SUNFALL by ISAAC SMITH A THESIS Presented to the School of Music and Dance and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music June 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Isaac Smith Title: Sunfall This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree in the School of Music and Dance by: Robert Kyr Chairperson David Crumb Member Stephen Rodgers Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2019 ii © 2019 Isaac Smith This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License iii THESIS ABSTRACT Isaac Smith Master of Music School of Music and Dance June 2019 Title: Sunfall Sunfall is a musical work for wind ensemble based on six short stories in a collection of the same name by author C.J. Cherryh. Each story takes place in a different major city on Earth, millions of years in the future, as the sun nears the end of its lifespan. These stories present larger-than-life portraits of the cities and beautiful, often tragic story arcs involving robust, three-dimensional characters. The symphonic work inspired by these stories captures their grandiosity and tragedy, as well as the archetypal features of the characters and the cities in which they live. Sunfall's six movements are: "The Only Death in the City (Paris)", "The Haunted Tower (London)", "Ice (Moscow)", "Highliner (New York)", "Nightgame (Rome)", and "The General (Peking)". The piece is approximately 24 minutes in duration. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Isaac Smith GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene California State University, Sacramento Trossingen Hochschule für Musik DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Music, Music Composition, 2019, University of Oregon Bachelor of Music, Music Theory/Composition, 2014, California State University, Sacramento AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Video Game Composition Wind Ensemble Composition Brass Ensemble Composition and Arranging PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Employee, University of Oregon, 2018-2019 Administrative Assistant, Oregon Bach Festival Composers Symposium, 2018 Studio Assistant, Ehren Ebbage, 2017-2018 Accompanist and Instructor for Singers with Hart, City of Sacramento, 2015-2017 Band Director, Sacramento Youth Symphony, 2014-2017 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Oustanding Scholar in Graduate Composition, University of Oregon, 2019 Inspiring Innovation Grant, Amid Hills, Beneath Rains, University of Oregon, 2019 Commission Award, Hills of Gold, Ponderosa High School, 2016 Magna cum Laude, California State University, Sacramento, 2014 Student Composition Competition Winner, The Power of Freedom, Sacramento Youth Symphony, 2011 Student Composition Competition Scholarship, String Quartet No. 1: "Silhouettes", Festival of New American Music, 2011 PUBLICATIONS: Smith, Isaac. Ekphrastic Dances. Montrose, CA: Balquhidder Music, 2018. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Drs. Kyr and Crumb for their valuable assistance in bringing this project to life. Dr. Kyr (my thesis advisor) provided so much optimism and direction when I needed it most, and Dr. Crumb deftly and elegantly assisted me in the most difficult technical issues this endeavor presented. Special thanks to Dr. Jacobs for the Oregon Wind Ensemble reading of this piece, to Dr Silviera for conducting it, and to Dr. Robert Halseth and the Sierra Nevada Winds, who will champion this piece's premiere in November 2019. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues who helped me through the most challenging parts of this process, and my teachers and mentors for inspiring and informing me in so many ways. I thank my parents, who raised me to love and be curious about a great many things. Most of all, I thank my wife, Pa Foua, for her tireless encouragement, for her love, for her ability to take care of me when I could not take care of myself, and for a thousand other things too small and large to bear mentioning here. She is not a musician, but her fingerprints are on every note I write. vi For Dr. Bob Halseth, who has always known the beauty of wind music, and has shared it with so many. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. SUNFALL ........................................................................................................... 1 The Only Death in the City (Paris)..................................................................... 1 The Haunted Tower (London) ........................................................................... 14 Ice (Moscow) .................................................................................................... 20 Highliner (New York City) ................................................................................ 29 Nightgame (Rome) ............................................................................................ 46 The General (Peking) ........................................................................................ 51 II. APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX A: Synopsis ................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX B: Performance Notes .................................................................... 67 APPENDIX C: Notes on Percussion .................................................................. 68 viii INSTRUMENTATION Piccolo 3 Flutes 2 Oboes English Horn 3 Clarinets in Bb Bass Clarinet 2 Bassoons 2 Alto Saxophones Tenor Saxophone Baritone Saxophone 3 Trumpets in Bb 4 Horns in F 2 Trombones Bass Trombone 2 Tubas Contrabass 5 Percussionists performing on: 4 Timpani Glockenspiel Vibraphone Marimba Crotales Chimes Crash Cymbals Suspended Cymbal Tam-Tam Finger Cymbals 2 Triangles, large and small Bell Tree Snare Drum Bass Drum 3 Roto-Toms Brake Drum 3 Woodblocks Whip ix Sunfall I. The Only Death in the City (Paris) Isaac Smith q 6 45 43 44 f n f n p mf f 5 3 4 4 4 4 f n f n p 6 mf f 45 43 44 f n f n p mf pp f 45 43 44 n n p mf pp f 45 43 44 f n f n p mf pp f 5 3 4 4 4 4 f n f n p mf pp f 45 43 44 45 43 44 45 43 44b f 63 n f 3 n p mf pp f b 45 43 44 f 3 n f 3 n p 6 mf pp f b 45 43 44 f 3 n f 3 n p mf pp f 5 3 4 b 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 45 43 44 45 43 44 45 43 44 q 5 3 4 b 4 4 4 fp 45 43 4b 4 fp 45 43b 44 fp 5 3 4 4 4 4 p fp f 45 43 44 f p fp 45 43 44 5 3 4 4 4 4 45 43 44 p mf p p f p 5 3 4 4 4 4 p mf p f p 45 43 44 f p p mf p 5 3 4 4 4 4 p mf p p f p 45 43 44 p mf p f p 45 43 44 3 3 45 43 44 ff ff mf 5 34 43 3 44 ff ff mf 45 43 44 f f mf p 45 43 44 p mf 5 3 4 4 4 4 f f mf p 1 46 68 43 p f p 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f p 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f p 46 68 43 p f p 46 68 43 p f 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f 46 68 43 6 6 3 4 8 4 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f p 