TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS DATABASE: RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKS, MARKERS Transportation-Markings Part liii Volume III, Additional Studies, A Study in Communication Monograph Series 2000Mount Angel Abbey Brian Clearman RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKS, MARKERS TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS DATABASE: Transportation-Markings Database: Marine, 1st edition, 1997 Part Ii, Volume III, Additional Studies in T-M TCD, 1st edition, 1998, Part Iii, Volume III Railway, 1st edition, 2000, Part Iiii, Volume III Aero, Projected, Part Iiv, Volume ill T-M: Messages, Meanings, Generating Agents & Their Development, 1750-2000, Projected Part J, Volume IV, Final Studies in T-M A Truly Integrative T-M, Projected Part K, Volume IV A General Classification of T-M Phenomena, 1st edition, 1994 Part H, Volume II [2nd edition projected] Intemational Aero Navigation Aids, 1st edition, 1993 Part G, Volume II, International Traffic Control Devices, 1st edition, 1984 Part E, Volume II, Further Studies in T-M Intemational Railway Signals, 1st edition, 1991 Part F, Volume II, TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICAnON MONOGRAPH SERIES (Alternate Title: An Inter-Modal Study of Safety Aids) Intemational Marine to Navigation, 2nd edition, 1988 Part C (Floating Aids) & Part D (Aids Other Than Floating), Volume I [Unified 1st edition of Parts A-D, 1981, University Press of America] Foundations, 3rd edition, 1999 Part A, Volume I, First Studies in Transportation-Marking A First Study in T-M: The United States, 2nd edition, 1992 Part B, Volume I 97-25496 CIP .... DEDICATED TO MY GRANDPARENTS: Catherine Abbey Brady Sauers, 1878-1919 Frederick William Sauers, 1869-1944 Annie Donaldson Clearman, 1879-1966 Frederick William Des Coudres Clearman, 1871-1968 Copyright © Mount Angel Abbey 2000 All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloguing-in Publication Data Clearman, Brian. Database of transportation-marking phenomena: additional studies /Brian Clearman. p. em. -- (Transportation-markings: v. 3 = pt I) "Monograph series." Includes indexes. Contents: i. Marine -- ii. TCD -- iii. Rail -- iv. Aero ISBN 0-91894J-10-5 1. Transportation-Markings--Databases. I. Title. II. Series: Clearman, Brian. Transportation-Markings: v. 3. TA 1245.C56 1984 vol. 3. 629. 04'5 s [629.04'5J--DC21 -: "". NOTES: Title of Monograph is Database of Transportation-Marking Phenomena: Railway Signals, Signs, Marks & Markers (Short Form: Transportation- Markings Database). Title of Series is: Transportation-Markings: A Study in Communication Title of Volume is: Additiunal Studies in T-M Alphanumeric Designators: Volume III, Part I, Segment iii 4 ,. • • • • • • • • • •I •!i .,. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIAnONS CHAPTER ONE GENERALRAll.-WAY SIGNAL TERMS 1A Indexes 1A1 Categories Index 1A2 Alphabetical Index 1B General Railway Signal Terms 1B1 Overarching Terms a) Signal Tenus b) Fixed/Lineside/Railway-RailroadfWayside Signal Terms c) Other Overarching Terms 1B2 Possibly/Partial Overarching Terms a) Energy & Technology-Related Terms b) Physical-Morphological Overlapping Terms c) Possible Overarching Terms-Miscellaneous 1B3 Primary Overarching Tenus in Other Languages 1B4 Signal Components 1C Messages: Aspects & fudications 1C1 Basic Terms & Colors a) Terms b) Colors (l) Basic Colors (2) Combinations (3) Specialized Colors (4) Spatial Configurations (5) Variant Color Combinations & Miscellaneous Color Uses 1C2 Aspects (a) Single-Aspect Terms (b) Two-Aspect Terms (c) 'Three-Aspect Terms (d) Four-Aspect Terms 5 11 13 13 15 33 48 50 52 53 55 56 57 Go 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 67 68 69 (e) Five-Aspect Terms (f) Other Aspects 1C3 fudications a) Primary Forms b) Specialized Forms ID Morphological Terms IDI Running Signal Terms a) Overarching Signal Terms b) Core Terms: Home & Distant Signal Terms (1) Home (2) Starting (3) Distant (4) Other Terms c) System Terms d) Route & Junction Signal/Indicator Terms e) Other Signal Terms Pertaining to Running Operations ID2 Subsidiary Signal Terms a) Overarching Terms b) Switch Indicator/Signals & Points fudicators/Signals c) Shunt Signal/fudicator Terms (1) Overarching Shunting Terms (2) Physical Shunting Terms (3) Function-Related Shunting Signal Terms d) Siding, Train Yard & Other Signals 1D3 Message-Related Signal Terms ID4 Miscellaneous Signal Terms IE Systems (or Methods of Control) lEI Block Systems a) Block Overarching Terms b) Manual Block Signal Systems c) Controlled Manual Block Systems d) Automatic Block Terms e) Absolute/Pennissive Terms f) Other Block Terms IE2 Interlocking Terms a) General Terms b) Specific Forms IE3 Train Control Terms a) Overarching Terms 6 69 70 70 72 75 77 80 80 82 84 86 89 89 91 92 92 93 96 97 97 100 102 103 104 106 109 110 115 b) Forms of Train Control c) Subdivisions of Train Control (1) Train Stop (2) Speed Control (3) Traffic Control (4) CTC d) Specific Named Systems CHAPTER TWO ALL-LIGHTED SIGNALS 2A Indexes 2A1 Categories fudex 2A2 Alphabetical fudex 2B Overarching, Color Light, & Other All-Lighed Signal Forms 2B1 Overarching Terms 2B2 Color Light Signal Terms a) Principal Forms 1) Basic Forms 2) Limited-Variant Forms 3) Variant Forms 4) Signalling Forms b) Other Color Light Signal Forms 1) Distance Forms 2) Lens Arrangement Forms 3) Morphology & Other Forms 2B3 Searchlight Signal Forms 2B4 Other All-Lighted Terms a) Single Lens Units [Frequently Morphological Dimension] 1) Slightly More Morphological Than Physical 2) Somewhat More Morphological Than Physical b) Dwarf Signals [Frequently Multiple Lens] c) Undifferentiated Physical Forms 2C Position Light, Color-Position Light & Symbolic Forms 2CI Position Light Signal Terms 2C2 Color-Position Light SignalTerms 2C3 Symbolic Forms a) Multi-Lamp.Theatre Indicators b) Stencil Indicators c) Other Forms 7 117 119 121 121 121 122 128 135 141 142 143 143 145 145 146 148 149 153 153 154 154 157 160 162 163 163 83C Signal Boards, Disc Signals & Other Forms 3C1 Signal Boards a) Overarching Terms & Terms in Other Languages 196 b) Specific Board Terms 198 3C2 Disc Signals a) Disc Signals Containing Word Disc 199 b) Banner Signals [Exposed Disc Forms Under the Banner Name]2 0 2 3C3 Morphological-Related Terms a) Switch Terms 204 b) Point Indicators 206 c) Route Indicators 207 d) Other Forms 207 3C4 Other Forms a) Flag Forms " 20~ b) Crossbar Signals 208 c) Lighted Signs & Boards 210 d) Track Indicators 210 e) Miscellaneous Forms 211 b 2D Cab Signaling 2D1 Major Cab Signal Forms 2D2 Forms (Operational) of Cab Signals 2D3 Partly Morphological Terms 2D4 Other Cab Signal Forms 2D5 Cab Signals with Sound Dimension CHAPTER THREE PARTIALLY-LIGHTED SIGNALS 3A Indexes 3A1 Categories Index 3A2 Alphabetical Index 3B Semaphore Signal Forms 3B1 Overarching Terms 3B2 Specific Forms a) Lower Quadrant & Upper QuadrdIlt Signal Forms b) Somersault Signals 3B3 Methods of Operations 3B4 Morphology-Related Terms 3B5 System-Related Terms 3B6 Other Forms 164 166 168 169 170 171 179 186 188 189 190 192 194 194 CHAPTER FOUR UNLIGHTED, AUDIO & RADIO SIGNS, SIGNALS, MARKERS, MOVABLE & TIME INTERVAL & TRAIN ORDER FORMS 4A Indexes 4A1 Categories Index 4A2 Alphabetical Index 4B Unlighted Fixed Forms with Constant Messages 4B1 Location Signs 4B2 Transportation Signs. a) Speed Control & Restriction Signs b) Location Signs 1) Advance Location Signs 2) Limits & Locations Signs 3) Territory Limits Signs 4B3 Maintenance of Way Signs 4B4 Safety Signs 4B5 Marks & Markers 4B6 Boards & Posts 4B7 Plates, Flags & Other Forms 4B8 Other Forms a) Overarching Terms b) Blue Flag Forms c) Electric Traction Forms d) Miscellaneous Signs 4C Unlighted, Acoustical & Radio Signals 4C1 Targets a) Overarching Trms b) Morphological-Related Terms 1) Shape 2) Color & Position 3) Terms Related to Railroad Functions c) Other Terms 4C2 Acoustical Signal Terms a) Overarching Terms b) Explosive Signals c) Level Crossing/Grade Crossing Sound Signals d) Cab Signal & Train Control Sound Signals 9 213 233 251 252 256 256 257 258 260 260 264 271 273 273 274 274 275 276 278 278 280 281 283 286 4C3 Radio Signal Terms 4D Staff, Ticket, Token, Tablet, Train Order & Time Interval Terms 4Dl Staff Forms 4D2 Staff & Ticket Forms 4D3 Token Forms 4D4 Tablet & Tablet & Token Forms 4D5 Tokenless Forms 4D6 Train Order Forms 4D7 Time Interval Forms 4D8 Other Forms 4E Level/Grade Crossing Signs, Signals, Markers & Other Forms 4El Integrative Level Crossing & Grade Crossing Terms 4E2 Lighted Level Crossing & Grade Crossing Signals a) Barriers, Full Barriers, & Gates b) Half Barriers & Gates 4E3 Barriers & Gates 4E4 Sound Signals 4E5 Signs, Markers, Other Forms 4E6 Open Crossings BIBLIOGRAPHY i Books, Journals, Letters, Reports ii Trade Literature 111 Signal Code Materials 10 287 291 294 295 298 300 301 303 304 306 307 308 309 309 310 311 320 322 PREFACE The Database (Part I i, ii, iii, iv of Transportation-Markings: A Study in Communication Monograph Series) draws together the several dimensions of T-M. It shares this drawing together function with the General Classification (Part H). But, paradoxically, Part H and Part I draw together by focussing on the individual entity: each T-M phenomenon. The Database demonstrates the unity and commonality of T-M but presents each one in its separate state. Yet in that process the full panopoly of T-M is unfolded including their shared and connected state. There are thousands of Transportation-Markings. In addition, there are many variant forms, alternative names, untold permutations. The sheer number of forms may obscure the common thread of T-M that interweaves the multifoliated multiplicity. Yet ultimately the multiplicity leads to the basic unity of safety of whatever kind. Th variety and diversity point to a restricted system of messages serving one essential purpose: the promotion of safety. The perennial condundrum of the one and the many is found here in T-M. But the one and the many also interact and explain one another. The Database examines the four modes of rail, road, aero and marine T-M safety aids in separate studies though all remain components of Part L The amount of labor required to prepare the Database precludes assembling all four modes of T-M in a single study (though a composite edition may yet be assembled). The initial study examined Marine Aids to Navigation while the second focussed on Traffic Control Devices. This segment takes up Railway Signals. This aspect lacks an overarching term though Signals often includes non- signal forms. Signs, Marks, Markers has been added to Signals in the title. The Aero Navigation Aids study remains to be carried out. There has been some confusion over the meaning of Transportation- Markings. Some users have interpreted the term as constituting a virtual synonym for Pavement Markings. This is NOT the case. T-M is a general, overarching term for all types of safety aids. This perspective.is reflected by the Library of Congress wbich employs T-M as a general heading in its Subject Headings (albeit somewhat implied for some forms). The Library of Congress includes various kinds of T-M under that general heading including that of Pavement Markings. In order to reduce confusion a hyphen has been added that conjoins Transportation and Markings: Transportation-Markings instead of Transportation Markings. 11 FRA-l, -2, -3 FRA-RAR GFR Gt Peninsula HDS 13 AAR SC Association of American Railroads Standard Code AAR SM '83 Assocation of American Railroads, Signal Manual AREA /29 '87-'88 American Railway Engineering Association ARSPAP-'H, -SS, -0, -A & 1, -I, - LSS, MEMI: American Railway Signal Principles & Practices: History; Semaphore Signals; Definitions; Symbols, Aspects & Indications; Interlockings; Light Signals & Lighted Signal. Lamps, . Mechanical & Electro-Mechamcal Interlocking. Australian National Railwys: See Australia, South Australia Atlantic Track and Turnout Czechoslovakia, Routing Interlocking Baltimore and Ohio Catalogue United States, Baltimore and Ohio Railway Brigano & McCullough UCOOR, Unifonn Code of Operating Rules Chicago, Rhode Island & Pacific Railroa,d . - H, -P, -V, -L, -M European Railway Slgnallmgs: Hotchkiss, Vilder, Catrain, Vallez, Pore, Middelraud, Lindenberg Federal Railroad Administration, Evaluation of Signal/Control Systems, Tasks 1,2,3 Federal Railroad Administration Rules & Regulation Gennan Federal Railways India, Gt Peninsula General Rules Starkey ANR ATI AZD B & 0/27 B&O B & M /81 Canada CRIP ERS ABBREVIATraNS The Railway portion of the Database has four segments: the second to the fourth take up all-lighted, partially lighted, and unlighte? and ~adio forms. The first segment includes overarching term:>, messages (a dlm~nslon of 1?orphology), a second morphology segment -- that bnngs together functIons and SIgnal forms, and a systems dimension. Acknowledgements for Part Iiii include: Association of American Railroads Library (Joyce Koeneman), California State Railroad Museum Library (Ellen Halteman), Library, Barriger National Railway Library (Gregory Ames), International Railway Journal, Donald R. Kanner, Mount Angel Abbey (J:3arb~ra Schmidt, Victoria Ertelt, Paula Hamilton), Libraries of Portland State UmversIty, Oregon State University, University of Oregon. A major reason for this situation has been caused by the classification: the classification employed largely official sources though sometimes retaining T-M forms that were passing away. The reverse is also true: the amalgam of sources in the Database may include forms little noticed in the classification and its sources. The problem of sources and classifications was especially pronounced in Part Ii though less so in Part TIi. It is quite pronounced with this segment, Part Iiii. Sources are very decentralized and authors have been quite inventive in creating variant forms for many terms. It is now quite apparent that a reworking of the classification is needed that will reflect both core sources and the many fragmented sources of the Database. This is not possible at this time. Some limited alterations are included in the Database but a more extensive will have to await another time. Taxonomies, of course, are never finished; each variant fonn requires changes even before the previous fonn has been implemented. Over the years the classifications of T-M . have been "revisted" many times. Now a further Classification Revisited Redux IS required. 12 The use of the hyphen results in an image of T-M as a single and unified concept therey reducing misunderstanding over the meaning of the term and especially of mistaking T-M with one of its constitutent elements. The end results is an overarching term encompassing all fonns of safety aids including those that incorporate Mark, Marker, or Marking in their names. New compound nouns are often hyphenated as Frederick Crewes notes in his Random House Handbook. New compound nouns require the hyphen in order to signal to users that the resulting term is a unit not two independent words existing side by side that can be split apart without significant damage. Developed compound nouns may retain the hyphen, or become one word, or drop the hyphen without the term losing its character, but an early fonn of compound nOllil, such as that of T-M, require the hyphen. Regretably, only after a dozen years has it become apparent how much confusion was generated by T M without the hyphen. Hopefully a clearer, more emphatic Transportation-Markings can result. Classification has been a vital part of T-M from the beginning of these studies. In fact, the previous study, Part H, is little more than a collection of classifications. The writer orginally intended that the Database would employ the classification system of Part H extensively. This was a reasonable expectation since the classification was heavily influenced by the primary studies. But the use of the classification in the Database has proven to be problematical. Various T-M forms and classification numbers are not alway reflected in the Database. And, conversely, terms of significance in the Database are not always reflected in the classification. , < .. ~ -. K& T'88 K & W '63, '78 KNR M&H NSW O-D QR REMC'48 RGS '81 RENFE '78 RSD'll SAGA SABBB SASSS SAF-TWR SAR UAR UICLGTF UIC-CST UK Mil UN'54 URO US&S VR VGR WARlwys Kuebler and Tarbox Kitchenside & Williams Korea, Korean National Railways McKensie & Holland Australia, New South Wales Railways: S1, SI-SL, St. L, Signalling Oxford-Duden Pictorial Dictionary Australia, Queens Railways, SS-EL, S & S Railway Engineering & Maintenance Cyclopedia Portugal Spanish, Signal Codes Railway Signal Dictionary South Africa General Appendix South Africa Railways, Basic Building Blocks of Mechanical Signalling South Africa, Sign@)ling Standards South Africa, Train Working Regulations Australia South Australia Railways Union of African Railways, Draft International ... Union Internationale des Chemins de fer, Lexique General des Tenns UIC, Collection of Signal Tenns UK Military, Military Engineering Union Nations Technical Assistance Organization United Railway Organization Union Switch & Signal Australia, Victoria Railways Australia, Victoria Government Railways Australia, Westein Australia Railways 14 CHAPTER ONE GENERAL RAILWAY SIGNAL TEMS 1A Indexes: Categories & Alphabetical lAl Categories Index General Railway Signal Tenns (lB) Overarching Tenns (lB1) Signal Tenns (lB1 a) ) Signaling/Signalling General Notes I, II Signal Signal Apparatus Signal Appliance Signal Device/Signalling Device Signal System/Signalling System/Signalling System Signal System, Device, or Appliance Signal Implement FixedfLineside/Railway-Railroad/Wayside Signal Terms (lBl b) ) Fixed Signal Fixed Railroad Signals Fixed Signal System/Fixed-Signal System Fixed