·I • 
I,
I 
, I 
I 
:i . " • I 
I t\ mt3xs 
I ,, 
_ P .., peq_ntatl, t;>_ tfl� .n&p�nnnnt ,o_t :a1�t-� _; , _ 
and. t�e ow«lmt� Dl�ftalon o.� t�;e �1w.:artlty ·ot �regon 
_ . an part.I�. tulftl�.a� .· :· .. 
of tl:1£t··  .;�q_111�nt..e>nta _ fo; the- i(J)gfQt" of 
, · �1te� :of Jtrte 
J�i� 
I� 
I 
I. 
,, 
. II 
1: 
!I tf
\ !i• o·· ·� :r .. : ... .,c,.u e ·· Comml t-oee ) 
;: 
I 
•!I 
II 
:� :' 
I ' 
�I  
. - -· .. ·-··· ,.: ,,, . _ ..:. :. .. :.__ . , 
•
. ii 5.'ABLE O:@ CONTENT$ 
I 
Ohap. teIl' 
p g
, BISTOBt
a e 
OAL BAO.KGROUNl>,. • • • •• •. �. • ..... l 
II. THE QONSTIW!l'ION OF 19:1'1 �- • 11 • o, •. • � 15 
III-. ·RELATIONS DURING THE WORLD W.AR,o�.o♦- 42 
,, 
i• lIE•  MOVEMENT ·FOB I• N• TERVDT!ONoor ·•� •�•  •· 
', , ' 
• • -•  • 
• 
,
! • T�1 e. Fc;;trolewn Oontroversy 1 1 · The fhreat o't'  InteJ."Vention 
1
11 ', ' ' • '. 
v, JROM INfERVENWION Tl{REATS TO 
11 BEOQGBI!PION, · 1920"•1�23. • • ·• •• ••• • .. ll6 
. I Ii 1 . . . . . 
vr. 9o�OLUSION• • • ••: .• •• ii•·.• • • • �  • • ;  0• ·• •, I 156 
I . 
1: 
i, 
I: 
I 
CHAPTER I 
:,:,  . 
THE H.IsT·ORIOAL BACKGROUND 
� i. 
.. 
A hiat.ol.'ical. su.l"vey of relations· betw�.e� the tlni ted 
. II 11 • ; �tates an. d.  Mexi., co s.tnoe. the lat.tar's iiidep·O!Jlde-ilc.e � - I 
- It . _ -- - , ~$::�, . - - �' 1821 reveals. :theIJl on the whole to ·be- :e:to.�-r and. uncertain. 
· ·-· �exi Ji fea�.i.  the tmpertaUs.m  Qf he-r �. �,� nQl$hern 
1 l! . 
ne1' I $he'ro._ �; on the othe� ha.nd · the. m,.:t.te:d. �,tat1,s grfjw · S U0 0 l V ely wea -,ey �Of, C-�ai ms o t 1t �l .Qi:tj, z ens:: aga.ins t · . - _ 
M�zj;-· Q�,.: l).·  andit outzagea al
- ong the bOJ"d,er _ _ -., a¢ .the piled 
_ . :: 
. 11 P.  l;i. e 11· . f Qatl de l!t;, . . . . . . 1t . ;: · . 
J 
the. Q111'set the Unlted states •� v."F friend]a 
towa.rq'.s· ME!-xi oo 0-s at�empts 1io win. her in·.depe�denoe f-rom 
Sp1!in�l �his wa.s !!ll•�ml, pert,ape., f1'ol!l a e�1111t;..y who had 
not ve;fY long b:efor.e 6alne<l her own freedom ;1from the 
mothe� QO!lllt17.  .Another reaOOll ).ay tn the �aot that 
I 
the Unit.ad State,ia, was deeit"Ous of -the estab�:1 e,hment of the 
J.ndepehl "denee of t.�e Western hemisphere. es�ciall.y frqm _ ;I 
. 11 . ' , _ . 
Spanie� influen·Q.8♦, Within a year after Mex.t;�can indepe_n-
- � . . . . 
ci_enoe the lJnited states recogn!,p� the co�t):•yo. Presi.dent. 
Mo,nro_  e 11 oontin�ed ·t,c; urge, e:pai!}i, . � w,ell,. as· the other 
_ I 1 , ' . :,,·, . I. I Eu?'Qpe� 001U1trl,es.; t.o , e�en4 r-eoogni tto·n• f year la te,r , I 
I 
�e pµt_l forth h1 s famous Monro.a Doc�l"ine., whi� came to 
I . . - . 
6.. 
.be kn,QwII , n as a stateme- :nt o-f .A meric. an forei, gn P,. •" 
. . 
oU�y and 
1I 
aid�d ,e�oo tn that it prevented fo,reign ag$r�saion foi-
th E3: ti �e b ei�g• 
0 
1 · 
. . , . 
:1 
2 
i, • 
,+ lilexi.can go.'l(elFl'llll$11t ooowad it!1J. BJ!l}re�iatlon of 
-�Mn �9$tti, ait4 aid by stva.ng U1Jitsd swrs otthena 
valuable rlo�iaatt�n. pants and l�gal�.a:S.ng .4i f�·OlJ.tt&t• 
S
. 1ng em1�,rt1on to i'eltns:, thtae• eowing tb� ·ae·eue if� �nu a 
stormy dlPlotnatt<r ·ton�f vevsy and J$:a,dil'13 to a riar whieh 
despot.led Meai,Qo pi half it� tarYtto�.1 
Be�att.o� b&titE3en the two 001111tties gc,t bft to. e. 
' ' 
bad,  a:tan Atte tQ the t:ulfc>�ll$'t� del. .a,v ta t,he;> appointment !I. . , 
of &. euit,ble d1plottst,to ra;pr�Sent&1)1·va.,2 G. en�ral James 
I . . ' I, 
Wtl.kinaon.J!. a queetic>nable e�i"Seter l.atei-i tc;, be!: indicted 
II .·. ·. . · ... . J: · 
f� t11&aeijn Bgatnst �e Ui!il)edSt�tes goveJ'ilJ!Bn�,Went to 
Me#fe:o Oify, ·Ul t� spring. of 1822♦ He �r()t� .� .  te:ttfl·f to 
MonrQ&. et9!.t� �hat Meld.. ·.  �e. dl;)s.  .t�d ann�•t.. i on.::to. t . AA 
t7n1tad $t�11·t �e .. -am offeJ-$d. hi·..  e·. eettic;,ea to �
. . r,�· i- !\me. rtca.t;t 
I l . ., .. · nego'U!!Uf!3 toward timt 8nd•5  . . . . 
. · · . �1 !�lle· ti:me the Uni t�d Stat�s. gqye�, · . nt.  .
(!  ' !�at\,
.  .pi•Ok , . . . . ed 
JOf)l. 1h PoIIi • ns�tt· ,s. mtrat. sttit ·tn ia25,- the· MB'1tlc:an· ..s qvem.-. · 
. . I' 1 , 
rnent W$S ajl1 �ea� suspietoue ot· Ya�ea · deeigf+So ::¢etta:tn 
f...$.o t1- c.· ns. . . �·1··  the ttnite. a..  State. .a.··  llai.•'be. en 1ff: tta, :ted . . , . . . . ·. r
 ove
'  .. 
r , , 
Mo�'9e's fa! ,1J:lul'f> to ol)taln f.ems from Spain- in t;.�.  Fi:oi-1cta 
.1I , ' I 
trea.tN o.f ]1819 and.· began to agttat,e fof � t.featy
:::  1.ritth Me:gi� 
I 1 . . I, . · · 
oo� Matt;ele,, were. not· help�ci when·: the Me•�iea:n go:Vernm,J3.nt . 
11 
........ _...1 ..... �.  . '· · ...,... ·. ·.·.
.......,..·•· :tJ���s Mo,t.ot1.. Qallaha,n-0 .. Amsi,to2Ul:• Fore·1$,.Pol-!Oll,'· 1n ,
Mexlean B.�fet1o�$: (-N�w. Yo:rrk·t 'l;'he·K1aqil.:1Un · ao·�. • ·· · 1�a�,. . � 
P 0.  20· ·i  .. ... . , ...-•.�-
, , '. , J' . . . , • 1 ,!
.  
.,_,,_IJ.. f ;: 
2n4a •.• P• 24. · 5Xl>id• 0 ·p •. Zf� 
!I 
I 
I 
" 
aek�d for I>oinsett•a �oa.llt, dtte to ble lndtao"tion of 
mut� in-,Meld.ean politt.eal affatiaa� 
:i 
. In llo.z-4e� to Qn&e�atan4 the· :real :roc,t
..  oi �e <1iff1,. 
o. tll tt
. ee.  w�oh ha. � en.te· l'Sd,  into Me,doan. ...amer: 1. . oani � .  re. latio· · n·s  . · 
1.  t le n. ac,eI .. . . :
 I 
I s
. eal'1 t. o lal. Qw eorine. t. h. lng· of t,� Me. �ie. atl..  baQit0c rou.nd 
1
a�d how 1, differs from the_ Anglo•J\tt!ea-�oan., :: 
Thi Etli.'OP$ans who settled in l:loftb Ams·'1r -�mG to 
.. 
bllll!l ho•+ !!tlil bl!IO!lght th&lf At.lglo..SMOn (IOJl(Je�ta cf gov;, 
enment· wi:th th· em... i·h··e  In4tnns- i-elaia.vel. -n �etv 
1'&n·.  nti:tnbe.:o 
-·  · bar·.b &�Iri e• · . • 
- (/� 1 
. and were. in trG!l Qut. o:r pal¢ tor thetr·?.and., Meld.• 
Go was o�igU'.tall.J 1l'Wlb1 ted by the A0tet1e O a ee�:i·-01W.li z�d 
lndlan �oil� wbo built up a pJ."oe�roo.s atld .�1t1��d state. 
file fil'!lt thite lfflD who � Wtlf& Spani'eh Plunil;1f$1'S♦ Fo� 
th�e htmd�ea. yeai's, tmfi-n.g the Spanleh 001�· ,a�; period,♦ I · • . • i 
MaxiQC· was i e�lQited b9 tm mothei' 11 (JOtmtr, • . The;; lnd1a&i) 
were· md� +1;!rtual atave·s who· tolled on the ht19e: �states of 
I . . " 
t. ha· li- Spa.rd,.sh maetors. ne,e was a complete den;t. .al og :;L· o� 
ea1 �1£ gfVII en.unant.4 Gi"adu.all.J th&. Spanish \141 t�s t;ntE:r.-� 
II ,, 
$:;l,i'ted wt tli the native to form the mi�ed bl9ocla:1 known, as. 
the, me13tl,0Js� Qbo soon eonstituted ·the b1.llk of t�e riJiex:a:Qan 
PIIPtl�t�on{ ih8y we� iooltBil (!own on by t� ,111:�es,, .b. o;ii 
Spa?llards Imown aa cr,eolea # 
11 ' .•··• •,.. . 
