+ REWORKING EVAPORATION NEW ENERGY CANALS FOR FARMS AND FISH IN KLAMATH FALLS OREGON University of Oregon-Landscape Architecture Master’s Project 2023 McClean Gonzalez + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2 + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3 Klamath Basin + P.V. Over Canal + Global Water Crisis Evaporation caused by sun, wind, and plant growth prevents significant amounts of the water flowing through irrigation canals from reaching the farms they serve. Research from U.C. Merced estimates that covering these canals with solar panels could reduce evaporation by up to 82% by blocking wind and shading the water of canals, saving water for farmers and fish1. This strategy, commonly referred to as P.V. or Photovoltaics Over Canal, would also provide farmers and nearby cities with a source of renewable electricity that does not block fish passage. Global Context Climate change is making these water savings increasingly urgent, as it reduces the snowpack and rainfall that ecosystems and people around the world depend on for fresh water. Unprecedented water shortages are forcing governments to make decisions, like those recently made in the Colorado River Basin, about who will have access to this decreasing and inconsistent supply of water. Map From A Quarter of Humanity Faces Looming Water Crisis U.S. states agree breakthrough deal to prevent Colorado River from drying up By: Somini Sengupta and Weiyi Cai By: Oliver Milman and Gabrielle Canon https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/06/climate/ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/may/22/colorado-river-states-california- world-water-stress.html arizona-nevada 1: McKuin, Brandi, Andrew Zumkehr, Jenny Ta, Roger Bales, Joshua H. Viers, Tapan Pathak, and J. Elliott Campbell. 2021. “Energy and Water Co-Benefits from Covering Canals with Solar Panels.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 609–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8. + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2 + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3 + 1- Context 1-1 to 1-43 Climate, Water, & Energy in the Klamath Basin | P.V. Over Canal | Project Site A-Canal Project Overview This project seeks to further explore P.V. over canals specifically in urban contexts. I will begin by giving a more detailed overview of climate, water, and energy within the Klamath Basin, focusing specifically on the A-Canal, my project site located in Klamath 2- Design Process 2-1 to 2-48 Falls, Oregon. I will then provide a brief overview of the current state of P.V. over canal and discuss why I chose to focus specifically on Objectives | Site Analysis this urban canal. Then, I will switch to the process I took to develop objectives and identify the constraints to designing an urban P.V. over canal system in Klamath Falls. Then, I will walk through three design exercises where I explored the role that a landscape architect could play in a P.V. over canal project on the A-Canal or other urban canals. 3- Design Exercises 3-1 to 3-65 At the end, I will provide an overview of what I learned from this process, including specific strategies that could be used to adapt P.V. over canal to more urban contexts. Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway 4- Conclusion 4-1 to 4-10 + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4 + Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 5 + Context Climate, Water, & Energy in the Klamath Basin | P.V. Over Canal | Project Site A-Canal + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-2 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-3 + Klamath River Basin Klamath Basin Conflicts over water are present here in the Pacific Northwest. The Klamath Basin, which extends from Southern Oregon to Northern California, is considered the most threatened and contentious river basin in the United States. (on Left Page) Map of Klamath Basin Created By: McClean Gonzalez Klamath Basin data from: Oregon Tech Klamath Basin Sub-basins Map https://services1.arcgis.com/FB50u5E6wrw7l3d1/arcgis/rest/services/ Klamath_Basin_Subbasins/FeatureServer + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-4 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-5 + Groups with Competing Interests in Klamath Basin Water Water Interests in Klamath Basin Groups with competing interests have spent decades developing a Basin-wide agreement, the Klamath Agreement, which establishes a framework for the distribution of its decreasing supply of water and for restoring the ecological health of the Basin. These groups include the Yurok, Karuk, and Klamath Tribes, farmers, wildlife refuges, and fish protected by the Endangered Species Act1. THE STATE OF OREGON SHORT-NOSED SUCKER (ENDANGERED) LOST RIVER SUCKERS (ENDANGERED) KLAMATH TRIBES COHO SALMON (PROTECTED) CHINOOK SALMON (PROTECTED) KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT FARMERS PACIFIC CORP ELECTRIC UTILITY YUROK TRIBE COMMERCIAL FISHING OPERATORS 1: “Summary of Klamath Basin Settlement Agreements.” n.d. https:// www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/water_ KARUK TRIBE quality_cert/docs/klamath_ferc2082/sttlemnt_smmry.pdf. (on Left Page) THE STATE OF Map of Klamath Basin + Generalized Location of Groups Who CALIFORNIA Depend on the Water of the Klamath Basin Created By: McClean Gonzalez + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-6 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-7 Klamath Basin Agreement + Klamath Basin Agreement The Klamath Agreement process was created to address Goals the concerns of all of these different groups in an organized way. The process that led to the agreement began in 2002 after Groups involved federal water management decisions that prioritized irrigation 1. Restore and sustain 2. Establish reliable 3. Contribute to the diversions led to the death of more than 30,000 adult salmon1. The Tribes natural production water and power public welfare and and provide for full supplies which the sustainability of KLAMATH TRIBES participation in sustain agricultural all Klamath Basin KARUK TRIBE harvest opportunities uses and communities communities through YUROK TRIBE of fish species and National Wildlife these and other throughout the Refuges measures provided States Klamath Basin; herein THE STATE OF OREGON THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA Water Managers KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT UPPER KLAMATH WATER USERS ASSOCIATION Protected and Endangered Species SHORT-NOSED SUCKER (Endangered) California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, left, and United LOST RIVER SUCKERS (Endangered) States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes. com/2010/02/19/agreement-reached-on-klamath-river/ COHO SALMON (Protected) CHINOOK SALMON (Protected) Other Organizations COMMERCIAL FISHING OPERATORS RECREATIONAL FISHING ADVOCATES Thomas P. O’Rourke, Chairman Yurok Tribe, Kate Brown, Cover of Report: The Klamath River Fish Kill of 2002; Analysis of Governor of Oregon, Sally Jewell, U.S. Secretary of the 1. Belchik, Michael, Dave Hillemeier, and Ronnie M. Pierce. 2004. “The Klamath Contributing Factors Interior, Edmund G. Brown Jr., Governor of California. River Fish Kill of 2002.” Yurok Tribal Fisheries Program. https://www.waterboards. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_ https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/two-new-klamath-basin- ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/california_waterfix/ delta/california_waterfix/exhibits/docs/PCFFA&IGFR/part2/pcffa_155.pdf agreements-carve-out-path-dam-removal-and-provide-key-benefits exhibits/docs/PCFFA&IGFR/part2/pcffa_155.pdf. + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-8 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-9 Klamath Farmers + Klamath Basin Agreement Klamath Reclamation Project The group involved in this agreement that would receive the most direct impact from P.V. over canal on the A-Canal are the farmers and water managers of the Klamath Reclamation Groups involved Project. Klamath Reclamation Project The Tribes The Klamath Reclamation Project is a 20th-century KLAMATH TRIBES Bureau of Reclamation project that converted lakes and wetlands into approximately 200,000 acres of irrigated cropland1. KARUK TRIBE YUROK TRIBE States THE STATE OF OREGON THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA Water Managers KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT UPPER KLAMATH WATER USERS ASSOCIATION Protected and Endangered Species SHORT-NOSED SUCKER (Endangered) LOST RIVER SUCKERS (Endangered) COHO SALMON (Protected) CHINOOK SALMON (Protected) Other Organizations COMMERCIAL FISHING OPERATORS RECREATIONAL FISHING Map of Klamath Project Created by: Bureau of Reclamation ADVOCATES https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 1. “Factual Data on the Klamath Project.” n.d. Klamath Falls Oregon: Bureau of Reclamation Public Affairs Office. https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/programs/ regulation/KlamathRegulation/2020%20KIDBOR/BOR%20Klamath%20 Project%20Overview.pdf. + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-10 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-11 + Klamath Reclamation Project Water Source Map Klamath Reclamation Project Water Distribution 865 miles of irrigation canals transport water to the farms from two main sources: the Upper Klamath Lake filled by UPPER KLAMATH LAKE the Klamath River, and the Clear Lake, Gerber, and Lost River Reservoirs1. GERBER RESERVOIR LOST RIVER RESERVOIR KLAMATH WILDLIFE REFUGE TULE LAKE WILDLIFE REFUGE 1. “Factual Data on the Klamath Project.” n.d. Klamath Falls Oregon: Bureau of Reclamation Public Affairs Office. https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/programs/ regulation/KlamathRegulation/2020%20KIDBOR/BOR%20Klamath%20 Project%20Overview.pdf. (on Left Page) CLEAR LAKE RESERVOIR Modified Map of Klamath Reclamation Project Highlighting Water Sources Modified By: McClean Gonzalez Original Map Created by: Bureau of Reclamation https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-12 