Wayside SignalfFixed Wayside Signal Line Signalling System Lineside EquipmentfLineside Signal/Lineside Signalling/Lineside Visual Signalf Lineside Fixed Signals Railway Signal/Railroad Signal General Note Railway Signaling, Railway Signalling/Railroad Signaling Railway Signaling & Control Systems/Railway Signaling & Control Railway Signaling, Control & Communications Systems Railroad Signaling System/Railway Signal SystemfRailroad Signal System/ Railway-Signal System/Railway Signalling System Wayside Signal/Wayside Signal System/Wayside Signals & Controls Other Overarching Terms (lB1 c) ) 15 Fixed Trackside Signal/Fixed Trackside Color Light Signal Immovable Signals Optical Signals/Optical Signs & Signals Roadway Signals Stationary & Fixed Signals Trackside Signalling/Trackside Signalsrrrack-Side Signals/Track Side Signals/ Trackside Railroad Signals Visual Signals/Visual Signalling/Visual Signalling System Warning System Possible/Partial Overarching Terms (lB2) ) Energy & Technology-related Terms (lB2 a)) General Note A.C. Signaling System All-Electric Power Signalling Electric Signal/Electric Signal System/Electric Signaling/Electric Signalling/ Electrically-Operated Signals Electro-Gas Signal Electro-Mechanical System Electro-Pneumatic Signal/Electro-Pneumatic Signalling Low-Pressure Electro-Pneumatic Signalling Manually Operated Fixed Wayside Signals/Manually Operated Signals/ Manual Signals/Manual Signalling Mechanical Signals/Mechanical Signalling Motor-Operated Distant Signals Power Operated Signals/power-Operated Signals/power Signalling/ Power-SignallingJPower-Worked Signals Physical-Morphological Overlapping Terms (lB2 b)) General Note Main Route Signals Main Signal/Main Line Signal/Mainline Signal Primary Signal "Universal" Signal Symbol Information Processing Possible Overarching Terms-Miscellaneous (lB2 c)) Functional Signal System Safe Working/Safeworking/Safe-WorkinglSafeworking Appliances Signal-&-Control Systems/Signal & Control Systems Signal & Switch Systems 16 Signalling Devices Trackside Warning Signals Train Signals & Controls Visual & Audible Signals Primary Overarching Terms in Other Languages (lB3) [Terms in other languages follow the English-language terms listed below] General Note Signal Signal/Signalling Fixed Signal Light Signal Lineside Signal Mechanical Signal Semaphore Signal Shunting Signal Signal Board Switch Signal Visual (Or Visible) Signal Signal Components (lB4) General Note Bracket Mast Bracket Post Braclet Signal Bracket Structure Cantileve Branch Post Cantilever Structure Doll Doll Pole Doll Post Doll Signal Finials Fresnel Marine Type Lens Gantry Lamp Lattice Post Bracket Signal Lattice Post Signal Mast Mechanism Cover Roundel Signal Bracket 17 r I Signal Bridge Signal Dolls Signal Gantry Signal Glass Signal Glassware Signal Head Signal Lamp Signal Lenses Signal Mast Signal Mechanism Tubular Steel Brack Signal Message: Aspects & Indications Tenns (IC) General Notes I, II, ill Basic Terms & Colors (lC1) Tenus (lC1 a» Aspect I Aspect II Aspect, Signal/Signal Aspect Aspect Sequences Indication Signal Indication Signal Code Colors (lC1 b» Basic Colors (lC1 b) 1) ) General Note Red Green Yellow White Combinations (lC1 b) 2) ) Green/Yellow & Yellow/Green YellowjRed, Green/Red & Red/Green Specialized Colors (1 C1 b) 3) ) General Note Blue White 18 Amber Yellow~Orange Orange Purple & Violet Lunar White Spatial Configurations (lCI b) 4» Variant Color CombinatioIh<; &. Miscellaneous Color Uses (tCl b) 5» Restricted Red Traffic Red Intermediate Yellow Intermediate Green Signal Blue Nels Yellow Kerosene Pink Double Red Double Amber Double Yellow Double YeHow Signal Flashing Yellow Aspect, Leach Flashing Single Yellow Aspect, Vanns Flashing Double Yellow Aspect, Vanns Selenium Rubv Glass Double Yoke (Double Yellow) Ginger 'Un (Distant Signal with Caution Indication), Jackson Lunar-White Lamp/Lunar White Marker Lamp, King, REMC Yellow Eye (Double Yellow), Jackson Yellow-Tmted Lenses Aspects (lC2) General Note Single-Aspect Tenus (lC2 a) (6 FomlS) two Aspects Tenns (lC2 b» (34 Forms) Three Aspect Tenns (lC2 ('» (32 Fonus) Four Aspect Tenns (1C2 d) (16 Forms) Five Aspect Terms (lC2 e) (4 FomlS) 19 I ! 'I Other Aspect Terms (lC2 f) ) Multi Aspect (10 Forms) Cab Signal Aspect Flashing Aspect Position Light Aspects APB Signal with 3 & 4 Indications Three/Four Aspect Day & Night Aspects Luminous Aspect Indications (lC3) General Note Primary Forms (lC3 a)) General Note Clear Signal Line Clear Proceed Signal Caution Signal Approach Signal Stop Aspect/Stop Signal Danger/Danger Signal Preliminary Caution Signal Specialized Forms (1C3 b)) Limited Clear Signal/Limited-Clear/Medium Clear/Medium Clear Signal/ Slow-Clear/Slow Clear Signal Limited Approach Signal/Medium Approach Signal/Medium Clear/ Medium Advance Approach [U.S. onlYl/Medium Approach Slow Signal [U.S. Onlyl/Slow Approach Signal/Restricting Signal/Restricting Aspect/Restriction Indication Approa~hLimited/Approach Limited SignalApproach Medium!Approach MedIUm Signal!Approach Slow Signal/Advance Approach Medium Signal [U.S. Only]/Advance Approach Signal [Also U.S. Only] Stop & Proceed Signal/Stop-&-Proceed Grade Signal/Station Protection Signal/Take (Or Leave) Siding Signal Medium Signal Medium Signal Caution, Low-Speed Signal Caution, Medium-Speed Signal Clear, Medium-Speed Signal Caution Normal Speed Indication Nonnal Speed Signal 20 Clear, Nonnal-Speed Signal CCOOR: Stop Stop & Proceed Permissive Take Siding Approach Clear Approach Diverging Approach Medium Clear-Diverging Restricting Spring Switch Slow-Clear UCOR Clear Advance Approach Diverging Clear Approach Medium Approach Diverging Approach Medium Approach Diverging Diverging Approach Low Stop & Proceed Stop Aspect, False Restrictive/False Restrictive Aspect Aspect, Phantom Signal/Phantom Signal False Clear/False-Clear Signal/False Proceed Potential False Proceed Condition (PFPC) Morphological Terms (lD) General Notes I, IT Running Signal Tenns (lDl) General Note Overarching Signal Terms (lDl a) ) General Notes Running Signals Primary Signals Running Line Signals Color Light Running Signals Main Signals 21 Main Line Signals/Main-Line Signals Mainline Signals Main Line Running Signals Main Running Stop Signals Core Terms: Stop, Distant & Related Signal Terms (lDl b) ) Stop Signal Terms (101 b) 1) ) Advance Signals Advanced Signals Buffer Stop Signal Dead Signal Fixed Stop Signal Home Signal/Home-Signal Inner Home/Outer Home Rear Home Signal Red Board/Red Eye Signal, Home Outer Home Signal/Inner Home Signal/Intermediate Home Signal Second Home Signal/Third Home Signal/Home No. 1JHome No.2 Splitting Home Signal Splitting Semaphore Splitting Signal Stop Signal Color Light Stop Signal/Automatic Stop Signal/Semaphore Stop Signal/ A.P. Permissive Stop Signal Up, Down Distant, Home Starter, Advance Starter Starting Signal Terms (lD1 b) 2) ) Starting Signal Starter Signal Advance Starter/Advance Starting Signal Starter Semaphore/Advance Starter Semaphore Distant Signal Terms (lDl b) 3) ) Auxiliary Signal Distant Signal Distant Semaphore Signal Distant (Warning) Signal Fishtail Fixed Distant/Fixed Distant Signal Hall Distant Signal Distant/Distant-Signal Warner Signal 22 Warning Signal Outer Distant Signal/Inner Distant Signal/Intermediate Distant Signal Power-Operated Distant Signal/Semaphore Distant/Distant Signal Color Light/Color Light Distant Signal Advance Signal Approach Signal Unworked Distant Signal Signal, Distant Splitting Distant Signal/Splitting Distant System Terms (lDl c» Absolute Signal Advanced Section Signal Automatic Block Signals Automatic Signals Block Signal Block & Interlocking Signals Controlled Signals Holding Signals Interlocking Dwarf Signal Intermediate Block Signal Intermediate Signal Interlocking Signals/Signals, Interlocking Permissive Signal Semi-Automatic Interlocking Signal Semi-Automatic Signals Route & Junction Indicators/Signals (101 d) ) Basic Terms (lDl d) 1) ) Directing Signal Direction Indicator Entry (Route) Signal!Entry (Route) Light Signal Feathers Junction Indicator/Junction Signal Route Signal Route Lndicator Routing Signals Turnout Signal Other Route & Junction Terms (lDl d) 2) ) General Note 23 'Arbour Lights/Harbour Lights Banjo Five-light Junction Indicator Four-Way Shunting Signal Junction Semaphore Lunar Lights Position Light Junction Indicator Right-Hand Junction Indicator Stencil Route Indicator/Route Indicator Stencil Light Directional Route Indicator Low Speed Route Indicator Shunt Route Indicator Theatre-type Route Indicator/Theatre Multilamp Route Indicator Multi Lamp Route Indicator Toton Route Indicator Two-Way Junction Indicator Two-Way Stencil Indicator Other Signal Tenus Pertaining to Running Operations (lD1 e) ) AB Entry Signal Backing Signal Non-Stop Pennissive Automatic Signal Wrong Road Signal/Wrong-Road Signal Station Signals Station Protection Signals Platform Signals Precaution Signals Protecting Signals Repeating Signal Repeater Signal Repeat Signal Banner Repeater Signal Electric Repeater Signal Tunnel Signal Tunnel Junction Signal/Tunnel Repeating Signal Tonnage Signal Grade Signal Co-Acting Signal Co-Acting Anns Protection Signal Yellow Ground Disc Tenns in Combination: 24 General Note Warner & Home Warner Home & Starter Warner Home Starter & Advance Starter Outer Home & Starter Outer Home Warner Starter & Advanced Starter Subsidiary Signals (1D2) Overarching Tenn (lD2 a) ) Subsidiary Signal Switch Indicators/Signals & Points Indicators/Signals (lD2 b)) Catchpoint Indicators/Runaway Catchpoint Indicators/Indicators for Runaway Catchpoints Color Light Points Indicator Electric Points Indicator Electric Catch Point Indicator Facing Points Indicator Mechanical Points Indicator Points & Indicators Points Indicator Points Signals/Signal Points Indicator Points Indicator--Chevron Type/Points Indicator--Arrow Switch Indicator Trap Points Indicator Shunt Signal/Indicator Tenns (lD2 c) ) General Note Overarching Shunting Terms (lD2 a) 1) ) General Note Shunt Indicator Shunt Signal/Shunting Signal Signal for Shunting/Signals for Shunting Movement Switching Signal Physical Shunting TemlS (lD2 a) 2)) General Note Disc Shunt/Disc Shunting Signal/Shunting Disc Signal Grolmd Shunt Signal/Shunting Ground Disc Mechanical Shunting Signal 25 Position Light ShuntfPosition Light Shunt Signals/Shunt Position Light/ Shunt Signal (Position-Light) Power-Operated Shunt Signal Dwarf Shunt/Shunt Dwarf Shunt Light/Shunting Light Function-related Shunting Signal Tenns (lD2 a) 3)) Backing Signal Calling-on Signal Close-up Signal Draw-Ahead Shunt/Draw-Ahead SignaVDraw-Ahead Position-Light Subsidiary Signal Elevated Shunting Signals Facing Shunt Signal High Shunting Signal Humping Signal/Hump Shunt Signal Independent Shunt Signal Limits of Shunt Signal Main/Shunt Miniature Ann Shunting SignaVMiniature Arm Shunt Signal Running Shunt Signal Running Subsidiary Shunt Signal Set-Back Signal Shot Shunting Signal Shunt Ahead Signal/Shunt-Ahead Signal Shunt RouteIndicator Sub-Shunting Signal Subsidiary Shunting Signal Siding Shunt Signal Warning Signal Siding, Train Yard & Other Signals (lD2 d) ) Goods or Siding Signal Hump SignaVHumping Signal Leave Siding Indicator Marshalling Yard Signal Outlet Signal Siding Signal Take Siding Signal/Take Siding Indicator Yard Exit Signals Dead-End Signals Directing Signals 26 Terminal Signal Message-Related Signal Tenns (lD3) General Note Absolute Signal All Right Signal Caution Signal Cautionary Signal Deceleration Signal Permissive Signal Pennissive Stop Signal Proceed Signal Miscellaneous Signal Terms (lD4) Accept Signal/Accepting Signal Appendant Signal Arrival Signal Deceleration Signal Dragging Equipment Signal Intermediate Signal Merry Go Round Signal Outer Signalling Platform Line Signal Reversible Road Warning Snow Shed Territory with Color Lights Slide Detector Fence Station Departure Color-Light Signal Subsidiary Signal Temporary Signal Track Occupany or Departure Signal Trolley Line Signal Yard Track Signal Systems (Alternate Title: Methods of Control) (lE) General Note Block System Terms (lEl) Block Overarching Terms (lEi a)) General Notes I, II, III Block Signal System Block Signaling/Block Signalling 27 Block System of Signals System, Block Signal Block System Block Working/Block-Working Block Block or Space Interval/Space or Block System Fixed Block Signal System/Fixed Block/Fixed-Block/Fixed-Block System Advanced Fixed Block/Advanced Fixed-Block Closed Block System Electro-Pneumatic Block Signal System Blocking Signals Manual Block Signal Systems (lEI b)) Block-Manual Computer-Assisted Manual Block System/Computer-Aided Block System Manual Block/Manual Block System Manual Block-Remote Control Manual Block Signaling/Manual Block Signalling Manual Block Signal System Manual Block Signal System--Space Interval Manual Blocking Manual Signalling Controlled Manual Block System (lEI c)) Controlled Manual Block/Controlled Manual Block System/Controlled Manual Block Signal System/System, Controlled Manual Block/ Controlled-Manual Block-Signalling Lock-&-Block SystemjLock & Block System/Lock & Block/Block Locking Sykes Lock & Block/Sykes Lock & Block System/Siemens-&-Halske Lock- &-Block System Automatic Block Terms (lEI d) ) ABS SystemfABSS/ABS Automatic Block/Automatic Block System/Automatic Block Signal System Automatic Block Signalling Automatic Block Signalling on Double Track Automatic Block Signalling on Single Track Automatic Electric Block System Automatic Signalling Auto-Manual Block System Block with Centralized Equipment/Centralized Automatic Block Code Track Automatic Block/Coded Current Automatic Block 28 Control System for Single-Track Signaling Double-Track Block Signalling Multiple-Block Signaling Non-Centralized Automatic Block Roadway Automatic Block Signal System Route with Automatic Working Semi-Automatic Block Signalling 2/3/4 Block System Three-Block Signaling Two-Block Automatic Signalling/Two-Block Automatic Systetn/Three-Block Automatic SignallingJThree Block Automatic System/Single-Track Automatic System/Single-Track Automatic Signalling/Single-Track Automatic Signal System/APB Single-Track Signaling Absolute/Permissive Terms (lEI d) ) Absolute Block/Absolute Block System Absolute Block Working Absolute Blocking Absolute Permissive Block/Absolute Permissve Block Signaling/ Absolute-Permissive Block/Absolute Permissive Block System A.P. Block System A.P.B. Scheme of Signaling/Absolute-Permissive-Block Scheme of Signaling/A.P.B. Control Systems Absolute & Permissive Signaling on Double Track Permssive BlockfPermissive Block System/Permissive System Permissive Block Working Permissive Manual Block Permissve Working Supplementary Absolute Block System, Absolute Permissive Block/Systems, APB Other Block Terms (lEI t)) APB, Automatic Permissive Block Double Line Block/Single Line Block Kingsman Block System Moving Block Signalling Moving Block/Moving-Block/Moving Block Signal/Moving Block System Nachod Signal System Overlap Block Signal System Overlap Scheme of Signaling Radio Block/Radio Block System Telegraph Block{felephone Block 29 Interlockings (1E2) Interlockings Interlocking Signalling All-Electric Interlocking All-Mechanical Interlocking Approach Locking Automatic Interlocking Cabin Interlocking Computer Interlocking Electric futerlockinglElectrical Interlocking/Electrical Signal Interlockings Electro-Mechanical Interlocking Electro-Pneumatic Interlocking Geographical Circuitry Interlocking Interlockings, Relay Type Interlocking Traffic Control System Key Interlocking Signalling Manual futerlocking Mechanically-futerlocked Points & Signals Mechanical futerlocking Power Interlocking Relay Interlocking/Relay Interlocking System/All-Relay Interlocking Remote Control Interlockings Route Control InterlockingJRoute-Control futerlocking Route Interlocking Satellite futerlocking Sequence-Switch futerlocking Signal/Point Interlocking Spoorplan Interlocking Train Control Terms (1E3) Overarching Terms (1E3 a)) Automatic Train Control Automatic Train Control System/Automatic Train-Control System Automatic Train Operation!Automatic Train Operation System Automatic Train Protection Automatic Train Supervision Automatic Train Protection & Control ATP/ATC BRATP Continuous Transmission Systems/Intennittent Systems 30 Control System JCTC Systems, Incremental Train Control System Intermittent Contact System of Train Comol System, ATC Train Control/Train-Control/Train Contro System/Train-Control System Signal & Control System Traffic Control System Train Control, Devices/Train-Control Devices Train Control Equipment Forms of Train Control (1E3 b)) Continuous Train Control System European Train Control System Intermittent Control Continuous-Induction System Miller Train Control Intermittent Inductive Train Control Continuous Automatic Train Control (CATC) Continuous Train Control fuductive Train Control Train Control Systems, Devices & Appliances Telephone Train Control Subdivisions of Train Control (1E3 c)) Train Stop (1E3 c) 1) ) Mechanical Roadside Trip Type Stop/Trip Arm System Coded-Continuous Train Stop System Train Stop Devices Trip-Stop Device/Automatic Trip Stop Device Automatic Stop/Automatic Stop System Train-Stop/Train Stop System Automatic Stop Automatic Stop Equipment Electro-Pneumatic Train Stop Automatic Train Stop/Automatic Train-Stop/Automatic Train Stop Systemj Automatic Train-Stop Devices Intermittent fuductive Train Stop Motor-Operated Automatic Stop Speed Control (1E3 c) 2)) General Note 31 -Speed Control/Speed Control Devices Speed Supervision-TVM Automatic Speed Supervision (ASR) Traffic Control Systems (IE3 c) 3)) Control/Train or Traffic Control CTC (IE3 c) 4)) Electronic CTC/CTC & Remote Control System/Block & Electronic CTC Coded CTC Centralized Traffic Control (CTC)/CTC Systems CTC Railway Signaling System Way Interface System Specific Named Systems (IE3 d)) Train Location System Train Situation Indication (TSI) Advanced Train Control System (ATCS) Automatische Trein Beinvloeding (ATB) Rail Operation Control System Transmission Voie Machine, TVM Limen Zug Beein Flusoung, LZB Transmission Beacon Locomotive, TBL Coded Track Circuit Automatic Block, BACC Ebicab/Control De Viesse A Balise, KVB INDUSI (Induktive Zugsicheeving) AATC - Advanced Automatic Train Control ACFS -Advance Civil Speed Enforcement System ASFA ASR, Automatic Route Setting ATB/PLP ATIS, Advance Trafflc Information System ATLAS Comtra/Cosmos/Smis EPLRS Flexiblok System Microblok Microlok Ultrablok PTCS, Positive Train Control System PTS, Positive Train Separation RIT, Train Management System SSI Systems 32 Safety Control System/Train Operation Safety Control System SELTRAC SIGNUM SNCF Signalling System for VHS/VHS System of Signalling & Signalling System for High Speed Crocodile Automatic Warning Systern/BRAWS Combined Train Control (ARES) Advanced Railroad Electronic System Identra On-Board Speed Control System Phar Miscellaneous Terms (IE3 e)) Micro Processor-Based Signalling System Normal Danger System TBS, Transmission-Based Signalling Train-Operated Points System lA2 Alphabetical Index AATC-Advance Automatic Train Control AB Entry Signals Absolute & Permissive Signaling on Double Track Absolute Block Absolute Signal Absolute Block/Absolute Block System Absolute Block Working AbsolutejPermissive Terms Absolute Permissive Block/Absolute Permissive Block Signaling!Absolute- Permissive Block/Absolute Permissive Block System Accept Signal/Accepting Signal ACFS, Advance Civil Speed Enforcement System A.C. Signaling System Advance Signals Advance Starter/Advance Starting Signal Starter Semaphore/Advance Starter Semaphore Advanced Signal Advanced Fixed Block/Advanced Fixed-Block Advanced Train Control System Amber All-Electric Interlocking 33 All-Mechanical Interlocing All Right Signal A.P. Block System Appendant Signal APB, Automatic Permissive Block A.P.B. Scheme of SignalingjAbsolute-Permissive-Block Scheme of Signalingj A.P.B. Control Systems Approach Limited!Approach Limited Signal/Approach Medium/Approach Medium Signal/Approach Slow Signal/Advanced Approach Medium Signal [U.S.]