· In �82); 111:eXlto wae still � the tetl.ila:l e�te. TM 
"ft·�e landed: esta. tes we.r&  Awned b,., s few .. wt..4V .q .. . ,y � 1e. .. · t.. b .. ,e ...· ·: bi\.l.. ·. k ·or..·  ' 
� ·  .- \ II . l 
41JDest · G,ruf-3.ning, .· Mexi-99 �n4• 1lts, .He:rt tag�:� (',New Yo;rk; and ior1«on� filhe -Centur, Oo,., 19281, p� 21.: : ·. !: 
'II I 
I ' . 
r ,, 
11 
. fS,Q· - p · p . . · w- . . :: ,. o.f . tho Me sn o u.latlon as doimtrodden anti c19·g�d()
. d •· . 
I 
!l.'bo �"otion of that Y<;IBIV, Wl)S not. a tne �""ration, but 
stmplg the bt:ea.tt -of the p;-1_!l l�ge\i group fllorn s�in •. Foui• 
fl ftha of the MQltf.ean pop. ulation did not. flgu.rE3 :: 1n tt o Al--' 'i 
mos-t $ oaJtj ll.� wa-e to el.apae bei'ore tlla l"eal iSfo lutton tc:>ok 
1
e 5 
· 1' 
Pl. ao I' . ' 
A �00Pl8 ot � blooft. l!)J.'@'ll.V Iiomi,n �thoUo. the 
gres:ter J,�e.nt kept 1n lg11orance �, dir(:i povett1, natut• 
1
au,;, 
I 
ha\'l 1:eti®ltt � !!etablisl'i� a flm gove�i.oonh B&• 
·· 
tween- the: �e�ts 1822 and 1867 the gove,nment :eta� and went t 6 
· · :-
1 
:IJ]hts onaot1f o oonditton �tise<i ce�1n tao·tteila �i tho Unit ad 
Stat.ee. 'fro look u
pon Me�oan a�xotion as a lt��al aolutt on 
tQ a �.&:A.f. iGI l ta,.-; t.  pJ. t,b. l. em. · · tl " . . 
,.J. The Meitioan w. aS' whioh 1$4 to th<:l aeq�telt".  •on of Span!'" . ,· 
iah New Meroo anJ Qa:u.:to�ia l>y the Uni te.(l. eta��s Ul 1848 
. 
:fiYmly c. on· t11 ·i. n. e- ed t·he.  Mex- 1oan. a.  of Yankee impen· ·:. al:ts. m. · The \ . .. 
. t · . fa.c that the Uni. ted .S t. ates pai. .d · .  t
.he  M. e�. . oan gov.�I. nu:nent. a . 
II :1 ••• • • 
f.attl.N �e. ne·r.otts euin_:of mone,t.  oanee11ad all cas. t�"  . ag. -ai.nst I 1
th . a.  Max-t. o.s -l�1  e;0 ove. l'l'UOO.· . . nt•.  an- . -d pro.- .11 .1 . d.. ad . 'fo:rt.  a·.t b·,1. tl'a. tr1  .,·n ..  ra.'.. tiw- �..  
than wail,! .#-1 case of fut�a <i1SpQ.tes between t� }wo aovatn-
m�_nta �id fii'ttle to Ohai'if:le thel r vt�w.. · . 1 
. !i 
. ·� 
61bJld. • 
.· ' 11· , .P.o  59'• 
6 ;, 
.. . J. --�WTed Rippy,. The Un&t29: atatea af21i Me�eo., f ?few lrc,tk: Al:h'(,r- ,a., Knopf, 1928) ,. p.lffl, 
t­
i 
l ii  I 
I 
I
11 
II 
II 
I
I 41 
At the ol.ose d- •  the-,  Ame• rica- n O•• !vi••.l  Wair th' ;• e Un• ited•  I 
• ( 1 • 1 
State3s t\p�el.u tho Monroe. DocU)tine b-9 ai<lin� tltei, Max1ean 
. . 
11 � i . 
- go"Ve�n, to e�pel too h&n0h woo _bad m C'.i.e$ed��. in. gain-. 
ltJS a to,olhel<l tmre. . Me�emif.3 were s-mtetu1 f9r, this 
help� bu.tjf.t d1tl not b'1n@ a.b<uit ba�ony betwee� the two 
�ounttlt.& In ta<1t thtt li'J,'$nob tntenetttilln $'1.J nae to 
1 
a b.ostlli�Y agaum· t all fote·igQe.tei in�ll!ding Alh&rioanao ?-. II . . · · -
Betiore ttw li'i!ettoh tnw.�ntten Me:d.eo eQ$>i.-imented. 
w1tb demokaor f. o� the t,i,rtat tittle \U!ti8J th� ab� leader- · .. 
tlbip of a 1�-ll. .blooaec1 tn1u1m fl'Qm oaxaea, Benti Jua�1i. 
Thie able: hnd refilarkable man w.as able to l�ad ·tJ� ooantry 
tlU'Oaa. h.  a.  II of.  •. 
. . . .. . . · . · - . 
. 0 wa:r.  e. form -anni. wt the Ohtl""'. ?;h a. m. 1'\., �f
. fff leA'ed 
. �� ... '!� {;) olaese,s,.· am11  la. ter,Ill . . t. �oug._t:J-. h th
..e·  . . t·.  x,o·.11 bl. e ..,.,. some
'>f  times. :. of f'1t• I· .,' , 
eign Ul. t. enII !/3nt1�n. T. hr . eugb h .ts e.fJo�ta the _11 :b�. �1 Oonstt .. 
t.at1.Qn of 857 wae p:n:untl'lga . ted. one artlela .ot �bia Con• 
I1 
st. 1. · t·  · U,  t_ 11t4 n ii ae Q. S!)e. O.w..a ... �,' n  C 110,..V9.,,., W0a....,:cy'-u,y,. . aa 1.  · t .. · t.iU
.• Gij . •� 0- i1:,  pl a y an 
iJnp. o�t�t Plirt :tn tutu re 1n:eMean hie t
r . . . 
ol'i.  .ii  . The . f. i,. r�t . 
Jt t o rv 
:::: ij .;:: .: :7m::\:uai�o:�:; ,:l: ::��
evat.1 U/ it I obe&J'V'anoe · b$ ute.-mipted by rebplutn ,•e . · 
I
Belf0:te Jna:rea wt:ui able to @. mple·te hie wor" k of· Q.ni• 11 
"1ntn° Mexido he was oallei bD death iil 1870 • .' . Fao�t O·f his· 
.., t) - - II �· 
---�........ - �-----
,, llb� � 0 • p O 2.80 ♦ ll 
. 11·· ,. . ' 
- 5ae�ert• . �ram. �iest:t1 t The �exi·oan · Nation·, a His totl[ 
( New York i ,�h<;:, MaoMillan Oo • • 193f)} • p o 327 o 
•,, 
I ,, · li 
I ' ' 11 
"fOtm$ .i,0$wen%.'.etl:A�.4 tor o tt..ffi() tlW cet�-�- te,� 1'i:> 
!ts ehllotf 4 8bte. Cutt e£ the ��- of VUil!.'t�rv Ohiatt�e 
emorgea i*r;;:tiilt o J>J;iu;. Q mu d.eetln�Ai to pl� � impo:rtsnt 
a .1):1.r.1 1n \ttoltlQI:m- bi$110�__ ,  a,a Juet\'H�i; aithcttgb !.� a 41ffe� . r 
�nt ��9• · pi,o� �!�9 .. fo.ur 1eo1'-s he $lei ttom;�it1itb en 
il'on, -rui \\and o�ppte$$$d nll oppoa�ttO"�h- St eo�mplioo�a. 
11mt 1111!!8 1\ilf Ilia O()®t�-� b\i4 b�Jl Gb;l.& to llOtllefa#{l h1m; 
ho ms-1ntaSn1i atl a g. GMrat. ion of .»eee •
9 · '",  ·· 
. . l)}.· ft•·-.::.;r;t t. he.  ·U.'f:\ls. � e· o. w·.  U.a m... .o. . o �,.m :"'-v,,,,"11\ 0ftd it.• -m:uit> tm¥t·na . . 11 . . - . .. . . .. I. . • 
!he· �1,�t,v ot tho �-�flt ea;ngd t� 4"re.a,p. e'. o'-41t  ofO:, i;;ifo l'• 
1 
. . ,1 . . . i, ' e!gn mtl·cha, lnOltliilll! til0, tfnlti!f4 Sta-tea, xm,�- this 
: ' . to:r&Ii" . .. . . .• 
. 
i,eno& 1- tsn capttal pou.re-G. ia aae boilt •tlr,:'P  _ aaa .. pur-l . .· . . lU s,. .. . . @ba9Gd J.anf,· mtnss •. 011 ttena. Di�a 11b,&�f · Fted o�-
cosa1ons to,1  tho f. Qffi. 1gn. 
. . . ' . 
o.�, mw10 tht lews :r�vws�le fox, 
thllln, s- I tiwm pll'i!tooti on• ?ll3 ln,pour 1!16 aj fof11 ign es »1 • 
. tal 1newaa
$$·d thG inattorta l 1.nc:, mo fl,_,m i19 .• v,:a:jt6�,.  to 
ovo� . !I . Oaoo,.ooo.ooo,10 
-· . . ii . . . _ _ . . ,l .. tu.lJftai'O tt&t�de t!0pt. the PoCfPlt> in e>r-litrt fot'aign . 
. . . aap1to·1 �aI\o  o �oaorn mt.i. on ttt ttSn., w-e.30. attt,. ;�·::\,: h;O  n.t.a.t.  
1
noamo ivas. 11 
. . , 
 \�11 t on poo:r foamat! ct.tt.. t·:,nc;Jta ,
I,,  ,, 
. OJl$• _ llg_n l · goothfA s ·. 
wave not imprevedJ ite:deo oonunu.ed to !mpoJ-t tod'.etatuf.ta. 
'1 ' '· 
No.»." wae·_ ill�\: att.7 d.evolopaa.  �bo-va all Mae ·tau�� to 
I - ., . 
.-.·.1t·s, , . . ,-. ,jii•lal- 11 
,I 
9Gil'lltl'ii·tl�h-- 9..2:-,'-!,i..,,.. • P• eo. 
1�!b,l� •• »� ea • 
. I 
\' 
: ' I )\i 
r \ 
'I 
1! 
Clevel.QP t�II  pe• ople··.  N· ine. .t,; p' ··(3 toent · , , .. -ot tf).:em :Wei"e kept tn 
the 4ept� j\ot deg;ada
.. . Ii · 
ti,on.... The.).;'e w�e no·-mo.��nt either 
fo� etuoat� on o� aet>nornie reto2.'tn. 1· 1· __  
.ti'ol't all �ptt:u poal'E!ii �Ol'llli)t1! enllle tQ,to tlla 
tteaeu.ft atp tna4e- tlie moie J�Vllegod M�xiean$ wealthy,. 
b.ut.  Dl. a. z wJs sowing. ; the ooeas, 1b.  r tu�Ii . . . . . . r. o.  e. t' .r t:te. . tVhi. l. e.  
