows of fruit trees are rows of vertical Mount Royal Plum Klamath Plum Semi-dwarf Gala Apple Semi-dwarf Fuji Apple bifacial panels which are oriented East-West Prunus ‘Mount Royal’ Prunus subcordata Malus domestica ‘Gala’ Malus domestica ‘Fuji’ 0 50FT to capture the most sunlight throughout the 2" Eyebolt Loop day. These panels can absorb sunlight on 1.5 either side of the panel which makes them 12-Gauge Galvanized Steel Wire up to twenty percent more efficient than 7.0 traditional PV panels (Khan et al., 2017). To complement and mimic the vertical form of the panels, the fruit trees are espaliered which also makes it easier to harvest the fruit. Each row of panels are 20 3.0 feet from one another, with the trees being placed in the sunniest zone in between them. The curved interior path of the orchard 0 1 2 allows users to easily access each row while Semi-Dwarf Gala Bifacial Vertical FT also providing visual interest. Apple Tree Solar Panel 10’ 20’ 2’ Concrete Footing Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 68 69 12’ 7’ The Birds and the Bees The path from the fruit orchard leads Birdhouse to the birdhouse and beekeeping area. As Langstroth Bee Box AICs walk along the circular path, they can access the alternating nine bee boxes and nine bird houses. Adjacent to the path, this space is rich with flowering shrubs such as Utah Service Berry and Pinemat Manzanita. Many different forbs such as Oregon Sunshine, Showy Milkweed, and White Mule’s Japanese Maple Ear are used to help attract pollinators. 5’ Woodchip Path This area provides many benefits to both the AICs and the surrounding environment including opportunities for AICs 0 25 to learn apiary practices, pollination for the FT expanded garden, production of honey, and support for local wildlife. The honey collected from the hives can be used in the prison’s kitchen or donated to local food banks. Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 70 71 Pollinator Plant Palette The pollinator plant palette is used throughout the whole garden redesign to help bring life to the sterile environment of the prison facilities. The main goals for selecting plants included providing food for local pollinators and increasing habitat for Utah Service Berry Rosy Pussytoes Pinemat Manzanita Greenleaf Manzanita Cutleaf Penstemon local wildlife. Native and drought tolerant Amelanchier utahensis Antennaria microphylla Arctostaphylos nevadensis Arctostaphylos patula Penstemon richardsonii qualities were a focus to narrow the plants that were selected to help ODOC’s long term goal of lowering their overall water consumption. The colors chosen for the palette are informed by color theory used in healing gardens. The plants chosen are drought tolerant and native species that consist of calming and uplifting colors with shades of soft pinks, warm yellows, and soothing greens. Overall, the pollinator plant palette was chosen to evoke feelings of tranquility, Sulfur-flower Bucksheat Oregon Sunshine Red Husker Penstemon Showy Milkweed Common Sage Eriogonum umbellatum Eriophyllum lanatum Penstemon digitalis ‘red husker’ Asclepias speciosa Salvia officinalis peacefulness, and warmth. Panicled Bulrush Showy Townsendia White Mule’s Ear Idaho Fescue Bluebunch Wheatgrass Scirpus microcarpus Townsendia florifer Wyethia helianthoides Festuca idahoensis Pseudoroegneria spicata Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 72 73 Main Garden Agrivoltaic Module The main garden areas are where 60.0 most of the food production is located. These spaces are made up of rectangular modules that are each 40 feet wide and 10.0000 60 feet long. Each module represents the planted row crops on the ground and the solar panels above. There are three rows of solar panels, spaced 20 feet from each other, 15.0 Composted Garden Row and lifted 15 feet overhead by steel framing. Wood Chip Pathway The panels are oriented South and rotate 2.0 2.0 with the sun to increase their efficiency. Below the panels, AICs are shaded Concrete Footing from the sun while they garden the rows of plants. Each module contains 15 rows of crops. Each row is 2 feet wide and there is a 0 5 2-foot walking path on either side. The food FT grown in the garden will drastically increase the availability of fresh produce AICs are able to consume while they serve their sentence. More nutritious diets have been shown to decrease health issues while also improving behavioral issues. Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 74 75 Planting Zones ZONE 1 Kale Swiss Chard Since the panels rotate with the sun, Lettuce Spring Onion this creates a variety of light conditions and ZONE A1 rugula microclimate for each row. This means that different rows can support certain types of Kale plants more than others. Every species has Swiss Chard Lettuce its own light saturation point which is the Spring Onion optimal amount of sunlight that the plant Arugula can photosynthesize during a day. Past ZONE 2 this threshold, the additional sunlight the plant is exposed to is not beneficial and can Cucumber Carrot decrease the amount of moisture available Potato to the plant. ZONE B2roccoli Beets Zone one is mostly shaded throughout Cucumber the day and crops such as kale and spring Carrot Potato onions do well here. Zone two receives Broccoli partial sunlight during the day which is Beets optimal to grow crops like carrots, broccoli, ZONE 3 and beets. Zone three receives the most sunlight and should be reserved to grow Tomato crops like tomatoes, peppers, and fruit. ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 Bell Pepper Jalapenos ZONEE 3ggplant Strawberry TomaWtoatermelon ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 Bell Pepper Jalapenos Eggplant Strawberry Watermelon 8 AM 12 PM 5 PM Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 76 77 Produce Stand A large motivator for some AICs is to feel a sense of purpose and make a positive impact in the community. Donating a portion of what is produced in the garden to local food banks can help fulfill this need. Additionally, WCCF visitors would be able to enjoy some of the food grown in the garden as well. The produce stand is located adjacent to the visitor parking lot for ease of access, and its maintenance and management is yet another job opportunity to get more AICs involved in the garden. Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 78 79 Composting Ca Food scraps from the prison’s kitchen and unwanted plant material from the garden can be combined with woodchips or sawdust from the local sawmill, as well as N paper products from inside the prison such it as paper towels to create compost. Finding the right ratio of materials will be dependent on the inputs and may vary seasonally which can be part of the learning process for AICs. The compost created can then be used back in the garden to help enrich the soil to grow more food. The composting material is loaded into three enclosed agitated in-vessel composting systems. Each tub has an internal auger which helps mix and aerate the compost and can help speed up the composting process. Some of the electricity the solar panels produce can be used to power this system. Some advantages of using an enclosed system include that it can cut down on rodents and contain smells. Ultimately, composting on site adds nutrients back to the soil, helps cut down on the amount of garbage the prison hauls away, and is another way that AICs can expand their garden education. Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 80 81 gen ro n rbo Outdoor Classrooms Andesite Boulder Seating 5’ Woodchip Path Because the linear nature of the solar panels can mimic the formality of the prison environment, the design includes an area dedicated to contemplation which can help Chalkboard break up the uniformity of the rest of the garden. This space is not fenced in to allow AICs to feel more relaxed and calmer. A Wood Table grove of English walnut trees provide lots 0 5 FT of shade this space, while also creating Carpathian English Walnut Juglans regia ‘Carpathian’ opportunities for AICs to learn how to harvest the nut and create dyes from the husks. Two outdoor classrooms are nestled among the grove of walnut trees. These English Walnut Grove classrooms are 20 feet in diameter and Classroom A are meant to serve as another space for small groups to gather and learn outdoors. Site Plan They are designed to be a place of respite with their circular form connected by winding paths and dappled sunlight. In each classroom there are seating and work benches to accommodate a variety of lessons. Covered Picnic Tables Classroom B 0 25 FT Site Plan Circulation Design Elements 82 83 Moving Forward Estimates Impact Opportunity 84 85 Food Production Estimate Although there are many assumptions to be made when trying to estimate how much food a garden will produce, a consensus is that around 200 square feet of typical row crop garden is enough space to feed one person for a year (Iannotti, 2023). Some of the variables that can alter this estimate are what kind of crops are being grown, what the diet of the individual is, length of growing season, and garden layout, among many others. Using this estimate, I have calculated that the expanded garden space (87,120 sq ft) could be enough to feed around 350 people per year. This number also reflects an assumed twenty percent decrease in food production due to the shading of the solar panels (Rahman et. al, 2023). However, this would still be enough to cover more than 85 percent of the AICs housed at WCCF. 85% Diagram (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone New Garden Space (87,120 sq. ft.) Solar Panel Shading 350 Adults in Custody Garden Space for One Person (80 %) (200 sq. ft.) Estimates Impact Opportunities 