/Advance Approach Signal [Also U.S. only] Approach Signal I Arbour Lights/Harbour Lights (ARES) Advanced Railroad Electronic System ASFA Aspect Aspect 1, II Aspects & Indications Aspect, False Restrictive/False Restrictive Aspect Aspect, Phantom Signal/Phantom Aspect Aspects, Sequence Aspect, Signal/Signal Aspect ASR, Automatic Route Setting ATLAS ATB/PLP ATIS, Advance Traffic Information System ATP/ATC Auto-Manual Block System Automatic Block;Automatic Block Systern/Automatic Block Signal System Automatic Block Signalling Automatic Block Signalling on Double Track Automatic Block Signalling on Single Track Automatic Block Terms Automatic Electric Block System Automatic Interlocking Automatic Signal Automatic Signalling Automatic Signal System/APB Single-Track Signaling Automatic Speed Supervision (ASR) Automatic Stop/Automatic Stop System Automatic Stop Equipment Automatic Train Control Automatic Train Control Systern/Automatic Train-Control System 34 Automatic Train Operation!Automatic Train Operation System Automatic Train Protection Automatic Train Protection & Control Automatic Train Stop/Automatic Train-Stop/Automaic Train Stop System Automatic Train-Stop Devices Automatic Train Supervision Automatic Warning SystemfBRAWS Automatische Trein Beiinvloeding, ATB Auxiliary Signal Backing Signal Banjo Banner Repeater Signal Block Block & Interlocking Signal Block-Manual Block or Space Interval/Space or Block System Block Signal Block Signal System Block SignallingjBlock Signaling Block System Block System of Signalling Block System Terms Blocking Signals Block with Centralized Equipment/Centralized Automatic Block Block WorkingjBlock-Working Blue BRATP Bracket Mast Bracket Post Bracket Signal Bracket Structure Bridge Mast Bridge Signal Bridge Structure Buffer Stop Signal Cab Signal Aspect Cabin Interlocking Cantilever Branch Post Cantilever Structure Catchpoint Indicator/Runaway Catch Point Indicator/Indicator for Runaway 35 Catch Points Caution, Low-Speed Signal Caution, Medium-Speed Signal Caution Nonnal Speed Signal Caution Signal (2) Cautionary Signal Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) Clear Signal Clear, Medium-Speed Signal Clear, Nonna1-Speed Signal Closed Block System Co-Acting Anus Co-Acting Signal Code Track Automatic Block/Coded Current Automatic Block Coded-Continuous Train Stop System Coded Track Circuit Automatic Block, BACC Color Light Running Signals Color Light Stop Signal/Automatic Stop Signal/Semaphore Stop Signal/ Pemlissive Stop Signal Colour Lights Points Indicator Combined Train Control Compute-Assisted Manual Block System/Computer-Aided Block System Computer Interlocking Consolidated Code of Operating Rules (11 Forms) Continuous Automatic Train Control CATC) Continuous-Induction System Continuous Manual Block System Terms Continuous Train Control Continuous Train Control System Continuous Transmission System/Intermittent Systems Contra/Cosmos/Smis Control System Control System For Single-Track Signalling Control/Train or Traffic Control Controlled-Manual Block Signalling Controlled Manual Block System/Controlled Manual Block/Controlled Manual Signal System/System, Controlled Manual Block Controlled Signal Crocodile CTC CTC Railway Signalling System 36 Danger/Danger Signal Day & Night Aspects Dead-End Signal Dead Signal Decce1eration Signal Directing Signals Direction fudicator Directional Route fudicator Disc Shunt/Disc Shunting Signal/Shunting Disc Signal Distant Signal Terms Distant Signal Distant Signal Terms Distant (y.Iaming) Signal Doll Doll Pole Doll Post Doll Signal Double Amber Double Line Block/Single Line Bloc Double Red Double-Track Block Signalling Double Yellow Double Yellow Signal Double Yoke (Double Yellow) Dragging Equipment Signal Draw-Ahead Shunt/Facing Shunt/Set Back Shunting Signal Dwarf Shunt EBICAB/Control De Vitesse A Ba1ise, KVB Electric Catchpoint fudicator Electric futerlocking Electric Points fudicator Electric Repeater Signal ., . Electric SignaljElectric Signal System/Electric Signaling/Electnc Slgnallmg Electrica11y-Operated Signals Electrical Interlocking/Electrical Signal Interlocking Electro-Gas Signal Electro-Mechanical futerlocking Electro-Mechanical System Electro-Pneumatic Interlocking Electro-Pneumatic SignaljElectro-Pneumatic Signalling Electro-Pneumatic Train Stop 37 ,. Electro-Pneumatic Block Signal System Electronic CTC/CTC & Remote Control SystemjBlock & Electronic CTC Elevated Shooting Signal Energy & Technology-Related Terms Entry (Route) Signal/Entry (Route) Light Signal EPLRS European Train Control System Facing Points Indicator Facing Shunt Signal False Clear/False-Clear Signal/False Proceed False-Clear Aspect Feathers Finials Fishtail Five Aspect Terms (4 Forms) Five-Light Jutiction Indicator Fixed Block Signal SystemjFixed Block/Fixed-Block/Fixed-Block System Fixed Distant/Fixed Distant Signal Fixed Distant Signal/Signal, DistantfDistant-Signal FixedfLineside{Railway-RailroadjWayside Signal Terms Fixed Railroad Signals Fixed Signal Fixed Signal System/Fixed-Signal System Fixed Stop Signal Fixed Trackside Signal/Fixed Trackside Color Light Signal Fixed Wayside Signal/Fixed Wayside Signal Flashing Aspect Flashing Double YeHow Aspect Flashing Yellow Aspect Flashing YeHow Signal Flexiblok System Four Aspect Terms (16 Forms) Fresnel Marine Type Lenses Functional Signal System Gantry Geographical Circuitry Interlocking Ginger 'un Goods or Siding Signal Grade Signal Green 38 Ground Shunt Signal/Shunting Ground Disc Hall Distant High Shunting Signal Holding Signal Home, Distant & Home Signal/Home-Signal Hump Signal/Humping Signal Humping SignaljHump Shunt Signal ICTC System, Incremental Train Control System hnmovable Signals Identra Independent Shunt Signal Indication INDUSI Inner Home/Home Signal Interlocking Dwarf Signal Interlocking Signals/Signals, Interlocking Interlockings Interlocking, Relay Type Interlocking Signalling Interlocking Traffic Control system Intermediate Block Signal Intermediate Signal (2) Intermittent Contact System of Train Control Intermittent Control Intermittent Green Intermittent YeHow Intermittent Inductive Train Control Intermittent Inductive Train Stop Junction IndicatorjJooction Signal Junction Semaphore Kerosene Pink. Key Interlocking Signalling Kingsman Block System Lamp Lattice Post Bracket Signal Lattice Post Signal 39 Leave Siding Indicator L-H Bracket Signal Light Signal Limited Approach SignalfMedium Approach Signal/Medium Clear/Medium Advance Approach [U.S. onlylfMedium Approach Slow Signal [U.S. onlyl/ Slow Approach Signal/Restricting SignaljRestricting Aspect/Restriction Indication Limited Clear Signal/Limited-Clear/Medium Clear/Medium Clear Signal/Slow- Clear/Slow Clear Signal Limits of Shunt Signal Line Clear Lineside Signal Linien Zug Berein Flusoung, LZB Lock-&-Block SystemfLock & Block System/Lock & Block/Block Locking Low-Pressure Electro-Pneumatic Signalling Low Speed Route Indicator Lunar Lights Lunar White Lunar-White Lamp/Lunar White Marker Light Main Signals Main Line Running Signals Main Route Signal Main Running Stop Signal Main Line Signals/Mainline Signals [lst 2 tenus in 2 places] Main/Shunt Signal Manual BlOCk/Manual Block System Manual-Block-Remote Control Manual Block Signal Systems Manual Block Signal Systems--Space Interval Manual Block Signaling/Manual Block Signalling Manual Blocking Manual futerlocking Manual Signalling Manually Operated Fixed Wayside Signals/Manually Operated SignalsfManual Signals/Manual Signalling Marshalling Yard Signal Mast Mechanical futerlocking Mechanically-Interlocking Points & Signals Mechanical Points Indicator Mechanical Roadside Trip Type Stop/Trip Arm System 40 Mechanical Shunting Signal Mechanical SignalsfMechanical Signalling Mechanism Cover Medium Signal Merry Go Round Signal Microblok Microlok Micro Processor-Based Signalling System Miller Train Control Miniature Arm Shunting Signal/Miniature Arm Shunt Signal Morphological Terms Motor-Operated Automatic Stop Moving Block Signalling Moving Block/Moving-Block/Moving Block Signal/Moving Block System Multi Lamp Route Indicator Multi Aspects (10 Forms) Multiple-Block Signaling Nachod Signal System Nels Yellow Non-Centralized Automatic Block Non-Stop Permissive Automatic Signals Normal Danger System Normal-Speed Indication Normal Speed Signal On-Board Speed Control System Optical Signals/Optical Signs & Signals Orange Outer Distant Signal/Inner Distant Signal/lntermediate Distant Signals/ Outer Distant Signals Outer Home Signals/Inner Home Signal/futermediate Home Signals Outer Home & Starter Outer Home Warner Starter & Advanced Starter Outer Signalling Outlet Signal Overlap Block Signal System Overlap Scheme of Signaling Permanent Working Permissive Block/Permissive Block SystemfPermissive System Permissive Block Working 41 Pennissive Manual Block Pennissve Signal PHAR Platfonn Line Signal Platfonn Signals Points Points & Indicators Points Indicator Points Indicator-Chevron/Points Indicator-Arrow Points Signal/Signal Points Indicator Position Light Aspects Position Light Jooction Indicator Position Light Shoot/position Light Shoot Signals/Shunt Position Light/Shunt Signal (Position-Light) Potential False Proceed Condition (PFPC) Power Interlocking Power-Operated Distant Signal/Semaphore Distant/Distant Color Light/Color Light Distant Signals . .. Power Operated Signals/Power-Operated Signals/power Signallmg/Power- Signalling/Power-Worked Signals Precaution Signal Preliminary Caution Signal Primary Signals Proceed Proceed Signal Protection Signal Protecting Signal PTCS, Positive Train Control System PTS, Positive Train Separation Purple & Violet Radio BlockjRadio Block System Rail Operation Control Syste~. .. Railroad Signaling System/Railway Signal System/Railroad Signal System/ Railway-Signal SystemjRailway Signalling System Railway Signal/Railroad Signal Railway Signaling/Railway Signalling/Railroad Signaling Railway Signaling & Control System/Railway Signaling & Control Railway Signaling, Control & Communication System Rear Home Signal Red Red Board/Red Eye 42 Relay Interlocking/Relay Interlocking System/All-Relay Interlocking Remote Control Interlocking Repeater Signal Repeating Signal Restricted Red Reversible Road Warning RIT, Train Management System Roadway Automatic Block System Roadway Signals Roundels Route & Jooction Indication/Signals Route Control InterlockingIRoute-Control Interlocking Route Indicator Route Interlocking Route Signal Route with Automatic Working Routing Signal Running Line Signals Rlllllling Shoot Signal/Rooning Subsidiary Shunt Signal Rlllllling Signals Rllllning Signal Tenus Safe Working/Safeworking/Safe-Working/Safe Workillg Appliances Safety Control System/Train Operation Safety Control System Satellite Interlocking Second Home/Third Home Signal/Home No. l/Nome No.2 Selenium Ruby Glass SELTRAC Semi-Automatic Block Signalling Semi-Automatic Interlocking Signal Semi-Automatic Signal Sequence-Switch Interlocking Set-Back Signal Shot Shooting Signal Shunt Ahead Signal/Shoot-Ahead Signal Shunt Indicator Shoot Route Indicator Shunt Signal/Shooting Signal Siding Shoot Signal Siding Signal Signal Signal/Signalling 43 'r-===--~--- -~ --- II Signal & Control System/Signal-&-Control Systems Signal Appliance Signal Apparatus Signal Board Signal Bracket Signal Bridge Signal Code Signal Device/Signalling Device Signal, Distant Signal Dolls Signal Gantry Signal Glass Signal Glassware Signal Head Signal, Home Signal Implement Signal fudicator Signal Lamp Signal Lenses Signal Mast Signal Mechanism Signal/Point futerlocking Signal System Signal, Train Yard & Other Signals Signaling/Signalling Signalling Devices Signal System/Signaling System/Signalling System Signal System, Device or Appliance SIGNUM Single-Aspect Terms (6 Forms) Slide Detector Frence SNCF Signalling System for VHS/VHS System of Signalling & Signalling System for High Speed Snow Shed Territory with Color Light Signals Splitting Distant Signal Splitting Home Signal Spatial Configurations Specialized Colors Speed Control Forms Speed Control/Speed Control Devices Speed Supervision-TVM Splitting Distant Signal/Splitting Distant 44 Splitting Home Signal Splitting Semaphore Spoorplan futerlocking Starter Semaphore/Advance Starter Semaphore Starter Signal Starting Signal Station Protection Signal Station Signals Stationary & Fixed Signals Stencil Route Indicator/Route fudicator Stencil Light Stop Signals (2) Stop & Proceed Signal!Stop-&-Proceed Grade Signal/Station Protection Signal! Take (Or Leave) Siding Signal Medium Signal Sub-Shunting fudicator Subsidiary Signal Subsidiary Signals Supplementary Absolute Block Switch Indicator Switch fudicator/Signals & Points fudicator/Signals Switch Signal Sykes Lock & BlOCk/Sykes Lock & Block System/Siemens & Halske Lock-&- Block System Symbol Information Processing System, Absolute Permissive Block/System APB System, ATC System, Block System Take SidingfTake Siding Indicator TBS, Transmission-Based Signalling Telegraph BlockfTelephone Block Telephone Train Control Temporary Signal Terminal Signal Theatre-Type Route Indicator/Theatre Multilamp Route Indicator Three-Bloc Signaling Three Aspect Terms (32 Forms) Tonnage Signal Toton Route Indicator Track Occupany or Departure Signal Trackside SignallingfTrackside Signals/Track-Side Signals/Track Side Signals/ Trackside Railroad Signals Trackside Warning Signals 45 Traffic Control System Traffic Red Train Contol Systems Trmn Control Terms Train ControlfTrain-Control/Train Control Systern/Train-Control System Train Control Devices/Train-Control Devices Train Control Equipment Train Control Systems, Devices & Appliances Trmn Location System Train-Operated Points System Train Signals & Controls Trmn Situation Indicator Train Stop Trmn Stop Devices Train-Stp/Train Stop System Transmission Beacon Locomotive, TBL Transmission Voie Machine, TVM Trap Point Indicator Trip-Stop Devices/Automatic Trip Stop Devices Trolley Signal Tubular Steel Bracket Signal Tunnel Signal Tunnel Junction Signal[funnel Repeating Signal Turnout Signal Two Aspect Terms (34 Forms) 2/3/4 Block System Two-Block Automatic Signalling/Two-Block Automatic System{Three-Block Automatic SignallingfThree-Block Automatic System/Single-Track Automatic Signalling/Single-Track Automatic Signal System/APB Single- Track Signaling. Two-Way Junction Indicator Two-Way Stencil Indicator Ultrablok Uniform Code of Operating Rules (10 Forms) Up, Down Distant, Home Starter, Advance Starter "Universal" Signal Unworked Distant Signal Visual & Audible Signals Visual (Or Visible) Signal Visual Signals/Visual Signalling/Visual Signalling System 46 Warner & Home Warner Home & Starter Warner Home Starter & Advance Starter Warner Signal Warning Signal (2) Waming System Way Interface System (WIS) Wayside Signal/Wayside Signal System/Wayside Signals & Controls White Wrong Road Signal/Wrong-Road Signal Yard Exit Signals Yard Track Signal Yellow Ground Disc Yel10w Yellow Disc Yellow Eye Yellow-Orange Yellow/Red, Green/Red & Red/Green Yellow-Tinted Lenses 47 1B General Railway Signal Terms: Entries 1B1 Overarching Terms 1Bl a) Signal Terms SIGNALING/SIGNALLING. General Note 1. Specific Railway/Railroad Signal terms are often defmed or in some way described. However, more general terms are rarely defmed. Terms are not infrequently interchanged as if they were synonyms when that may be not the case (at least not in standard dictionaries). A sign~~,~ant p:oblem i~ the te~ Si~aling/Signalling (one "1" American English; t~o 1 s BntIsh English). DICtIonanes may allow for the word Signal to have eIther noun or verb function but adding the -ing or -ling is seemingly exclusively a verb. That does not appear to be the case for rail practitioners. The term, when standing alone, may be a verb though that is open to question. But the term employed in conjunction with railway, railroad, wayside, etc often appears to be a n01111. As noted above, defmitions are rarely included. The various Signaling/Signalling terms will be listed and described as nouns though exceptions exist. And it is recognized that recourse to various dictionaries may not cohere with the practice here. Gen~ral Note II. Signaling/Signalling is often an encompassing term: neither phys;cal apparatus nor the act of conveying information but both and perhaps the totahty of SIgnal and control functions represented by signals and their operations. The term Marine Aids to Navigation encompasses that field in physical and communication aspects. More specific terms such as beaconage, buoyage, signage are also encompassing in nature. But in the railway/railroad realm the term signal mayor may not cover the spectrum of roles. Signaling/Signalling is seemingly employed for that role even if dictionaries do not recognize that function; though they may accept buoyage and beaconage and, less often, signage. References: many sources including Allen '62, Harrigan '62, Schwile '73 ~IGNAL. ~e various Signal terms constitute nearly half of all terms in surveyed hterature; shghtly over 20% of the references are to the single term Signal. Few definitions of this term in a rail context are available, though AAR offers many ?efinitions r~lating to specific forms of Signals. These definitions frequently mclude phySICal apparatus and the message function but the Signal definition seems to be more in a verb form and focusses on the message function: "a means of conveying information". By contrast FRA-l, -2, -3 offers a satisfactory definition: "An appliance which conveys information governing train mov~ments." The word appliance appears in the definition and refers to the phySIcal apparatus. Older dictionary definitions seem to lean toward appliance as 48 an ~pparatus, device of so~e complexity and which is connected to other devices. WhIle more modem defimtIons often refer to a free-standing object powered by one or other energy sources such as household appliances. FRA seems to hearken back to an older form of appliance. References: FRA-l, -2, -3 ~IGNAL. APPARATl!S. '!ills term may seem too general a term to be included. It IS occasslOna~l~used m raIlroad literature especially in older sources. It may occupy a pOSItion between a general usage term and a specific technical term. One source, Fraser.1919 .