��- $ove-�n,t tnE1tn�1nea � �ano.u ;po:tle-1 towara th� 
�e.,N(,CA.('. (. u--Q,-'ic.i\� •
�ef t� . .. -i. na-qua.l. ittae , .. . . , gltl.'1ll8 et wealth aro�sed.  . ,1 • 
th� nas.eo,e•Ji who bl�mea. the fo:retgns·r$ l'Q!"· th�tr:· �� lot .• 
,, 11 . • 
• , I 
M. e2ticat1s onI!  th� whole hall no better a-tt1t11de · �ortlard Amefi""' 
_oane than �I. Gy had ever bl�;, ,;" ·.' tho; :fea�d that ul,:till$tel. i 
I ,1 • , 
'1 .. ' 
they wonlct j:hava to. pa1· th$· pJYlc,e of Ystikea d�tnltaation.12 
II 
Wha taet t•!I t Ant:Jrioan compafd.ea �14 th,eJ.t Me,x1$n :iab-
I 
�: 
01:ets t. aitly and Pttot�·stant rntsalona·ti�s- ❖>Elta.bl,1shed edu• . I 
II 
oatio?Jal 1nat1tutlone wa-s not enough to ·offae-t tl:w. fE;">a;r 
, :I . • . . . 
I 
of toretsn 1domi•at1011o Mel{teo °b:fl'.t.laIOO ��w�. oa. the motneJ-
Q. f, . . . ·. .. . ·. .  th
. e io:te. i,i;i gn. e;r.· . .  an
. d·-  . tlle.  . s.t. epmethei <>f t�e .' . M�x!.. qE.n1� ii 
ih$ '�sar �910 ea.a the aged Diaz eleQt�a: fot the . 
s�venth timije- � tle. netal
. . d:ts.s atl". fa. . e.t 1. on. . ·. . ' p. r.evail�d- every• !' I . 
Whe;e.  AllIi  '. 
. . 
�·t ·thf).  Die1a .. . . L . 00o venune. nt atlviso:r. s we�� eld rnen 
. I 
ii 
lilt$ bimse�;tt there wa·Et' nt.> etrcm:g--wt.1i�o. anfl. efft·o-1ent 
�n· tQ tak�[ Gont,oli. o.-· · D(iu1 had d$sp·aJled' Mo�1qa.14a arut 
ii 
!! 
. •, .,-,.y -· ,f•1 
llj��d.- 1 Jh, 65. 
,, . :1  •�\ ,,..
. II 
l2R1. ;!Ip,p..9 ., OJ?t,0!,t•, p� 320 • .• 
,, 
8 
Ii 
' ' ;; 
Indians of Ii tl.lei� lands, muc.h of l t co� a1n,o� Aetec 
' ' ! -
times ..•  fo' :r'  1!i b1a. fa,ror'i tas and the. foteiffl'l�e ra.. The im• 
. , 
p g �"'1i, - . . . · . e:ndin oltttion led by F:tanois¢o M�dero: was therefore 
more aooiai and eoonomtQ than polit.tea1.l8 Maae,o. a 
1: 
t'ii'ee.ltbU. antl edQO$ted land ownet� gathe·r�d th� 
,1 . 
IttlSOO. S be� . 
- - II tr4 · . . - ' . , hind him wJtb a Pi'O ae that their lands wottld: be t. setoreci 
• . 1: 
�; 
to thernG!- E:tany -of the better Cla$seS tloelt$4 to his stand.., 
. !i . 
' 
atd a$ di e�at1staetion wit� tbE! tottering D1aa tegime, wae 
. ;
' '
, 
I 
!; 
.!�I  , 
'l'he !�derie'tS weJ."$ able to :ibtce Dlt:iz. tQ �eaign and 
M$dero ioo� 
f 
· ebltge of the governmentv m was toQ mo.oh of 
I' - . 
a.n id®l1stJ to make a ptnetieal and able lead�� . stid he . 
I' 
I 
:: 
made the �ptake of t:tu£lting everyone and, t1'$1ng to Otm• 
' ' 
0111a ta a1JJ: groups• 'the - a1$SSa:s ha& ba�n too.· l.t,ng oppressed 
p�  
to unite 11:H'.>lldly behind him. and he- tvas not able to get tba 
I 
ll3.lld- re:f'o:rm� thlt)t1gh aoon enough· to please· tham.; The re• 
. n -,. 
sult was a ;�1sun1 ta that fotetold the tlownfa,ll of Madero-. 
The 1�etne of lead¢1$hlp than fell to - th� drttnkeil _ . 
i: 
�I , • leader of t; E? rE;,ao.tlona.� ibroea, Vtotoriano Ituerta, who 
ll 
· � • 11 y • oV$:rt:nl'ew det-o b the bas·eat traao.hsry. Re waa aided 
' 
' � ' 
a.ttd abe' �te�; by the, ati'lei'ican -an)baasador to ?J!exiGo • lten�N 
ii' 1 
130�#:l,ttu,:1 ·wo �ckett. 'l'hG Mexican .Rl evolgt.ion aad the t1111 ted statp� 1- l.9l,Q•l9�6 19· _ ( Bc,e�l'J.:. m�rl.< f.e�oe. .hQiiiia t1on 
l�-taEH Wo�l�1PQace Found_ atton Painpblets, Vo9� .No·o6o a.Po 1 33110 
i ' 
I, 
- .. ---�- ! · ..- -� ···.•· --
� I • ,/ 
Am3' 
. 
,�i()an il,1 tetaete, A_fte:e. Hueria t.oQk .., o,te, , __ the goVf).:ttlment, 
. ii . 
the . ambaa$411 do%' did . ever;vthi�g �- . . oltl to .. $8'.t it �e9og• 
I 
niae,d-. All !!event QQ�i-ea wbifll,.d·is-mpted llot cm13 the am• 
, . I! . "·. 
bas�do;,• e !;pJA.na� tnt wa.a to a1te::r,· the: qoµ;a� 'Qt, l,'leX$.� 
1 . . .1 . 
h;tstor:,,i n.{mel.y the enu of ih.e f�ft. adm.t.ntetrati,on e.n.-ti' the: 
' . 
ii : 
1naagu.:at10,n o�- wao<l.ro.w Wllso•ti 
. ae, ptasltl�� of' the unitad _ , . I -· ..•.. , ' 
statea on· i: ��h 4, 1915,. 
,I 
fha iibusUlesa r,nen who had ill��sta, 1n. Me��o, ad 
•I 
tor wb,om R�:ey Lane WtlE:Jon WtlS a,n e.bJ.ij' t'Gl)te�entat1v$ mic\ 
1
I•1  •. 
favored Ru�2rta baoanae they, bel..leveti -� ·woQ;l.d:- suppt-eaa au 
:, .• . 
II 
opposition ;p,nc4 e,atablieh Mm�lf. as a 61ota�ot' 'tn Dia� 
f, ' 
' 
·I•, 
faeU�n., t�ue making 1 t a�'f& f()t fot$i,� in�,��menta,. That 
f 
II 
Rae-�a �d :;obtaine. d his pcwe.r--b3- t:raa()he,r.v.  �d, ine .�nip::toa-,, . � . . 
l;l\SZlt Of t$�Of'1Sti;· tn$;th�_<ia• .that. he did n◊t1 %t$Pteeent 
11 ' 
the bUlk o�: th$ Me:noan pe-;ptila.tion-. ma(le 11t1;1$ . dtffe�enee ii tnteteat. a : > -to tbe Gellt;eJ,nen who,se, were at $t�t;t.,, <They 
'• 1 ' 
q 
wa�ted a st�'ble g�veriro)ent th.e.t would :pl."oteet_ -tlie_r:n. 
t, V:Jood�r,ow Wi'l.$0� iltras a man ot � d1,fte;e.�t Qa.Ut.>er -and 
' 
soon ehowed11 himsel. f e.s'  au;. - .e' h. . . ..i:tn i. de. al. ist, a fi. r• m believer 
. - . • ' . !! 
1n the r\gh:� _o:f! alU'. 'pec,pJ.e to e.�tabli.�h a 4e.mocra-tio l 
'· 
0 
govormant.J: �e c>pp. of;l8-d tbe. preas\ire 0f 'the 1n;ipe�a11sts 
. '!I , . , . . . 
1n hie ?!e��an po11,q.g � ae raoal�u B�nry, 'tans, w11s9n and 
,, 
� 
:r.eft.lae� · to. te�ttf:JJ'ii10� the Hue�ta goiremrool'lt, �S. i.t h$d 'been 
I 
baaed upon �11,d. am 6;14 fl()t, �present th:> wi:,enss of the 
i1 
!' 
:i 
ii 
I,I'  
ji:i  
fl 
Ii 
!, 
1 10 
1! 
r 
' wmt · thE• F�s1dent · was intent tq,cn o�sting Rot¢rta · 
. !I: . 
. . 
was 11B4e et1ctent when he. otderet Aroer1ea.n n,a:_finea to eei ae 
H 
Vera ·�ru�• Ii This affair reatllt(.}4. from the amst of the 
9rew Qf at1 i!,Mne�lcan: whaleboat t,y Mexican off'tot1).l� -on the 
g:rou.nae t:mi�t the� bad �rnett in � t�:rb1d4.en f:Il,i.1i.t$fY oo ne. 
; 1I 
, I' 
The men we. fe · t
. er1.e..a se. d.  aii..a  tba <»�ndtng general of Tam.•_ 
. . ,I • 
I 
pic;o · �pologized. :SUt the. Unite« states gove�nt ehoee 
� 
. to make � l11e�.0 of the mattElr1 and tJpcn IDl<;lffaf:a re..,; 
'Ii 
ftil:aal to �ute the Ar.ter1qeu1 flag,., dts;petQbei;. �ines to 
II 
Vera Q,;-J)�•;i fha aft$i� eealEJd Rt1ettA*e doom.,:t,at wae-·op� 
I • , 
posed b,r a� Me1d.c�n grou.pa:,; tJ.ow&ver hostile to a�eh ·oth�t,1� 
. Hile�a l'es:1SQ$d ant· ea1l.e.a for s�:1� and ll!alti<lo, 
. ,: . . 
' ' 
' 
. wae a' gai' n 1/1] '  $.banible' s' . · P' i!eat' d' e:nt Viils�n ' defin1' 1;el$ .�vore<i 
t--he•.  Oon. s. titu. ,1. . t. i.. orm. liat--e wh. o we. ,re  oif .  under the 1eadereh1i>. ~· . , . . .. . ·.  -·::-;:.:�· , ·:· 
. Ve,iustia.�p !\canan�a. · ortgi®l.lf one of DS.6z' e'ene,.to�s 
. 