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f p 6 6 3 4 8 4 p f p 6 6 3 4 8 4 46 68 43 46 68 43 46 68 43 6 6 3 4 8 4 46 68 43 fp fp p mf 46 68 43 fp fp p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 fp fp p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 fp fp mf p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 fp fp mf p mf 46 68 43 mf p mf 46 68 43 mf p mf 46 68 43 mf p 3 mf p mf 46 68 43 mf p 3 mf p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 mf p 3 mf p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 mf p 3 mf mf p mf 46 3 68 43 mf p mf p mf 46 68 43 p mf 46 68 43 6 6 3 4 8 4 46 68 43 p mf 3 46 68 43 p mf pp p mf 6 6 3 4 8 4 2 6 45 44 42 44 f mp mf p mf p 45 44 42 44 f mp 6 mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 f mp 6 mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 f mp 6 mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 mp f mp mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 mp f mp mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 mp p pp 45 44 42 44 mp p pp 45 44 42 44 f p 6 mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 f 6mp mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 f 6mp mf p p pp 45 44 42 44 45 44 42 44 mp f mp mf p mf mp 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mp f mp mf p mf mp 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mf p 45 44 42 44 mf p 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf 45 44 42 44 ff f mf 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf 45 44 42 44 ff f mf mp 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf p 45 44 42 44 ff f mf mp 45 44 42 44 ff f mf p 45 44 42 44 ff f mf mp p 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf 45 44 42 44 ff f mf mp p 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ff f mf p pp 45 44 42 44 ff f mf p pp 45 44 42 44 45 44 42 44 ff f 45 44 42 44 p ff mf mf 45 44 42 44 p ff p f p mf p pp pp 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 p ff p f p mf p pp pp 3 45 44 45 44 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 45 44 p 5 4 4 4 mf pp pp mf pp mp ppp 45 44 mf pp mf pp mp ppp pp 45 44 p 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 45 44 p 3 3 3 3 45 44 p 3 3 3 3 5 3 34 44 p 3 3 3 3 p pp 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 p 3 3 3 3 5 3 34 4 pp 4 p 3 pp3 3 3 3 3 45 44 p pp 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 p pp 45 44 45 44 5 4 4 4 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 mf pp mf pp mp ppp 45 44 mf pp mf pp mp ppp 45 44 45 44 45 44 45 44 mf pp mf pp mp ppp pp 45 44 mf pp mf pp mp ppp 4 q 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 44 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 43 44 43 44 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 43 44 mf f p 3 mf f p 43 44 43 44 pp p f p mf p 43 44 43 44 p f p mf p 43 3 44 43 44 p mf p f p mf p 3 34 44 43 44 p mf p f p mf p 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf f p mf p 43 44 43 44 p f p mf p 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf f p mf p 43 44 43 44 mf f p mf p 43 44 43 44 p f p mf p 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 p f p mf p q 43 44 43 44 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43 44 43 mf 3 42 43 44 43 mf 3 42 43 44 43 p mf 3 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 p mf 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 p 42 43 44 43 p 42 43 44 43 mf 3 42 43 44 43 mf 3 ppp 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 ppp mf 42 43 44 43 p 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 mf 42 43 44 43 mf 42 43 44 43 mf 42 43 44 43 42 43 44 43 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 42 43 44 43 mf 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 mf 42 43 44 43 p 2 mf4 43 44 43 p mf 42 43 44 43 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 42 43 44 43 42 43 44 43 p 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 p 42 43 44 43 3 42 43 44 3 43 mf 3 42 43 44 43 42 43 44 3 43 mf 42 43 44 43 3 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 pp 9 43 44 43 p f ff f p 3 ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 p f ff f p 3 ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f ff f p 3 ff 3 4 34 4 43 p f ff f p ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf p 3 ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p ff p f 43 44 43 p f ff mf p ff 3 4 34 4 43 p f p ff 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 p ff p f 43 44 43 p f ff mf p ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 p f ff mf p ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 p f ff mf p ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf p ff 43 44 43 ff p f ff mf p 43 44 43 ff p f ff mf p 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf p ff 43 44 43 p f p ff 43 44 43 p f ff mf p ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 p f ff mf p ff 43 44 43 43 44 43 p f ff 43 44 43 f ff 43 44 43 fp f ff mf ff 3 4 3 4 4 4 f ff mf p ff 10 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 6 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf 3 f f mf 43 4 6 4 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 6 3 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f f mp mf 43 44 45 4 3 4 45 43 mf f mf f f f mp mf 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f mf f mp 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f p 43 44 45 44 45 43 3 mf f mf f f p 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f p 3 4 5 4 3 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 4 3 4 45 43 mf f mf 3 4 3 f f mf 5 4 34 4 4 4 45 43 mf f mf 3 f f mf 43 44 45 44 3 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 3 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf f mf f f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 3 mf f mf f f f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 f mf f f mf mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 mf f mf f f mf 3 43 44 45 44 45 43 mp f mf 43 44 45 44 45 43 ff ff f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp f mp f mp f 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp f f mf 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp f f f mf mp 11 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff p 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp ff p 3 3 3 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff pp mf pp mp pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff pp mf pp mp pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff p 3 3 3 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp pp mp ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp ff mf pp mp pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff mf pp mp pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff pp mf pp mp pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff p 3 3 