(NSW) employs it as an overarching term that includes s~stems, ~a~ signallmg and staff/ tablet/ticket working and presumably specific SIgnals WIthin systems. Reference: Fraser 1919 SIGJ:.JAL APPLIAl'!CE. A te~ ~ound most often in the U.S. It is yet another term that IS often used WIthout de!"1ll1tlOn.. The usage of the term suggests electrical, mec~amcal, eJectro-~echamcal ?eVICe~ t~at are closely allied with the operation of SIgnals. I! IS poSSIble that a SIgnals III Itself a component of Signal Appliance. Ca~p ~903 mclud~s a lengthly section on "Switching Apparatus and Appliances" WhIC~ mcludes SWItch Lamps, Switch Stands, switches of all kinds, frogs, c~ossmgs, t~mouts and whatever refers t'? the switching process and allied safety a~ds. Nock mcludes the term but makes httle effort to defme it. Perhaps it is VIewed as self-explanatory. References: Camp '03, Nock '62, also FRA-RAR SIGNAL DEVICE/SIGNALLING DEVICE. Yet another term that hovers b.ern:een a general and largely non-technical term, and a term with technical ~Igmficance. A small number of sources in South Africa, U.K. and U.S. have mcluded ~e t~nn. U.S. FRA RAR includes phrases (mostly from the U.S. Code) that descnbe SIgnals an? control systems an~ associated appliances, devices, meth,?ds of s~ste'!1S' It IS a stock phrase relatmg to Signals or to instrunIents assOCIated WIth SIgnals. References: S.A BBB, FRA RAR, Blythe 1951 SIGNAL SYSTEM/SIGNALLING SYSTEM/SIGNALING SYSTEM. These terms are ne,~rly self-explanatory. They refer to integrated signal operations and can re!er to SIgnals, messages, block, interlocking and other methods of operatIons. The terms are used somewhat infrequently. Refere~ces: ~raser 1919, Wooley '58, FRA RAR, Greenfield, Harrigan '62, Romama Raises, Zoetardt, Excursion to '65 . SIGNAL SYSTEM, DEVICE, OR APPLIANCE. FRA RAR employs this term as 49 ran umbrella term. See also individual terms. Reference: FRA RAR SIGNAL IMPLEMENT. A rare term from Swedish practice. It is a component of Signal Appliance which has three elements: Fixed Signals, Signal Implements, Signal Signs. Implement is not further described. It is included here because it is prefaced with the root word of Signal. Reference: Nock 1962 1B1 b) Fixed/Lineside/Railway-RailroadfWayside Signal Terms FIXED SIGNAL. This Signal, as the names indicates, is on a fixed physical site. It does not refer to an unchanging signal aspect and indication. The term is also used without definition. It is often employed to distinguish this form of Signal from non-fixed forms such as human ann signals. Nearly all references are in books with few journal citations; it is common in code materials. In U.S. parlance it includes any fixed safety aid whose message affects train operations including signs; a similar practice holds true in South Africa. Slightly over ten-per cent of surveyed sources include the term which is more than the usage of seemingly more common terms such as Lineside, Railway, and Wayside Signals. References: numerous sources including Blythe '51, Mashour '74, Ellis '66, Phillips /42 FIXED RAILROAD SiGNALS. Only a single surveyed source includes this term. It adds greater specificity to the term Fixed Signals. Reference: B & M 1981. FIXED SIGNAL SYSTEM/FIXED-SIGNAL SYSTEM. FRA employs this term which refers to original Signals of a fixed position in the earlier 19th century. REMC adds a hyphenated version. Reference: FRA-3, REMC FIXED WAYSIDE SIGNALS/FIXED WAYSIDE SYSTEMS. Only FRA includes these terms. They increase specificity in terminology by combining three of the four most used terms. Reference: FRA-2 LINE SIGNALLING SYSTEM. This is an OA term for Lineside Signals and is not a term for a specific system. Reference: ERS-H LINESIDE EQUIPMENT/LINESIDE SIGNALS/LINESIDE SIGNALLING/ 50 LINESIDE VISUAL SIGNAL/LINESIDE FIXED SIGNALS. Lineside Signals, unlike a variety of terms, is formally defmed. UIC CST defmes it as "signals of fixed or variable aspect permanently fixed along the track or in stations or yards." The various Lineside terms are largely UK in origin, usage. However, less than 5% of surveyed terms are under this heading. The terms may include Signs and Markers. Lavallee adds Fixed to the basic term; K & W adds Visual. GEC speaks of Lineside Equipment which can have two possible meanings: Trackside Signals, or a broader meaning that includs cables, conduits, pathways as well as Signals. References: Lavallee '53, K & W '63, GEC RAILWAY SIGNALS/RAILROAD SIGNALS. General Note: The terms Railway and Railroad are background terms which require explanation. AAR employs both terms; railway in reference to Signals and railroad in reference to organizations. This is also true of Phillips 1942. Railway seems to be an older usage in the U.S. that continues into the present. Railway exclusive or nearly so in United Kingdom though seemingly railroad employed at an earlier time. Railway Signals and Railroad Signals appear to be snynonyms. Signaling is the preferred U.S. spelling though Signalling is sometimes used (and it appears secondarily in various dictionaries). SignaHing is exclusively used where British English is preferred. Railway and Railroad Signals are not often defmed. They represent terms similar to the bare term Signal though with greater specificity and explicitly place Signal within a rail context. Railroad Signal would appear to be a basic term yet few U.S. sources employ it. Signal and Fixed Signals are far more common. RAILWAY SIGNALING/RAILWAY SIGNALLING/RAILROAD SIGNALING These terms often lack definitions. They are apparently meant as nouns and they refer to a system of Signals including the physical apparatlIS and the message dimension. The word System is lacking yet it seems implicit; at least informal systems of integrated signals working together. References: Blythe '51, Brown '84, Corbin '22, B & M '81 (3rd term), Sterner (2nd term), U S & S and RMS (2nd term) RAILWAY SIGNALING & CONTROL SYSTEMS/RAILWAY SIGNALING & CONTROL. A possible OA term encompassing all Signals and related means of controls. US & S adds system. Cunliffe employs terms without system. Reference: U S & S '86 RA, Cunliffe '68 RAILWAY SIGNALING, CONTROL & COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. This term also refers to U S & S. Reference: GE Cites U S & S ... RA 51 RAILROAD SIGNALING SYSTEM/RAILWAY SIGNAL SYSTEM! RAILROAD SIGNAL SYSTEM/RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM/RAILWAY-SIGNAL SYSTEM/RAILWAY SIGNALLING SYSTEM. These terms make explicit the meaning of Railway and Railroad Signaling! Signalling as a system of Signals. References: FRA (lst term), Mashour (2nd), Greenfield (3rd), With Fast ... (4th), REMC (5th), Tansley (6th) WAYSIDE SIGNALSjWAYSIDE SIGNAL SYSTEMS/WAYSIDE SIGNALS & CONTROLS. A variety of references are made to these terms yet definitions are apparently non-existent. FRA employs the term in its publications though it fails to define it (as other terms are). Wayside Signal System suggests a group of interconnected signals rather than a single unit. The third term, from US &S, is a broader term encompassing Signals and control mechanisms. While this is relatively common term less than a tenth of references of surveyed sources include Wayside forms. References: FRA-l, -3, U S & S, Gaum, Yamanouchi IBI c) Other Overarching Terms FIXED TRACKSIDE SIGNAL/FIXED TRACKSIDE COLOR LIGHT SIGNALS. Kanner offers a variant of singular variant forms. The second term may be in Chapter 2B but it is retained here because of the prefatory words. Reference: Kanner IMMOVABLE SIGNALS. This term is found in one source: Daumas. That source has been translated from French to English. It is not known if the translator selected immovable instead of fixed or whether Daumas selected the French form of immovable instead of fixed. Both terms are very similar in meaning. Reference: Daumas OPTICAL SIGNALS/OPTICAL SIGNS & SIGNALS. A possible OA term but rarely employed. It is an atypical term employed by Mashour in psychological studies of visual messages and human perception of messages. The term may be overly inclusive unless placed within a railroad/railway context. Reference: Mashour ROADWAY SIGNALS. FRA 1979 and FRA 1984 may be the only rail sources for this term. The term is also found in U.S. law from 1970 that undergird the FRA sources. The original source of Roadway Signal is hot known. FRA 1984 uses Railroad Signal in the titlle and in the text FRA often employs Wayside Signals. 52 Roadway Signals is therefore a synonym of unknown parentage. It suggests street and road Signals more than railroad counterparts. References: FRA '79, FRA RAR STATIONARY & FIXED SIGNALS. This is a 19th c. U.S. term. Stationary Signal had the meaning now ascribed to Fixed Signals. Fixed then referred to signals attached or fixed to trains. Reference: New System-RG 1884 TRACKSIDE SIGNALLING{fRACKSIDE SIGNALS/ TRACK-SIDE SIGNALS/ TRACK SIDE SIGNALS/TRACKSIDE RAILROAD SIGNALS. A plausible overarching tet;rn yet rarely used. It can be.viewed as the equi.val~nt of Wayside Signals. The third and fourth terms are vanant forms. Track-side is not the term used by Kanner in his book. Kanner uses Trackside instead. Track-side comes from online bibliographic record; however the term is retained as a plausible if non-existent term. Trackside Railroad Signals is Kanner's term. References: Challenge ... 1983, Encyclopedia of Thailand, Kanner '92. TRAIN LIGHT SIGNALS. A singular alternative to Railway Signals. Reference: Jia-lin '81 VISUAL SIGNALS/VISUAL SIGNALLING/VISUAL SIGNALLING SYSTEM. A plausible overarching term but possibly overly inc1usi,:"e (~~ss . placed in the context of Railroad Signals). Most references are UK m ongm. It is not employed very often in itself; rather it is used to differentiate between Signals with lights from other forms including AWS, electric telegraphy, hand signals. Tansley adds system to the basic term. References: Ellis 1966, Blythe 1951, Nock '62, GEC, Allen '62. WARNING SYSTEM. This is a Level/Grade term but it has the appearance of an OA term and is retained as a Cross Reference. Reference: Miller '97 RA IB2 Possible/ Partial Overarching Terms IB2 a) Energy & Technology-related Names General Note. A variety of terms include mention of source of energy that provides power for a Signal or the form of technology employed. Some or many of these terms refer to a restricted range of Signal forms. Yet these terms often project an image of broad usage. And hence are included here. 53 A.C. SIGNALING SYSTEM. Term refers to power source though tersely. Reference: REMC ALL-E~ECT~CP0'YE:R S~GNALLING.UK term from late 19th c./early 20th c. Po~sI?ly come? ~o dIstmgUIsh power source that was entirely electric but forms combmmg electncity and other forms such as pneumatic action. Reference: Vanns .ELECTRIC SIGNAL/ELECTRIC SIGNAL SYSTEM/ELECTRIC SIGNALING/ ELECTRICAL SIGNALLINGjELECTRICALLY-OPERATED SIGNALS. These terms may suggest all-lighted forms of Signals in contrast to mechanical forms such as Semaphore Signals. Yet they can denote Signals of a wide range powered by electricity. For example, Queensland Railways explicitly refers to both .Color-L~ghtand Semaphore Signals und~r the heading of Electric Signals. All-lighted SIgnals of course can be the mearung of Electric Signals. References: Queenslands Rlwys, Turkey, B & M '81, HDS ELECT.RO-GAS ~IG~AL. This. term in Nock 196~ refers to.a Semaphore Signal employmg carb.omc aCId gas actIvated b~ an electnc valve. SIgnals employing gas ~ere also use~ m the U.S. though a speCIfic tern:t does ~ot a1?pear in the surveyed hter~ture.While the term. refers to Semaph?re SIgnals It projects a broader image of SIgnals powered by this form of propulSIon. Hence the inclusion of the term in this section. Reference: Nock '62 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEM. Employed by only a few sources. It is a possible OA term that can encompass a variety of signals operating from mechanical systems powered by electricity. AAR uses the term for the obsolete Banner or Clockwise Signal. UN 1954 employs it seemingly in a more general way. Probably all less than fully-lighted Signals could be included. It may be overly inclusive unless placed in a railroad context. Reference: ARSPAP-H, UN '54 ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC SIGNAL./ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC SIGNALLING. The first tenn from ARSPAP describes a Semaphore Signal employing an electrically activated pneumatic mechanism. The term, as with the previous term, is restricted in use yet projects a broader image and is included with possible overarching terms. Second tenn refers more to system of Signals though it is presupposed that a single Signal is integrated with other Signals. Reference: ARSPAP-H, Vanns LOW-PRESSURE ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC SIGNALLING. Vanns includes 54 specifics of process within title or perhaps title is descriptive rather formal. Reference: Vanns MANUALLY OPERATED FIXED WAYSIDE SIGNALS/MANUALLY OPERATED SIGNALS/MANUAL SIGNALS/MANUAL SIGNALLING. These terms refer to Signals operated directly by human efforts. They are in contrast to Power-Operated Signals. References: FRA-3, ARSPAP-H, Phillips '42, Blythe '51 MECHANICAL SIGNALS/MECHANICAL SIGNALLING. These terms are ~ften synonyu:s for ~he Se.maphore Signal. They also include other less than fully- hghte~ forms mcludmg DISC & Crossbar, and Ball Signals. Mechanical Signals have hg.hted aspect.s ~ut mechanical processes are directly involved in the productIon and eIlllSSIon of messages. In some instances Mechanical Signal appea:s to. refer to older ~ignal fonns. that are manually operated as opposed to Electnc SIgnals that proVIde automatIC operations. Reference: UN '54, UAR, South Korea, Turkey MOTOR-OPERATED DISTANT SIGNALS. A partially morphological term attached to non-differentiated energy source. . Reference: Vanns POWER OPERATED SIGNALS/POWER-OPERATED SIGNALS/POWER SIGNALLING/POWER-SIGNALLING/POWER-WORKED SIGNALS. These various terms refer to signals operated by various energy forms: compressed air hydraulics, electricity. ' References: Jackson '91, NSW, VR, ARSPAP-H, -SS, ANR IB2 b) Physical-Morphological Overlapping Terms General Note. Some terms seem to belong to both of these categories or are poorly defmed or nebulous in character. This segment includes those terms and an attempt at description and definition. Some at least need further consideration in the morphological part of the chapter. MAIN ROUTE SIGNALS. This tenn is equivalent to Main or Main Line Signals. Reference: Vanus MAIN SIGNALS/ MAIN LINE SIGNALS/MAINLINE SIGNALS. These terms appear to occupy both the physical and morphological dimensions. For US&S the tern: Mainline Signal largely refers to equipment (though the fonn of the eqUIpment and location frame message possibilities and is shaped by it). The 55 other terms are similar though possibly more morphological. ERS sees Main Signal as a synonym for Running Signals.