1; 
an<l 1at�r ,�otetnot .of Q:oaJJ,u,tla, C�rran�a beo�mt3 $ �a'binet 
II I • 
member ttn�,,: �dero� Ballqing hie fo:toes tQ�ather attst 
the 9-V6>tth�<>W of Made:&-o ha· op.poa�d Hl1�:rta. Bi�_ 8,2,"'0UP 
1 . 1 . . • 
eaJ.led themselves. oo�sti�ttona.llsta beoau.aa •th�1J �•· 
. 
1; ' ' 
t'e.nt�on� w8i;re ba�ed o:n the o..lauaa ft'Qm the: Oonstitution 
. :I .• � . 
:of :i8.5'1 w��b degl�ed �-bGl gove:rntoon�$ ill.�gal;. 
) . ' 
0$Jl1ln® �lltld. th� pafi
' od.,  "pr' e-Oonst1tnt1onalist" 
I 
ii 
®4 styled,_ ;�ineelf as "Fit�t Obief of the· _O()t18titttti;on� _ 
! . . 
a.list AJ'lll1 :��·, �b.a' t.· ge. d.. wJth t. htl Ex��ut&.,re l?t!>wer." From :1 
. ' ).  . I 
1 
-------,11 
1�Gt!fem.ng, PE•ci11., PP• 6So-ea1. 
1: 
Ii ll 
I,,,  
1, 
the bestnn�h ng . . . . be was· Jm_patieat of· Ama.l'iea.i.l 1. Itte.rfafene:e-, 
and had ee�t a· 'note· t.� t.bo· Ama,;i�an Sta.ta De�rtmeut pfo., 
. 
teatil'lS,  th,ii  Ve.-a O. r.ttz,  a-t,fa 1r., · ae sp·oke of lt as "in• 
p 
vaa-ion. of -�i- :t�rritc,eyn . ttotwitbstan�. . noa  th$ fa'o.·t that. 
I . 
this ln<>f.I· 4�II� t ba. d be-e.n 1netramenta1 in b;in.gb.. g a.botit 
I • . 
1
Ru$�$ ij d�f11.t8ll or th� isot tl1at ·the Pte·$14ent i,a4 
. 
··, I, 
li:t't.$d t� 1�:nna _emba1tao age1nst t·:ne Cai:taaQ1$tas.. n� 
s�sill PlO.-��- when tlie U:n.tted states, . togethe-� with the , !i .. 
A· B •o powe1,� ..and GUat·em.ala and- 11mgua, y 1 ··•waitld, fo� a.  
, , 1: . , 
Qo11ferenoe. ;r,r> brlng_ $b®.t p�o� in t!ext r.o � · . -.� e.httl·� 
.fa�ttons al\�-gtted aga�st Oe;:rraiusn w� ,the. g�np ·in the 
1: .... . 
, . � I . , . . . . 
Sou.th lead. :b.v Emilia#& W:41:aata, who1ie. oMef �onoern 't'VSe 
11 ' . . . ·_ 
. . !1 - . se.ttin� l.an� f� th$: mttee:s, $l'.Jd. �a g,roup ;n the n:Q1:tb 
'. 
-
, 
. headed tw, t� wily. lv.m<Ut · eh1e:t.t.a1n:;. Fi'an�ie�o-'ttiil.a of· ·. i! . 
· Ohi, h, ua. ha. a o.  :I:  
, , ·'' , 
Deepi te the taut t�t.  oar�sa had m.amfested. an 
p , . , , , 
o.nf.;tend1$- �tt:ttude tQWS�t\- tl'lE) UnJted State.$ Wilson bad 
II , 
' 1, , 
p. icked hi.. m· aI' s the mos. t ltttel_y..  .leader to ·s. u.o· ce-ed in Maxi.., 
oo, ana eonsequezitiw on octob9f i9 • · 1915, .th� l?1r-at: Ohie•f 
,1 . - . •  
wse. J'e-�01J1J/�etl as the de ta�to p�a1¢ent o•f·: the imexi¢an 
1, , . . ,, 
J:'eptibli<h ii Th� Oarran:aiet·.a had w·on n<> cl:ea:r.,;c11t m1litary 
II 
v.1oto1r1,; t�- teo9gnt, tJ<ln wsa considared an e1nrutg, enoa 
i! 
r.waauJ:e in �n a,tte�1:>1? to brt:18 abon.t pGaQe o 1e 
,, 
ii 
" 
, -
15P�$$tley* 
·11 
:i 
ji 
,,ii,,   
ii 
!· 
. -.-- .. _  ._. �. .. --- -�,--- --.....-.-�------------- ·-- ------- - •-·- --�-,-
12 
. 4'hl� measure angt. J;>ed Villa.. -:, . wb.O. � t <,n. e time bad ll 
be. en C01U3icl• e�d by Wil�otl as a possible, l.ead$l of .-Me�Q.o,. 1 I 
' ' ' 
' , ' 
In reta11a.t1011, he and. hie 8Ql.diets shot e:1gbteel'l Arn$.:,1ean 
ii 
engineet,a �t St. Yaabel:• . Amar1oan 1..w:ath Ws.lS; still moa-e 
', :1 ' · ' ' ' ' ' - ' ' 
inoerw' ed,,  when
'  tw◊ man.t.bs'  later in March of 1916 the V'illia• 
' 11 ' ,,, '' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ,, 
.' ' 
:
1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 
�B ialded 1:tbe town ot Ooll1tnbtls. New M$x!Op,, and· ki-lled . 
. II  1 .. sevente� 1�r pan eitt,�nso BQrde:r troops �nc!et tJla 
l�detah!p i o.t •Gen��l Pe:rsh1fl$ we:-e d$spatob$<1 1nto Mexi • 
Q.o after t�e banflit. Cer�naa protest.a� the procedure 
. . 
as � vte>ie.iion 0£· A�xi� a,.o,ereignty ,. alth9ttsh th� tJnit�d 
I
staies 1n.a·1! $•t . . a:d tha. t. the· sending of .t he.  pun1:t
,. :t.ve espe·---
, I . 1
tU.t;\.�rt wae !\nQt tnte.rventi<>n� ba., t, onl,y � ett9rt to a1,d I' 
the 'Me:;.daar( governtne.ij:t. ia the 00.pt� ot a b$lld1t who was 
11 
a menace t� Amerio�' .�-·and-.M' eXlo@a allke.'  
1\ 
Oair:i:a,nza <tJnttn, u. ed· to ·p�. test . and th. e . f.l[e,tiea!I . . n . 
gQv�i�ent iirefuaed · ti g1 ve the- Ama�i oan sold..ie;-a. an: a id 
wb,a1;soever.  litn thei 1- endeav. o r to oaptu.re Vlllaf fhe 1eet I1, 
of the �ltl,'�:d:1 tiott waa fil'lallt w i.thdl!'avm: op the 61:ll of '--.....v" lt • 
�b:ruarv * t9 l '1. .,�thing what·�.s.� had ·beGn' a�¢Qlllpl1shed. . • 
I' 
I, 
. V:'111,a J:$t1iy(l to the lli,O@\a1M of OJ'µh®hu�. . $Wl hlS pur-. 
I � i 
�uit Md- �de hl.m  a Mexican herQo M.e::ti«:!'ans were
. aro1Jaea 
' 
' ' 
' ···. :[ '., ' ' 
by a feeli�· g of Of.ltrt1ge.t · eove•,eignt.y-  nad a petma. n�nt ,1 
' ii ' ',' 
fear ,: aftti�<l t.nte:rvien.tion. C2l,rran·za. beca� all the 
' ii ' : ' \· 
m9�_ a.n1u.��tn$.?:1Gi4il 1tl sentl�t al'Jd �uet1�.ed b.imaelf aa 
:1 
I! 
'I 
Ii 
ii 
!I 
.  .  .  .  
.  
.  
' •  · - - -
.  .  
- .  
.  . ,  .  '  .  · . : .  .  :  '  
1 3  
i '  
.  
I  
.  .  
.  
t te  p r o � a g p n 1 e t  o f  t. : M  ·  H 1 $- P'=:¼ n i Q  A m e r � e a n  f.l.8 t 1 o r.i- e  ij ga  � e t  
1 1  
1 6  
..  
-
. .
h  
t �  t
a gg ,; e e ; p i v & ·  a t t 1 t n 4 e  q f  t � -
n o o i o a s 11 s  o f  ; t h \:)  N o r
. . 1: . 
.  
.  
. . .  
.  .  
.  .  
.
.  
·  
A t $ t  � ha  w i t h d r a � l  o f.'  t h e  P e x- s h i ng  :  f o t C (l $ .  e a r --
'  .  
' .  .  
•
1 1  
ta n s a ·  t iU' ® d .  b i s  a t t e n t i on  t o  � k i n g :  t t4 �  M e. lU o an.  g t v e ni -
.  
'  
1
1  
m en t  a t a b l f  i n t e . rn a l lJ � - - T he :  C o n 8: t i tu t i o na l t. s t s  w � �  f a i r <?  
1 3  s e o t ai- e . ! :  t be  Jr! V a l  ta o t 1 Q t1 S  h a V i tJg  b e e n  :r o u t e d .  a m  t �  
1
. 1 '.. . . .  .  '  . .  · ,  1 
g °. v e m me nt l i  ;r e Q o � i z e d  et a  . � c. t o .  o a � za  W l:I S  e � p o e a ci  t o  
.  
l  
.  i  .  
i
•  .  .  •  •  •  •  •  
ba ·  a ta p p o � i n g  t he  M e � i Qan  O o ru:, 1; 1 t � t 1 o n  o f  1 8 . 5 7 ,  an d  t he r e-
j
.  i . .  .  . •  
.  .  '  .  
£ 0 ,e  M d  n �  :r i g h t  t o  b. e () o me  a  p Je e i d e n t i al .  ¢ &n d . d a t e  w i t l l .l.  l· . . · II · ·  ·  
·  .  
o u t  ti ra t .  � s i gn i ng  £ N. f!l  t h e  s •  a n d  tho · - ·  e :u; e t e i ae ·  o . :f  t he  
.  
i i  .  .  
:  '  ' .  
e lt e - e 11 t . t ve  . POW e : .  Ne v e - i-t he l � e s 1  h e  p u t  h i m s e l f  f o rw a r d  a s  
.  .  
q  
i  
•  1 1  •  .  ·  ·  ,  ·  
a n  � m e r g e n ? r  s t i l l  e x l EJ t e �  •  a tul  w a s ,  d lU. i  � · l e o t. e d  p :re a i d e n t  
-
.  
'  
'  
o f  t . h e  M e � o an  r e p a b i t e •  o n  M a r c h  l l ;  1 9 1 7  •  � b o � l y  be •  
1 ·  
f o ,e .  R en i- }  P t  J l e t o h e . i- .  t b e  A nt a tt osn  a m 'b a s sa d o t  ha d.  $ %'  ....  