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-13 Water Reallocation + Klamath Reclamation Project Water Flows For some Klamath Project farmers, legal decisions in addition to climate change are affecting the amount of water they receive. These legal decisions are being made on behalf of endangered species that depend on the water in Upper Klamath Lake, wildlife refuges, and lower reaches of the Klamath River to support their habitats. Early Years Present (with climate change) UPPER KLAMATH LAKE UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Horse Valley Horse Valley Irrigation District Irrigation District Farms Farms Klamath Irrigation GERBER RESERVOIR Klamath Irrigation GERBER RESERVOIR District Farms District Farms Lower Reaches of Lower Reaches of Klamath River Klamath River Langell Valley Langell Valley Irrigation District Irrigation District Farms Farms KLAMATH RIVER KLAMATH RIVER Klamath Drainage Klamath Drainage District Farms District Farms Tulelake Irrigation District Farms Tulelake Irrigation Klamath Wildlife Refuge Klamath Wildlife Refuge District Farms Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge CLEAR LAKE RESERVOIR Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge CLEAR LAKE RESERVOIR (on Right Page) LARGER AND SMALLER WATER FLOW ARE APPROXIMATED LARGER AND SMALLER WATER FLOW ARE APPROXIMATED Diagram of Approximate Changes in Water Flow to Klamath Project WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE Water Destination Created By: McClean Gonzalez Water Destination Base Map Created by: Bureau of Reclamation https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-14 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-15 Species-Based Water Reallocations + Klamath Reclamation Project Water Flow Reduction and Reallocation Within the Klamath Irrigation District where the A-Canal is located, the specific species involved are the endangered Coast River Sucker and the threatened Blunt-Nosed Sucker. Current estimates anticipate a loss of about 17-32% of the water that the District usually receives from Upper Klamath Lake. Additional water will likely also be withheld from the Irrigation District to ensure salmon have access to habitat and spawning grounds above and below Upper Klamath Lake. Present (with climate change) Klamath Project Water Managers are looking for ways to make less water go further, attempting to find a balance between their own water needs and the greater needs of the basin. Climate change has reduced total water in basin UPPER KLAMATH LAKE ~17-32% Klamath Irrgation District’s Short-Nosed Sucker (Endangered) normal water allocation will Horse Valley To Support remain in Upper Klamath Lake Irrigation District Farms Klamath Irrigation GERBER RESERVOIR District Farms Lower Reaches of Klamath River Langell Valley Irrigation District Farms KLAMATH RIVER Lost Coast Sucker (Endangered) Additional water will flow to lower reaches of the Klamath Klamath Drainage District Farms River To Support Tulelake Irrigation District Farms Klamath Drainage District has Klamath Wildlife Refuge kept near normal water allocation Chinook Salmon (Protected) based on pending legal decision Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge CLEAR LAKE RESERVOIR Reduced water entering Klamath Irrigation District (KID) will reduce (on Right Page) or eliminate water sent from KID to Diagram of Approximate Changes in Water Flow to Klamath Coho Salmon (Protected) Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge Project + Annotation of Specific Causes of Changes LARGER AND SMALLER WATER FLOW ARE APPROXIMATED Created By: McClean Gonzalez Base Map Created by: Bureau of Reclamation WATER SOURCE https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 Water Destination Images of Fish from: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-16 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-17 + P.V. Over Canal for the Klamath Basin Role of P.V. Over Canal For Basin P.V. over canal could help ensure that more of the water that makes it to Klamath Project irrigation canals reaches the farmers they serve. The energy produced by these solar panels, the cooling effect of shading, and the potential to decrease organic growth in the canals will also help the Irrigation District to meet the water quality and energy goals established in the Klamath Agreement1. P.V. Panels Generate Electricity Supporting farmers and nearby cities P.V. Panels Shade Canal Saving and cooling water & 1: “Summary of Klamath Basin Settlement Agreements.” n.d. https:// reducing organic growth www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/water_ quality_cert/docs/klamath_ferc2082/sttlemnt_smmry.pdf. (on Left Page) Diagram of P.V. Over Canal Created By: McClean Gonzalez Original Image Source: “Conger Products.” n.d. Conger Solar Systems (blog). Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.conger.solar/ products/. + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-18 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-19 Energy in Klamath Basin + Dams Slated for Removal The Klamath Agreement also addresses energy production’s impact on the health of the Klamath Basin, seeking Remaining Dams to find a balance between ecosystem health and reliable electricity. Dams as part of the Klamath Hydroelectric Project have provided electricity to farmers and to other users in the region since the first dam, Copco 1 became operational in 1918. Advocacy by the Yurok Tribe, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and legal protections for salmon in the Endangered Species Act have led to the decision to remove this dam and three others built LINK RIVER DAM KENO DAM in the Klamath Basin. * Principal source of water for the Klamath Project This dam removal project, the largest in U.S. history, was one of the key proposals of the Klamath Agreement, and in late 2022, federal regulators officially approved the project. The age of the dams and cost of these retrofits led the utility, Pacific Corp, to decide that removal was in the best interest of their To Be Removed customers. JC BOYLE DAM COPCO NO. 1 DAM COPCO NO.2 DAM IRON GATE DAM Map of Dams in Klamath River Dam Removal Sediment Study Images of Dams Remaining and Being Removed in Klamath Map Source: Basin https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/study-reach-klamath-river- Image Source: Klamath River Renewal Corporation dam-removal-sediment-study https://klamathrenewal.org/the-project/ + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-20 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-21 + P.V. Over Canal to Replace Electricity Capacity Lost by Dam Removals P.V. Over Canal’s Potential to Replace Lost Energy The 4 dams represented 2% of Pacific Corp’s energy portfolio – approximately enough electricity to power 70,000 homes. Expansion of P.V. over canal in the region is one opportunity to replace the energy lost by removing these dams. Based on my estimates, 21 miles of a 70-foot wide, P.V. over canal system could produce 71,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity per year, more electricity than the 4 dams produced each year at full capacity. A ground-mounted P.V. system would need about 176 acres to produce the same amount of electricity. 20 Miles of P.V. Over Canal = Energy Lost by Four Dams P.V. Panels Generate Electricity Supporting farmers and nearby cities P.V. Panels Shade Canal Saving and cooling water & reducing organic growth (on Left Page) Diagram of P.V. Over Canal Created By: McClean Gonzalez Original Image Source: “Conger Products.” n.d. Conger Solar Systems (blog). Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.conger.solar/ products/. + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-22 + Klamath Basin Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-23 + Context State of P.V. Over Canal Climate Water & Energy in the Klamath Basin | P.V. Over Canal | Project Site A-Canal By saving water and producing clean electricity, P.V. over canal is becoming an increasingly important strategy to offset shortages of water and decarbonize energy production. + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-24 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-25 P.V. Over Canal Overview + P.V. Over Canal P.V. over canal benefits from its location over already disturbed and centrally owned land, its ability to save water by shading the water of canals, and this configuration’s improvement of solar panel efficiency. P.V. Panels Generate Electricity Supporting farmers and nearby cities P.V. Over Canal Project by Conger Solar Systems https://www.apsunsys.com/en/refperences/ P.V. Panels Shade Canal Saving and cooling water & reducing organic growth Located on Already (on Right Page) Disturbed and Diagram of P.V. Over Canal Centrally Owned Land Created By: McClean Gonzalez Original Image Source: “Conger Products.” n.d. Conger Solar Systems (blog). Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.conger.solar/ products/. + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-26 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-27 + Built P.V. Over Canal in India P.V. Over Canal in India Punjab P.V. over canal is in an early phase of research and development. Most built examples of P.V. over canal have been built in India. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy partnered with state energy development agencies and technology providers to test the technology over the extensive canal systems in Punjab and Gujarat. P.V. Over Canal Project in Punjab, India https://www.conger.solar/products/ Gujarat P.V. Over Canal Project in Gujarat, India Map of Canal Projects in India https://www.apsunsys.com/en/references/ https://www.civilsdaily.com/sources-and-methods-of- irrigation-tank-irrigation-wells-and-tubewells-canals-ultimate- irrigation-potential-net-irrigated-area-irrigation-intensity/?utm_ source=mailchimp&utm_medium=cpc + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-28 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-29 Conger Solar Systems in India + Built P.V. Over Canal by Conger Solar Systems Conger Solar Systems–who designed and assisted in construction management on the projects in Punjab–has been chosen to design the first P.V. over canal system in California, which is breaking ground this year in 2023. Images from Two Projects built by Conger Solar Systems in India https://www.apsunsys.com/en/references/ + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-30 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-31 + Ground-Mounted P.V. vs. P.V. Over Canal Ground-Mounted P.V. Vs. P.V. Over Canal Research on P.V. over canal has focused on estimating its water savings ability and its economic feasibility. These tests of P.V. configurations against ground-mounted P.V. systems have considered water savings, increased solar panel efficiency, land cost savings, and cost savings from new cable support structural systems. This research shows that P.V. over canal systems are financially competitive to ground-mounted P.V. systems1. Ground-Mounted P.V. Over Canal Utility Scale Ground-Mounted P.V. System Simulation of Conger’s P.V. Over Canal System for Turlock https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/11/big-three- Irrigation District in California avoid-utility-scale-ground-mounting-challenges/ https://www.conger.solar/conger-solar-systems-selected-to- design-solar-canopies-for-project-nexus/ 1: McKuin, Brandi, Andrew Zumkehr, Jenny Ta, Roger Bales, Joshua H. Viers, Tapan Pathak, and J. Elliott Campbell. 2021. “Energy and Water Co-Benefits from Covering Canals with Solar Panels.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 609–17. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8. + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-32 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-33 Future Research for P.V. Over Canal + P.V. Over Canal Operational and Aesthetic Challenges Operational and aesthetic concerns still exist, including adapting the technology to each canal system’s bank material and structure, ensuring emergency and maintenance access to the canal, and avoiding conflicts with surrounding land uses. These site-specific challenges have become a primary focus of this project. Operation and Aesthetic Challenges 1. Adapting the technology to each canal system’s bank material and structure. 2. Ensuring emergency and maintenance access to the canal. 3. Avoiding conflicts with surrounding land uses. (on Right Page) Diagram of Operational and Aesthetic Challenges of P.V. Over Canal Created By: McClean Gonzalez Original Image Source: “Conger Products.” n.d. Conger Solar Systems (blog). Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.conger.solar/ products/. + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-34 + Klamath Basin (P.V. Over Canal) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-35 + Context Climate Water & Energy in the Klamath Basin | P.V. Over Canal | Project Site A-Canal + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-36 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-37 Project Site + Klamath Irrigation District and Tulelake Irrigation District My project’s site, the A-Canal, is the main feeder canal for the Klamath Irrigation District and the Tulelake Irrigation District, which are divided at the California border. These are 2 of the 18 Water districts of the Klamath Project. (on Right Page) Modified Map of Klamath Reclamation Project Highlighting Klamath Irrigation District & Tulelake Irrigation District Modified By: McClean Gonzalez Original Map Created by: Bureau of Reclamation https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-38 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-39 A-Canal Head Gate + A-Canal (K.I.D.) The A-Canal UPPER KLAMATH LAKE A-Canal Piped Under Ground The A-Canal runs through Klamath Falls, Oregon, Link River Dam Klamath County’s largest city, making it an “urban canal.” This project explores how P.V. over canal on the A-Canal could affect the health of the Basin overall, the people who live along its embankments, and the farmers who depend on the water that moves through it. KLAMATH RIVER LAKE EUWANA A-CANAL Flo A wnd s tT ou Kle l aLa mk ae t hW & il d Tuli lf ee l aR ke efu Ig rre igation District (on Left Page) FLOWS TO PACIFIC Annotated Aerial Image of the A-Canal in Klamath Falls Oregon Created By: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image Source: Google Earth (Accessed May 2023) + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-40 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-41 + Why the A-Canal & Urban Canals + A-Canal / Urban Canals Using the methods of landscape architecture, I explore the challenges of applying P.V. over canal systems to urban canals by To Address A-Canal’s Needs investigating the site-specific challenges of the A-Canal. (water savings and reduction of flood risk) I chose to focus on urban canals because of the need for To Explore P.V. Over Canal additional research on P.V. over canal for the approximately Design a P.V. Over Canal System 1,000 miles of urban canals in the United States. for Urban Canal for A-Canal I chose the A-Canal because of the need to address the extreme flood risk along one of its embankments and the water challenges that the Klamath Basin faces. A-Canal Grand Canal in Phoenix Arizona Image from Site Visit on https://www.phoenix.gov/streets/grandcanalscape Nov. 22, 2022 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-42 + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-43 + Design Process Objectives | Site Analysis + Klamath Basin (Climate, Water, and Energy) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 1-44 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-1 + Defining the Design Process + Determining Project Priorities I started this exploration by determining what my place could be within a P.V. over canal project for Klamath Falls. I determined that the A-Canal could help me understand how the design and construction of a P.V. over canal system could change the experience of walking along the canal. From this understanding, I could then alter a possible P.V. over canal system to create both Basin-wide energy and water benefits Experience of Living and Walking Along Basin-Wide Energy and Water Benefits and enhance the canal path, the central pedestrian corridor of the Path Klamath Falls. UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Horse Valley Irrigation District Farms Klamath Irrigation GERBER RESERVOIR District Farms Homedale Rd. Lower Reaches of North Embankment Klamath River Service Road Emma Langell Valley Irrigation District Farms KLAMATH RIVER Klamath Drainage District Farms Tulelake Irrigation Klamath Wildlife Refuge District Farms South Embankment A-Canal Canal Path Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge CLEAR LAKE RESERVOIR (on Right Page) (Diagram on Left) Annotated Image from Nov. 24th Site Visit to Klamath Falls A-Canal (Diagram on Right) Diagram of Approximate Current Water Flow to Klamath Project LARGER AND SMALLER WATER FLOW ARE APPROXIMATED Created By: McClean Gonzalez WATER SOURCE Base Map Created by: Bureau of Reclamation Water Destination https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=470 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-2 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-3 + Reworking Evaporation Objectives Creating Design Objectives To guide me through this process, I created both technical objectives and experiential objectives. The technical objectives were informed by built P.V. over canal systems and research, and the experiential objectives, by the functional and aesthetic Technical Objectives Experiential Objectives priorities of the field of landscape architecture. 1. Maximize the shading 1. Mitigate light access of the canal. impacts on adjacent properties. 2. Maximize the energy efficiency of solar 2. Eliminate glare panels. impacts. 3. Stick to reasonable 3. Mitigate visual impacts or proven ways of on adjacent properties structurally supporting and key viewpoints. the solar panels. 4. Utilize panel structures 4. Avoid disturbing the to enhance the chalk rock bottom of the pedestrian trail canals. experience. 5. Avoid extremely 5. Maintain views of expensive flood water if possible. prevention structures. + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-4 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-5 + Technical Objectives Technical Objectives The technical objectives organize the core requirements that make a P.V. over canal system beneficial and feasible. I used them as a reference to ensure that my design exercises stayed grounded in reality. Technical Objectives Experiential Objectives 1. Maximize the shading 1. Mitigate light access of the canal. impacts on adjacent properties. 2. Maximize the energy efficiency of solar 2. Eliminate glare panels. impacts. 3. Stick to reasonable 3. Mitigate visual impacts or proven ways of on adjacent properties structurally supporting and key viewpoints. the solar panels. 4. Utilize panel structures 4. Avoid disturbing the to enhance the chalk rock bottom of the pedestrian trail canals. experience. 5. Avoid extremely 5. Maintain views of expensive flood water if possible. prevention structures. + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-6 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-7 + Reworking Evaporation Objectives Technically Ideal P.V. Over Canal System From a technical perspective, the ideal P.V. over canal system orientation places the solar panels densely and continuously, as close as possible to the surface of the water, and Technical Objectives Technically “Ideal” at a south-facing angle corresponding to the site’s latitude. Solar panels closer to the water and perpendicular to the sun are more P.V. Over Canal System efficient. 1. Maximize the shading of the canal. 2. Maximize the energy efficiency of solar panels. 3. Stick to reasonable or proven ways of structurally supporting the solar panels. 