~d therefore tend.ing toward the morphological. Primary Signals may be sImIlar though tendmg more toward the morphological. References: U S & S, ERS PRIMARY SIGNALS. This term from Mashour is rare and probably employed for his psychologically-orientated studies. He ref~rs to ~rimary in the cont~xt of Wayside Signals. Wayside may ~end toward physIcal SIgnal apparatus while Primary is more of a morphologIcal term. Reference: Mashour '74 "UNIVERSAL SIGNAL". An attempt was made in early 20th c. Belgium to create an "Universal Signal" that would enc~mpass all Aspects and Indicatio~. It is more of a morphological term than a physIcal yet some ~easure of the physIcal may be present. Reference: Nock '62 SYMBOL INFORMATION PROCESSING. this term is more of an abstract notion than an operational term. It comes from Mashour and describe~ what takes place in a Signal that creat~s and.emi~ ~essa.ges rather than the physIcal dimension though the physIcal SIgnal IS ImplIed. Reference: Mashour '74 1B2 c) Possible Overaching Terms--Miscellaneous FUNCTIONAL SIGNAL SYSTEM. This may not constitute an actual term. FRA employs the designation for charts co~paring types of Signal and related Systems for U.S. railroads that run Amtrak trams. Reference: FRA-2 SAFE WORKING/SAFEWORKING/SAFE-WORK~G/~AFEWO~ING APPLIANCES. This collection of terms appears to reSIde m AustralIa exclusively. Actual defInitions are very much in s~ort suppl~. The cor.e term seems to mean either all means for the safe operatIon (working) of traIns whether full-scale signals, staff and tickets, methods of ~terlocki~g,e~c. O~ it refers to all safely-related devices and methods other than SIgnals. Victona Ra1lwa~s refers to their"safety operations department under the title of Office of Safeworking Department. Only one reference adds the word appliance to. Sa~ewor~ng. Whatever the meaning of the term the meaning of the functIon IS mamtenance of safe train movements. Reference: VGR, Bird'72 56 SIGNAL-&-CONTROL SYSTEMS/ SIGNAL & CONTROL SYSTEMS. With an increase of control systems which, in themselves, do not produce and and exhibit signal messages there is an increase in dual terms for Signals and Controls. Many of the control terms are integrated with and thereby part of the Signal role. This is a plausible OA term for IE. References: Welty '86, Armstrong SIGNAL & SWITCH SYSTEMS. This term is an early reference to interlocking. It may be a partial OA term since it includes all fonus of Signals in an area. The term projects a broader signifIcance even if the actual usage of the term is narrower, more specific. Reference: ARSPAP-H SIGNALLING DEVICES. Cunliffe uses this term to encompass a broad range of railroad safety aids: traditional signals and other entities that control train operations and related functions. Reference: Cunliffe '68 TRACKSIDE WARNING SIGNALS. A term of restricted use though it projects broader meaning. It refers to lighted and audible systems that warn track repair crews of the approach of trains. Older U.S. practices included a variety of similar systems. References: ERS-H TRAIN SIGNALS & CONTROLS. This term is offered by U S & S which seemingly refers to Railway/Railroad Signals not train-based communications. References: U S & S VISUAL & AUDffiLE SIGNALS. A rarely employed term that encompasses the full range of Signals. Reference: BM '81 1B3 Primary Overarching Terms in Other Languages General Note. An attempt has been made to include major terms in languages other than English. Most of these terms are from Indo-European languages though a limited number of terms from two Ural-Altaic languages (Hungarian, Finnish) are included. A variety of terms are not represented in some languages. In some cases very general terms are not employed by a given signal agency. SpecifIc terms are favored by some agencies though this varies greatly. A few terms are included that are morphological in character. They are included since they also 57 represent a physical apparatus as well. SIGNAL Signaux: Algeria, Ivory Coast Signal, Norway, Denmark, Sweden lei, leladus, lelzec, Hungary Sygnal, Poland SIGNALLING/SIGNALING Signalisation Lumineuse: Belgium Signalisation Lumineuse: France, Ivory Coast/Upper Volta Signalisation Mecanique: France, Ivory Coast/Upper Volta Signalering, Norway FIXED SIGNAL Signaux Fixes: Belgium Senal Fija: Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Bolivia, VIC Sinais Fixos: Portugal Ortsfestes Signal: Germany (UIC) Segnale Fisso: Italy (UIC) 'everst, utvrden, stalan, (Serbo-Croatian language) LIGHT SIGNAL Senales Lurninosa: Spain, Colombia Segnale Luminosi: Italy Segnaux Lumineux: Algeria Semnale Luminoase: Rumania Sinais Luminosa: Brazil, Portugal Signaux Fixes-Lumineux: UAR Lichtsignal: Germany, Austria Licht Sein: Netherlands Senales Luminosas Fijas: Chile . Valo-Opastimien, Finland 58 LINESIDE SIGNAL Signalisation laterale: France Segnali di Linea: Italy MECHANICAL SIGNAL (This term, though broader in meaning than Semaphores, also includes Semaphores) Signal Mecanique: France, Algeria Formsignal: Germany, URO Mechanical Signal: United Kingdom Segnale Meccanico: Italy SenalMecanica: Spain Mechanisch Sein: Netherlands Semnale Mecanice: Rumania SEMAPHORE SIGNAL Semaphore: Algeria Semaforo: Mexico, Bolivia Semaforul: Rumania Segnali Semaforica: Italy Semaphora, Spain Armsein: Netherlands Seinpaal: Netherlands Semafor, Norway, Denmark, Sweden Szemafor, Hungary Opticki brzajar, (Serbo-Croatian language) [language marks needed] Siipiopastinten, Finland Semaforach, Poland SIGNAL BOARDS Senales Pantella: Spain Klapboard: Netherlands SHUNTING SIGNALS (Physiology and Morphology Terms) 59 Signal de Manoeuvre: France Rangiersignal: Germany, URO Segnale di Manovra: Italy Senal de Maniobra: Spain, Argentina, Colombia, Chile Rangeersein: Netherlands Signal Lumineux de Manoeuvres: France Sinais de Manobras: Portugal (Most terms from UIC) SWITCH SIGNALS Weichensignale: Austria, Germany, Switzerland Signaux d' Aiguilles: Switzerland VISUAL (Or VISIBLE) SIGNAL Signal Optique: France Optisches Signal: Germany Segnale Ottico: Italy Senal Optica: Spain Optisch Sein: Netherlands (All terms from UIC) IB4 Signal Components General Note. Many terms refer to parts of Signals and these are included in a brief form. Many of these deal with Semaphore Signals. But unless a specific reference is made to that form of Signal they are inclued in General Terms BRACKET POST, King '21 BRACKET MAST, King BRACKET SIGNAL, King, REMC '48 BRACKET STRUCTURE, Kanner BRIDGE MAST, King BRIDGE SIGNAL, REMC BRIDGE STRUCTURE, Kanner CANTILEVER BRANCH POST, King CANTILEVER STRUCTURE, Kanner 60 DOLL, A & W, Jackson '91 DOLL POLE, King DOLL POST, King DOLL SIGNAL, Kanner '92 FINIALS, A & W'91 FLAT CAP PARACHUTE TYPE FRESNEL MARINE TYPE LENSES, REMC GANTRY, A & W, Jackson LAMP, Varms '97 LATTICE POST BRACKET SIGNAL, A & W LATTICE POST SIGNAL, A& W L-H BRACKET SIGNAL, A & W MAST, King MECHANISM COVER, King ROUNDELS, A & W SIGNAL BRACKET, King SIGNAL BRIDGE, King SIGNAL DOLLS, A & W SIGNAL GANTRY, King SIGNAL GLASS, REMC SIGNAL GLASSWARE, REMC SIGNAL HEAD, Kanner SIGNAL LAMP, A & W SIGNAL LENSES, REMC SIGNAL MAST, King SIGNAL MECHANISM, King TUBULAR STEEL BRACKET SIGNAL, A & W 61 I Chapter 1C Messages: Aspects and Indications General Note I. Messages are a very complex subject. Terms, colors, arrangement of colors, alternate configurations, the many different railway systems conspire to defeat any brief (or not so brief) coverage of the subject. The Database is not intended to be a compendium of messages. Instead it is a glossary. fters a t1?!d fonn: rectangle (vertical) with white ground and blue dIagonal stnpes. PosItIOned 200-300 yards beyond of End of Section Board. Reference: UK Mil STATION-NAME BOARD. Self-explanatory and probably of diverse designs. Reference: Robbin s '67 TRAIN CLEAR OF PASSING LOOP INDICATORjADV~NCED STA~TING LOOP CLEAR SIGNAL. Denotes that train is clear of Pass~g Loop illdl~ator and crew to so inform signal box. Rectangular in shape (vertIc~l)WIth "Yhite ground and three diagonal blue stripes. Second term IS alternatIve wordIng. Reference: Leach '91 AWS CANCELlLING INDICATOR. Square board in blu~ with white St . Andrew's Cross. Provides reminder to train crew that passIng AWS mecharusm for opposite track does not pertain to that train. Reference: Leach '91 END OF TOKEN SECTION PROCEED IF PLATFORM CLEAR BOARD. A. simplified form of older Platform Signal. Square board with black letters on white ground. Reference: Leach '91 TEMPORARY WARNING BOARDS. This term is from UAR. Reference to such a category but without details. Reference: UAR 268 TEMPORARY OUTER SPEED BOARD/TEMPORARY INNER SPEED BOARD/ALL TRAINS STOP BOARD. These "Boards" from NZ are very much in a Sign mode. Outer form: rectangle, lower comers cropped, yellow ground, black alphanumeric. funer; diamond-shaped, black on white Reference: NZ Railways TRAIN ORDER BOARD. Partly-lighted. Cross-reference fonn. Square in shape. Red = stop for train order; Y= slow. Reference: B & 0 TERMINATING BOARDS. This Board denotes tennination of warning and caution boards. Yellow ground and yellow disc. Reference: W.A. STOP BOARD. This term has character of a Sign. It can take on diverse appearances for various railways. For ANR it is a Board II type; NSW form lighted. UK Mil form is a square on two posts, white grmmd, red "stop"; marker lamp may be added. German form is in a Sign form with rectangular-shape, vertical emphasis. Black "H" on white ground or white "H" on black ground. Reference: ANR, NSW, UK Mil, Germany. TEMPORARY SPEED-REDUCTION BOARD. As the name indicates the Board denotes temporary speed reduction. Board is rectangular in shape with horizontal emphasis, pointed and fish-tailed. This form is lighted. Reference: S.AF.-TWA WARNING BOARD. Term denotes approach (2400\) of facing points, halt station or token station. Rectangular-shape with horizontal emphasis with white ground and black border. Some forms are lighted but possibly not all. UK and WA fonns display lights. W.A. form is diamond-shaped, yellow ground, black band. For Jackson it denotes approach of Distant Signal. A second board follows: illuminated yellow board for indicating temporary speed restriction. Reference: SA-TWA; K & W '63, W.A., NSW, UK Mil, Jackson '91 WATERING BOARD. A term for a board indicating nearness of water tank, column. It is of a diamond shape with white ground, black border. It is mounted on a single post and positioned 2400' from tank, column. Reference: SAF-TWA WHISTLE BOARD. Alternate or variant name for Whistle Post. ill South Africa. it is a black "W" on white "disc." Disc is more of an elipse shape. Whistle is sounded at Whistle Board (at approaches to level crossing). 269 YARD L.IMIT BOARD. This too has character of Sign, Board Type II. It has two forms: ehpse and rectangle mounted on wood construction. Black on white Reference: ANR "Y" BOARD. One Railroad in Foley collection employs Board instead of the more expected usage of Sign. Reference: Foley, AAR. BLOCK POSTS. Delineates boundaries of blocks where signals not present. Reference: 100 Years to Bendigo, A & W CLEARANCE POSTS. Japan provides visual images but not explanations of various safety aids including this one. Reference: Japan CU.RVE & ELEVATI~N [POST?]. Information limited. In part it is apparently a vanant name for ElevatIon Post. See Also: Curve and Elevation Sign. Reference: AREA '29 ELEVAnON POSTS/FULL ELEVAnON POSTS/ZERO ELEVAnON POSTS. These are Posts set upon inside of curve. information is limited on these Posts. Reference: AREA '29 ?RADIE~ ~O~T~. ~enotes ~hether gradient is level, up or down. Also gives measure/mdIcatIon (nse, declme, feet per one foot of rise, decline). However, Jackson speaks of this Post as a Lineside Sign. MILE POSTS. This can be part of the sign category (in TCD Post are sometimes classified as Signs and sometimes as Markers). It is a vertical and narrow object painted and displaying numbers. ' Reference: AREA '87-'88 PERMANENT WHISTLE POST/TEMPORARY WHISTLE POST. At least one railroad .(B &0) distinguishes between long-enduring Posts, and temporary forms for speCIal purposes. Reference: B & 0 PROPERTY LINE POSTjPROPERTY POST. Posts set up at comers of property. Tall, narrow post displays words: name of railroad and property line. Reference: 270 SECTION POST/SUB-SECTION POST. Both terms have a nearly sign form. First post has obround form. Second has rectangular-shape with horizontal emphasis. Numbers displayed on both. Information limited as to meaning. Designates boundaries of section or block. Reference: AREA '29 SIGNPOSTS. Signpost is more than a post to which Signs are affixed; they are signs as well (see TCD DB). Fisher is the only surveyed source that employs the term. Fisher employs signpost and board interchangeably. Reference: Fisher '76 WHISTLE POSTS. This object is often classified as Board or Sign. Whistle Post indicates points where whistle should be sounded: stations, leveVgrade crossings. Reference: AREA '29 and '87-'88, Foley, ANR 4B7 Plates, Flags & Other Forms IIA" PLATES. Denotes accompanying Signal is automatic. Plate is circular with black letter on white ground. Reference: Queensland Railways "F" PLATEjNf PLATE. SNCF, in French language, seems to employ Tablet (Tableu = Board) while in ERS uses the word board. However, in translations, SNCF employs Plate. F (when Semaphore) can be when at stop under specific stipulations if F Plate present. Nf: Non-franchissable. Stop Signal not to be passed. Reference: SNCF IDENTIFICATION PLATE. From BR. White ground with black horizontal band. L in white on black. It denotes the type of system whether up or down, and distance from given starting point. Reference: A & W IDENTIFYING PLATE. Signalbox website includes several forms of Identifying Plates: TRACK CIRCUITS. This is described as "diamond-shape[ed] though it appears to be more hexagonal. It is blue in color. It denotes presence of Track Circuits. FIREMAN'S CALL PLUNGER PLATE. It is a "D"-shaped plate and indicates that a plunger is attached to the Signal. TELEPHONE PLATE. It is square with diagonal lines. 271 273 4B8 Other Forms a) Overarching Signs ERS-H ERS-H, H & P, K & W'63 FRA-3 FRA-RR Simmons, UIC, FRA-3, TS Fisher '76 Signs fonns that are OA include: TRACKSIDE SIGN LINESIDE SIGN FIXED SIGN ROADWAY SIGNAL SIGN SIGNPOST b) Blue Flags General Note. A category of Signs indicating presence of train crews and/or hazardous cars on tracks. If "blue flags" were orginally flags they are now generally metal though they remain blue. Flags include: FLAGBOARDS, UK Mil - See Boards METAL FLAGS, UK Mil - See Boards FLAG SIGNALS - See Flag Signals BLUE FLAG DEVICES, Hayes - See Blue Flag POWER BLUE FLAG, Hayes - See Blue Flag BLUE FLAG DERAIL - See Blue Flag DERAIL BLUE FLAG, ATT - See Blue Flag CHOCK FLAG, AIT [Yellow Indicator Flag] [AIT = Atlantic Track and Tumout] General Note. Most railroad Signs are of a specific character. OA terms are employed by only a few sources. And some of these refer to specific Sign forms. Many TCD sources, by contrast, contain both specific terms and OA; but frequently railroad sources have only specific names. FLAGS. General Note. Human-held flags are part of railroad operations but not included in this study of Fixed Signals. Flags were part of some early railroad signals. Most flags belong to "Blue Flag Devices" (and may not be of fabric but rather of metal). Nonetheless, this section is included though mostly as a Cross-reference. "T" PLATE. Tenn refers to Plate signifying Tonnage. STATION NAMEPLATE. Term is self-explanatory. Black on white. Horizontal rectangle. Reference: A & W '91 SIGNAL IDENTIFICATION PLATE. Variant term for Number Plate. Meaning: gives "characteristics of signal." as well as location. Reference: UIC 272 SIGNAL NUMBER PLATE. Variant name for Number Plate. Reference: Queens Railways LETTER PLATE. Quaifies Signal indications. For Canada, "A" indicates Automatic Signals, "G" for Grade, SPS for Station Protection Signal. Reference: Canada '62, FRA-RAR MARKER PLATE. FRA-RAR distinguishes Marker Plate from Name Plate and Letter Plate but without offering explanation of differentiation. Reference: FRA-RAR Reference: Signalbox website NAME PLATE/PLATE, NAME. ARSPAP-D gives the general before the particular (their usual practice). This is not an Identification Plate. Instead, it gives the name of the manufacturer and other data. Reference: ARSPAP-D PLATE, NUMBER/NUMBER PLATE. "Device attached to signal mast for identification purposes." SM has second term while ARSPAP has reversed fonn. ERS adds small plate for identifying Signal which related to distance or other factors. Queensland Rlwys may include letters, identification for automatic or semi-automatic Signals Reference: AAr-SM '83, ARSPAP-D, ERS, Q Rlwys SIGNAL BACKGROUND PLATE. Term does not refer to a direct safety aid but rather a plate (or background or baffle) that helps the lights to be more easily seen. Reference: UIC IDENTITY PLATE. This term employed instead of number plate but meaning is seemingly the same. Reference: ERS-RENFE Sign fonTIS include: DERAIL White on Blue Disc attached by blue mast to derail device attached to rail. STOP Same format as above STOP (PORTABLE) Presumably synonym for above Sign CAMP CARS Same format as above ALTO Spanish language stop sign; same format as above STOP TANK CAR CONNECTED Rectangular shape with horizontal emphasis DANGER MEN WORKING ON THIS TRACK Above format DANGER TANK CAR CONNECTED Previous format Reference: Hayes Track Appliance Co. c) Electric Traction Signs General Note. These Signs, in contrast to many railroad Signs, are a coherent and organizated body. The shapes are frequently diamond-shaped. The color patterns are often blue and white which present graphic designs correlating with the sign shape. Alternate color patterns include Yellow and Black, Black and White, Red, Yellow and Blue. Directional arrows are frequently added. Messages denote areas of traction services, permissable and closed areas, specific tracks of usage and related concerns. Reference: Part F which is based on many European Signal codes. 