,,.  
'  
· • 1  
•  
'  
.  .  .  '  
.  
t i v � a.  i n  � , $t o o  0 · 1 t �  . .  - F o r ma l _  te l e i i o ne  b e t w � e �  t h e  t w o  
g ov e � ttt e  w e re  e e t a. b � i $ he d .  
l sna t s. o.  B o tt 1 l l a e t h ()  
1  
'  
i  
i
'  
M e t i C atl  a. � � s s a ci o l \ . s � i ve d  in  i � a a h i tJ.g t o n  i n  A p � 1 1  •  
.  
.  .  
•  '  1 1  
1  
i
· :  � '  � ·  
i  
i  
.  
Fr l o, r  t o  c a : r a � za '  s  el e o t t o n  a  C o 11$. , t i t u $n t  C o ng -
!  
. !  
t  
r e e s  ha <l  � '. t  a t  Q. tt e ,: e t . o t o  t o r  t M - ptt � po a e :  o i  d � a w i n. g  u p  
.  
i
!  
a ·  n e w  C ons � i  t a  t i  o n .  T b 1  s  O o ng a- e s s  p :ro mu l . @a  t e d  t h e  O o n · •  
I '  
.  
.  
•  
I '  
s t i t u ;t Q n  9 f  1 9 - l ?  o n  t he  i t ll  o f  . Fe b rt1 a ry ;  : 1  t  w e n t  ln t o  
i  
.
, ,  
.  1  
�;H'eQt May. !1l� 
r  
l
i  
I
. . . . .6.  (  .  · 1 1�_ido, P• 43. 
11 
II 
Ii 
jl 
1, 
ii 
:III  14 
1':I  
!1 
. 1 . . !Jlh,t;, 1; a�t l.9). 7 can b8 ealle4 the � ose: of one phase 
'1 
of A.Ul8rie.aiJ.�ex,1_oan .1tel.nti<>� and the beginn1?1B of another� 
I! . . 
. . II . · 
1he pu.n.1t.1v,·.e  expeditlQn bad b(.,an wi thd;ra.wnf '11!18 pol:tow of 
:I . 
"watqhful · 'Wai tit:ig0 that P�aident Wilson had assumed aeemsd 
ii 
to be ·over� · The Unite. d ·statee gove�nt wa.$.  cone�ntrat1�.t.... "  I 
· a:u tie at,I enttons ·· on European affairs. Foi tlle titrJ.e being 
. '!1 .· . . ' ' . ' 
M$3ie.an af�irs wel'e fai�J.9 ealm.; Meltioo ha<i &etabltshed 
. .I . , , 
an o�erls !I ifgo'7ernm.ant after stx ye·ars of int�mial stll."ife. 
A new O. on�,ai� t. ution h!:ld been 
·. . . . . . 
drawn up�· Rereln la  
to futll1.'i> 4oort.oan I.le� oonstit11tion is 
us�llY 0;otj,$'id.��d, to atfeot a ccmntr,q • � intern.el affairs;-: . 
' :, ·. 
:lt u$tUll'l.9 1:11 dQee not enter into to :eign 
ela.use of �
ii) he Constitntion of 1917 was to pt.gve the e�• 
!I 
o.epti<>�h- X. :t waa to e,t,avt reper-¢:i;ISai,r,na in Me�Qan--A.meirt-. 
. i
. 
i 
. . 
can aff$ira�J  that have lasted dow. n to t. he 
' . 
P. l'e. $' Snt• IJ.lheJ, 
_ d·is. ou.. sij. i-o. n...  i,�, f.·  . t. his 1s r. e. se. rved. for..  �o.t her c�ptat. 
,,, ,,, 
. 
,. ,,  
i! 
11 
,I!'  
!, 
i
I,i  
:1 
I 
11 
11 
II 
"II  
II 
- 1"1  
I·''  
•""'--••••-,,._..,,,._._ _ ,_ •• ' n -• •• .::... 
CHAP!lEB II 
! 
I, 
dj 
I: ; ' ii ' 
1 
The 111Mex1oan R<3VOlutton of, 1910 was as�entia.111 
I a, struggl� !\of _th� ni:assee _a$3,S.n,s't the g�r,1nir tnequ.aU• II !: � . 
I ti�H:J of ' e0:�nt;mie d�attll>u,tion: t�.\ �ad.  been � Qb.e.wa�- · 
ii . • . . ' 
ii ter1stio o� the ootU1tt, �1nt1e:., .. _Spanicsh aoqu.1,eit1.en, ·fQQr 
I 1 
I ·, l . , . '.: .. . . 
. .. ' " 
!1: 
hu.tidfe4 11' . e�·i'a beforat The Dian, eJ."a had hetgllt·ene<l I ' .• ,; . : • � •• . 
: IJ . ' ; . . : ; :. • 
, these lneqd;al,it1C;>8t .tn l�re lta1d,op was- largely' J.n th$· 
I 11 . · • 
ii  �ma.�� wa:r11t.bJ, le,u1i, ow�re .cal.led haoenda.i6s! . ���-· t��en �li '.l'G rd 19!0 l)i/13 aieP0.3!t4 �1 a �ttol!?i' �11mat11 
I t.�tali� l,., 54'1;,8£35 a,ore�.1° mote. tha� a quartet Qf. t�e 
ii 
i1 entii-a ares!/ of M��co� t<> create more· _hao�en�a.s.,_ Th$ 
' ' 
! I " :1 . . v111ag� o-on:wiuna1 land$ known as_ eJidos were e�ro:p�i�. 
'I . 
l: -ated 1� 189P� B.r 1910 !Jexioo wa·s letgely owlled bi 834 
. ' ' . ' ... . . . 
11 . . , � .• . · . .. ' ' . 
II · haoendlldos.J Wllli.le f:rdm tbl'ee•fi�hs to tmo•tij!J?.ds of 
!II -. · 
. 
 . : .. ,ii . , ' · . · __ · 
. · . •. : , 
. ! ·': '. I I . 
�he populatro·n., nt1mbenng 6J>P?:0X1. matel$ 10. !>0�0�00. ?• we.re 
j[ 
in a revo�t}ng state ·.of: misaz,y_ and serfd�m.1 . 
i11 
I " 
. . . . . 
I .. The. �aa. adm$n!atratt,oti_ aa:" the fqre�gn�r-�. b._itb� 
I erto ,:aga�e11 . 
. · 
. 
. .. d \'.11th d.tat�e.t al'.li susp101on, t>.eoama a I� 
p.r, i�l. ega(l .oblra<;rte, :r,!!. . . ,: : 
.
l. l'l ,· 19. 1. 
. .. . , . ..  . .._ . 
2 foreigners <>vin$d . 
 . . 
cg et 
I. . ·_ . . : . .. two-.t. h1�da (>i: f the..·.  t·.o. ·�: 1-  v-11e·a. l.t l'l. - of Mexico . a. ll4.  apprcmi• . ; ' 
rnate;t,1 eU:ttii' -two.  . per·: : '., - ; . 
. . . 
o·ent ot thte was,,  A. i:n.a r' ie. an. :  : .: ·, :·. ctO:p/4:� 
if 
I' 
,, • ,I, ,; ... 
; 
,.I , t 
.,16 
I 
I 
. I. trouea,-. 
2- I! ihe. large at :81,ngle development was pet�o-
p 
·- 11 
' 
I le'®) ptod�btJon oWU:ed alnioet e1tolu2tve11 bf Ame;ri9Sue.' + 
I 1! '' ' . . .· .• ·_, . I>ie.oove� :�t important oil fields ant subsequent
''  ' ex ' . ➔ 
,i 
11 plo±-_ ,t.t a_ ion1: hacl q,o111e .rela.tiire.ly late,. tn l9QO E. •. 1,
' .,. ii !· 
Dohetiy au.a1:! ht8 1!;188¢oiatea purohaaed a ti-sot -of land in 
I ii 
I !l'flm,ptoo affii wet-e abla to get <1onoees1ona from Dia.a.· � ' ' I 
·I 
A.�<lr 190151! eeve:l.'a..l llll/l!e American ou 8!>mpanf.8e a.o� 
11 
Ii _quire.& la➔ i,n Mexieo and. �gan oQmpeting _ wi_th _the Do• 
. I/ . . 
1 3 
1 he.ny intereata. . The Me:xtca.n o1.1 industry v1as: S.Qon, g:on� - I Ii .- . · 
trolled p:rfimnly b; five gr£'at oompantes ... .;.the- :Dohena-, 
. · 
. - 11 ... · 
the Stano.afd ' 011 ancl Wa. 
. 
te�. the l>i�o& A,J.J.:l. e, s·. t.he ·Royal 
. 
i1 ' . '' ' : 
Xm.tob.j. an-d·!ithe .Peare:on 1.ntereat$ .• 4 · Aoc.or<l.j,ns. to the 
.· . 
�l- Ootntnt�'I 
. . 
1ree. AtnElt'ieane owne(J.. f1fty ....e i,ght percent of 
' 
wr>f� 
. 
. 
the OU  11 .1� Mfl��o. 5 . Im! :nitt<lty pei-oent ot the 
enti� 011.· :1 .ndustry·  wa· s'( f-d· reign ®nti'Olle,4, 
6 
1I , ., 1:1 
,11 
ii 
·I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
;1 
I 
II 
Ii 
/ 
l'I 
fhe petrolatUn indu.stry roaobed ijl'.lOJ:m.Ou.e. p.i,.vor• 
tions t a.a the Uex1oat1 f:'l�P.PlY of <>11 seemed tltllimi.tea.. 
. ' 
In 1920- Me�jQan prodq:oti9n. exq�eded tbe Qotnbin�d ptodu.o• 
tion of all t� otl t1elds in the wo�ld Qa.1/eide t.ue united 
Sta. t. es. 7 In t�t ,�:r Mexll:<so produQ�d appt,e>xtm.atel.u 
.,·,' .' 
twenty tbr·ea pet<>ent of the· wo.r1«1 ·s pet�o1E:ititn .·a 
. ' 
l?�$1,qent Dia;. . had; l_ibetal�S g�ttid: ,�_n(H). .S SiQn$ 
110 ··foreigners, beeauae he real�-�eti t�� tbi.� ���- one· we:/, 
to bn.ng ln oap1 tal an4 4eveiop th& c ®'.ntfy � It ia f ta;;:. 
pro�l,lble tmt be :realized the bold thE). to�etm,.ere were 
getting 1n Mexican attain dn$- to their eoonom10 import<ie 
anoe •. · al though t�ere is evideng� tlnt he att-em!)ted. -t;o, .... · 
eurb ArmJ."iean ;t,reponde:tanc,e bf $no.oui-sging Ili'u_i-opean 
eaptt�l and negotiating ior fo-1'8.tgn loallS�9 
!Ph8 majo:t'itq of tb,e people were oppo�ed to fo'$• 
eign pe-��tratton dttting the Dia�. �i-a. . ru,ppy e,cpreases 
the:l.t sentiment 1n hi$ Chaptei- on °!Vhe Ob£11ienge of Atneri• 
oan Br�:po.naeranoe« • i 
• •••.Btt t faw M<:lxi�e at this ti�· appreolated tl:e 
q;ont:ri1>tttion Wh��h Yankee :finance. ente;r,p1·1se, and 
. . 17soo.tt Nea;ri,��h. Joseph Fr.eemal'l t ;pgllat Di;loma�* 
(Ne-w Y�rk: w. Ruebaoh ancl the Viking Frees. j]�b- _pp�'a--a1. 