86 87 Energy Production Estimate `Calculating the amount of energy produced producing divided by how much the panel is between the two types of solar panels in the rated to produce (Thoubboron, 2018). design and the impact on the prison’s energy needs requires several assumptions to be Overall, the calculated energy made. Although there are accurate ways to estimate means that the panels in my design measure the energy use at the prison, this would be enough to provide WCCF with 10% information is not publicly available. To get of its energy demands, equivalent to the an estimate for how much energy I believe power 75 single-family homes, which would WCCF uses, I used multipliers of kwh per help bring ODOC closer to their goals of square foot for two prisons in Washington lowering GHG emissions listed in the ODOC 5 and then averaged them using WCCF square Year Sustainability Plan. footage. My estimate for how much energy 10 % WCCF uses annually to operate is 8,150,860 75 Houses Average House uses kw which is enough energy to power 766 of WCCF 10,791 kWh per year single-family homes. Energy Usage For the 1,853 solar panels in my design. I estimate that they will produce a total of 815,320 kwh. This estimate assumes 400w panels and a production ratio for Oregon of 1.1. Production ratio refers to the difference in how much energy a panel is Diagram (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone *See Appendix (pg. 100-101) for calculations Estimates Impact Opportunities 88 89 Positive Impact Ripple E£ect Social Impact of Agrivoltaics at Warner Creek Correctional Facility This project has the potential to have For the Lakeview community, donated a ripple effect of benefits starting from the food from the garden could support several individual AIC to the WCCF population, to families in need and any visitors to WCCF. the Lakeview Community, and beyond to The prison’s commitment to supporting society in general. The most immediate and renewable energy and rehabilitation would significant impact would be for the AICs be a source of pride for the community who participate in the agrivoltaic garden that may inspire other prisons to replicate program. They would have regular access its success. Some of the energy produced to a space that would reduce the mental may even be able to support a portion of burden of prison, gain employable skills, the communities’ energy needs. Lastly, the and produce food that would significantly societal impact of an agrivoltaic prison Individual improve their diets. These changes in garden is that it aligns with other movements WCCF PopInudlaivtiiodnual meals are benefits that will be felt even by such climate change mitigation, the food those AICs who are not able to participate justice movement (belief that access to WCCF Population Lake vie w Communit y directly in the garden. Overall, the prison healthy food is a human right), and research Lake vie w Communit y environment would be improved and there for renewable energy. Societ y could be a reduction on mental and physical Societ y health services needed. Because of the solar panels and composting, there would be a reduction in operational costs including money spent on energy and waste removal. This money could then be reallocated to • Increased physical and mental • Reduced recidivism • Increased food security • Food justice movement other rehabilitation programs for AICs. health through donation (Food banks, • Increased physical and mental • Reduced recidivism •W ICnCcrFe avsiesdit oforso)d security • Food justice movement Diagram (Left) health • Improved environment for through donation (Food banks, • Reduced GHG emissions Source: Soble et al. (2020) AICs and sta through renewable energy • Improved environment for WCCF visitors) • Reduced GHG emissions Modified By: Mikayla McKoneproduction AICs and sta through renewable energy • Increased variety and access • Decrease spending on • Source of pride for •p rSohdiuftc tciuolntural attitudes to vocational training operational costs (energy, community • Increased variety and access •w aDsetecrre raesmeo svpaeln, detinc.g) on • Source of pride for • Shift cultural attitudes to vocational training operational costs (energy, community waster removal, etc.) • Reduced cost for mental and • Potential for Clean Power • Add to agrivoltaic research physical health services Co-op • Reduced cost for mental and • Potential for Clean Power • Add to agrivoltaic research physical health services Co-op Estimates Impact Opportunities 90 91 Funding Opportunities Funding Options for Agrivoltaics at WCCF Although the cost of solar panels is a partnership between WCCF and the decreasing, there is still a large upfront cost Oregon Clean Power Co-op. Oregon Clean to install solar arrays. However, there are Power Co-op is an organization which gets forms of governmental financial support individuals in local