4. Avoid disturbing the chalk rock bottom of the Developed by Rob Ribe as a Part of PNNL Workshop: canals. Designing Place-Based Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Exploring Opportunities and Challenges for the Pacific Northwest Region 5. Avoid extremely January 2023 expensive flood prevention structures. + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-8 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-9 + Reworking Evaporation Objectives Experiential Objectives I then created experiential objectives to reference possible effects that a P.V. over canal system might have on people’s experience of living and walking along the A-Canal. Creating these also helped to clarify where conflicts existed between the technical and experiential objectives. Extra Technical Objectives Experiential Objectives attention was needed, where conflicts existed, to deliberately deform the “technically ideal” P.V. over canal system to create enough additional amenity benefits to justify some loss in water savings and energy production. 1. Maximize the shading 1. Mitigate light access of the canal. impacts on adjacent properties. 2. Maximize the energy efficiency of solar 2. Eliminate glare panels. impacts. 3. Stick to reasonable 3. Mitigate visual impacts or proven ways of on adjacent properties structurally supporting and key viewpoints. the solar panels. 4. Utilize panel structures 4. Avoid disturbing the to enhance the chalk rock bottom of the pedestrian trail canals. experience. 5. Avoid extremely 5. Maintain views of expensive flood water if possible. prevention structures. + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-10 + Design Process (Objectives) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-11 + Design Process Objectives | Site Analysis Site Analysis Overview Methods After defining these objectives, I returned my focus to the Flood Risk A-Canal to better understand the unique challenges it might present to a P.V. over canal system and to better understand the Embankment Dimensions current configuration of the canal. Flow Direction Canal Path & Service Road + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-12 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-13 + Site Analysis Methods Site Analysis Methods To do this, Rob Ribe, my advisor, and I met with Gene Souza, the director of the Klamath Irrigation District, which operates the A-Canal. Meetings Site Visit Detailed Elevation Data (LIDAR) I also analyzed detailed elevation data of the A-Canal and & PNNL Workshop 11.24.2022 from DOGAMI biked along the full canal path. From these sources, I identified characteristics that were representative of the A-Canal to inform my three design exercises. Gene Souza Klamath Irrigation District Scott White Klamath Drainage District Jed Jorgensen PNNL and Formerly Farmers Conservation Alliance Keith Tourney Farmers Conservation Alliance PV Panel Transmission  Transmission line Electrical Tower Conduit Modular System PV  Panels PV Panel Transmission  Transmission line Electrical Electrical Conduit Tower Conduit A modular System  Design Section Drawings Developed as a Part of PNNL Images from Nov. 24, 2023 Site Visit to A-Canal in Hill-shade of A-Canal Klamath Falls Oregon Workshop: Klamath Falls, Oregon Elevation Data Source: DOGAMI Designing Place-Based Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Exploring https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ Opportunities and Challenges for the Pacific Northwest Region January 2023 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-14 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-15 Components of Flood Risk + Site Analysis Flood Risk from Construction Methods The high risk of embankment failure and flooding along the south embankment is one of the most urgent conditions found in this analysis. Gene Souza emphasized the need to maintain ready access to certain canal embankments in the event of their failure so that repairs could be made. This risk of flooding is caused by the wrong fill material being used to build the canal in the early 1900s and the chalk rock bottom of the canal. Then Added to Embankment Water from Canal Soil Removed Saturates Soil from Canal Chanel No Barrier (on Right Page) between Canal Diagram of Causes of Flood Risk for South Embankment and Embankment of A-Canal Created By: McClean Gonzalez + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-16 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-17 Chalk Rock + Site Analysis Flood Risk from Chalk Rock & Cross Slope This impervious and slippery chalk rock bottom encourages the sliding of the embankment. North Embankment Flood Risk There is much less flood risk on the north embankment because it is on the upside of the canal’s cross slope. North Embankment High-Side of Slope = Low Flood Risk Low-Side Canal Cross Slope Encourages Sliding of Embankment Chalk Rock = High Flood Risk South Embankment (on Right Page) Diagram of Causes of Flood Risk for South Embankment of A-Canal Created By: McClean Gonzalez + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-18 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-19 + Site Analysis Flood Risk Map Components Developing a Flood Risk Map To determine how flood risk would affect the design of Extent of Flooding Width and Height of Embankment Land Use to South of Embankment a P.V. over canal system for the A-Canal, I needed to better understand how this flood risk varied across its length. To do 1944 Report Analysis of Elevation Data Analysis of Aerial Imagery and Zoning this, I created a composite map of flood risk informed by details of a 1944 report of one of these embankment failures, land use designations along the canal, and the width, height, and slope of the south embankment. Width Less Risk 35’ + < 35’ Exclusive Farm Use Less Risk Rural Residential 2-4 acres Public and Semi Public Uses More Risk Industrial Less Risk Commercial Low Density Residential Height Medium - High Density Residential More Risk Less than 10’ Greater than 10’ More Risk Diagram of Possible Flood Extent based on 1944 Flood Diagram of Height and Width Flood Risk Factors Diagram of Land Use Based Flood Risk Factors Report: REPORT ON BREAK OF MAY 15, 1944 Created By: McClean Gonzalez Created By: McClean Gonzalez IN MAIN CANAL OF KLAMATH PROJECT OREGON - CALIFORNIA + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-20 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-21 2300’ 1944 Flood Report + Site Analysis Flood Risk 1944 Flood Details of recent failures are classified because of possible risks of vandalism, but Souza was able to provide a public report of a 1944 flood that occurred near the intersection of Shasta Way and the A-Canal. It provides a view into the extent of the damage that could occur along most of the extent of the A-Canal. (on Right Page) Images from 1944 Flood Report, Red Circles Highlight People Image Source: REPORT ON BREAK OF MAY 15, 1944 IN MAIN CANAL OF KLAMATH PROJECT OREGON - CALIFORNIA + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-22 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-23 + Site Analysis Flood Risk 1944 Flood Extent Components of Flood Risk - Flood Extent 6,300-foot buffer from 1944 Canal Breach The approximately 6,300-foot distance that flood waters Report Provided by Gene extended from the canal in this 1944 flood informed the distance Souza from the canal that I estimated flood risk to extend in my flood risk map. 6300’ (on Left Page) Base Aerial Image: Google Earth (Accessed April 2023) Survey Image Source: REPORT ON BREAK OF MAY 15, 1944 IN MAIN CANAL OF KLAMATH PROJECT OREGON - CALIFORNIA Extent of Survey in 1944 Report + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-24 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-25 2300’ Components of Flood Risk - Land Use + Site Analysis Surrounding Land-Use Damage Risk The urban land uses to the south downhill side of the A-Canal contribute to high levels of potential damage from Exclusive Farm Use Less Risk embankment failure. Most of the canal is surrounded by middle to low-density Rural Residential 2-4 acres residential housing, shown in red and orange. Public and Semi Public Uses Industrial Commercial Low Density Residential Medium - High Density Residential More Risk (on Right Page) Land Use Flood Risk Map with Lower Risk Northern Extent Highlighted Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ Zoning Data: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/about/pages/maps-data- tools.aspx + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-26 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-27 Components of Flood Risk - Land Use + Site Analysis Surrounding Land-Use Northern 1.1 Miles The housing is dense around the northern extent of the canal, but there is no flood risk for the northernmost 1.1 Surrounding Land Higher than miles. This is because on this portion of the A-Canal there is no Embankment embankment. For the remainder of the A-Canal, I define the land-use- based flood risk by assigning each land use category a level of risk based on the potential property damage that would occur if the embankment was breached. Exclusive Farm Use Less Risk Rural Residential 2-4 acres Public and Semi Public Uses Industrial Commercial Low Density Residential Medium - High Density Residential More Risk (on Right Page) Land Use Flood Risk Map with Lower Risk Northern Extent Highlighted Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ Zoning Data: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/about/pages/maps-data- tools.aspx + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-28 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-29 + Site Analysis South Embankment Width Components of Flood Risk - Width & Height Flood risk is primarily reduced based on the width and Less Risk height of the embankment where roads cross the canal. Places where the south embankment is wider and lower may pose less flood risk by being more structurally significant. 