8fa�jr�OOn,_ Yaf3r B���. 1,20""1921·, lh 30�.o-
9Rippy II o;p. ei;to • Pi 328 • 
., 
.! 
18 
inganu.1t3 bad riBde to Me.xioan p:eogr�$s., itQ�t 
of t�exn were t-hinklfl3 not ao mu.ob of �·1-�, t.he 
Ya�ee$ ha<'.t d.ona fo.r Meltioo as of th�· pttet) .Whieh 
·Mexico bad paid for· tmt serviO.Ef��. th� unequal 
d!.atri b11tion of we�l. th, and of the :l)�o_peot f:md 
. poaail>-1.l..J ta o.f sa�n a:o.�va ti on. .· 
. · I11 fact the-re· bad never been a time wben 
Meld.oo had reget.�ed f<>J!-eip�a Wi 'tA. mote than 
hal :f ·� healtt o� l,o.oked �pon them w-ithoqt . su.spt • 
oton •. �rld tJ:$. Ame;toane we;re · the· lea.e.t 11kG13 to 
be ·81'1 axoeptton to the trUa •. NatioM.1$ fron t the 
United States had eome to. Me�Qo eitM·r· of theit 
own aoqora <>r- $t, the iltse.nt :tnvt t.attm1 of the 
Mex1oe.n- ob1ef e�o�t1-v�e• .!t'hey · had enter�d the 
OQunt:ty :rath�r agatru;,t tbe �$.$.�e of· 1lhe, Me�qan 
· peopl� than at thet i- .sol19t.tat1on. suoQ�s�lve 
�e�e.an p�ea1dent$ had been w1111ng to make ��nte 
to Amen.osn P!l-we.9 .m1ldera and !meJ"toan. ,mast• 
era· of .ftnanQe et1il Uldustey :f!Q� yea:,r�. l)efoi-e the 
po:,;;1.1lt:1f b:raneh ot. t.h,e Mel:.1.oan Oongreee f;Jhowed a 
di apof:11 ts.on t,o a-at1f».-.-l0 . · . 
. 
. . '  . 
!t was, �tttral, 1;h�Jefore, t�n €4n attetl)pt· to 
b�ait the, hold of fo;r.eign· dotnina tion w�s p�tt of. the i-e-­
Vol11t1 onary program. a,n,cl . that ''M$xioo fo.r the lv..'re�ica:n.s" 
• 
• ' 
a 
. beoame .ona of the_ 8logans of the ·te-volution; 
Some �ttempj �d �ee.n ,made t:o cmib the <,Qntrol 
tho, for&t��e had. 1� th�, .. :t.,o� t�,. .ae:tote tbe �evolut ton 
. � ' • ''f . . . . ' : • . ' 
•' . 
. ·, . . 
a 'bi 11 . ha4: tq.en tntro�,e.e4 into the federal 'Oongreea. pro .. 
'Viding t�t. petroleum depoaita. �tie.revet- fo�d. ahortlcl be 
• • I , , ' • 
made. subj()<tt. 1io de�ou:nc�ment:; tl:lat the govemaient should 
Silat}.t XlQ further oono.easi.,ons fo;, tlla1 r dGvelppment; and 
that all oil lands should b$ plaoad tlllder & special tax, 
---..---
19 
While th1s bill did not beOoID9 a laW, 11;- :l'eW>a'.led a 
step toward breaktna the · foreign oontroi..l� F'tanOieQo 
. 
. 
lV!a4GrQ included $ plflnk in hi a Plan' de San .Lla. ia J?oto·e1 . 
of. l9lQ WhiOb Sp$lled the hope of the domitrodd.$:n n:asses 
and \vae ·1ns·t:r:umental tn ��sing them t,c, �vQlt 1f ihls 
pla!'lk tefe:r�4 to 'l.lsposeesaion of :t.ande, and stated 
that the pJ.r(3e�int cwn�rs must �etQre. them t.o-. thelr. 011g� 
lnal ownet�� as �hey J:?&d -�en -lllesa,11t eet�.�:4.12 
0
· Canan·za �rit. �tbtit wht)n he 1asu_e'd :n1s. prQvie­
ionai ag�tlan decree ii). banu.�u • l,.915 6 1svh1i)h ie mown 
�a t� t1rat · oonstru.cttve aot �f. the· revoitition.13 A 
.bne:t m•ta of the decree is s.tated a$ followe: Il• 
legal govermnent e�proprtat1t>� d lands bel�ins t.o' 
Vi:Llage.s and (,ommunit1�e <lutli,lg· the: Diaz a&niniatroti.ol'l 
was nt:1llitlecl and ijttoh landa �vai-e to be reatoi-ea tc the 
vtllatsea St,!d Q(mww.-u. ties- It wGnt iu.tther ,tn, i,rov1.a1na 
that lands: oouid. be �mopt1ated by, t·ha go11�nu,nent to 
endow fl +lsges a.tt4 oo�:t �ie:� with �'d ido@ tt they w:ere ' 
&n na.�a of tmm. 14· · 
ll142x1can Year Bo9k • l� 20•19 21. , p. 301 � 
' • • • 
C ' 
' 
12aao1tett � Pl?•AA t •• p� 342 .•. 
l3-,tb1d, o • p, 344 ♦ 
1�Ib!d� 
20 
of the.tr ala imS t o �le. on th� oiauae ln AlttioJ.e l2f3 in 
the Ooriet1 �tion- ·,of 185?. Nevett.h�leas, C�u·tan31l felt 
tt e�eaient to __ha ve a ru.,w oon1;3t1tut1on <U"Swn. 'Rha dale'.'!' 
.gs.tee who mat at Qu.t1.�t�o in 1917 warG all :tn · favo1: of 
the C.<>tiE.rUtu.tio�lls,t Q$.Q.S�· ,. ;ne> disaente·nr •eta J>!'\:)S8tttvl6 · 
Air-ti.Ole l27 �.t the Ootll1t1 trit1o� of 18�7 l:ltatad: 
"No ama.ndtnen t SMll bGQOIW pa�t of the· Cons.ti ttlt ion. f if 
not 2-sre�tl upon by tbE., Co��ea c:,f tha UnioJl.,: bt a. vota . 
of two ... t�t�4a of the. m�m1>etf:l p�sent; an4 app�o-vea by a 
majo�tf ot legialatute.s t>f tlie States.-" No such sane ... 
tion wae .secn\rf.3-d. for tlie· ratitio.a,t·ton -of th$ new oonstt-
. t.ift.1on., A$ one au. thQt .l>�t tt •· "the :fl.rat tb.1� to no• 
ttoe ab:Qut the new MeAi�a,n. oonst.ttution i-e that it 1s 
un. e. o' nst. i tu ii on.al-�" 16 ' 
, ' ·  ' ., 
!b<;) Oortstittt�it,� ot 1917 �as {;lU att�li:iPt to Q�t-i• 
:ey and· put down in 41!3£inite. to� t:tl� �hie·f a::tms ot the 
Revolution 0£ 191,,0.17 · Oa_l"�t� tfilt timt � new Conati,.. 
___......., _ __ 
_ 15Edward D. Trot1r'brt,dge, p.l�xi �o, To$1&; and, T,omort-ow. 
--�· (N�W York:· The. MsQMillan Company; 
.
X�i9Y. p·• 2039 ... 
. 
l6ou.tlook,: :Ma:roh 14 �. 1��7. 
. .  
. . . . ' 
21 
tution.. was n,!3�de4 to e.e.tabl1Sll W.m in powfJ� and Jl+SOO 
the Mexican g<>Ve-�nt on a aonnd �alatl8 . Al'thQu.gh 
. . . . . ' ' 
the M�.oi:m. governmetit b.ad beqn reeogtliz_ed &e facto it. 
was still an e�rgenQy af$.ilf. Oai,ranza wa,a, but a rnili• 
' . · : ,·- · . . . 
' ta� di.otator i1-ho, aeqoraing t9 th� Ooll$tittatlon at 1e·57 
c-onld. n<>t be elected to tlle. P1"'s'i.ct�n�y whtle. - a.till .ln 
oonuna,nd of the army and enttttst�d. ws.t·h t�e· �%EH;,Ut.tve pow .. 
er,. Joi.1a VosoonQeloe • :former Seoretet3 <>i Ecl.uo.ati on of 
.. . . 
Me1'1Qo, etatas that thi.e 1$. thf3 o.hief res.so� wb3 O�ttanaa 
did away With ·the fo�.tner Conetit�tion and �dopted -a new 
Q,nf).. The . ioadioal gtoil,.p oon.e-ented· to su:p:pott Carranza 
1, .eet"tain agrar:t�n a.ml J.al)oJ! f�fO-�$ ware inolJaded. 
· fhe Conatil. tllti:Ql'.l of 1917 1S prQbabl,y the lOll8GSt .· 
Oonet,ltution in e�tet�qe; it oontaina �62 attielea an.4 
ove� so,ooo wo·i-1ra.;: ';. ,.�he fattu)t1$ A.trttol� 27 _bas p.ovoked 
.· -,,· :T:.:',:,·· ,,,. . 
' 
more t.t180US$i9n than all the reet Qt_ tbs srt:l.O:tes Gb m� 
bined. A$ a&o��tt a�tff J• pit<J Aftto.le 27 t_he Mexioana 
hatra Ol'QWded together in an 1llosi�al iu-l'angement the 
ooll$t1tu.lJ.Q�al :pr.ovie1ona embodying theiie ideQ-8' as to 
what a_t's the e·ntef Aime of the R.eVQlutiQn ot 1910. Sinaa 
l9l.7 the ·enfo;roament. • .,.of Ani¢le 21 has ar9qaed the 
18�rowbtidge, 9;e.01t!t, P• 202\f 
l9putlgokJ Mal:'Q'h 14! t 1917 it 
22 
i:,r� at, at _lQ!\8t $().ma. o# the• �opl$ of tbe' tr;uite,d S.tatee 
a.xul haa. �,nat:ttu:te�• the- b�aia tor s.v�ined �iatto�� be• 
tween, th� governments of- the. two Qount�iee.,'1-20 
T® !:ile'¥!Y first aenten�$ ot the artiClo. e1gni.f1es - .. 
i -tf.1 :revalutiona� · a$pe�ts ! fiT!1e ovme;rsh.il> of lands• and· 
watel"_a-. � •.• �s vested on,g1n�Uy in th$· natton,. . Wb1Q.hi. �. 
llaa the right to tt��ntit tt:t:ie tMtetQ to prJ.-vate par--
. sona; ·the"8b1 i:areatlilg pl'iV'flta pt())perts,, 1' .  Th&'. ot.her 
important po.ssagea. a:ce aa. fol-1('.>W.a t 
. ' ' ' � . 