3 p 3 3 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 3 43 mf ff p 3 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff p 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff p 3 3 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf ff pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff 3 4 3 4 3 4pp 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mf ff pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf ff pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp p pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp p pp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp ff p pp 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mf f 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 mp ff mf mp 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 f ff 43 44 43 44 43 44 43 ff pp 12 43 44 45 64 44 43 44 45 46 44 43 44 45 64 44 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 4 3 4 45 64 44 f mp mf mf mf pp 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp pp p pp ppp 43 44 45 46 44 p pp ppp 43 44 45 64 44 43 44 45 46 44 43 44 45 46 44 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 pp ppp 3 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 pp pp 3 3 3 3 43 44 45 46 44 3 3 3 3 pp pp 43 44 45 46 44 pp pp ppp 43 44 45 46 44 3 3 3 3 pp pp ppp 43 44 45 46 44 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 44 45 64 44 43 44 45 46 44 mp pp mfp mfp 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 mp pp mfp mfp 43 44 45 64 44 mp pp 43 44 45 46 44 mp pp 43 44 45 64 44 43 44 45 64 44 p pp pp ppp 43 44 45 64 44 pp ppp 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 p pp pp ppp 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 p pp pp ppp 43 44 45 46 44 43 44 45 46 44 43 44 45 46 44 43 44 45 46 44 p p 3 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 44 45 64 44 n pp ppp 13 II. The Haunted Tower (London) q q 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 p ff 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 45 44 43 83 43 58 78 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 45 44 43 83 43 58 78 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 b 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 b 45 44 43 83 43 58 78 45b 44 43 38 43 58 78 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 b 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 45 44 43 83 43 58 87 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 45 44 43 38 43 58 87 q q 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 b 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 p ff p mf 45 44 43 3b 8 43 58 87 p ff 5 4 3 3 b 4 4 4 8 43 58 87 p ff 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 mp ff 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 mp ff 45 44 43 38 43 58 87 mp ff 45 44 43 83 43 58 87 mp ff 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 mf ff 3 45 44 43 83 43 58 78 mf ff 3 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 mf ff 3 45 44 43 83 43 58 87 mf ff 3 3 p 3 45 44 43 38 43 58 78 mf ff 45 44 43 83 43 58 87 45 44 43 38 43 58 87 p ff mp ff 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 p ff mp ff 5 4 34 4 43 38 43 58 78 ff 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 ff p 45 44 43 38 43 58 87 p ff mp ff 14 78 43 44 58 44 mp 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 p 87 43 44 58 44 p 78 43 44 58 44 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 p 78 43 44 58 44 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 78 43 44 58 44 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 78 43 44 58 44 p 78 43 44 58 44 p 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 78 43 44 58 44 mp p p 87 43 44 58 44 78 43 44 58 44 78 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 78 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 78 43 44 58 44 78 43 44 58 44 mf mp p p mf 78 43 44 58 44 mf 87 43 44 58 44 mf 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 87 43 44 58 44 78 43 44 58 44 mp 87 43 44 58 44 7 3 4 5 4 8 4 4 8 4 mp 15 mf mp p p p p mf p mf p f mf mp f mf mp f mf mp mf p f f mf mp f mf fmp f mf fmp f mf fmp f mf p f mf p f mf p f mf mf p mp mp mf mp 16 42 44 42 44 p f p f p p f 42 44 42 44 f p f p f 42 44 42 44 f p f p f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 p f p f p p f 42 44 42 44 f p f p mf f 24 44 42 44 p f p mf f 2 4 2 34 4 4 44 mf mf mf p ff 2 34 44 42 44 mf mf mf p ff 24 44 42 44 f mf f 24 44 42 44 f mf f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 f mf f 42 3 44 42 44 mf mf mf p ff 42 44 42 44 mf f 42 44 42 44 mf f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mf f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mf f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 f f pf 42 44 42 44 f f pf 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 f f pf 24 44 42 44 ff f 42 44 42 44 ff f 24 44 42 44 ff f 24 44 42 44 ff f 24 44 42 44 mf p mp f 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mf p 42 4 3 4 42 44 mf p mp f mf mf ff 24 44 42 44 mf p mp f 2 34 44 42 44 mf mp f mf p ff mf 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 mf p mf f mfmf ff 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 24 44 42 44 42 44 42 44 24 44 42 44 3 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 mf mp mf ff p 17 42 44 p mf f 42 44 p mf f 42 44 p mf 42 44 p mf 42 44 p 3 3 mf 42 44 p 3 3 mf 42 44 pp mf 2 4 4 4 pp mf 42 44 p mf f 42 44 p mf 42 44 p mf 42 44 pp mf 42 44 p mf p f 42 44 p mf p 2 4 4 4 p mf p 42 44 p mf p 2 4 4 4 mf f 42 44 f 42 44 f 42 44 mf f p 42 44 mf f p 42 44 f p 42 44 f p 42 44 pp mf 42 44 pp mf 42 44 pp mf 42 44 42 44 pp mf 42 44 p mf 42 44 42 44 mf 42 44 pp mp f 42 44 mf 2 4 4 4 pp mf 18 q ff f ff fff ff f ff fff ff f ff fff f ff fff ff ff f ff fff ff f ff fff f fff ff fff f ff f ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff fff f f ff ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff fff q pp f ff fff ff f ff fff ff f ff fff ff pp f ff fff ff pp f ff ff fff f ff ff fff f ff ff fff f ff pp f ff fff f ff pp f ff fff f ff pp f ff fff pp f ff fff f ff pp f ff fff f ff pp f ff fff f ff pp f f ff fff f ff pp f f ff fff ff mf f ff f ffff f ff f ff fff 19 III. Ice (Moscow) q. 86 180 68 78 68 24 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 86 180 68 78 68 42 68 68 180 68 87 68 24 68 68 180 68 78 68 24 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 mf 3 68 180 68 78 68 42 68 b 86 180 68 87 68 24 68 86 10 6b 8 8 78 68 24 68 86 180 68 7 6 2 6b 8 8 4 8 68 1b 80 68 87 68 24 68 6 10 6 3 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 mf 86 180 68 78 68 24 68 68 180 68 87 68 24 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 q. 68 180 68 78 68 42 6b 8 68 180 68 87 6b 8 42 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 b 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 68 180 68 78 68 24 68 86 180 68 87 