4B8 d) Miscellaneous Signs SIGNAL-NOT-IN-USE SIGN, UIC APPROACH SIGN [Akin to Distant Boards,OD] CHECQUERED SIGN [Denotes atypical location for Signal, O-D] NUMBER PLATE, ERS-H 274 4C Unlighted, Acoustical & Radio Signals 4Cl Targets General Note I. The Target is an unlighted Signal consisting of distinctly shaped and colored segments of sheet metal attached to the mast (staff, spindle) of a Switch SignaL There is no central authority (or regional) for this form of safety aid. They are a mainstay of U.S. railroads and employed by other systems including Canada, Philippines, Australia (SA-ANR), Japan. Camp 1903 offers an extensive coverage of Targets and since Targets, have changed little over the years that coverage remains valid. General Note II. Targets are often combined with Switch Lamps and hence can be deemed a partly-lighted Signal. But Targets are often independent units and are a separate unit even when with Switch Lamps. They are therefore both an unlighted and a partially lighted aid. But the coverage will be primarily centered here. General Note m. Many references are made simply to the term Targets but that belies the complexity of Targets. Targets come in many diverse shapes and those shapes are part of this coverage. General Note IV. Targets are of two forms: The larger version can exist separately from Switch Lamps. But Switch Lamps can also display a small target that is integral to the lamp: a small circular disc that fits around the lens of the color of the lens. This fonn is a partly-lighted entity. Both fonTIS have the same name. (the smaller form is sometimes termed a Day Target). General Note V. Target types (Camp '03) include: Position, Color, Shape, Shape- Color, Blind fonTIS. a) Overarching Terms TARGET. The Target has been extensively covered in General Notes. Target is an OA term with Switch Target as an alternate and Switch Target Stand as a possible alternate. Target can refer to a Signal and also to the metal pieces making up the physical aspect. The pieces are more precisely known as a Vane. The Target is attached to a mast (also known as staff or spindle). This in turn is connected to a Switch Stand (a separate, non T-M mechanism but closely connected to Target). Reference: Camp, AREA. '87-88 275 ,: , ' , , SWITCH STAND TARGET. A more precise tenn from REMC denoting what Targets are attached to. Reference: REMC '48 SWITCH TARGET. A more precise, explicit ternl though Target is more commonly employed. It can be activated either by Switch Stand or switch points. It denotes how switches are set. Reference: ARSPAP-D, AAR SM, UN-Philippines ILLUMINATED SWITCH TARGET. This is more a Chapter 3C entry but included here as cross-reference. Reference: REMC '48 b) Morphological-related Tenus General Note. This coverage includes not only tenus whose function is included in the title but also physical aspects directly pertaining to function: shape of Targets, color and position of Targets 1) Shape General Note. Shapes are somewhat localized but there are some recurring patterns. For example, Prism & Mask (US, ANR): prism suggests proceed, and mask suggests stop (from main line perspective). A Blind Target indicates safety and proceed since the single vane is parallel to the tracks. Arrows - ("fish-tails") - denotes the track that the switch is thrown for. Major Shapes for Targets include: Mask & Obround/Obrotund-shaped Vane Mask & Mask-shaped Vane Mask & Prism-shaped Vane Part F in TMSIC has further permutations; Bethlehem (formerly a major producer of Targets) offers many details, fornls. Arrow-Shaped Vanes Double Arrow & "H" -shaped Va.t1e Double Arrow & Circle Vane Single Arrow/Single Vane Single Arrow & Circle Vane Single Arrow & Obround Vane Single Arrow & Diamond Vane 276 Single Arrow Over Diamond Vane Diagonal Arrow & Mask Vane Arrow-shaped Target Obround-shaped Vanes Obround & Mask Vane Obround & Single Arrow Obround & Square Vane Note: many forms of targets are not described by shape. Formerly this compiler employed tenus such as lozenge (as in cough drops) and oval. However it is far more accurate to speak of Obrounds and Obrotunds. A Obrotrund is nearly spherical save for one diameter slightly larger than other diameters in the entity. Obround is a rectangular shaped object with hemispherical ends. A chart beginning with obrounds can evolve into Obrotunds yet they remain separate shapes. Lozenge is a diamond-shaped object (though elongated ovals are also seen as lozenges). Rectangle-Shaped Vanes Rectangle/Single Vane Rectangle & Chevron Vane Rectangle & Oval Vane Rectangle with Fish-tail End & Circle Vane Obround Vane Obround Vane & Mask Obround/Single Vane Obround/Double Vane Obround (Elongated) Other Shapes Circle & Square Circle & Chevron Diamond/Single Vane Triangle (Truncated) & Oval Octagon/Single Vane Square & Square 2) Color & Position General Note. There is some correlation between Target usage and established patterns of color usage. White is sometimes a clear indication (possibly reflecting 277 old patterns of colors and meanings: white was employed for Lighted Signals as well as Targets). Color meaning is from perspective of main line. Purple is employed at times for derail messages. Frequently a single vane target is employed so that position is the only dominant element. Yet color and shape are also position types though that is not primary. Single vane Target or Blind Target "shows it edge for safety" and Camp sees that as a Position Target. 3) Tenns Related to Railroad Functions BLIND TARGET. This is a single vane Target. It is similar to some older Signals in that the safety indication is ''blind.'' That is, when the Target is parallel to the main track it denotes safety and thereby the train may proceed. Only the thin edge of the Target can possibly be seen from an approaching train. Reference: Camp '03 MAIN TRACK SWITCH TARGET. Main Track denoted by prism target (diagonal rectangle with pointed ends) in green. When diverging route open then mask-shaped Target is viewed from main track. This is in red. The second form of Targetflamp (day target) may also be employed. Reference: B & 0 SIDING & YARD SWITCH TARGET. This term, from B & 0, "has only the second form. Reference: B & 0 SIDING DERAIL TARGET/SIDING DERAIL SWITCH TARGET. Term from B & O. Purple represents derail while yellow denotes non-derail position. Reference: B & 0 YARD SWITCH STAND. Partly-lighted. Yellow disc is set for siding "and for straight lead in freight lines." White square is open to freight line from pasenger siding, etc. Partly-lighted. Cross-reference. Reference: ANR c) Other Terms DAY TARGETS. This term seemingly refers to small Targets attached to a Switch Lamp. Color of Target matches lens color. . Reference: Foster, Bethelehm, MAIN LINE SWITCJ:I STANDS. Despite the name this is a Switch Target/Lamp assemblage. It has a dIagonal shaped rectangular vane with notched tail. Green for 278 main lines; a yellow mask for siding. There is also a third form: a red mask indicating open to "freight line or dead end." Reference: SAR (ANR) '47 TARGET STAND. This refers to a Target mounted on mast and stand without a Switch Stand. The stand is connected by rod to the Switch Stand. It is employed in situations where a separate assemblage is needed. It is also employed with derails. Reference: Bethlehem, Hayes SWITCH TARGET REFLECTOR TYPE/REFLECTORIZED SWITCH TARGETjREFLECTOR TARGET. All three tenns include some form of reflectorized material. This may be in the form of circular reflectors of prismatic material or of a second form employing modules that display reflective material. References includes: Bethlehem, Fosters There are several other Targets whose titles refer to Height: LOW TARGET LOW REVOLVING TARGET INTERMEDIATE TARGET HIGH SWITCH TARGET HIGH TARGET d) Switch Stand Forms General Note. Switch Stand is a mechanism through which points can be moved thereby opening or closing a desired section of track. The housing includes base, gear works, throwing level, top cover, mast; also connecting rod to points. While not all Switch Stands have Targets many do. Hence the inclusion of this infrastructure for Targets. A list of Switch Stands includes: AUTOMATIC SAFETY LOCK SWITCH STAND AUTOMATIC SAFETY SWITCH STAND, REMC AUTOMATIC STAND. Camp AUTOMATIC SWITCH STANDS COLUMN-THROW STAND, REMC DERAIL STAND DERAIL SWITCH STAND DOUBLE STAND 279 DWARF STAND GEARLESS SvnTCH STAND, REMC GROUND 1HROW STAND GROUND 1HROW SvnTCH STAND/GROUND-THROW SWITCH STAND HASTY TRIPLE STAND HIGH BANNER TWO TIE SWITCH STAND/LOW BANNER TWO TIE SWITCH STAND HIGH SWITCH STAND HUB SAFETY AUTOMATIC SWITCH STAND INTERMEDIATE STAND LOW STAND LOW SWITCH STAND MAIN LINE SAFETY SWITCH STAND/MAINLINE SAFETY SvnTCH STAND, REMC MAIN LINE SvnTCH STAND PARALLEL-THROW SWITCH STAND STONE DRUM SWITCH STAND SWITCH STAND, PARALLEL THROW ENCLOSED GEARED TYPE PARALLEL THROW SWITCH STAND POSITIVE-ACTION SWITCH STAND PONY STAND STEELTON SWITCH STAND THREE-IN-ONE AUTOMATIC SvnTCH STAND, REMC 4C2 Acoustical Signal Forms General Note. This segment encompasses a broad and disparate range of material: all types of railroad safety aids that emit some form of sound messages. It includes Bells and Gongs at leveVgrade crossings; explosive devices applied to tracks, and locomotive-based signals for cab and various kinds of train control apparatus. Many of these Signals are also referred to in other segments of the Database since many Sound Signals are attached to other forms of Signals. a) Overarching Terms ACOUSTIC OR AUDIBLE SIGNAL. For UAR this is a very broad OA. term encompassing all forms of acoustical communication: station master's whistle, locomotive whistles, and Detonators. Reference: UAR AUDIBLE DANGER SIGNAL. Phrase refers to indication: sound and danger; 280 rather than a type of SignaL Reference: Rolt '82 AUDIBLE SIGNALLING DEVICES. A descriptive phrase in Rolt rather than a formal title. Reference: Rolt '82 AUDIBLE WARNING SYSTEMS. A blanket and very general term. It seemingly focusses on Sound Signal associated with train stops. Reference: Barwell'83 b) Explosive Signals ALL-WEATHER FUSEES. Is"All-weather" part of the title or simply a description? 'Ibat is, a Fusee usable in all kinds of weather? Reference: Hollingsworth '83 AUDIBLE SIGNAL. For Corbin this refers to a Detonator. Blythe uses it more broadly for a variety of forms. Philipps refers to Cab Signal by this term. Rolt ties term to Automatic Train Control. ' Reference: Corbin '22, Blythe '51, Philipps '42 BANGER. Colloquial term for Detonator. Reference: Jackson '91 CLAYTON'S AUTOMATIC DETONATOR PLACER. Vanns provides full title that explains the works of the Placer. Reference:Vanns'97 CLA~ON'S FOGGING MACHINE. A "brand name" for one form of Fogging Machine. Reference: Corbin '22 DETONATING FOG SIGNAL. Alternate name for Detonator or Torpedo. E.A. Cowper was the inventor. It is made up of a small case with metal "ears" that can be attached to the rail; gunpowder is placed in case. Reference: B & M '51 DETONATING SIGNAL. Another variant name for Detonators or Torpedoes. Dempsey notes it has meaning of a danger signal. Reference: Dempsey 1855 281 DETONATOR. According to Hollingsworth this is "English English" for Torpedoes. The term has a variety of meanings: UAR: driver to approach cautiously for a minimum of 1500'. For TWR it has meaning of: one detonator: slow down and be prepared to stop; two detonators: stop; three: stop and do not move until Signal removed and proceed authorization given. Messages for RG New Systems are: one detonator means stop; two mean caution. According to Corbin it consists of percussion cap and gunpowder. Reference: Hollingsworth '83, UAR, TWR, Corbin '22, RG New Systems DETONATOR MACHINES. Are these akin to a Fogging Machines (ca 1915) Reference: Rolt '82 DETONATOR PLACER. Mechanism (apparatus) that places at least one Detonator on rail. Reference: UIC DETONATOR SIGNAL. TWA employs this variant of the basic term. It clarifies, makes more explicit the basic term. SA also uses the shorter Detonator form as well. Reference: SA-TWA DUPLEX FOG SIGNAL. A Detonator containing two units of explosives according to Jackson. This constitutes two Fog Signals. So that a Fog Signal is not a detonator mechanism but each package of explosives. Reference: Jackson '91 FOG. Jackson includes this as a term for Detonators albeit a very brief one. Reference: Jackson '91 FOG DETONATOR. A more explicit form of the basic term of detonator. It is placed on the line at Distant Signals displaying caution. Reference: Blythe '51 . FOG GONG. Electric gong affixed to Visual Signals as a warning in foggy weather especially when in danger position. Reference: Jackson '91 FOG REPEATER. Visual not audible in nature. It is a Colour-Light Signal exhibited in low visibility and which repeats indication of next regular signal but in advance. Reference: Jackson '91 282 FOG SIGNAL. Not an OA term despite its appearance. Corbin employes it as a synonym for Detonator. Reference: Corbin '22 FOGGER. Jackson gives this term for Fog Repeater. Reference: Jackson '91 FOGGING MACHINES. A mechanism that automatically places Detonator on track, removes spent detonators and then adds a fresh Detonator. Reference: Corbin '22 FUSEES. "Chemical fire light, like a Roman candle giving a bright light -- red or green or yellow -- as a stop or slow signal." Reference: RSD. NON-OPTICAL SIGNALS. This appears to be a very broad term for any Signals not visual. But Mashour '74 views it as a Sound Signal term meaning Fog Signalling Detonators. Reference: Mashour '74 TORPEDO. An explosive device affixed to the rail; exploded when train over it. Reference: ARSPAP-D . TORPEDO SIGNAL. RG 1884 adds the word Signal to core term thereby reducing ambiguity as to meaning. Reference: RG 1884 c) Level/Grade Crossing Sound Signals AUDIBLE AUTOMATIC WARNING DEVICES. This term refers to sound signals at grade crossings. Reference: Philipps '42 AUDIBLE-PEDESTRIAN CROSSING. Refers to German practice. No formal name as such is attached to this device. Reference: ERS-M AUTOMATIC BELL. Seemingly the word automatic has been added to indicate bells and other grade crossing safety aids are not controlled and operated manually. Train crews direct traffic if automatic systems activated during frequency movements if train is standing on track circuit. Reference: B & 0 283 I I: . ·1 II II " I BELL. Acoustical device at grade crossing that emits a warning upon approach of a train. Reference: AAR SM '83 BELL, GONG. ERS (Luxembourg) distinguished between Bell and Gong forms; RSD frequently views gong as a part of a bell though RSD includes units termed gongs (produced by Faraday). References: UIC, ERS BELL, SINGLE STROKE. A signal indication generated by a single stroke. Reference: ARSPAP-D BELL, VIBRATING. "An audible signal which, when started, continues automatically until the circuit is opened." Reference: ARSPAP-D CROSSING ALARM. Term appears in an advertisement from American Railway Signal Company in RSD. No details. Reference: RSD 'II CROSSING BELL. Shorter name for Highway Crossing Bell. RSD applies it to one model. Reference: RSD DOUBLE GONG HIGHWAY CROSSING BELL. This is a single unit with two gong units [Gong and bell are separate in marine A/Ns but gong seemingly means the hollowed spherical unit struck by a striker buoy gong has a similar shape though larger]. Reference: RSD ELECTRONIC BELL/ELECTRONIC WARNING BELL. No details on either form; presumably it refers to electronic mechanism work rather than a electro- mechanical mechanism. Reference: ERS-M ENCLOSED CROSSING BELL. RSD refers to Bells, whose mechanism (movements) is within a metal housing, and to Bells whose mechanism is uncovered. Some forms are a single unit containing cover, mechanism, striker. Others have the mechanism in a unit separate from Bell and striker. Variant types and names include: IRON CASE, ENCLOSED CROSSING BELL 284 ~ • • • • •~ ENCLOSED WATER TIGHT, LOW & HIGH VOLTAGE HIGHWAY CROSSING BELL Reference: RSD 'II ENCLOSED TYPE GONG. A gong whose mechanism is within a metal housing. See also: Enclosed Bell. Reference: RSD 'II GRADE CROSSING ALARM. This term is from Japan, few details, presumably in a bell form. Reference: Japan Assn HIGHWAY CROSSING BELL/BELL, HIGHWAY CROSSING. This is probably the basic term (U.S.) encompassing various forms at grade crossings. Integrated with Lighted Signals, signs, possibly barriers. Its function is to warn of approaching trains. ARSPAP-D reverses word order. Reference: RSD '11, ARSPAP-D HIGHWAY CROSSING BELL-ELECTRONIC/HIGHWAY CROSSING BELL- ELECTRO-MECHANICAL. The ftrst form has an electronic means of operation while the second has traditional mechanism including magnetic coil armature traditional gong and a striking arm " Reference: WBS HIGHWAY CROSSING SIGNAL. RSD includes one Signal, presumably a bell, under the heading of Chicago Highway Crossing (RR Supply Co). In most instances signal in this context means a Lighted Signal rather than a Sound Signal. Reference: RSD 'II LOC~MOTI':'ETYPE CROSSING BELL. A locomotive bell adapted to a grade crossmg functIon. Reference: RSD 'II SKELETON BELL. According to RSD a Skeleton Bell is one whose mechanism is uncovered. Reference: RSD 'II SOUND-BELL/SOUND BELL. Netherland's term for level crossing safety aid. Reference: Alkmaar Special Case: 285 rI , . i I I I , , , , , I . fiT Ii I , I , : ' BELL. A Switch Indicator Bell that alerted crew when train approaching switch (part of ABS). Reference: King '21 d) Cab & Train Control Sound Signals CAB SIGNALS - SOUND. General Note. Much of Cab Signal coverage is in Ch 2 (and Systems in Ch 1). Some mention of sound is given there. Some Sound Signals are part of other signals without specific