35’ + < 35’ More Risk (on Left Page) Flood Risk Map Based on Width of South Embankment Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-30 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-31 + Site Analysis South Embankment Height Components of Flood Risk - Width & Height Most of the canal fits into the red high flood-risk category Surrounding Land Higher than Less Risk based on its width and height. Embankment Less than 10’ Greater than 10’ More Risk (on Left Page) Flood Risk Map Based on Height of South Embankment Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-32 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-33 Composite Flood Risk Map + Site Analysis Composite Flood Risk Map I then overlaid these flood risk factors to create a composite flood risk map that could inform the selection of the Less Risk sites for my design exercises. A limited extent of the A-Canal’s south embankment was wide enough or low enough to reduce the flood risk, so for most of the canal, land use is the primary variable of flood risk. This mapping showed me that no large portions of the A-Canal have significantly reduced flood risk, outside of the northern 1.1 miles and the southern 2 miles where there are farms along the south embankment. More Risk (on Right Page) Composite Flood Risk Map Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ Zoning Data: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/about/pages/maps-data- tools.aspx + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-34 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-35 Flood Risk for Design Exercises + Site Analysis Composite Flood Risk Map With Design Exercise Sites By having a better understanding of flood risk variation along the A-canal, I was able to choose the two sites in blue that Less Risk contained the components of flood risk which a full modular P.V. over canal system would need to adapt to. More Risk (on Right Page) Composite Flood Risk Map With Design Exercise Sites Highlighted in Blue Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ Zoning Data: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/about/pages/maps-data- tools.aspx + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-36 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-37 + Site Analysis Flood Risk Preventions Strategies Options for Reducing Flood Risk Addressing this extreme level of flood risk is a major Cutoff Wall concern of the Irrigation District. They have considered multiple Underground Pipe solutions, including piping and covering large portions of the A-Canal and reinforcing the south embankment with a cutoff wall. CUTOFF IN PROGRESS (1) Excavate Trench (2) Stabilize trench by Filling with Bentonite Slurry (4) Pump Concrete in (3)Suspend Rebar in While Pumping Bentonite Out Slurry Stops Water from Saturating Weak Fill Soil (on Left Page) Diagram of Flood Risk Mitigation Options Created by: McClean Gonzalez Pipeline Base Image (left): https://www.deschutesriver.org/blog/ things-are-changing-for-the-river-and-for-canals-heres-why/ Cutoff Wall Base Image (right): https://digitalcommons.bucknell. edu/nSF-SB-Cutoff-Wall-visuals/18/ + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-38 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-39 + Site Analysis Flood Risk Preventions Strategies Cutoff Wall to Reduce Flood Risk While both options address the flood risk challenge, I Cutoff Wall used a cutoff wall in this project. I chose this method because Underground Pipe it maintains the gains in panel efficiency created when they are placed close to water. It also maintains views of the canal, something that may be valuable to the people who live and walk along it. CUTOFF IN PROGRESS A cutoff wall when constructed with P.V. over canal could create co-benefits. Revenues from the P.V. could help offset cutoff wall costs, and the cutoff wall could both act as the anchoring system for the P.V. system on the south embankment and reduce the flood risk “from extreme to moderate” (email from Gene Souza). (1) Excavate Trench (2) Stabilize trench by Filling with Bentonite Slurry (4) Pump Concrete in (3)Suspend Rebar in While Pumping Bentonite Out Slurry Allows Water to Cool Panels (on Left Page) Diagram of Flood Risk Mitigation Options Created by: McClean Gonzalez Pipeline Base Image (left): https://www.deschutesriver.org/blog/ things-are-changing-for-the-river-and-for-canals-heres-why/ Cutoff Wall Base Image (right): https://digitalcommons.bucknell. edu/nSF-SB-Cutoff-Wall-visuals/18/ + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-40 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-41 Canal Dimensions + Site Analysis Canal Dimensions After analyzing flood risk, I used the elevation data and descriptions from Gene Souza to develop a representative cross- section of the A-Canal, which I found was relatively uniform in its embankment dimensions and flow direction. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal Annotated with Dimensions Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-42 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-43 + Site Analysis Solar Orientation of A-Canal Solar Orientation of A-Canal N The solar orientation will affect the angle of the panel E SE structures in relation to the canal. The Canal primarily flows to the south-east (blue). A few small sections are oriented towards to the south (yellow) or toward the east (red). E SE E S E S SE S SE E SE E SE (on Left Page) Diagram of A-Canal Solar Orientation Created by: McClean Gonzalez + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon S 2-44 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-45 Canal Path and Service Road + Site Analysis South Embankment Path & North Embankment Service Road Both embankments have a path or service road for a majority of the length of the canal. On the south embankment, a paved path begins at the intersection of the A-Canal and Esplanade Avenue in downtown Main Street Klamath and runs 4 miles, ending at the A-Canal’s intersection Esplanade Ave. with Homedale Road. A gravel service road extends from Homedale Road to the end of the A-Canal. On the north embankment, a gravel service road begins at Main Street and extends to the end of the A-Canal. SOUTH NORTH EMBANKMENT EMBANKMENT Asphalt Path Gravel Road Gravel Road Homedale Rd. (on Right Page) Annotated Aerial Image of the A-Canal Paths in Klamath Falls Oregon Created By: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image Source: Google Earth (Accessed May 2023) + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-46 + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-47 + Design Exercises Design Exercises Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway With an understanding of the A-canal, the complex Basin- wide water challenges, and the state of P.V. over canal, I began a series of three design exercises. + Design Process (Site Analysis) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 2-48 + Design Exercises Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-1 Three Design Exercises + Design Exercises Three Scales The goal of these was to explore the role landscape architects could take across several scales of projects of this kind. The three exercises were: First, the development of a modular structural system for P.V. over canal on the A-Canal. Second, a master plan scale layout of these structures along a 1-mile test site (the Mazama High School Neighborhood). Third, the site design of one entrance to the trail within this neighborhood, the Mazama High School Gateway. 1” = 250’ 1” = 50’ 1” = 8’ KLAMATH MAZAMA HIGH MAZAMA HIGH MODULAR SCHOOL SCHOOL URBAN ARRAY NEIGHBORHOOD GATEWAY (on Right Page) Contours of Three Design Exercises Scales Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-2 + Design Exercises Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-3 A Modular System + Design Exercises Modular Klamath Urban Array To give a project of this scale a chance at being financially feasible, I needed to develop a structural system that favored established building components and techniques and that could adapt readily to much of the canal. 1” = 250’ 1” = 50’ 1” = 8’ KLAMATH MAZAMA HIGH MAZAMA HIGH MODULAR SCHOOL SCHOOL URBAN ARRAY NEIGHBORHOOD GATEWAY (on Right Page) Contours of Three Design Exercises Scales Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-4 + Design Exercises Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-5 + Design Exercises Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway Klamath Array Overview Flood Risk Reduction (Cutoff Wall) I began the process by separating a potential modular North Embankment Sub-Structure P.V. over canal system into its parts: the cutoff wall for flood risk reduction and to anchor the structure on the south embankment, Cable Spanning System the substructure for the north embankment, and the cable spanning system that suspends the solar panels over the canal. + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-6 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-7 Components of Flood Risk + Modular System Components of Flood Risk For the flood risk reduction system, the primary concern was to eliminate flood risk along the south embankment. One key way to reduce this flood risk is to prevent the Canal’s water from saturating the south embankment. Then Added to North Embankment Embankment High-Side of Slope = Low Flood Risk Water From Soil Removed Canal Saturates from Canal Soil Chanel Chalk Rock Encourages Sliding of Embankment (on Right Page) No Barrier Section Drawing of A-Canal Annotated with Flood Risk between Canal Created by: McClean Gonzalez and Embankment Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-8 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-9 Cutoff Wall to Reduce Flood Risk + Modular System Flood Risk Reduction (Cutoff Wall) The cutoff wall achieves this reduction in flood risk by adding an impermeable layer of concrete along the north side of the south embankment. It also acts as the foundation substructure for mounting the P.V. over the canal system. In places where the wall is acting only as a barrier to water, bentonite or other lower-strength but low-permeable fill materials might be sufficient and could reduce the overall cost of the structure. A steel adjoining plate would be embedded into the top of the wall to connect the spanning structure securely to the cutoff wall. Stops Water from Saturating Weak Fill Soil (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal with Detail of Cutoff Wall to Reduce Flood Risk Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-10 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-11 Helical Piers Support Structure on + Modular System North Embankment Anchor System North Embankment Since the substructure for the north embankment will not need to prevent flooding, a continuous wall was not required. Instead, helical piers would be embedded into the embankment north of the service road with embedded anchors to support a steel column. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal With North Embankment Anchor System and Cable Spanning Structure Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-12 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-13 Requirement of Spanning System + Modular System Span Distance The structure that spans the canals must reach about 110 feet. This distance includes the approximately 70-foot canal and approximately 40 feet of embankment. The structure also needed to be repeatable, recognizable, and practical. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal Annotated With Distance of Span Structure Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-14 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-15 + Modular System Why Cables? Why Steel Cables? Steel cable structural systems for supporting P.V. have been identified as an essential technological advancement that makes such spans possible and financially competitive1. Ground-Mounted P.V. Over Canal Span Determined by Cost Span Determined by Canal Width 1: McKuin, Brandi, Andrew Zumkehr, Jenny Ta, Roger Bales, Joshua H. Viers, Tapan Pathak, and J. Elliott Campbell. 2021. “Energy and Water Co-Benefits from Covering Canals with Solar Panels.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 609–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021- 00693-8. (on Left Page) Annotations Created by: McClean Gonzalez Ground-Mounted P.V. Image (left): https://www. solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/11/big-three-avoid-utility-scale- ground-mounting-challenges/ P.V. Over Canal Image (right): https://www.conger.solar/conger- solar-systems-selected-to-design-solar-canopies-for-project-nexus/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-16 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-17 Choosing Steel Cable Structural System + Modular System Choosing a Cable Structural System To develop my theoretical structural system, I analyzed the work of A+ Sun Systems (on the left) and Conger Solar Systems (on the right), who have developed cable support systems specifically for P.V. over canal projects. A+ Sun Systems Conger Solar Systems https://www.apsunsys.com/en/references/ https://www.conger.solar/ (on Left Page) A+ Sun Systems Image (left): https://www.apsunsys.com/en/ references/ Conger Solar Systems Image (right): https://www.conger.solar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-18 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-19 Conger Solar Systems’ Steel Cable + Modular System Choosing a Cable Structural System Structural System Conger’s system’s ability to densely cover wide canals best meets the needs of the A-Canal. A+ Sun Systems Conger Solar Systems https://www.apsunsys.com/en/references/ (on Left Page) A+ Sun Systems Image (left): https://www.apsunsys.com/en/ references/ Conger Solar Systems Image (right): https://www.conger.solar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-20 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-21 + Modular System Conger System Conger Solar Systems Technology The system uses tensioned cables to span the canals and a “space frame” with 11 commercial P.V. panels connected to the structure. These “space-frames” connect to the steel cables using a bolting system the company developed. Conger Space Frame (on Left Page) Image of 3D Model of A-Canal With 3D Model Based of Conger Solar Systems’ P.V. Over Canal System 3D Models Created By: McClean Gonzalez Models Based on Drawings and Images from: https://www. conger.solar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-22 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-23 + Modular System Conger System Adapted to Urban A-Canal Conger System Adapted to A-Canal I adjusted the steel cable structural system, which Conger adapts for each project, to meet the urban context of the A-Canal. I focused these adjustments on creating opportunities for people along the Canal to see the water, optimizing the angle of the panels, and ensuring that service vehicles could travel along both sides of the Canal. I determined the slope of the structure by assessing the optimal angle for P.V. panels at 42 degrees latitude and by determining what angle allowed for views of the Canal under the panel structure and left space for maintenance vehicles to drive under the P.V. system along the north service road. (on Left Page) Image of 3D Model of A-Canal With 3D Model of Conger System adapted to the A-Canal 3D Model Created By: McClean Gonzalez Models Based on Drawings and Images from: https://www. conger.solar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-24 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-25 + Modular System Klamath Array Pedestrian Bridge Conger System Adapted to A-Canal This angled system also allows for pedestrian platforms and bridges to be built using the cable structure at various intervals along the Canal. These pedestrian spaces bring people out over the Canal to enjoy views of the water in the shade and out of the rain. They also create pedestrian access across the Canal, expanding on the one pedestrian bridge which currently crosses the Canal. (on Left Page) Image of 3D Model of A-Canal With 3D Model of Conger System adapted to the A-Canal 3D Model Created By: McClean Gonzalez Models Based on Drawings and Images from: https://www. conger.solar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-26 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-27 Conger Solar Systems’ Steel Cable + Modular System Klamath Array Electricity Flow Structural System Electrical conductors run between each panel along the structure of the “space frame” to a string inverter. Then, a medium voltage feeder runs along the cable-spanning structure x 6000 HOMES to the south embankment where a conduit is buried along the dry + side of the cutoff wall to ensure maintenance access. For every sequence of 50 spanning solar structures, a transformer and switchgear will be needed before connecting to -KLAMATH FALLS the electricity grid. A 50-structure system will generate enough +ELECTRICITY GRID electricity for more than 6,000 homes. - + - TRANSFORMER + + STRING INVERTER CONVERTS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR CONNECTS TO 11 PANELS FROM AC TO DC + AND - TERMINAL OF EACH PANEL - - MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER x 50 SOLAR STRUCTURES (on Right Page) Diagram of Energy transmission on Proposed Modular System Created by: McClean Gonzalez + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-28 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-29 dc dc dc dc 8” ac ac ac ac L AN A -CA L AL FF W TO CU LLA F W TO F F C U O DE Y S I DR + Design Exercises SThitre eD eSsciaglnes Two Site-Scale Design Exercises After developing the modular system, I moved to the Neighborhood and Gateway scales to explore decisions about the placement of the modular structure along the Canal and to further develop the details that would shape the pedestrian experience along the P.V. over canal system. 1” = 8’ 1” = 250’ 1” = 50’ MAZAMA HIGH KLAMATH MAZAMA HIGH SCHOOL MODULAR SCHOOL GATEWAY URBAN ARRAY NEIGHBORHOOD (on Left Page) Contours of Three Design Exercies Scales Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-30 + Design Exercises (Modular) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-31 + Design Exercises Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-32 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-33 + Mazama High School Neighborhood Site Selection Choosing the Neighborhood Scale South Embankment Flood Risk To select the Mazama High School Neighborhood Less Risk site I identified a 1-mile site that contained characteristics representative of the A-Canal and which had the characteristics that make a P.V. over canal system most feasible: consistent flow direction, straightness, and needs for flood prevention. The site is primarily made up of high levels of flood risk and flows in the predominant southeast flow direction. 1 MILE More Risk SE Solar Orientation Water Flow Direction (on Left Page) Aerial Image Annotated with Neighborhood Site Selection Criteria Created by: McClean Gonzalez 5000' 10,000 15,0000' Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-34 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-35 + Mazama High School Neighborhood Site Selection Choosing the Neighborhood Scale South Embankment OC&E RAIL TRAIL Flood Risk The Mazama High School Neighborhood site is defined Less Risk by the OC&E State Trail at the north and Homedale Road’s intersection with the A-Canal at the south. The site includes a mix of land uses including a baseball field, a high school, and single-family housing. HOPE STREET BRIDGE More Risk SE Solar Orientation Water Flow Direction HOMEDALE ROAD (on Left Page) Aerial Image Annotated with Neighborhood Site Selection Criteria Created by: McClean Gonzalez 5000' 10,000 15,0000' Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-36 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-37 Crossing the A-Canal in the Mazama + Neighborhood Crossings High School Neighborhood OC&E RAIL TRAIL The site includes two vehicular bridges and the only pedestrian bridge that crosses the A-Canal. These provide opportunities to test how the modular structure interacts with structures currently spanning the canal. HOPE STREET BRIDGE HOMEDALE ROAD (on Right Page) Aerial Image Annotated with Neighborhood Site Crossings Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 Images of Crossings: Google Street View Accessed May 2023 5000' 10,000 15,0000' + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-38 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-39 A-CANAL PATH A-CANAL GRAVEL Accessing the A-Canal Path SERVICE ROAD + Neighborhood Access to Canal Path Pedestrian access to the canal is primarily by low-traffic neighborhood streets