68 24 68 68 180 68 78 68 24 68 68 180 68 87 68 24 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 86 180 68 78 68 24 68 68 180 68 87 68 42 68 6 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 86 180 68 78 68 24 68 mf 68 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 86 180 68 87 68 24 68 p 86 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 68 180 68 78 68 42 68 p mf p mf p mf 20 68 58 86 68 58 68 mf 68 58 86 mf 68 58 86 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 68 58 68 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf p mf mp f p 68 58 86 mf p mf mp f p 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf mp mf mp f 68 58 86 mf 68 58 68 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf mp mf mp f 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 68 58 68 6 5 6 8 8 8 68 58 68 68 58 86 68 58 68 mf 68 58 86 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 mf 6 5 6 8 8 8 68 58 68 68 58 68 68 58 86 68 58 86 68 58 86 6 5 6 8 8 8 f mf f p mf 68 58 86 mf p mf p mf 68 58 68 mf p mf p mf 68 58 68 mf p mf p mf 68 58 68 mf f mf p 21 42 68 58 68 180 42 68 58 68 180 ff mp 42 86 58 68 180 ff mp mf mp 42 86 58 68 180 ff mp mf mp 42 86 58 68 180 ff mp 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 ff mp 42 68 58 68 180 mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 f mf mp 42 86 58 68 180 42 86 58 68 180 mf mp 42 86 58 68 180 mf mp 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 f mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 mf 42 68 58 68 180 42 68 58 68 180 ff mp 42 68 58 68 180 42 68 58 68 180 f ff mf 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 f ff mf 42 86 58 68 180 f ff mf 42 68 58 68 180 ff mp f ff mf 42 68 58 68 180 ff mp f ff mf 42 68 58 68 180 ff mp f ff mf 42 86 58 68 180 ff mp f ff mp mf 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 mf f ff mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 mf f ff mf mp 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 mf f ff mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 mf f ff mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 mf f mf mp 2 6 5 6 10 4 8 8 8 8 mf mp 42 68 58 68 180 f f p 42 86 58 68 180 f f p 42 86 58 68 180 f f p 42 68 58 68 180 f p 42 86 58 68 180 f f p 22 180 68 87 68 42 68 3 mf 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 3 mf 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 p 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 3 mf 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 mf 3 180 68 87 68 42 68 mf mf 180 68 87 68 42 68 mf mf 180 68 78 68 42 68 mf 3 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 mf 180 68 87 68 42 68 mf 180 68 78 68 42 68 mf 180 68 87 68 42 68 mp p 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 mp p 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 mp p 180 68 87 68 42 68 mp p 180 68 78 68 42 68 mp p 180 68 78 68 42 68 mp p 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 10 6 7 6 2 6 8 8 8 8 4 8 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 p 180 68 87 68 42 68 p 180 68 78 68 42 68 180 68 87 68 42 68 180 68 78 68 42 68 180 68 87 68 42 68 180 68 78 68 42 68 23 42 68 f p 42 68 f p 42 68 f p 42 68 f p 42 68 f p 2 6 4 8 f p 2 6 4 8 f p 42 68 f p 2 6 4 8 f p 2 6 4 8 f p 2 6 4 8 f p 42 68 f p 42 68 f p 2 6 4 8 f 42 68 f 42 68 f p 42 68 f 42 68 f 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 mp 2 6 4 8 mf 2 6 4 8 mp 42 68 mf 42 68 f mp 42 68 f mf 2 6 4 8 f p 2 6 4 8 f mp 2 6 4 8 f p 2 6 4 8 f 42 68 42 68 42 68 42 68 mf 42 68 p 24 58 86 42 68 f ffp 58 86 42 68 p ffp 85 86 42 68 mf p ffp p 5 6 2 6 8 8 4 8 mf p ffp p 85 86 42 68 p ffp 85 86 42 68 mf p ffp 4 4 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p ff 4 4 5 6 4 48 8 42 68 f p ff 85 68 42 68 p ffp 85 68 42 68 mf p ffp 58 68 42 68 mf p ffp p 4 4 4 458 68 42 68 f p ff 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 mf f p ff 5 6 4 48 8 42 68 mf f p ff 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 p ff 4 4 4 5 6 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p ff 58 6 4 4 8 42 68 mf f p ff 5 6 4 48 8 42 68 mf f p ff 5 6 4 48 8 42 68 mf f p ff 5 6 4 48 8 42 68 fp f p ff 5 4 48 86 42 68 fp f p ff 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p ff 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p ff 5 6 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p 4 4 ff 5 6 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p 4 4 ff 4 4 85 86 4 4 42 68 f p ff 85 68 42 68 f p 4 4 ff 4 4 5 6 4 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 f p ff 5 6 2 6 8 8 4 8 4 4 4 f p 4 ff 85 68 42 68 ff p 85 86 42 68 ff 85 68 42 68 85 68 42 68 ff pp 58 68 42 68 f p 4 4 ff 25 42 68 180 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 86 180 ff p f 42 68 180 ff p f 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 68 180 ff ff 42 86 180 ff ff 42 86 180 p f 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 86 180 ff p f 42 86 180 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 68 180 p ff p f 42 86 180 42 68 180 2 6 10 4 8 8 ff ff 42 86 180 ff ff 42 86 180 ff ff 42 86 180 fp fp ff ff 42 68 180 fp fp ff ff 42 68 180 ff fp fp ff 42 86 180 fp fp ff ff 2 6 10 4 8 8 ff ff 42 68 180 ff ff 42 68 180 ff ff 42 86 180 ff ff 42 86 180 ff ff 2 6 10 4 8 8 42 86 180 2 6 10 4 8 8 ff ff 42 68 180 ff ff 42 86 180 ff p f 42 86 180 ff ff 26 180 68 98 68 fp f 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 fp f mf mp 180 68 98 68 fp f mf mp 180 68 98 68 fp f mf mp 180 68 98 68 fp f mf mp 180 68 98 68 p f 180 68 98 68 180 68 98 68 180 68 98 68 fp f mf mp p 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 fp f mf mp p 180 68 98 68 fp f mf mp p 180 68 98 68 p 180 68 98 68 p f mf mp p 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 p f mf mp p 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 mf mp p 180 68 98 68 p 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 f mf 180 68 98 68 f mf 180 68 98 68 f mf 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 f mf mp p pp 10 6 9 6 8 8 8 8 f mf mp p pp 180 68 98 68 mp f mf 180 68 98 68 mp f mf 180 68 98 68 f mf mp p pp 180 68 98 68 f mf mp p pp 180 68 98 68 f mf mp p pp 180 68 98 68 f mf mp p pp 180 68 98 68 f mf mp 180 68 98 68 180 68 98 68 f 180 68 98 68 p f 180 68 98 68 f mf 180 68 98 68 p f 180 68 98 68 f mf mp 27 89 89 89 9 8 98 p mf pp 98 89 9 8 98 pp 98 pp 98 pp 9 8 pp 89 pp 98 pp 98 pp 9 8 pp 9 8 98 89 89 9 8 98 98 89 9 8 9 8 9 8 89 9 8 9 8 p pp 89 p pp 98 p pp 89 89 p pp 28 IV. Highliner (New York City) h C 43 C C 34 C f 3 3 3 mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f mp3 3 C 43 C 3 f 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 mp 3 3 3 3 mp3 C 34 C C 43 C f 3 3 3 mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f mp3 3 C 34 C f 3 3 3 mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f mp 3 3 C 43 C C 43 C C 3b 4 C mp f 3 3mp f 3 b C 4 C