mention in the title. This segment therefore provides a specific focus on Sound Signals. CAB SIGNAL, AUDffiLE. Cab-based device that emits sound under programmed situations. See Also 2D5. Reference: SM AUDffiLE CAB SIGNALLING/AUDffiLE-CAB SIGNALLING. This refers to GWR '06 fonn. It is an infonnal descriptive tenn; indicator meant. Reference: Nock '78. Ellis '66, Barwell'83 AUDffiLE CAB INDICATOR/INDICATOR, CAB, AUDffiLE. This sound device is an air whistle. Whistle sounds when Cab Signal indication. Whistle continues cab signal acknowledged. Reference: ARSPAP-D AUDffiLE INDICATOR. Tenn for sound dimension for Cab Signals. Reference: FRA-RAR AUDffiLE SIGNAL. For Breen this is an indication not an indicator. For Skabballonovich it has appearance of OA Signal yet specific use may belie that view. See also Explosive Signals. Reference: Breen '80, Skabballonovich '84 BELL & SIREN UNIT. Refers to physical apparatus for ATe. Siren denoted presence of Dist~t S.ignal..Bell denoted clear ~dication.No visual signals but Barwell places thIS dISCUSSIOns under the headmg of Automaatic Warning Systems-- Cab Signalling. . Reference: Barwell '83 CAB ALARM. A brief entry in source; no details are given as to nature of Alann. Reference: Japan Assn. 286 CAB INDICATOR. According to Philipps, Cab Signal gives visual indications while Cab Indicator gives sound warnigs. Reference: Philipps '42 CAB WHISTLE. Refers to Whistle which sounds completion to more restrictive indicator. See also next entry. Reference: GRS '54 CODE CONTINUOUS CAB SIGNAL WITH WHISTLE & ACKNOW- LEDGER. A Sound Signal that is integral part of Cab Signal assembly. See also 2D5. Reference: FRA-3 INDICATOR, CAB; AUDffiLE. Sound Signal that is integral part of Cab Signal assembly. See also 2D5 Reference: FRA-3 KLAXON. Taylor speaks of Klaxon for proceed indication (on) for GWR ATe. Bell sounds for danger (off) indication. Barwell speaks of Siren. Reference: Taylor '49, Barwell'83 RELIOSTOP. A fonn of Train Stop. Apparatus is partly on tracks, in locomotive. Apparatus activates siren, whistle in locomotive when signals approached. If action not taken the brakes activated. Reference: Blythe '51 WARNING HOOTER. This is part of Strowger-Hudd ATC System. Brief blast if Signal clear; on-going blast if at danger until brakes on or mechanism reset. Reference: Vanns '97, Taylor '49 WHISTLE SIGNAL. This is a Sign for UAR. Appearance belies reality. CR. Reference: UAR 4C3 Radio Signal Terms BEACON/EURO-BALISE BEACON. Component of ETCS. creates shared transmission standard. Euro-Balise provides interface with track Signal apparatus and cab-based module. Reference: ETCS ... IJR 9-93 ELECTRONIC SIGNALLING. An overarching tenn in this fonn of Signal. 287 I' I I I I[ I Reference: NS Samples ... '83 ELECTRONIC TOKEN. This Token is a radio transmission to train from control center. Radio Token constitutes a token since only one train receives data for a section or block. Barwell notes that Electronic Token is a system. Reference: Barwell'83 ELECTRONIC TOKEN SYSTEM. Alternate name for Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB). Reference: Challenger '83 EURO-RADIO. This is part ofETCS System. It transmits ATP, ATC data. Reference: ETCS 9-93 GPS/NAVSTAR GPS/GPS TECHNOLOGX. GPS, originally a 1?arine ~d aero aid, is increasingly applied to railroad operatIOns. GPS may p~ovlde n:~ltlple uses for railroads including guidance of trains for purpose of aVOldmg cOlliSIOns. References: Railways Need ... '94, Welty, Carley-WSJ, RN Plan '98 RADIO-BASED TOKEN SYSTEM. This term is seemingly akin to other Electronic Token Arrangements though explanation not fully clear. Refers to Spoornet in S.Af. Reference: Railways Need ... '94 RADIO BLOCK. A shorter form of basic Radio Block System term. References: Whitehouse '85, Brown '84 RADIO BLOCK SYSTEM. This term is interchangeable with Radio Token System. It lacks mention of Token but at the same time it is more specific by adding block to term. Reference: Whitehouse '85 RADIO ELEC1RONIC TOKEN BLOCK (RETB). It refers to exchange is of Electronic Tokens rather than physical tokens. Token is a visual message on locomotive screen. Reference: ERS-V RADIO SIGNALLING. Seemingly a term covering all aspects of Signalling and controlling in ETCS. Reference: ETCS '83 RADIO TOKEN BLOCK. A basic term for this form of safety aid. Specific terms 288 refers to form in Angola that is "knit" together with microwave communication links. Reference: Railways Need ... '94 RADIO TOKEN EQUIPMENT. This tenn seemingly refers to the physical appearance of Radio Token System. Reference: ERS-H RADIO ELECTRONIC TOKEN SYSTEM. Term is another name for RETB, etc. Reference: Challenger '83 RADIO-SHUNTING. Seemingly this term refers to radio transmission between control and train. It is probably not a Signal situation since it consists of voice communication only. Reference: Jia-lin '81 RADIO TOKEN BLOCK SYSTEM. A longer, more explicit version of the basic token. Reference: Telecomm. RADIO TOKEN SYSTEM. lbis system replaces current token system with a electronic token. Involves human speech but also includes "electronic token data" via a display unit in cab. Reference: Whitehouse '85. RADIO TOKENLESS BLOCK. This term is interchangeable with the Electronic Token System. Reference: Challenger '83 RALIOPHONE. This term refers to inductive apparatus based on passage of electrical current. It involves telephone communication and Cab Signal operations. Seemingly, it is not a radio aid though closely related. Reference: Blythe '51 RETB SYSTEM. Acronym for Radio Electronic Token System. Reference: A & W'91 SAT-GUIDANCE SYSTEM/SAT-BASED GUIDANCE SYSTEM. Informal, descriptive terms for GPS System. Reference: Carley, WSJ TOKEN BLOCK. This refers to a shorter version of Radio Token Block. No 289 physical tokens. Reference: Railways Need ... WIRELESS SIGNAL SYSTEM. This does not refer to radio but instead to Robinson's wire-less track circuit activated Signal system. Reference: B & M '81 290 4D Staff, Ticket, Token, Tablet, Train Order & Time Interval 1 Staff Forms ABSOLUTE STAFF SYSTEM/ABSOLUTE STAFF INSTRUMENT. A form of Train Staff that permits a single train in a section at a time. The Instrument is the physical apparatus dimension. Reference: King '21 ANNETT'S KEY. Key and lock for seldom used sidings. On single lines it is part of Train Staff operations. Reference: A & W'91 AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC STAFF INSlRUMENT. An Instrument that allows crews to receive staff while maintaining speed. Reference: Q S & S. AUTOMATIC STAFF EXCHANGING APPARATUS/AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT/AUTOMATIC TABLET EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT. Tenns refer to apparatus for exchanging staff or other form of token; partly located on locomotive, partly next to track at signal box. See Also: Automatic Token Exchange. Reference: VGR 32, K & W '63, Vanns '97 ELECTRIC STAFF. According to Hammond, this is another name for Tablet; it is also a component for Electric Token Methods. References: Hammond '64, Corbin '22, Fraser '19 ELECTRIC TRAIN STAFF. No details from VGR but presumblv a variant of Electric Staff. " Reference: VGR ELECTRIC STAFF INSlRUMENT. Mechanism for releasing, retaining staff for a given section or block. Reference: Shackleton ELECTRIC STAFF BLOCK SYSTEM. This term is from Canada. In this form train superiority is superseded by possession of staff. Reference: Canada UCOR '61 ELECTRIC STAFF SYSTEM. Seemingly, it refers to the working of electric staff; both staff, instrument and operation of admiting, blocking of trains in a 291 section by signal crew. Reference: Bird ELECTRIC TRAIN STAFF & TICKET SYTEM. Similar to basic foml save for metal rather than paper tickets. Reference: Taylor '49 ELECTRIC TRAIN STAFF SYSTEM: A means for regulating train movements on single lines. References: Bird, RSD, HDS INTERMEDIATE SIDING JUNCTION INSTRUMENT. Special staff machine for allowing access to sidings, junctions. Reference: King '21 L~RGE ELECTRIC STAFF. One form of the Key Token InstrUI11ent which see. It IS made of steel and designed to be fitted into only the correct machine. REVIEW. Reference: K & W'63 O.~.S. STAFF. One gtlgine in Steam: this refers to the wooden staff system which see. Term means just one engine up and running on line at a time. Reference: K & W '63 ONE TRAIN WORKING. This employs Staff; no other train in block. Seemingly akin to O.E.S. Reference: Leach '91, A & W'91 PERMISSIV~STAFF/pERMISSIVE ATTACHMENT. This is an adjunct to Absolute Staff System which see. This allows more than one train in block at a time. Reference: King '21 PUSHER ATTACHMENT. This Attachment to Train Staff system allows movement of pusher engines. Reference: King '21 292 STAFF. Refers to a staff or rod given to train crews for specific section of track. Entrance to the section requires staff. It is surrended when leaving section. It is employed on single lines. Staff could be in 2 or 3 sections; each piece given to a train crew. Reference: Corbin '22, Hammond '64 STAFF & TICKET WORKING. Equivalent to Staff and Ticket Systems. Refers to equipment and process of that form of train operations. Reference: Vanns '97 STAFF CATCHER. Device for delivering, retrieving Staffs. Reference: King '21 STAFF CRANE/CRANE, STAFF. A post and bars that supports a staff. Placed near the tracks so staff could be reached from moving train. Reference: RSD STAFF MANUAL BLOCK SYSTEM. This system is employed where no signals are in service. It follows basic token system format. Reference: AAR-USSR '60 STAFF POUCHES. Sleeve within which Staff is positioned. Reference: King '21 STAFF SYSTEM. Teml refers to system of controlling traffic on single line by requiring trains entering a section to have a staff (supplied by signal person at beginning of block). Simmons speaks of staff or tablet system; seemingly they are interchangeable teffi1S. Reference: Blyth '51, Simmons SUBSIDIARY ELECTRIC STAFF WORKING. No explanation given. It suggests electric staff employed as a secondary or subsidiary system with lighted and other signals primary. Reference: Bird TRAIN STAFF/TRAIN-STAFF. Hammond employs this as synonym for staff. It is a more explicit version of the basic term. Hyphenated form is from Barwell. Reference: Hammond '64, Barwell'83 TRAIN STAFF SYSTEMffRAIN-STAFF SYSTEM. Staff and Staff Systems are core teffi1S and common teffi1S. "Train" adds a degree of explicitness. Ellis offers a hyphenated form; only surveyed source so doing that. Ellis speaks of staff or 293 baton. References: Hammond '64, ARSPAP-D, Ellis '58 WEBB & THOMPSON ELECTRIC STAFF. A ''brand name" for electric staff. See also VR. Reference: HDS W & T ELECTRIC STAFF SYSTEM. Commonly employed system until largely superseded by Key Token Working. Reference: WEBB & THOMPSON ELECTRIC STAFF INSTRUMENT. A term from VR who notes that it replaced Tyer Tablet Instruments. See above item. Reference: VR WOODEN STAFF/WOODEN TRAIN STAFF. K & W '63 is very specific about the nature of this staff. This is the most elementary form of the system and is intended for lightly traveled lines. G.A. adds Train to basic term. Reference: K & W '63, G.A. 2 Staff & Ticket Forms PAPER TICKET METHOD. Wooden Train Staff and Paper Ticket work together. Paper Ticket given to each of a group of train crews with only the last one getting the staff. Reference: G.A. STAFF & TICKET/STAFF-&-TICKET. Term has same meaning as Staff & Ticket System which see. K & W '63 also employs more explicit version. Reference: K & W'63 STAFF & TICKET SYSTEM. Term refers to section where multiple trains are present. Staff displ~edbut not given to succeeding train crews. Instead, a ticket (paper) is given. Last train receives the staff. Ellis '66 adds hyphenated form. Reference: Corbin '22, Fraser '19, Shackleton '76 TICKET SYSTEM. Blythe employs this term in lieu of more common and complete Staff & Ticket System. A second version contained a staff that could be separated into 2 or 3 pieces. Reference: Blythe '51 TRAIN STAFF & TICKET. A more explicit form of basic term, Staff & Ticket. 294 Reference: VGR TRAIN STAFF & TICKET SYSTEM. A variant form of basic term of Staff & Ticket System. Reference: HDS WOODEN TRAIN STAFF & PAPER TICKET METHOD. They form a unit in SA railway operations. Equivalent of Staff & Ticket System. Reference: S.Af G.A. '47 3 Token Forms AUTOMATIC TOKEN EXCHANGE. Method for exchanging tokens while train remains at speed. Reference: K & W '63 BALL TOKEN/BALL-TOKEN. One shape/form of movable objects used in Token System. Reference: UN, Westinghouse Saxby ELECTRIC TOKEN. Machines at opposite ends of block are electrically connected; withdrawal of one token blocks withdrawal from other end until token replaced. Reference: ERS-V. ELECTRIC TOKEN APPARATUS. Seemingly equivalent to Electric Token Instrument. Reference: A & W '91 ELECTRIC TOKEN INSTRUMENT. This refers to the apparatus, mechanism including tokens, etc., interlocking mechanism (removal of token from a machine block, removal of token from other machine), magazine and related features. Three forms of instrument: Large Electric Staff, Key Token, Tablet, which see. Reference? ELECTRIC TOKEN METHODS. OA term for several single-line working methods. Electric staff or tablets employed. Referenc: Hammond '64 ELECTRIC TOKEN SYSTEMS. This term is similar in meaning to Electric Token Methods. Reference: Hammond '64 295 Reference: Hammond '64 BALL TOKEN TYPE. This may refer to Neale's Ball Token and Block Instrument which see. Westinghouse Saxby Farmer was once a UK finn but it is now a Calcutta concern. Reference: UN '54 ELECTRIC TOKEN SYSTEM/ELECTRIC TOKEN BLOCK. Machines for handling tokens are interlocked between opposite ends of section and this is carried out with electricity. Many fonns of the system omit reference to electricity. Reference: ERS-V KEY.TOKEN (I). Metal token with key attached. Key designed to fit specific machine. Key token may take one of several fonns including staff and ticket. References: K & W '63. Nock '80, Shackleton, Allen '52 KEY TOKEN (II). For ERS-V this refers to BR block system for single lies. Reference: ERS-V KEY TOKEN BLOCK SYSTEM. Basic term with addition of Block. Key Token, of course predicated on blocks but often not included in tenns. Reference: UAR KEY TOKEN TRANSFER SYSTEM. An attachment that serves as a Key Token Bah'1cer when train operations become out of balance. Reference: Tyer & Co. KEY TOKEN BALANCER. See Key Token Transfer System. KEY TOKEN.INSTRUMENT. Mechanism consisting of ball signals, indications, tokens, magazllles. Reference: Sig Eq Review, Tyer & Co. KEY TOKEN SYSTEM. Term refers to Tyer Key Token Instruments controlling and regulating traffic by releasing, "freezing" tokens for a section of track Reference: Sig. Eq Rev. '81 NEALE'S BALL TOKEN INSTRUMENT. Short form of next term. Reference: Westinghouse Saxby Farmer NEALE'S SINGLE LINE COMBINED BALL TOKEN & BLOCK 296 tokens, releasing mechanism, telephone hand sets to coordinate release of token and trains. Reference: Westinghouse Saxby Farmer NO SIGNALMAN REMOTE KEY TOKEN WORKING/NO-SIGNALMAN REMOTE KEY TOKEN WORKING. Instruments are handled by train crews with remote supervision. Reference: ERS-H, Leach '91 NO SIGNALMAN TOKEN BLOCK. Equivalent of No Signalman Token Working. Reference: Leach '91 ONE TRAIN WORKING. New term for O.B.S. References: A & W '91, Leach /91 SIGNALMAN-TO SIGNALMAN TOKEN WORKING. This fonn is employed for single lines. Reference: Leach '91 SIGNALMAN TO AUTOMATIC OPERATED TOKEN WORKING. This form employed for terminal branch operations and multiple trains. Reference: Leach /91 SINGLE LINE TOKEN INSTRUMENT. An OA term for apparatus employed in Token systems and maintained at signal boxes. . Reference: Vanns /91 TOKEN. Short form of key token which see. It needs to be noted that Key Token sometimes has meaning of block system for single lines employing tokens. See also Token System References: Allen '52, Ellis /66 TOKEN BLOCK SYSTEM. Variation of basic ternl; this version adds block to title. Reference: UN--Japan TOKEN SIGNALLING. Hollingsworth, among surveyed sources, is the only sour~e for this tern. It provides a convenient heading for the various components. ~ollmgsworthspeaks of token as having several forms: staff key, tablet, ball. Sl1llple systems contain one token so one train only can pass through. 297 I' ELECTRIC SINGLE-LINE TOKEN SYSTEM. TIus fonn allowed trains to safely travel either direction since tokens at both ends and tokens and signals interconnected. Reference: Hollingworth '83 TOKEN TYPE BLOCK INSTRUMENT. Ball Token moved from train to train without a passage through to block instruments. Reference: UN-Japan TOKENS-FORMS. Hollingsworth notes they can be one of several forms: Ball, . Staff, Tablet, Key. Tyer & Co has several distinct forms and colors: Round key ill red, Square key in green, Triangle in yellow, diamond in blue, and rectangle. References: Hollingsworth, Tyer & Co. TOKEN FORMS-IT. Leach provides a classification by function rather than by physical shape: MAIN SECTION (UNIDIRECTIONAL) TOKEN ENGINEERING TOKEN TEST TOKEN SPECIAL TOKEN Reference: Leach '91 VAN SCHOOR TRAIN TOKEN SYSTEM. A system that includes both crossing tablets and absolute tablets. Reference: TWR 4 Tablet & Tablet & Token Forms BALL TABLET TOKEN INSTRUMENT. A listing of manufacturer's product in Jane's. Specific source is Westinghouse Saxby. ~trume~t is a mec~sm through which tokens are released, held, and tram operatIOns arre condlcted. Reference: Jane's '88-'89 ELECTRIC TABLET/ELECTRIC TRAIN TOKEN. Only limited data is available. Presumably the object dispensed to train crew when block. Second term may be a variant form of the basic term. Reference: Fraser '19 ELECTRIC TABLET INSTRUMENT. Few details available on this term. Presumably an apparatus dispensing metal tablet discs when line clear and which freezes tablets when line occupied. 