without sidewalks. HIGHER TRAFFIC ROADS WITH SIDEWALKS LOW TRAFFIC STREETS NO SIDEWALKS (on Right Page) Aerial Image Annotated with Circulation in Mazama High School Neighborhood Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 5000' 10,000 15,0000' + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-40 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-41 A-CANAL PATH A-CANAL GRAVEL Main Access Points to A-Canal Path SERVICE ROAD + Neighborhood Primary Entrances to Path The entrances to the Canal are limited due to private property along the Canal. The main access points to the Canal are at the OC&E pedestrian bridge, the vehicle bridges, and the grounds of Mazama High School. HIGHER TRAFFIC ROADS WITH SIDEWALKS LOW TRAFFIC STREETS NO SIDEWALKS (on Right Page) Aerial Image annotated with Main Access Points Mazama High School Neighborhood Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 5000' 10,000 15,0000' + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-42 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-43 A-CANAL PATH A-CANAL GRAVEL Informal Access Points to A-Canal Path SERVICE ROAD + Neighborhood Informal Entrances to Path Informal access points are also present but do not provide accessible entrances and could be shut down at the will of the private landowners. HIGHER TRAFFIC ROADS WITH SIDEWALKS LOW TRAFFIC STREETS NO SIDEWALKS (on Right Page) Aerial Image annotated with Informal Access Points Mazama High School Neighborhood Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 5000' 10,000 15,0000' + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-44 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-45 A-CANAL PATH A-CANAL GRAVEL Access Points to A-Canal Path from the SERVICE ROAD + Neighborhood North Canal Path Entrances North The two vehicle bridges are the primary access points from most housing north of the Canal. These bridges with fast- moving traffic and narrow sidewalks limit inclusive and safe access to the A-Canal trail. HIGHER TRAFFIC ROADS WITH SIDEWALKS LOW TRAFFIC STREETS NO SIDEWALKS (on Right Page) Aerial Image annotated with Access Points From North of A-Canal Mazama High School Neighborhood Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 5000' 10,000 15,0000' + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-46 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-47 + Neighborhood Concept Plan The Klamath Array in the Mazama High School Neighborhood From this analysis, I developed four neighborhood-scale 1. Layout of the structures adjustments to the modular system. along the 1-mile stretch First, modify the layout of the structures along the 1-mile to create a pattern that stretch to create a pattern that emphasizes proposed and emphasizes proposed existing entrances to the Canal. and existing entrances to the Canal. Second, define the distribution of new over-water access points to allow regular access between embankments and to create regular opportunities to experience the water of the 2. The distribution of Canal. new over-water access points to allow regular Third, pave the north service road to improve maintenance access between and pedestrian access to the north portion of the Canal. embankments and Fourth, develop a new Canal planting strategy to fit within to create regular the new conditions created by the P.V. over canal system. opportunities to experience the water of the Canal. 3. The paving of the north service road to improve maintenance and pedestrian access to the north portion of the Canal. 4. A new Canal planting strategy to fit within the new conditions created by the P.V. over canal system. (on Left Page) Aerial Image Annotated with Proposed Adjustments Created by: McClean Gonzalez 5000' 10,000 15,0000' Aerial Image: Google Earth Accessed May 2023 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-48 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-49 + + Design Exercises Mazama High School Gateway Design Exercises 1” = 8’ 1” = 250’ 1” = 50’ MAZAMA HIGH Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway KLAMATH MAZAMA HIGH SCHOOL MODULAR SCHOOL GATEWAY URBAN ARRAY NEIGHBORHOOD (on this Page) Contours of Three Design Exercises Scales Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-50 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-51 Selecting the Mazama High School + Design Exercises Mazama High School Gateway Gateway At the gateway scale, pedestrian access adjustments were explored in more detail. The Mazama High School Gateway site is the entrance point to the south embankment canal path between the Mazama High School baseball field and the school itself. (on Right Page) Aerial Image annotated with Gateway Scale Proposals Created by: McClean Gonzalez Aerial Image: Apple Maps Accessed May 2023 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-52 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-53 + Design Exercises Gateway Defining Spacing Aligning Structures to Enhance Existing Entrances at the Gateway Scale At this scale, specific dimensions were established for the spacing between the modular structures at the Canal entrances, responding to the specific entrance site, defining the visual landmark to the entrances, and exploring the necessary spacing to expand the views to the water. (on Left Page) Concept Plan for Mazama High School Gateway Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-54 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-55 Developing Pedestrian Bridge Detail + Design Exercises Gateway Pedestrian Bridge Detail The details of the pedestrian bridge itself were created at the gateway scale. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal With Span Structure Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-56 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-57 Developing Pedestrian Bridge Detail - + Design Exercises Gateway Pedestrian Bridge Detail Peel Back 8 “Space Frames” Peeling back of the first eight “space frames” creates eight feet of headroom. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal With Span Structure and Pedestrian Bridge Details Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-58 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-59 Developing Pedestrian Bridge Detail - + Design Exercises Gateway Pedestrian Bridge Detail Walking Surface A walking surface with cable railings is added between the bottom cables of the spanning structure. Concepts for programmed spaces were also explored for along the pedestrian bridge, including planting beds, tables, and benches to create new opportunities for people in the neighborhood to spend time over the Canal. (on Right Page) Section Drawing of A-Canal With Span Structure and Pedestrian Bridge Details Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-60 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-61 + Design Exercises Gateway Planting Zones Developing a Planting Strategy at the Gateway Scale For the planting, at this scale, I explored the specific P.V. Over Canal A-Canal climatic conditions to further refine the potential planting plan for Klamath Falls, Or the system. McClean Gonzalez These planting typologies respond to the specific climatic conditions of the P.V. over canal system. These conditions include: the space under the proposed pedestrian bridge, both LOW SHOWY POLLINATORS sides of the north and south embankments, and where there AND EVERGREEN GRASSES is existing vegetation such as established conifers near the Plant Palette embankments. Notes: Soil Type: Fill design terms form TALL SHOWY Klamath Falls role / function POLLINATORS A-Canal Canal Covered Solar AND EVERGREEN Root Depth TALL SHADE GRASSES TOLERANT GRASS TALL GRASS Wildfl owers AND WILDFLOWER MIX AND WILD FLOWER MIX * Achillea millefolium 1 (Yarrow) x attracts both bees and butterfl ies.1’-1.5’ x 3’ Dry- moist common and easily recognized wildfl owers, has a long history of medicinal use * Camassia quamash 1 (Camus) 1’-2’ x 1’ - 3’ Moist Soil x Considered among the easiest of and showiest of native bulbs. Drought Tolerant LOW SHADE 6532.0 * Euthamia occidentalis1 (Goldenrod) 15’-50’ x 2.5’ Habitat: Edges of marshes and ditches at low elevations. Common around Klamath Moist Well Drained x TOLERANT 6534.0 LOW GRASS Falls. Lupinus polyphyllus1 (Lupine) x Leaves are palmately compound with 5-17 fi nger-like leafl ets up to 6 in. long. Pea-AND WILD * 2’-3’ x 3’- 4’ Moist soilsGRASS AND like fl owers are white to blue or violet on large racemes up to 16 in. long.6534.0 FLOWER MIX Hydrophyllum capitatum1 x Leaves are lanceolate to ovate in outline, 4-6 in. long, and deeply dividedWILDFLOWER MIX 1’ x 1’ moist into 5-7 main divisions poisonous to cattle * Lithophragma bulbifera 1 0.5’ x 2.5’ Dry x Bidens cernua1 x Wetlands and canals at low elevations. Common around1’-2’ x 3.5’ Moist Klamath Falls. LOW SHADE LOW GRASS Lomatium vaginatum1 1’-2’ x 2.5’ Dry x TOLERANT GRASS AND WILD Lomatium triternatum1 1’-2’ x 2.5’ Dry AND WILDFLOWER MIX FLOWER MIX x Grasses LOW SHADE Koeleria macrantha2 tolerates drought/ dry / 1-3’ x 9-18” x Prevents Soil Erosion, nesting material for native bees Sandy / rocky soils TOLLERANT Elymus glaucas 2’-4’ x 4’ Moist to dry well GRASS AND drained soil x Good for erosion control WILD FLOWER Bouteloua curtipendula 1’-3’ x 4’ dry moist x MIX Carex lasiocarpa 2’-3’ x 4’ Moist to wet x LOW GROWING Dichanthelium acuminatum x Good low traffi c ground cover Native Habitat: Rocky or sandy river 1.5’ x 2.5’ Moist to drier soils banks; moist rock crevices; below 4500 ft. LOW SHADE TREES WITH Juncus torreyi Moist to wet x Native Habitat: Wet Meadow/Prairie/Field,Swamp/Marsh Flower head is TOLERANT 2’ x 3’POLLINATOR a globular spike of capsules like a starburst, 1 cm across. GRASS AND Calamagrostis canadensis x This species is the most frequent grass associate of sedges and is a valuable VALUE 2’-3’ x 5’-6’ Moist to wet wetlands restoration species. WILDFLOWER MIX Poa pratensis 0.5’-1’ x 3’ Dry to Moist x Sporobolus airoides 2’-3’ x 5’ Moist x Soil Description: Moist to dry, alkaline, fi ne-textured soils. Sandy, Sandy Loam, Medium Loam Clay Loam, Clay, Caliche type, Saline tolerant Setaria parvifl ora 2’-3’ x 4’ Moist ` x Bottle Brush top Danthonia unispicata1 1’ x 1’ dry - moist EXISTING CONIFERS x Elymus elymoides1 1’-2’ x 2’ Dry x Flowers June-Aug. Used for restoration after disturbances because it competes well with cheatgrass. 