mp f mp3 f b C 43 C mp f f 3 b C 4 C C 43 C C 43 C C 34 C C 43 C h b C 43 C 3 b C 4 C C 43b C C 43 C C 43 C C 43 C C 34 C C 43 C fp f C 43 C fp f C 43 C fp f C 43 C fp f C 43 C fp f C 34 C fp f C 43 C f f C 43 C C 43 C C 43 C f f f C 43 C f f f 29 43 42 43 42 C 43 43 42 43 42 C 43 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 p 3 3 43 42 43 24 C 43 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 p3 3 43 42 43 24 C 43 3 3 43 42 43 24 C 43 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 p3 mf p 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 C 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 p3 3 43 42 43 24 C 43 43 42 43 42 C 43 43 42 43 24 C 43 3 3 3 mp f p3 3 mf 3 p 3 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 C 3 4 mp3 f 3 p mf p 43 42 43 42 C 43 p 43 42 43 24 C 43 fp 43 42 43 42 C 43 fp 43 42 43 42 C 43 fp 43 42 43 24 C 43 fp 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 C 4 fp 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 C 4 f 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 C 4 f 3 2 3 2 C 34 4 4 4 4 f 43 42 43 42 C 43 43 42 43 24 C 43 43 42 43 24 C 43 3 2 3 2 C 34 4 4 4 4 43 42 43 24 C 43 f 43 42 43 24 C 43 f 43 42 43 42 C 43 f 43 42 43 24 C 43 f 43 42 43 42 C 43 f 43 42 43 24 C 43 f 3 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 C 3 4 f 43 42 43 42 C 43 f f mf 43 42 43 42 C 43 mp 43 42 43 42 C 43 mf 3 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 C 3 4 f mf 30 43 C 43 42 43 C mp3 3 f 3 3 f 43 C 43 42 43 C 3 3 f mp3 3 3 3 3 f 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 C 4 4 4 C 3 3 3 3 3 3 f mp3 3 3 f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 3 3 43 C 43 42 43 C 3 3 f mp3 3 3 3 3 f 3 3 43 C 43 42 43 C 3 f mp3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 C 4 4 4 C f ff 3 f 43 C 43 42 43 C f ff f 43 C 43 42 43 C ff f 3 3 3 C 3 2 34 4 4 4 C ff f 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 C 4 4 4 C ff f 43 3 C 43 42 43 C f f ff f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 3 3 2 3 4 C 4 4 4 C f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 43 C 43 42 43 C f f 43 C 43 42 43 C ff f ff 43 C 43 42 43 C ff f ff 43 C 43 42 43 C ff fff 3 4 C 3 2 3 4 4 4 C f fff ff 43 C 43 42 43 C f ff f ff 3 4 C 3 2 3 4 4 4 C f ff f ff 43 C 43 42 43 C f ff f ff 43 C 43 42 43 C f ff f 43 C 43 42 43 C f ff f 3 3C 3 2 34 4 4 4 C f ff f 3 3 4 C 3 2 3 4 4 4 C f ff f 3 34 C 43 42 43 C ff f f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 43 C 43 42 43 C f 43 C 43 42 43 C f mf 43 3 C 43 42 43 C f ff f 3 3C 3 2 34 4 4 4 C f f ff 31 C 3 mp C 3 mp C 3 mp C 3 mp C 3 mp C 3 mp C ff mf f mf f C ff mf f mf f C 3 mp C 3 mp 3 C mp C ff C p C p C C ff C f C f C f C f C f C mf p ff C mf p ff C ff mf ff mf f C ff mf ff mf f C f ff mf f ff mf C ff mf mf f C ff f mf f mf C ff C f C C mf f C C ff f mf f 32 23 C p mf ff 32 C mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 32 C mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 32 C p ffp 23 C mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 32 C mp3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 23 C 23 C 32 C p fp ff pp 3 2 C p fp ff pp 32 C p fp ff pp 23 C p ppmf ff 23 C mf p fp ff pp 3 2 C mf p fp ff pp 32 C p fp ff pp 23 C p mf ff pp 3 2 C f p mf ff pp 3 2 C f p mf ff pp 23 C f p mf ff pp 32 C f p mf ff pp mf 32 C f p mf ff pp mf 23 C mf p mf ff pp 3 2 C mf p mf ff pp 23 C f p mf ff pp 32 C f p mf ff pp 32 C p mf ff pp 32 C p mf ff pp 3 2 C p mf ff pp 32 C p mf ff pp 32 C 32 C 23 C p mf 23 C f p mf ff 3 2 C p mf ff 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf 3 3 3 mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf 3 3 3 mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf mp p p p p 3 mf 3 mf mf mf mf mf 34 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mp mp mp mf p mf p mf p mf p f mf f p f mf f p p mf p p p mp mp 35 23 C mf mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 3 mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 3 mf 23 C 23 C mf 3 2 C mf 23 C mf 23 C 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf mf 3 2 C mf 23 C mp mf 3 2 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 23 C mf 3 mf mf 23 C mf mf p 23 C mf p 23 C 23 C 23 C mf 23 C mf f 3 2 C mf f 36 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 3 2 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 3 2 C f ff p mp 3 2 C f ff p mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 C f ff p p 3 3 3 3 23 3 3 3 3 C p 3 3 f ff p 23 C f ff p p 3 2 C f ff p p 23 C f ff p p 3 3 3 3 32 C pp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 p 23 C f ff p p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 3 2 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 23 3 C f ff p mp 3 23 C f ff p mp 3 2 C f ff p 3 3 3 3 3p 23 C 3 3 3 3 3f ff p p 23 C f ff p 23 C f ff p 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 23 C f p 3 3 ff p pp 23 C f ff p 3 2 C 23 C f pp 23 C f 23 C ff 3 2 C p 37 q mf 6 6 6 ff pp ppp mf ff pp ppp mf ff pp ppp mf 6 6 6 ff pp ppp 6 6 6 ff 6 6 6 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff ff pp ppp ff pp ppp ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff ff ff ff ff q mp ff mp ff mp ff f ff f ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 f 3 ff 3 f 3 ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 f ff 3 mf 3 3 3 mp 3ff ff mp 3 3 mf ff p f f ff 38 3 p mf 3 p mf 3 3 pp mp 3 3 pp mp pp 3 p mf 3 3 mf p 3 3 3 3 p mf 3 3 p p pp mf mf mf mf mf 3 p mf 3 p mf 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mf p mf mf mf 39 3 3 3 3 f mf 3 f ff 3 3 3 3 3 f mf f ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 mp mf mf f ff 3 3 3 3 3 3 mp mf mf f ff 3 3 mp mf mf ff 3 3 f3 3 f mf 3 f ff p mp 3 3 3 3 3 ff ppmf f f 3 3 3 3 3 mf f ff ppf 3 3 3 33 ff ppmf f f 3 3 3 mf 3 3f f ff pp 3 3 f mf f ffmf f 3 3 f mf mf f ff 3 mf mf f ff 3 3 f mf mf f ff3 3 f mf mf f ff mf f ff mf f ff f 3mf 3 f mp 3 f mf 3 f mp f 3 mf 3 3 f mp 3 3 3 f mf 3 f ff p 3 3 3 3 3 f mf f ff p 3 3 3 3 f mf 3 f ff mf f 3 3 3 3 f 3 f ff 40 p mp p mp mp 3 mf 3 p mp mp mp p mp mp mp mp 41 h mf f mf f f p f p mf f mp mf f mf f p mp mp h mf f p f p f p f p f p mf mf mf f p mf mf mf mp mf mf mf f 42 mf f mf f mf f mf f mf f mf f mf f mp mf mf f mf f mp mf f mf f mp mfmf f mf f mf f f mp mf f f mp mf f f mp mf f mp mf f mp mf f f mp mf f mf f mp mf f mp mf mf f 43 23 C 23 p f 3 2 C 3 2 p f § 3 3 2 C 2 p f § 23 C 23 p f 23 C 23 p f 3 3 2 C 2 p f 23 C 23 ff mp ff 23 C 23 ff ff mp 23 C 23 p f 3 3 2 C 2 p f 23 C 23 p f 23 C 23 ff mp ff 3 2 C 3 2 p ff 23 C 23 p ff 23 C 23 p ff 23 C 23 ff 23 C 23 f ff 3 3 2 C 2 f ff 23 C 23 f ff 23 C 23 mp f 23 ff C 23 mp f 3 ff2 C 23 mp f 3 ffC 32 2 mp f ff 23 C 23 ff 3 C 32 2 ff 23 C 23 ff 23 C 23 mp ff 3 C 32 2 ff mp ff 23 C 23 ff mf ff 23 C 23 mp f 23 C 23 p mf f 23 C 23 mp f 23 C 23 f 3 2 C 3 2 ff mp fp ff 44 23 C 87 C f ff 23 C 78 