298 Reference: VGR '32 ELECTRIC TABLET SYSTEM. An Electric Token method using Tablets (discs about six inches in diamter). The instruments are electrically interlocked. Reference: Hammond '64 ELECTRIC TRAIN TABLET METHOD. S.A. train operation method employing Tyer's Tablet Method. Reference: G.A. SINGLE LINE TABLETS. This term is synonym for Tablets in general. Reference: Vanns '97 TABLET BLOCK SYSTEM. A block operation based on exchange of tablets. Reference: UN '54 TABLET BLOCK TRAIN OPERATIONS. Little explanation available but probably self-explanatory. Reference: UN '54 TABLET INSTRUMENT. This is a reference to traditional form but also a revamped version relating to radio interconnections and long-distance operations. Reference: Brown '84 TABLET SYSTEM. System based on a machine that dispenses tablets or tokens. Removal of one token locks machine at far end of section thereby blocking entrance of a second train into a section until first train has left section. Variations allowed more than one train in section under prescribed procedures. Reference: Blythe '51 TABLETS. Small pieces of metal employed in interlocked instruments that control train movements. References: Allen '52, Corbin '22 TABLET SYSTEM OF WORKING. Train operation system based on tablets and tablet instruments. Reference: HDS TYER'S KEY TOKEN INSTRUMENT/TYER'S ELECTRIC TRAIN TABLET. The meaning is that of Key Token Instrument with name of maker added: Tyer who has near monopoly for Key Token systems. Tllis form from A Century '" '84. Reference: Kenya Railways 299 TYER'S #7 TABLET INSTRUMENT. TIlis device displays 3 indications: "Line Closed," Train Approach (up or down), Train on Line (up or down). Two tablets slides (Top: in, Bottom: out), switch plunger and bell plunger. Reference: Hammond '64 #6 TYER'S TABLET MACHINE. Machine seemingly synonym for Instrument. Reference: A & W'91 TYER'S TABLET INSTRUMENT. The mechanism controlling tablet operations. It releases and holds tablet as required thereby maintains safe train operations. Reference: HDS TYER'S ELECTRIC TABLET SYSTEMTYER'S TABLET SYSTEM. This model patented in 1878. It replaced older, simpler arrange~e~t and was more fool-proof since electrical connections interlocked respectIve mstruments. Reference: Ellis '58, Vanns '97 5 Tokenless Forms General Note. Segment can be viewed as part of IE though elements closely related to Token Systems and some forms have Tokens in some form. SCOTTISH REGION TOKENLESS BLOCK. Leach notes this is a "true simulation of Token Working." No physical token though there are radio pulses transmitted (Not referred to as Electronic Tokens by Leach). Reference: Leach '91 TOKENLESS BLOCK. This refers to Radio Electronic Token System which see. Reference: Challenger '83 TOKENLESS BLOCK EQUIPMENT. This form refers to Radio Electronic System. Yet Tokenless Block can refer to visual, non-radio forms. Reference: KNR TOKENLESS BLOCK WORKING/TOKENLESS BLOCK SYSTEM. This is similar to Token Working but no tangible token given out. Signal crews and machines collaborate closely and only admit trains to clear section. Second term seems to be a close approximation of Working. References: Hammond '64, UN '54, Japan Assn 300 TOKENLESS BLOCK INSTRUMENT. Device for interlocking means of and employed for both single and double lines. ljN notes that Tokenless Block Instruments are from F.S. (SABIB) Type; SIemens and Halske (Germany), and SNCF Type (France), Sykes (UK). References: Alkmaar, UN TOKENLESS BLOCK WORKING (PAPER TICKET). Signal stations cooperate and lock and block operation to process trains but without tokens. Reference: UN '54 6 Train Order Forms BALLOON TRAIN ORDER. This is a historical term (1864). It consisted of a "Balloon-shaped container" hung from gallows. TIle container blocked view of lantern. The lamp could be lowered which denoted train was to stop for orders. Reference: ARSPAP-H BANNER TYPE TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. This T.O. followed the Banner form of signal. It employed a rope for raising, lowering signal indications. Reference: ARSPAP-H BOOT-JACK TYPE TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. This Signal employed a rack and pinion device. An elevator cage moved the red lantern in and out of position. This was activated by controls that could be altered by train crews through a mechanical process. Reference: ARSPAP-H BOX TYPE TRAIN ORDER. Modified form of Banner Box Block Signal. Removal of red cloth banner denoted proceed. Reference: ARSPAP-H CENTER-PNOTED, 2-POSmON TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL This is more of a description of a signal rather than a fonnal name. Reference: ASPAP-H DOUBLE-ARM UQ TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. Term for Train-order that incorporates physical appearance of the Signal. Reference: King '21 ELECTRIC ENCLOSED DISC TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. The name Stewart- Hall can be added to the term. This signal resembled a Banjo Signal which see. 301 Reference: ARSPAP-H ELECTRO-MECHANICAL TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. This fonn was for a modem version (1906) in contrast to earlier fonTIS which were fully and directly of a mechanical nature. Reference: ARSPAP-H NINETEEN ORDER. Train order message: Delivered without train stopping; signature not required. Reference: A & W'91 SLOW ORDER. Written order for speed reduction at a specific location in Train Order system. . Reference: A & W'91 TELEGRAPH TRAIN-ORDER SYSTEM. Term describing a common means of train operations and regulation in mid-19th century. Reference: Ellis '58. TELEPHONE TRAIN ORDER SIGNAL. Signals mounted on regular signal mast -- when red -- indicate if train crew should stop and receive orders or go to siding. Reference: UN '54 THIRTY ONE ORDER. Term within Train Order system. Signature required on order which means train must stop. Reference: A & W'91 TIMETABLE & TRAIN ORDER (T & TO). Tenn refers to a method based on time tables and train orders. UN (for US) indicates IT for scheduled trains while non-scheduled trains require instruction by TO. Reference: Armstrong '78, UN '54 TRAIN ORDER BOARDS. Tenn for Boards that give Signals in Train Order system. Found at stations. Reference: King '21 TRAIN ORDER/TRAIN ORDER. Method of train operation by issuing of orders; may not include ftxed signals. Reference: Hollingsworth, Ellis '58 TRAIN-ORDER LINESIDE SIGNAL. [DID NOT FIND REF] Reference: Allen '82 302 I-i.i-i. • • • • • -- TRAIN ORDER SIG~AL/TRAIN-O~ER SIGNAL. SM: A signal indicating whether or not the tram has orders to pick up. For RSD: A signal at a station (telephone, telegraph) indicating train to stop for orders (relating to its presence on the track). For ANR/SA: Double ann semaphore: red ann/black ann. Messages for one system (ANR2 have this pattern: Both anns horizontal: Stop (red light), Red ann 45 degrees, slow for orders:, yellow lamp, caution. Red ann vertical "s~tion ope~ no orders" green light, clear. Both arms vertical, yellow disc, G ~and Y hght, station closed. For ARSPAP-SS TO Signal is a Two-Way Single Lamp Signal as in ANR. References: ARSPAP-SS, ANR, RSD, SM TRAIN ORDER SIGNALS OF THE COLOR LIGHT TYPE. In this form no indication is given except after train activates signals. If red, stop for orders, if green, proceed. Reference: ARSPAP-H TRAIN-ORDER SYSTEM. This is little different in meaning from Train Order term. It constitutes a Train Operation method. Reference: FRA-3 ~-ORDER WORKING. Equivalent to System; British-influenced operatiOns often employ working. Reference: Cunliffe '68 WRITIEN TRAIN ORDERS. An older fonn of train operation though FRA-2 notes "it is currently employed signal/control systems." Reference: FRA-2 YA~GTONTYP~ OF~ORD~ SIGNAL. This signal. consisted of four diSCS (3 red, 1 white) each facmg a different direction. Discs attached to horizontal arms which, in tum, are attached to a vertical pipe. Reference: ARSPAP-H 7 Time Interval Fonns !ELEGRAPH BLOCK OR TIME-INTERVAL SYSTEM. Seemingly rnterchangeable terms for Northern Paciftc Railroad. Reference: K & T '88 TIME lNTERVAL SYSTEMjTIME-INTERVAL SYSTEM. RSD which employs the hyphenated fo~ notes it is employed where block system is lacking. 303 Torpedoes and fusees are a part of this method of spacing trains. ARSPAP-H version omits hyphen. See also, Torpedoes, fusees. References: RSD, K & W '63, ARSPAP-H TIME INTERVAL METHOD. Meaning probably little different from Time Interval or Time Interval System. It consists of control of train movements by time-tables, train orders, train schedules. Reference: ARSPAP-H TIME INTERVAL/TIME-INTERVAL. This is not a signal'fonn in a direct sense; it refers to method of spacing trains by time. First fonn from ARSPAP-H Reference: K & W '63, Allen '82. ARSPAP-H TIME-INTERVAL SYSTEM OF WORKING/TIME INTERVAL SYSTEM OF SAFEWORKING. A method of operation by spacing trains by time differences. Blythe has a slight variant that substitutes safeworking for simple working. References: K & W '63, Blythe '51 TIME SYSTEMS. Seemingly a variant of Time Interval which see. Reference: B & M '81 8 Other Forms DIRECT TRAFFIC CONTROL COTC). Train movement operations under direction of train dispatcher. SPACE INTERVAL METHOD. A method based on sections or blocks which are considered in Chapter 1. Reference: ARSPAP-H TELEGRAPH & TICKET METHOD. Ticket issued to train after line clear determination through telegraphic communication. Reference: UN-Thailand TELEGRAPH MESSAGE SYSTEM. Presumably train control exclusively by telegraph. HDS speaks of "T.O. or Telegraph Message System." In U.S. T.O. is via Telegraph. Reference: HDS TELEGRAPHIC ORDER METHOD OF TRAIN WORKING. A train operation system worked through a passage of telegraph messages. Reference: Instruc-SA '62 304 I ... ..- III Reference: Instruc-SA '62 TELEGRAPHIC ORDERS. These are written orders to train crews via telegraph. Reference: Nock '78 TICKET & SECTION ORDER SYSTEM. VGR '32 includes this tenn but seemingly not found in any other source and no details in VGR. Reference: VGR '32 TIME-CODE SYSTEM. Only limited infonnation available for this unique ternl. Reference: B & M '81 TIMETABLESfTlME-TABLES. The tenn is employed as a means of Train Control. They are possibly employed in conjunction with TO. In some instances TO exists apart from Timetables. Reference: FRA-2, Hollingsworth TIME-TABLE OPERATION. This variant fonn gives a clearer view of the Time Table as an operational method. Reference: Henry '42 TRAIN WARRANT CONTROL (TWC). This approach to train operations is variously described as employing timetables or verbal directions. Train Orders and Train Warrant are parallel approaches and possibly overlap. A case can be made for placing this in 1E though it also very much part of this segment. Referenc: Signalbox website, Kanner '92, Railway Needs '94 305 4E Level and Grade Crossing Signs, Signals, Gates, Barriers and Related Accourtrements General Note. Level and Grade Crossing entity is unique since it also appears in TCD portion of the Database. Entries in TCD are from the view of road transport. But railway interests also view the area to a significant degree. Coverage may overlap yet remains distinct within the two fields. Some components of L/G Crossings are considered in other segments of the Database. This is especially the case with sound fOnTIs. The TCD part of the Database can also be considered for more road-orientated fonn,s. This sub-chapter draws together in a category index/word list fonnat the totality of these safety aids. 1 Integrative Level and Grade Crossing Tenus AUTOMATIC SAFETY INSTALLATIONS FOR LEVEL CROSSINGS AUTOMATIC CONTROLLED LEVEL-CROSSING PROTECTION BELLS FLASHING LIGHTS, AUTOMATIC LEVEL CROSSING PROTECTION AUTOMATIC SIGNAL DEVICES AUTOMATIC WARNING SYSTEM, CONVENTIONAL TRACK CIRCUIT-OPERATED LEVEL CROSSING APPROACH WARNING SYSTEM, CROSSING PROTECTION, CROSSING WARNING DEVICES GRADE CROSSING WARNING SYSTEM HIGHWAY CROSSING PROTECTION HIGHWAY-RAll..ROAD CROSSING PROTECTION LEVEL-CROSSING MWL CROSSINGS (UK: Miniature Warning Light Crossings: Footpaths,etc) HIGHWAY CROSSING PROTECTION AUTOMATIC BELLS FLASHLIGHT GATES WIG-WAG HIGHWAY CROSSING SIGNAL CROSSING SIGN LOCOMOTIVE TYPE OF BELL WIGWAG SIGNAL HIGHWAY CROSSING WARNINGS & CONTROLS CANTILEVERS GATES 306 LAMPS HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SIGNS SIGNALS SYSTEM WARNING DEVICE POWER-WORKED MCB, A & W AUDffiLE WARNING DEVICES TRAFFIC LIGHTS BARRIERS SEISMIC BASED TRAIN ACTUATED APPROACH WARNING AT LEVEL CROSSING, Chandrika THE ORION - 300 LEVEL CROSSING APPROACH WARNING SYSTEM Chandrika ' 2 Lighted Level & Grade Crossing Signals ADVANCE WARNING SIGNAL (HIGHWAY CROSSING) AGA HIGHWAY DANGER SIGNAL, King AGA TWO-COLOR HIGHWAY DANGER SIGNAL BARROW CROSSING WARNING INDICATOR, A & W CANTILEVER SIGNAL COLOR-LIGHT HIGHWAY SIGNAL CROSSING SIGNAL FLASHING LIGHT SIGNAL FLASHING LIGHT TYPE, REMC GRADE CROSSING SIGNAL, King HIGHWAY APPROACH SIGNAL, King HIGHWAY CROSSING SIGNAL, King HOESCHON CROSSING SIGNAL, King MINIATURE WARNING LIGHTS (MWL), Leach MINIATURE RIG WARNING LIGHTS, A & W RAILROAD-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING SIGNAL PRE-WARNING SIGNALS HIGHWAY SIGNALS LEVEL CROSSING-FLASHING LIGHT SIGNALS LEVEL CROSSING SIGNALS LEVEL CROSSING WITH FLASHING LIGHT SIGNALS LEVEL CROSSING WITH SIGNAL SYSTEM SIGNALS FOR TRAMWAY LEVEL CROSSING TRAM CROSSING SIGNALS 307 AHB CROSSINGS, A & W AUTOMATIC HALF ARM BARRIER INSTALLATION AUTOMATIC HALF BARRIER AUTOMATIC HALF BARRIER CROSSING (AHB), Leach AUTOMATIC HALF BARRIER LOCALLY MONITORED (ABCL), Leach AUTOMATIC LEVEL CROSSING & HALF GATE DOUBLE HALF BARRIER & FULL BARRIER CROSSING HALF BARRIER: DOUBLE HALF BARRIER & SINGLE HALF BARRIER LEVEL AUTOMATIC: HALF BARRIERS LEVEL CROSSING HALF BARRIER 4) Sound Signals AUDIBLE-PEDESTRIAN CROSSING BELL, GONG, AUDIBLE WARNING CROSSING ALARMS DOUBLE GONG HIGHWAY BELL ELECTRONIC WARNING BELL ENCLOSED CROSSING BELLS ENCLOSED TYPE GONG GRADE CROSSING ALARM LOCOMOTIVE TYPE OF CROSSING BELL HlGHWAY CROSSING ALARM HlGHWAY CROSSING BELL HIGHWAY CROSSING. BELL-ELECTRONIC HlGHWAY GRADE CROSSING WARNING DEVICE HOESCHEN BELL SYSTEM, King LOCOMOTIVE TYPE CROSSING BELL SKELETON BELL VIBRATING BELL 5) Signs AUXILIARY SIGN, REMC CLOSE UP ROAD WARNING SIGN CROSSING SIGNS CROSSBUCK SIGN, REMC DISTANT ROAD WARNING SIGN GATES NOT WORKING SIGN HIGHWAY AND BARRICADES SIGN HlGHWAY CROSSING SIGN 309 1 •l b) Half Barriers & Gates 308 AUTOMATIC GATES, REMC AUTOMATIC LIFTING BARRIERS, Vanns BARRIER BARRIER TYPE PROTECTION, REMC BOOM GATES, A& W CCTV MONITORED REMOTE BARRIER CROSSING CROSSING GATES, A & W ELECTRIC OPERATED LIFTING BARRIERS ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC PEDESTRIAN BARRIERS FULL BARRIER LEVEL AUTOMATIC BARRIERS LEVEL AUTOMATIC OPEN CROSSING LEVEL CROSSING BARRIER. Leach LEVEL CROSSING GATES, A & W LEVEL CROSSING WITH AUTOMATIC BARRIER LEVEL CROSSING WITH FULL BARRIER LIFTING BARRIERS, A & W, Vanns MANNED GATED CROSSING, A & W MANNED BARRIERS, Leach MANNED BARRIERS CROSSING, Leach MCB/LOCAL MCB/REMOTE MCB/CCTV TOB MANUALLY CONTROLLED BARRIERS (MCB), Leach MCB/CCTV ON CALL BARRIER CROSSING (OCB), Leach SHORT-ARM GATES TMO (=TRAINMAN OPERATED [BARRIER], A & W TRAINMAN-OPERATED BARRIER (TOB) [Type of Manned Barrier], Leach WICKET GATE, Jackson 3 Barriers & Gates a) Barriers, Full Barriers, & Gates VISIBLE WARNING SIGNALS WIG WAG, Jackson WIG WAG CROSSING SIGNAL WIG WAG TYPE, REMC , I W.W. Norton. , i t " 'i I r i HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SIGN ILLUMINATED SIGN (?), King LEVEL CROSSING HALT BOARD LEVEL CROSSING-SIGN BOARD RAILROAD CROSSING SIGN: HIGHWAY, AT THE CROSSING, ADVANCE WARNING SIGN (& WITH FLASHING LIGHT) RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING TARGETS REFLECTOR BUTTONS (GC?), REMC ROAD SIGNS AT LEVEL CROSSING SAINT GEORGE'S ADVANCE WARNING BOARD SAINT ANDREW'S CROSS SECOND TRAIN COMING SIGN, Vanns SIGNS (CROSSING?), REMC WARNING SIGNS FOR LEVEL CROSSING 6) Open Crossings ACCOMODATION CROSSING, Jackson AUTOMATIC OPEN CROSSING LOCALLY MONITORED (AOCL), Leach AUTOMATIC OPEN CROSSING REMOTELY MONITORED (AOCR), Leach AUTOMATIC OPEN LEVEL CROSSINGS, A & W OPEN CROSSING (OC), Leach, A & W OPEN CROSSING WITH NO CONTROLS, Leach 310 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books, Journals, Letters, Reports A Century of Railway Signalling in New Zealand. 1964. Centennial News. January 15: 1-3. . . .. Adams, B.B. & Hitt, Rodway, ed. 1911. The RaIlway SIgnal DIctIOnary. Railway Gazette. .. . .. Akawaga, Kaoru. 1975. 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[hlcomplete BI~IIOgr~phic ll1fOrnl~tIOn: <;ode may be issued by individual partici- pating railways; that 15 the VIew of the librarian at California State Railway ~useum Library]. [Kanner includes three such codes; the edition he employs IS from 1945. Northwestern has a 1967 editon. That edition is from Northern Pacific Railway, St. Paul, MN; also Great Northern Railway]. __~,..--_. 1986. General Code of Operating Rules. [Kanner lists a 1989 . edition; adopted by Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe among other railways]. U~ted States. Penn Central.Transportation .Co. ud. Rule Book. Philadelphia. U~ted States. Southern ~acific Transportation Co. Rule Book. San Francisco. Umted.~tates.. ~968. Uniform Code ofOperating Rules. [Kanner includes 1968 e~ItIon utIlIzed by Rock Island Lines, Missouri Pacific Railroad and other railway systems. Uruguay. ud. Signals. Montevideo: Ferrocarriles del Estado. YugoslaVia: ud. Signani Pravilnik. Beograd: Zajednica Jugoslovenskih Zelezmca. Zimbabwe. Thompson, A.J.C. 1987. Letter to compiler. Bulwayo: National Railways of Zimbabwe. 325