1 Found in Common Plants of the Upper Klamath Basin * Late Season Blooms Possible Additions Monch Frikart’s Aster Aster x frikartii) LOW SUN California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) TOLERANT GRASS AND Globe gilia (Gilia capitata) WILDFLOWER MIX Douglas aster (Symphyotrichum subspicatum) TALL SUN TOLERANT GRASS AND WILDFLOWER MIX (on Left Page) 1” = 8’ Concept Planting Plan and Planting Palette for Mazama High 8’ 16’ 32’ School Gateway SiteCreated by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-62 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-63 N Width and Height Soil Moisture Sun / Shade Evergreen Structure Winter Interest Early Fall Late Fall Early Spring Late Spring Summer Habitat / Native 32.065 6534.0 32 .0 65 6536 .0 + Design Exercises Test of Seed Mixes Gateway Site Developing a Planting Strategy at the Gateway Scale These new planting typologies are also informed by PLANT SCHEDULE KAZAMA TEST SITE their height in relation to the path and pedestrian bridges and platforms. These typologies help to inform a series of initial plant mixes made up of native grasses and flowers which respond to these conditions and could eventually establish a pollinator corridor along the Canal. A preliminary planting plan was developed to test these seed mixes. A site like this Gateway Site could be used to test a potential planting strategy for the full extent of the A-Canal. (on Left Page) Detailed Planting Plan and Planting List for Mazama High School Gateway Site Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-64 + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-65 0 8 16 24 32 feet 1" = 8' + Conclusion Regional Context | Modular | Neighborhood | Gateway + Design Exercises (Neighborhood) Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 3-66 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-1 + Conclusion Research Questions Returning to Research Questions I then returned to my guiding questions to develop takeaways both for the A-Canal and similar projects. These questions are: Research Questions 1. What specific challenges exist when designing P.V. over To Address A-Canal’s Needs canal? and (water savings and reduction of flood risk) 2. What could the role of a Landscape Architect be in the To Explore P.V. Over Canal Design a P.V. Over Canal System process of adapting one to a specific site?for Urban Canal for A-Canal 1. What specific challenges exist when designing P.V. over canal? 2. What could the role of a Landscape Architect be in the process of adapting one to a specific site? A-Canal Grand Canal in Phoenix Arizona Image from Site Visit on https://www.phoenix.gov/streets/grandcanalscape Nov. 22, 2022 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-2 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-3 Findings from Design Exercises + Conclusion Summary of Recommendations and Potential Details From this process, I developed a theoretical design and a set of objectives and recommendations that could inform a P.V. over canal project on the A-Canal. Many of these findings could also inform other urban P.V. over canal projects. The first is spacing P.V. over canal structures to make entrances to canal paths clear and maintain or improve views of the water in the canal. Modular Neighborhood Gateway The second is choosing structural systems that also function as platforms or bridges to improve access between embankments and create new opportunities for pedestrians to experience the canals. And the third is developing planting strategies that 1. Cutoff Wall + Anchor 1. Adjusted pattern to respond to Gateway respond to the new microclimates created by the P.V. over 1. Lay out modular structures to create a pattern canal system, improve the aesthetic experience of walking that emphasizes proposed and existing entrance along the canal paths, and improve the ecological function and 2. Helical Pier + Anchor entrances embankment stability. 2. Details of structure adjustment to add 3. Adapted Conger Structural System 2. Distribute over-water access points to allow pedestrian bridge 1” = 8’ 4. Preliminary Electricity Dist1r”ib =u 2t5io0’n system regul1a”r =a 5c0c’ess between embankments and to 3. PlanMtiAnZgA tMyAp ologies and preliminary plant create regular opportunities to experience the KLAMATH MAZAMA mixeHsIGHSCHOOL MODULAR water of the canal.HIGHSCHOOL GATEWAY URBAN ARRAY 3. PaveN nEoIGrHthBO sReHrOviOcDe road 4. Develop new planting strategy to fit new conditions created by the P.V. over canal system (on this Page) Contours of Three Design Exercises Scales Created by: McClean Gonzalez Elevation Data: DOGAMI https://www.oregongeology.org/lidar/ + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-4 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-5 + Conclusion Landscape Architecture for P.V. Over Canal Role of Landscape Architecture in Renewable Energy Projects The process also allowed me to explore the role that a landscape architect might take in renewable energy projects: recreation advocating for functional, aesthetic, and ecological objectives connection alongside the technical objectives of efficiently generating low- transportation carbon energy. By designing and representing the human-scale details PATH of these projects and asking questions about walking along or shade living near these important pieces of infrastructure, landscape energy architecture can shape these projects to not only create energy income the global benefit of reducing the release of carbon into the structure atmosphere, but also add local value to the places these projects safety are located. maintenance / construction costs ecological impact cooling PV irrigation fish habitat plant photosynthesis challenges landscape design could address hydration recreation ecological impact of footings structure placement CANAL ecological impact from shade plant selection security distribution lighting design flooding aesthetic impacts plant placement drowning risk glare ecological damage from historic uses material selection (on Left Page) Diagram of Potential Role of Landscape Architects in P.V. Over Canal Projects Created by: McClean Gonzalez + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-6 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-7 A Possible Future for P.V. Over Canal in + Conclusion Map of Klamath Basin the Klamath Basin As farmers and residents of Klamath Falls determine their role in the future of the Klamath Basin, a project like P.V. over canal could add to their role by providing clean electricity and saving water for farms and the rest of the Basin. The way that the project gets built could make the P.V. over canal system feel like something that gets imposed upon residents, or it could feel like a way they could further contribute to the regions. Details that we could be involved in as landscape designers, and allowing residents to shape those details, could go a long way in getting residents and farmers to feel like an important part of the project. We as landscape designers are in a position to serve residents as clients. I wasn’t able to involve community members directly in this project, but I believe it’s an important part of moving a project like this forward. (on Right Page) Map of Klamath Basin Created By: McClean Gonzalez Klamath Basin Data from: Oregon Tech Klamath Basin Sub-basins Map https://services1.arcgis.com/FB50u5E6wrw7l3d1/arcgis/rest/services/ Klamath_Basin_Subbasins/FeatureServer + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-8 + Conclusion Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-9 Bibliography Acknowledgments Thank you to the Class of 2023 MLA cohort for welcoming McKuin, Brandi, Andrew Zumkehr, Jenny Ta, Roger Bales, Joshua H. Viers, Tapan Pathak, and J. Elliott Campbell. 2021. “Energy and Water Co- 2, 1-33, 3-17 me in! Thank you to Rob Ribe for guiding me through this project Benefits from Covering Canals with Solar Panels.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 609–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8. and for introducing me to the challenges of the Klamath Basin “Summary of Klamath Basin Settlement Agreements.” n.d. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/water_quality_ 1-7, 1-19 and the potential of P.V. over canal. Thank you to Yekang Ko cert/docs/klamath_ferc2082/sttlemnt_smmry.pdf. and Yeongseo Yu for inviting me to participate in the PNNL Belchik, Michael, Dave Hillemeier, and Ronnie M. Pierce. 2004. “The Klamath River Fish Kill of 2002.” Yurok Tribal Fisheries Program. https://www. 1-8 Workshop, and for your guidance on Landscape Architecture’s waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/california_waterfix/exhibits/docs/PCFFA&IGFR/part2/pcffa_155.pdf. potential role in renewable energy projects. “Factual Data on the Klamath Project.” n.d. Klamath Falls Oregon: Bureau of Reclamation Public Affairs Office. https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/ 1-10, 1-13 programs/regulation/KlamathRegulation/2020%20KIDBOR/BOR%20Klamath%20Project%20Overview.pdf. Other Relevant Sources Alhejji, Ayman, Alban Kuriqi, Jakub Jurasz, and Farag K. Abo-Elyousr. 2021. “Energy Harvesting and Water Saving in Arid Regions via Solar PV Accommodation in Irrigation Canals.” Energies 14 (9): 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092620. Dimond, Kirk. 2022. “Site Design for Solar PV within the Urban Boundary.” In The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Cities and Landscapes in the Pacific Rim, by Yizhao Yang and Anne Taufen, 1st ed., 471–85. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003033530-40. He, Xu-Hui, Hao Ding, Hai-Quan Jing, Xiao-Ping Wu, and Xiao-Jun Weng. 2021. “Mechanical Characteristics of a New Type of Cable-Supported Photovoltaic Module System.” Solar Energy 226 (September): 408–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.08.065. Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-10 Reworking Evaporation - Klamath Falls, Oregon 4-11