C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f ffp mf 23 C 87 C 3 3 3 3 3 p 3 3 3 3 3 ff 3 2 C 7 8 C 3 3 3 3mp 3 3 ff 23 C 87 C fp ff 23 C 78 C fp ff 23 C 78 C fff 23 C 78 C fff 3 7 2 C 8 C fp ff 3 7 2 C 8 C fp ff 23 C 87 C fp ff 23 C 78 C fff 23 C 87 C fp ff 23 C 87 C fp ff 23 C 87 C fp ff fff 23 C 78 C fff 3 2 C 7 8 C fp ff 3 7 2 C 8 C fp ff 23 C 87 C fp ff 23 C 78 C mf f 23 C 78 C mf f 23 C 87 C mf mp 3 C 72 8 C mf mp 23 C 78 C mp mf fff 3 2 C 7 8 C mp mf fff 3 2 C 7 8 C p mp fff 23 C 87 C fff 23 C 78 C p mp fff 23 C 78 C fff 23 C 78 C ff 23 C 78 C mf f 23 C 78 C mf f ff 23 C 87 C p ff fff 3 C 72 8 C p ff fff 45 V. Nightgame (Rome) q. e 58 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 85 87 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 87 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 5:3 5 7 5 3 5 6 3 7 2 5 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 mp 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 pp mp pp 58 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 pp mp pp 58 78 58 43 58 6b 8 87 42 58 85 78 58 43 58 6b 8 87 42 58 pp mp pp 5 b 8 87 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 pp mp pp 85 87 58 43 58 68 7b 8 42 58 pp mp pp 85 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 5 7 5 3 5 6 7 2 5 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 q. e 85 78 58 43 5 6 7b 8 8 8 42 58 5 7 5 3 5 6 7 2 5 b 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 5b 8 85 87 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 5 7 5 3 5 6 7 2 5 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 5 7 5 3 5 6 7 2 5 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 58 87 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 87 42 58 5 7 5 3 5 6 7 2 5 8 8 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 85 87 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 85 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 58 78 58 43 58 68 78 42 58 46 58 78 85 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 5 38 87 85 68 43 58 mf mp mf f 58 78 85 68 43 58 mf f 58 78 58 68 43 58 mf p mf f 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 mf mf p 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 f mf p mf 58 87 85 68 43 58 mf f mf p 58 78 85 68 43 58 mf mf p 5 38 78 58 68 43 58 mf mp f 58 87 85 68 43 58 f 58 78 85 68 43 58 58 78 85 68 43 58 58 87 85 68 43 58 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 58 87 58 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 mf f 58 87 85 68 43 58 mf f 58 87 85 68 43 58 mf f 58 78 58 68 43 58 mf f 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 78 85 68 43 58 mf f 58 78 85 68 43 58 mf f 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 mf f 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 78 58 68 43 58 58 87 85 68 43 58 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 5 7 5 6 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 8 47 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp p mp 3 5 3 3p mf 58 43 44 43 58 43 p mp pp mp 3 58 43 44 43 58 43 p mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 p mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 p mp pp mp 3 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 mp p mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp pp mp 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp p mp pp mp 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 mp 58 43 44 43 58 43 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 58 43 44 43 58 43 58 43 44 43 58 43 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 58 43 44 43 58 43 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp mp 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 pp mp 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 mp pp 58 43 44 43 58 43 58 43 44 43 58 43 58 43 44 43 58 43 5 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 4 4 8 4 48 78 43 85 24 43 58 mf 3 3 f 87 43 85 42 43 58 f 3 5 f 3 3 ff 87 43 85 24 43 58 f f 3 3 ff 87 43 85 24 43 58 f f 3 3 ff 78 43 58 42 43 58 f ff 87 43 85 24 43 58 f ff 3 3 3 87 43 58 24 43 58 f 3 ff 3 3 37 38 43 85 24 43 58 ff f 7 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f f ff 87 43 58 42 43 58 f f ff 87 43 58 24 43 58 f f ff 3 3 3 37 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 ff f f 87 43 85 42 43 58 f f 3 ff 3 7 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f f ff 3 7 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f f ff 3 3 78 43 58 42 43 58 f f 3 ff 3 5 37 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 3 f f ff 3 5 378 43 58 24 43 58 3 f f ff 3 5 37 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 3 f f ff 3 5 87 43 85 24 43 58 f f 3 ff 3 5 378 43 58 24 43 58 f f ff 87 43 58 2 3 4 43 58 f f ff 78 43 85 2 3 4 43 58 f f ff 7 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f 3 3 ff 87 43 85 42 43 58 f 3 3 ff 3 3 87 43 58 24 43 58 f 3 f 3 ff 3 3 87 43 58 42 43 58 f 3 f 3 ff 3 3 3 378 43 85 42 43 58 ff f f 3 3 7 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f 3 f 3 ff 78 43 85 24 43 58 f f f ff 78 43 58 42 43 58 78 43 58 42 43 58 f mp f mp f mp ff 3 3 78 43 3 58 42 3 43 3 58 f f ff 3 7 3 3 5 2 3 5 8 4 8 4 4 8 f f ff 49 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 3 3 5 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 87 44 p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 p pp 58 68 58 78 44 p pp 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 78 44 pp 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 58 86 58 78 44 mf mp p pp 58 68 58 78 44 58 68 58 87 44 mf mp p pp 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 8 8 4 50 VI. The General (Peking) q 44 42 44 43 44 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 mp 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 b 4 42 44 43 44 mp 4 2 4 3 4 b 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 4 b 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 b 4 4 4 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 mp 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 mp q 4 2 4 3 4 b 4 4 4 4 4 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 4 2 4 3 4 b 4 4 4 4 4 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 4 2 4 3 b 4 4 4 4 44 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 44 42 44 43 44 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 44 42 44 43 44 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 44 42 44 43 44 ff 3 3 ff 3 mp 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 f ff f f mp p 44 42 44 43 44 44 42 44 43 44 f ff f f mp 44 42 44 43 44 f ff f f mp p 44 42 44 43 44 ff f f f mp p 51 42 44 43 44 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mp 42 44 43 44 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 3 3 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 mp p 42 44 43 44 mp p 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 mp 42 