. - h-p:toprt� m> c a.tton- oan 
�nly, b$ trn�t;y t mn.e fo
r . 
eaa& of p'? o;bli ntillJ,a arid wi h 1:n&.e meificf,l-t1ono . · h�· nation. s ll �ve at e.11 ·t1. e the 
;-�gb1, o "to ·:tm
pe>
puae u.
wn private p�to
pett.v. suob · r r�q i.r, est:r
io� 
ti na �a tho bl1.a nrterost u e,, as \<veU 
aa the right to• regal.at$ t� develop�nt · of natntal 
. ;resQJ,!i'.e-0a.,� f•in o�s•t to oon�erv, ;pu uo e, and.· e
q
 uitabl
y, 
·'d1st' 1bnt& the b: . wealt
. h• . . ·- - • · - - · I:n the nut�on '1$. veat
. e.d dfreot , ovmerirhip· 
of. al..l mine:r�l$ t J /' 
" aoiid min�:r�l i\1
 1:>oi, aa bstanoes C i.n the subsoil p
e�J la · a role11m,�, en1! 
�l 1194ro• 
bons-•aoli�d  � :u,
qul1<1 t;tr gaeeoue. 
· . . . Th o�l'$1)1P. ot th� natipn ta uieuen-able •• � oConoeaaiQn e�aU. be granted tQ prS;vste 
pa.tt!$s 0� • • � • ao�pora tg i ens · 
t.>ll'gS. nin  $Gd Und�t the · iaQwe .of Mellteo. o�nl.v . on 0011oJ)e4di tio that 
�d re­
s ur
the�
c e ,QOe· be riegnla dave-i . . ®d on the �r­!idit on that th.e legal p:roVisions: be. c,,b• 
eel'Vad• 
l · L�
gal ¢apaosJ.v t ·o aequi�e owne r.sbiP 
,aha· _l. oo ..g ove
l1:);sd b3--t1,t W P .$; ; 
.oniy ije�$J:tp 
e 
by
f't>. lllo ins l'OViS ona
e. 1 b :rth. 
�i- �attlr.alizat1on 
and. M xi can oc,mpan e·a have th.$ right 'to aoqa, i�e 
owne�ahip_in lt:ln4a •. w-ata.l'a, and t�lt appurten-
20saotett� O�•O* to, PP• &iGC,,347 • 
' 
' 
. --..---....;......·�· - �.___.. ---·- . ----- -- --- -
2 3  
, :-i .;: � ( :r  
� � e .  o r  t o  . o bt a i.n  q o , ; u ) e s s i o ns  t o  4 e v e l o p  mt n e f:l .  
i
·  
w a t
e � i  •  
Q f  m
e :.r a ,  o :r  ro,t n . e. t a i  ·  f ua  lQ ·  i n  t b. €.l  R e p tt b l l g  
.
t h �
s a ®  r . i g h t s  t o  
t  t o r •  
.  o o .  i he  N a t i o n  -
s f .an
ma a  
•  •  
·
-
e i m,. e t s . .  P t Q v. 11. d e d  t h � y ·  a a � e e  .  b e f Q ;e  · t h e  De , p o r t na nt  
.
9'l·  - l o te l s _  n  Ra l a t io ns  ..  � .  b e  · 00 n a 1 ' a. e � t1  M e � c a . ns ·  ·  t n  
-
•  
_
_
_
 _
_  _
� s,p e o t  t o  au. o h  p l" o p e :r t 3.  a nd  a Q Q o r . <U - � l J  a g r � e  
·  
�  
n o t  t o  i nv o k e  t he  PlN> t e o t t o n  · o f  t h e S () V � :U. rn$ nt s  
i n  ra ap e e t  t o  t h e  ea m e
u lld e t  Ill n a J; t y .  �  ca e e  ·  o f  
it  
b � a <, h , .  · � f  · i o i- fe .t t n �  t o  t b e  N a t t. o n  o f  p f o p e :r t ;  so  
a o q u.l l'Q d -.  W i t h i n  a: ·  z ®e  o f  1 0 0  k i l o 1U(? t $ :r e  · f i- om  th e  
t i- o n t te i s �  S!Jl d  o t  5. 0  k i l c, m a t a r e  f l'Q m  t he  s � a  q o a s t ,  
n o .  f o r e .i gn o ,: . s  $ a l l  tt nd e i"  an t  o o - n di  t i o l'Ui l  a Q g U #- 1'¢- .  
·  
d tt e c t  ow n e r s bi p  o f  l an d s  a m  w a t e � .  
·  
t V � - C o mme r ¢ i f.\l  a  t o o k  g o m p an l e a Sh  a l l  n o t  
.  
. .  
.  
ti c. q 1
l i t �  • . .  h o l 4 o i- a d mi n i a t e :r:  ru r a l  m- o pa » t .1 - e
· S : ♦  C <> nt •  
. ·
.
pa . m e s  o f  t h i �  - n a t u ;- �  w hi f i h  111l Y  b e  o t g a, � e E r . l ' .  t , o  
d e '\'fe  lt> P .  a ey  - � fa e t uri ng .  nd. n i ng  •  p e t tQ  :t a u m  o r  
.
·  o t ue · r  1 n - d u a t � , t1 - e x o e p t i.n s  onl y  a g r i o fl l . t � r a l  i n  ..  
<1. u e t J 1t, e e ,  � ,  a Q q U i r e , :  Jt o l d  o r  a d m:t n 1 a . t e r _  ;t. an d a ­
a b � o l � t e l . f  n G . o e e a a r y  
r  
· o n l y  i n.  an  a r e a  
· f o  t- t h e i
q
e s t a b l i a h too n t a  o t  � 4 e � a . t e  t o ·  a e :v e  t h e  p ur p o s e s  
·
Y 1J n d i o a t e d .  w h1 - e b  t b.$.  - � '1 t1 tt � e  o. i  t he,  u n 1. o n  <# .  o f  
·
t b e.  r e Q p e Q t l  ve  S t a , t e e ,  l n  e .a Q h  c a a e  s h al l  • d 4 t e rm,t m-, .  
·  V I �  J? ro p e :r t . t e. a  h � . l d  t n  o o mmo �  - b y.  «o •  
.
Q - \ vn e � s  t  . ham l e t $  at  t UE}  te a.  o n  p n  v a t e ,  p t 0 98 , t t y  + ·  p u  •  
.  
. � b l o o . ,  t ;n b a ;t  Q Oll g %' e g a t 1 o n $ .  a n d  o t h e . r ,  8 $ t t l e � ,r1 t s :  
.  
i
W :b. i Q h • .  a a  a  m ' l ' t, t e r  Q f  f a o t  o r ,  � w  •  Q')- n e e  w e  t he r ·  
q o mm una l  c ha r a o t e r .  s ha l l ba v e  l e g a l  e a p a e: i t l'  t o  
·  
mm.o
e n J <> Y  .t n  ¢() n  t h e :  � a. t � r e , .  w o o d s  a : n a  la n 4 a  'b q """  
l o ng i n g  t o  t h e m , ,  q t  . , w h i Q b  r® Y  � v e  o e , � n  o r  a ba : ll  
.  
b e  .:ra s t ¢ � e : d  t o  . - t ?Ja m  a o o o ;ct in.g  t o  t h$ ,  l a w  o f  J a m  . .  
a :i;' l" .  6 1 9 1 5 , @ t 1 l  s u o h  t1 �  o a  t h e  tn9. nt,t e t- 0 £  Illll ·  k '!">  
.
.
�
.  
:
, :  
 _
_
_
·
�  t n e .  · t U  v i � : 1: o n  o f  t he  l. a.n d . s  sh a l l  b. 1;3  d. e t t u n i: tl. ne d  
· ·  
·  ·  
·  
.
b - 3  J. a w  • ·  . ·  ·  . .  • ·  .  
.  .  
.  .  
.  
�  
.
V I I  • . • •  •  . t S : ts t � a . , .  t h e  . J e d e � 1  D:$ s t -
· • ·  
a
a :nd  t h e  T e · r ' t' i t ¢ d e . � , � 1  
a  w e. l, l  e e  t }l e  
rt O t ·  
rnu.rii o - 1 �  
.
e  R e p u b l $ �  
'ps l i t i e s  t hr o tt g · h q . � t  t h e n J o y  tu l: l  
@ a ll  
t  
l e g a l  oa p a
ty  ·  t o  
e h o l <l  a l �  r,f e a l  e o •  
a o q U :i. N  � m  
·  t a t e  ne , ¢ e t ::1 s a t1 .  fo t  p u. b :t i q,  a e :r v 1 oe .  ·  
·  
. •  ,  �  . '.P ho  a xn o u.n t  f i:¢ e, d  a s  e c , m pec n s;a U o n  f o r  
.  
t h e  s um  
t h t l  e xp : r o p r i a. t . e q.  ;p r g p e : t g  s m l l  be  b a s e d  ci n ·
·  
a t  w h i : o h  t he  $ . a J d  p r: o p e ;r t y  s ha l l  'b e  · , � 1 u e d.  ;t c:> 12;"  
w lli. . o b  - t h e �  a h � ll.  b e  
f
1 $ _ ,, e � l  p t1 n, 0 $ e e ,  • • •  t o  a d d e d  
_
1 0 % - 9  (  .  .  ,  
l
· : •  : • . · •  . A l l  p xo o e e a  1J1 ga  •  fi n &  n g a : , .  t t fl s l  o n s  
24 
and a U ()pe:rati On$ of. dett1u.•oe t.ton-;, ® �QEl.S.$1 O�t-
oompoait�t>n, Jutlgment.0 oompromtae • alienation .•. oi­
au:Qtir>n whiqb na;v have. - · dep�:tve,<l prepetti$s held 
in Qottnnon 'b9 · ¢() -O\ffl.f.3ra, ���ts at twited on prt .. 
vste plt'Opert1 • �ettiemettta f. �ongregat1ons, t.�bes 
a;tid otl:wr settlement ot�niza.t1Qt>.s atUl e�isting 
. aitt¢.� the law of· Jun;� 2tt.-· 185G, of th� w�le. ·ox- a 
patt of the.l..� land$•· aJ)l 'woo<le �-d wat&l"a ar. e 
daela.red · null and.· void. Ooneaq uentlQ all 
., 
lan<la, 
ft;,;\a'ats a.nd- \taters Q:f :whioh tlW· above m�nttoned 
'settle:lll<)n:ts may mve peen deprtved �'bal• be i!»,,r. 
stored t.o th£>m nccol."ding to the. tleex-�e. 1of Jflnnary 
6, ·19·15.1 \\lrhi:eb· �hall. trenain itt .for()� ae a. censt.t.-
· .. tutional latv� ••• S?b$ :e�e�cise ot· l'ighta pe1:taa.tna 
.to the Notton by •t�tu(;)· of· tl:4e A�Jtle e!h.all 
;foll,otv judiotnl pro0e�a; b.tt  a.$ a pa;t."t of tli.1a 
p:t◊O.$se · aQl by otdei :o:t the. proper tt.S.b11na1s •••• 
•tltg• .. AdtnJini.etrative �athol'tt1-es _sMlr :t>,1ooetld wit·h-'! . 