communities to invest available to help consumers switch to in renewable projects by either becoming renewable energy. Most of the options owners or subscribers to receive credits on are only available on smaller scales of their energy bills. The solar panels at the tax credits, incentives, and rebates for Lakeview Library are a successful example homeowners. Options for funding are more of this program. Although this partnership limited for communities and large institutions could increase positive relationships which come in the form of grants. In 2022, between WCCF and Lakeview, a tradeoff Lakeview was awarded $100,000 through would be that a portion of the energy the Community Renewable Energy Grant produced would be used by the community Program to further develop the town’s rather than reducing the prison’s own GHG geothermal well to expand heating to reach emissions. Likely, for a project like this to more residence, businesses, and public be implemented, there would need to be a facilities. Lakeview could reapply for this combination of funding from the prison, the grant to help afford the upfront costs of government, and the community. agrivoltaics. Another avenue that could help pay for the costs would be to develop Diagram (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone Warner Creek State/ Federal Correctional Lakeview Community Government Facility Estimates Impact Opportunities 92 93 Prison Agrivoltaics Expansion Opportunities for Agrivoltaics in United States Prisons If agrivoltaics can be implemented successfully at Warner Creek, this could be a precedent for implementing agrivoltaics into other existing prison gardens around the United States. The benefits of agrivoltaics in prison gardens could be increased if implemented in states such as California, Arizona, or Texas because they have larger prison population sizes and more solar potential compared to Oregon. In other words, these programs would have the ability to impact more individuals and communities while increasing their energy and food security. Map (Right) Created By: Mikayla McKone GIS Data: https://hifl d-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/data- sets/geoplatform::prison-boundaries/about https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/usa 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 Miles kWh/m2 0 125 250 500 >1000 <8,000 Prison Population Size Estimates Impact Opportunities 94 Warner Creek Correctional Facility 95 Conclusion Although the issues of mass incarceration and climate change are large and complex, I believe that landscape architects can play a key role in helping to solve these issues. The landscapes we design can maximize benefits and increase multifunctionality for people and the environment. A project like The Power of Oregon Prison Gardens helps show how influential landscape architecture can be in changing public opinion, especially on controversial topics. Ultimately, I hope that this project can help move ODOC more towards a rehabilitation focused model and be a pillar for “the Oregon Way” while reaching their sustainability goals. Diagram (Left) Created By: Mikayla McKone Estimates Impact Opportunities 96 97 Works Cited Adeh, E. H., Selker, J. S., & Higgins, C. W. (2018). Remarkable Agrivoltaic Influence on Soil Moisture, Micrometeorology and Water-use Efficiency. PLOS ONE, 13(11), nrel.gov/news/program/2019/benefits-of-agrivoltaics-across-the-food-energy-water-nexus.html e0203256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203256. Mamun, M. a. A., Dargusch, P., Wadley, D., Zulkarnain, N. A., & Aziz, A. A. (2022). A Review of Research on Agrivoltaic Systems. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Buzenberg, H. (1998). Implementing An Organic Food Production Program In An Oregon Prison [MA Thesis]. University of Oregon. 161, 112351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112351 Camplin, E. (2016). Prison Food in America. Rowman & Littlefield. 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Benefits of agrivoltaics across the Food-Energy-Water nexus. U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://www. 98 99 Appendix Annual Prison Energy Use Calculations Solar Panel Calculations Garden Modules 508,000 sq ft. x [21.32 kwh/sq ft] = 10,830,560 kwh (WCCF) Airway Heights 634,920 kWh = 1.1 x 1443 x 400W Corrections (WA) (OR production ratio) # of panels Wattage per panel 508,000 sq ft. x [10.77 kwh/sq ft] = 5,471,160 kwh Orchard (WCCF) Coyote Ridge Correction Center (WA) 180,400 kWh = 1.1 x 410 x 400W (System Size) (OR production ratio) # of panels in my design Wattage per panel 815,320 kWh = 634,920 kWh + 180,400 kWh 815,320 kWh = 10% 10,830,560 kwh + 5,471,160 kwh = 8,150,860 kwh (Total System Size) 8,150,860 kWh WCCF 2 energy demand covered by solar panels Production Ratio = output estimate/ max power rating for a single panel 100 101