44 43 44 p 42 44 43 44 p 42 44 43 44 mp p 3 42 4 3 3 4 43 3 44 mp 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 p 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 42 44 43 44 p 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 3 mf p 3 42 44 43 44 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 43 44 mf p 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf p 52 3 mp 6 6 mp 3 6 6mp mp 3 6mp 6 mf mf 3 6 mp 6 mp mp mf 3 mp 3 mp p mp p mp p mp mp p mp p mp mp p mp p 53 45 44 mf 3 45 44 mf mf 3 45 44 mf mf 45 44 mf mf 3 5 4 4 4 mf mf 5 4 4 4 mf mf 45 44 45 44 45 44 mf mf 3 p 45 44 mf mf p 5 4 4 4 mf mf 3 p 5 4 4 4 mf p 45 44 mf mf 45 44 mf 45 44 p 5 4 4 4 45 44 5 4 4 4 45 44 45 44 mf p mf 45 44 mf p mf 45 44 mf p 5 4 4 4 mf p 45 44 mf p 45 44 mf p 5 4 4 4 mf p 5 4 4 4 mf p mf 45 44 mf p 45 44 45 44 mf 3 3 p 45 44 mf p 45 44 p 45 44 5 4 4 4 mf mf p 54 mf p mp mf p mp mf p mp mf p mp mf p mp p mp p mp p mp mp p mp mf mp mf mp mf mf mf mf p mf p p mp 55 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf 42 44 45 44 43 mf 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf f 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mp mf 42 44 45 44 43 mp mf 42 44 45 44 43 mp mf 42 44 45 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf 42 44 45 44 43 mf 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mp mf 42 44 45 44 43 f 42 44 45 44 43 f 3 42 44 45 44 43 f 3 2 4 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 f 2 4 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 f 42 4 3 4 45 44 43 f 42 44 45 3 44 43 mf f 42 44 45 4 3 4 43 mf f 42 44 45 44 43 mf 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 42 44 45 44 43 42 44 45 44 43 f 42 44 45 44 43 f 42 44 45 44 43 mp mf 3 3 42 44 45 44 43 mp mf 42 44 45 44 43 mp mf 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf f 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 mf f 3 56 3 3 43 44 45 44 f 3 ff mf 43 44 45 44 mf 6 f f 43 44 45 44 mf 6 f f 43 44 45 44 mf 6 f f 43 44 45 44 f 3 mf 43 44 45 44 3 43 44 45 44 ff mf 3 mp 43 44 45 44 ff mf mp 43 44 45 44 f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 ff mf mp 43 44 45 44 43 44 45 44 43 44 45 44 f 43 44 45 44 ff mf mp 43 44 45 44 3 3 ff 3 mf 43 44 45 44 3 3 ff mf 3 3 43 44 45 44 ff mf 43 44 45 44 mf mp ff f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 mf mp ff f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 mf mp ff f 43 44 45 44 mf mp ff f 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 f 43 44 45 44 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 mf 3 mp 43 44 45 44 ff mf mp 43 44 45 44 ff mf mp 43 44 45 44 p mf 3 3 f 3 mf 3 mp 43 44 45 44 f 43 44 45 44 f 43 4 3 4 45 44 f ff mp 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 ff mf mp 57 p p 3 p p p 3 p 3 p p p p p pp p 3 3 p p 58 p 3 3 p 3 p 3 p 3 3 mp 3 mp 3 p mp 3 p mp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 59 mp mf 5 5 5 mp mf 5 5 5 mp mf 3 3 3 3 3 3p 3 3 3 3 mp mf p 3 3 mp mf 5 5 5 mp mf 5 5 5 mp mf mp mf mp mf 3p 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mp mf 3 3 p mp mf 5 5 5 mp mf mp mf 5 5 5 5 5 5 mp mf mp mf 5 5 5 mf mf mf mf mf mp mf mp mf mp mf mf mp mf mp mf 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 mp mf pp p mp mp mf mp mf 60 5 f 5 ff 5 5 f 5 ff 5 3 3 mf f 3 3 3 3 mf f 3 3 5 f 5 ff 5 5 f 5 ff 5 f ff f ff 3 3 mf f 3 3 3 3 mf f 3 3 5 f 5 ff 5 f ff 5 f 5 ff 5 5 5 5 f ff 5 f 5 ff 5 f ff f 5 ff 5 f 5 ff 5 f 5 ff 5 f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff f ff 3 3 f ff 3 3 mf f 3 f ff 3 3 3 f ff f ff 61 43 5 5 43 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 43 5 5 43 5 5 3 43 3 43 43 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 3 43 3 4 5 5 5 5 43 43 5 5 3 43 43 5 5 43 5 5 43 5 5 43 43 43 43 43 43 3 3 4 3 4 3 43 43 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 43 3 3 43 3 3 43 3 4 62 43 44 5 f 5 5 5 5 43 44 5 f 5 5 5 5 43 44 3 f 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 3 f 5 5 5 43 44 5 f 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 5 f 5 5 5 5 3 43 44 f 3 43 44 f 3 4 4 4 3 f 5 5 5 43 44 3 f 5 5 5 43 44 5 f 5 5 5 5 3 4 34 4 f 43 44 5 f 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 43 44 f 3 4 4 4 5 f 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 4 4 f 5 43 44 5 f 43 5 44 5 f 3 54 44 5 f 3 4 3 34 4 ff 43 4 3 3 4 ff 3 4 3 3 4 4 ff 3 3 43 44 ff 43 44 f 43 44 f 43 4 3 4 f 43 44 ff 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 f 3 43 44 f 3 4 4 4 3 f 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 43 44 mf mp 3 3 3 3 3 6 43 44 f 3 3 3 43 44 3 4 4 4 f 63 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 2 4 ff 5 f 5 5 5 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 3 42 3 42 2 4 ff 5 f 5 5 5 2 4 ff 5 f 5 5 5 2 4 ff 5 f 5 5 5 3 2 4 2 4 ff 5 f 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 42 ff f 42 ff 5 f 5 5 5 3 2 4 3 2 4 ff 3 3 42 ff 3 2 4 ff 3 42 3 3 42 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 42 2 4 3 42 42 3 3 42 2 4 3 42 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 42 f 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 42 3 2 4 64 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 2 4 4 4 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 fff fff 42 44 fff fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 fff fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 ff fff 5 5 p fff 42 44 fff fff 2 4 4 4 fff p fff 42 44 fff p fff 42 44 fff p fff 42 44 fff 3 3 42 44 fff 2 4 4 4 fff 3 42 44 3 fff 42 44 fff 3 42 44 fff 3 42 44 3 fff fff 42 44 fff 3 fff 2 4 4 4 3 fff fff 42 44 fff fff 42 44 ff 3 fff 2 4 4 4 mp ff pp fff 42 44 fff 5 5 p ff 2 4 3 4 4 ff ff pp ff pp fff 2 4 3 4 4 ff ppff ff pp fff 65 APPENDICE APPENDIX A: Synopsis Sunfall is my fifth work for wind ensemble. It is a set of narrative tone poems, each based on a short story in a set written by female science fiction author C.J. Cherryh. She later wrote a seventh story set in Venice, which I elected not to include in my piece due to its absence in the original publication. Each story is set in a different major city on Earth near the end of the sun's lifespan and evokes a particular set of characteristics: those of the city, those of the characters who reside within that city, and those of the story arc writ large. Individual stories deal with fate, romance, death, superstition, fear, duty, decadence, beauty, the struggle against those in power, the meaning of dreams, and the cyclical nature of history. The musical realizations of Sunfall do not simply follow the narrative arc of their associated stories, nor are they mere portraits of the cities in which the stories take place. I did not want to attempt a musical retelling of these stories, as it would be doomed to be less effective and powerful than their written versions. Instead, they take inspiration from the characteristics of the stories and distill those characteristics into a compelling musical arc, rich with its own narrative and expressive potential. The six movements are as follows: I. The Only Death in the City (Paris): A young man falls in love with an old soul in a new body. The incarnation of death promises an end, if not the end. Hope, betrayal, understanding, and release. II. The Haunted Tower (London): A woman falsely accused meets the ghosts of the Tower of London. She realizes that she is part of something larger than herself and dies for it. Fear, superstition, duty, and martyrdom. III. Ice (Moscow): A cocky hunter learns the meaning of fear in the otherworldly beauty of the aurora. He loses his love for life and loses his brother and pony companion to regain it. Cold, shimmering lights, deadly beauty, and the eerie calm of winter. IV. Highliner (New York City): Corruption in the city costs a skyscraper worker the lives of his team. He delves into the gritty underworld, and triumphs over those who believe themselves above the law. Exhilaration, the heights, dimly lit saloons, and the industrial spirit. V. Nightgame (Rome): The wealthiest citizens of sleeping Rome dream the dreams of others. In a tribal dreamer, they meet their match. His power spreads outward, and the city slumbers on, but the dream is different. Mystery, warmth, purity, with a touch of decadent beauty. VI. The General (Peking): A gargantuan horde arrives at the steps of Peking. Their victory is assured, when their general discovers he is the reincarnation of the many great betrayed leaders in history. The betrayal happens once again, the general dies, and the horde dissolves in succession squabbles. Peking is saved, and the next general is born within its walls. The cycle continues. War, brutality, inevitability, and the tendency of history to repeat itself. 66 APPENDIX B: Performance Notes General notes: The movements of this piece are presented in this order because I felt it made a stronger narrative arc. However, they are written to be independent pieces of music, connected only by their genesis. If a director feels compelled to change their order, there is no deeper structure that would be confused by that choice. Similarly, if a director does not wish to program the entire piece, there are several subsets of three or four movements that could work as shorter offerings. I encourage directors who may be wary of programming such a massive work to consider a more pragmatic selection of movements. Notes for specific movements: I. During the introductory material of this movement, the ensemble functions almost like the manuals and pedals of an organ. Stability, intonation, and clarity of sound are the most important qualities. As the movement progresses, more warmth and romantic richness in dynamics and phrasing should be liberally applied. Let the English Horn shine. Pushes and pulls of tempo are occasionally notated, but more rubato should be used at the conductor's discretion. II. This is the only movement which evokes a specific national style of writing, due to the influence of British composers on the development of the wind ensemble repertoire. It should be at times brash, pompous, sprightly, and grandiose. Multiple references to Grainger's Posy are interspersed, some overt, and some vague or obscure. III. Ice functions like a delicate piece of clockwork. The percussion should provide a stable foundation, but the entire ensemble needs to feel the 2-vs.-3 and 4-vs.-3 precisely, or the entire thing will fall apart. Long held sonorities should be directional and pressing. IV. The faster sections of this piece should be aggressive and pointed. At measure 94 begins the only section where rubato could be appropriate. Like the previous movement, everyone must count like mad at measure 117, and be stubbornly independent. It is practically antiphonal at that point and should be approached with the same goal of clarity and unity in spite of ensemble divisions. V. This movement provides a rare moment of intimacy. It should feel warm, dark, peaceful and somber. Dissonances should be approached sensitively, and balance should always lean toward the bottom of the group. Even during the uppermost registrations, brightness and shrillness should be avoided. Be generous in pulling back. A Pines of Rome quote inevitably worked its way into this movement. It should not be played ironically, but with the same gravitas it contained in the original composition. VI. The beginning and end of this movement should have a definite edge, in stark contrast to the previous movement. The snare provides much of the rhythmic underpinnings of this movement and can be a great anchor when the ensemble must maintain several different beat divisions at once. Rubato should be used judiciously at moments of tension, or when the snare ostinato would not be disturbed by tempo fluctuations. The final section may feel as if it wants to go slower than the written tempo, and that is perfectly fine. The last few chords should straddle the line between shimmering brilliance and strident dissonance. The concert G# and E should be audible as more than a tone color but should not dominate the texture. 67 APPENDIX C: Notes on Percussion General notes: Resonant slurs are notated near the beginning of the piece with indication to let vibrate. This notation remains the same throughout the piece. If a resonant slur ends a note, it should be left to decay naturally, except in the case of the tam-tam, where the performer should effect a slow and natural-sounding fadeout. I trust the performers to choose their mallets unless a specific hardness is requested. Experiment with different mallets to achieve the best sound for each situation. Percussion instruments, their abbreviations, and any specific performance notes: Timpani (Timp.): Four are required for this piece. Glockenspiel (Glk.) Vibraphone (Vib.) Marimba (Mar.) Crotales (Crt.) Chimes (Chm.): A hammer should be used except where a metal beater is required. Crash Cymbals (C. Cym.) Suspended Cymbal (S. Cym) Tam-tam (Tam-tam) Finger Cymbals (F.C.) Small Triangle (S. Tri.): Should have a bright, high, silvery tinkling sound. Triangle (Tri.): A more metallic triangle, still fairly small. The same triangle as S. Tri. can be used in a pinch. Bell Tree (Bell Tree) Snare Drum (S.D.): Snare is always on. Stirring with brushes should occur when notated during tied notes, accenting the beat slightly. Bass Drum (B.D.): Two beaters are often required for rolls. Roto-Toms (R. Tom): Three roto-toms of unspecified pitch. Regular concert toms may be used if these are unavailable. Notated on the middle three lines of the staff. Brake Drum (Br. D.): The bigger the better. Woodblocks (W.Bl.): Set of three woodblocks. The three lowest temple blocks can be used if these are unavailable. Notated on the top three lines of the staff. Whip (Whip) 68