<>�t. cleJ..ay· to the ocoupat.1Qll;: �dminie rtrat1on,. auc-- __ 
tton o�· sale of the laiµla- @d wat-e,l'�l µi_ que.eti.o.n,. 
togethe-r with all. tbe1r appurte�ano�s. artd 1.:n �o . 
Qu$e may· :the aQ.ta of· tll;1f sa1 d au tho�itte� · be .{let 
· aei:,¢.. .e .un. til.·  tlnal s.�t$no(3, is banded , dovm. . < •'· ··li.t.f.'inf f 't:hf) · nq� :c.on$titu.t:tQnA:l term� 
t·h$-·09ns,eas ant the State. leg1_$law·re,:s $all en-
ao� l;atV$'• ,(,� f,fo;_ tbe,, :plU'�08°.: Q,f· �art"$J�. .... · ·Qll·t tlH) 
c.livtaJ.on of larg�. l.and�d -est$.t$s-..it,,·1'..,.. 
-;.. • • ,•·.: J • ' '  • 
Attiol,1;3 2'! '�s.-s·oe1al1St!e 1·n �t(:lcte:r; tb.e Me.xi• 
oan gmtemn:ent waa attempt:it.ig to bring abo�t .nra,ch needed 
' • ' I . • • 
.reform.a b� :eeot>,btUO dtstti b�'tlOXl ai,A to bre,ak. th.:, hold· 
o-f foreign domfngt·1on over the. wealth of t�·::crouni:r11J.. 
The· reason. for i�oo:1,9poiratit1g. tm.tte r�fo_•. i�· the QozlJ3ti• 
tut1Qn w�a quit�: el.oo,t: the, oon:$t1 tution iEJ· tho h4,gnest 
law of t.he · _land aud a stations.tr thit1g·• Tl'.lat diplomtlo 
oontroversy \?et1.ld· aitee. 9ve,t -the M$Xi®n SQ'lle�nt 0 e 
attempt to enfo.roa the p.�vi·a:t,ona of A,,-ti·Q� .2't wae evi � 
·. 2.lFol'eilffll Relations 01, the, United States,  1917 � 
P'ih 9 55•9 5V . O . . .· . • . . . . .. . • . 
26 
del:lt; fo·i:e1sn o.ontJX)l* ,al)E30.1a1i1 Ama;¥"1QM •. w.a,,l vel'l! 
· pow�tibl.#. 
19&f<>re beglnnins th9 _<ii sous$1Qn of thG di;plo1mat10 
acn,tove,siee invol�ed over.' Aitie��3' 27 tt J.e neoeasary to 
e�t� on j�•t what prao�dent this re,rolu.t1on$%'.Y oiause 
. ' 
w�e 'based,.. The oorf> of the whole dtapute •� be tOlttld in 
ti$. 41:f!t.�rent oone.�p.t of pi-opeJ,-t.V right$ b�t:v11een the;} 
two na.tio�• 
Thea· COiUl.tt'i® s�ttl(jd l)3 SpantE1.l'd:$ itt . th� New World 
wEU�� not 001ontes. of Spa.:ln but rathe� patrimonies of the 
• kings aJ.i\. qneens of A�gon atltl Oa,attle $1Van to thei:r 
. v.a:eaala 1n the .nature of o<>ndesaiollS to be ):tavokecl :at 
tho sover�ign.• s: wua..22 Mtnerals \'.Ve.re the ·:p;-opartt of 
the orpwn�� lll:rlng· t.h$· ¢�Qn1.Ell era little attention. 
�as pat.a to ooal i petwolemn anlii ott.le·r byd:ro0$.l·bons. The 
·ft;-st· �:tion of them· is �Wl.d in $ Spalli$h o�1f¥ln®· of 
.·. 
1vaa· wbioh iesarve� to tlla Qrown hal·f minetals i bitumen 
o.:r rnine:tal tar, t:ransl.Bte« es "J11i�os of the ea�th". 
' 
. . . ' . 
. This O.rd�at1:oe waa modified b.v a law of 178� whiQh a.e­
olated OO$l to ·� the ;p�ope.rty of the owner of the l.an«.24 
2.2Q;ruen1ng. • 21>·06!,,�� � lh lO�. 
23F�ed�:-ick- s� Dtm.n.., ,�ne-� 1'i;gl·o r.nati,e 1?.�tect!.on ot 
A;rica.na .in Meuoo (Mew Yo 1. r, i: ·o.01ui£l>1. a·uni�. e-r. aity ·e:rees, 
l 6�lP . . .. ♦ 3�2; ·':. · .· 
24 lb.  1 d.  t t p·. , ..,'-23·_ �  � 
Afte�. Meltioan indspena.en(le the· Spanis..h system of. 
mining J.a.wa reno �a. tn foJ"'oe+ M1nex-al o�ersh1p a-e• 
· verte:d troro tb.o crown•:�o the M$lt3.� govetntnent,2E> 
No ,e�ge \ll'aa maQ;e u.ntll l.884, when a ®�- mining law 
was pl];'UJ$d wh10h stated that �troleum was the ex�lnsiva 
' 
' 
P?OPE>tt;, of the owne-t ot the :tana..26 · Ano�e:r 1a.w wae 
. passed 1n 1892 whioh gave tlle Q\'IJnGX- ot th� land the 
right ';o work oils 8ild minetal fuels witho�t a '�peeial 
' 
-
oonoesaiou, and stated that an minwg etn1easa1ons leg..-
all;v aQqtaii-ed wel'e · l�;e'llocable· al'lA perpe tu,�1 as lona as 
•· .tlle fe4:e;ral ta:.it was pa1dt27 Further aawe pr:otecting the 
,,< 
owne� of mlning �a�IPS i.."'Jere paaa�d. in 1901 and J.9.09. 
The fi:i-at a11,.tholi'1.zea. the e:xec11ttve to grant ·;p$,j�ts fo� 
exploration and fran()hisea fw: develc;pment· ·,of ·the sub- . 
· soll �f ptbt l1o lan4a�28 The law of 1909 statai �g$in 
that i!l(;)posita of mineral fu&l$ and coal waie· the. prop ... · 
,-, . ., 1 
e'fty of the own.et tlf tM. m:tfaQe ao11�2.9 ........ �-···�· ... -" 
f-,•
,, >;·'!,• ,
  
: 
I 
'' 
--· �---,···· .,,. 
2'1 
' ' 
isttat!on to. enoou;-oge foreign e�tetl)rise., ··· At the, titna. 
the f:ii-et one tvaa pae�d in.: 18.84 .no· one, reali�ed tvr� itn"" 
. . 
· po��t ·pettoloum wo14ld be¢.ome, with tha adv,e1it of au.to• 
mobil�fl am modern maohlnery. Not wa� tt ·torf;¼aeen t.ha.t 
. . ' ' 
· MexiO() wo·t1ld beoc,me the moat impottant oil proauo.if1$ 
Q.Glnt� tn_ the world. na�:t to t:ne United States and Russia 
b, 1920.ao :Me:aieo �pplied tbe .AlUe'ar '.tvt th ·a large POX'"'" 
. (i . ' . .', " . : 
1'he, need pf the lie�i'oan ,011 resettv-0 for the dttra� 
· tion· of the \�ar and the iaQ·t ,t;h.at ·Americans qo.ntrolled 
· the ma.Jot snare of p�ttol�t.Ul,1 1n Me31oo mad�. the plan for 
·nationaltzat.lon o_f' en.tbsoil d�posits «ll sllbj�:ot ;fo� diplo• 
i
matil'�ontri>ver$Y between the tTtrl.ted. states aild Mex.100. 
A year hefo:te the p:omulgation of the Coi'i-st11ttt"" 
t1on of 1917 Oe¢retary ot State tansins .·had sent & t-ele• 
:g� to. apeQial agent S1ll·it1tU1 a.t QtlEireta:ro;; i'ti i whioh 
he stated that 1nf0l!mation bad �ached the Depart�nt 
of State that the M�.14 <)an a.u.th<>ri ties were. �o.nteJnPl/a t; ... 
i� the 1esu1ng of a ·deol"Ge provid.1.ng t� the· na tlonal• 
... 
. ' 
28 
1�t1on <,f �t�oletun• Lfms:it,ig stated that atlob a de� 
oiee wottltl -vttallli: affect .Aroorto.an um f()teisn intex-• 
eata jj: l!� etde��d St:i.J.tnn ,i to take. the mattet l.iP w1-th 
Oatfanza � to point· �ut the d.�ngers tM t w-0illd a.rise 
, ·  from Stt<:sh a $itu�tton.32 S.ilUt:nan bad diaousaed tl'.i& 
I 
I Sitlmtion with carran.0a who bed at.ated! n:Tb,e Gov�m .... 
nwnt i& nt>t eonte-mpl.e\ ting t.hQ 1$tltuin¢e of a deo;rae. 
11:�tio�li i:1:ng th$ petrole�m inelu&tr.$ • 11B3 
ln Jant;iatz7, l9l'7 ,, While tlie ¥.exi can Qonsti tu tent 
·Oong;tQ.�e was in, pZ'QSt$ss �t Qu.�ieta:o • I.a.naing aak�d. �-
. Pa$ar., who r-epresented A�rtqen 011 1nt.e�ats in Mexi�c .. 
to leap t� Depa:rtntent 0.f State inforroaa· of any adoptions 
· tn tt� M�x.i Qrul. Oonati tut ion whi 4h would atteo:t .t\roar:t¢atl 
· interests,34 In a -1�ttgr. to Parke:- on the••· 2.2na. o:f Janu­
ary he Qt.ate.a; 
\ . 
�he Departµ1nrt' s atten$1 on bas bee.n oalled to oer• 
tuin p,l!Opoa�.d pX"Qvisiona relat.i?lB to t� . .;-ights 
of· fo:�igners in Me$lc,o wh1ob prqvie1ona, it ap­
pears,. the con:vent1Qn in eeaslon at Qu.eretaro baa 
dee.id et t<> 1noorpQ:ra W into the. Mexi¢.an o�nst i ... 
tution# 
· . fh() first par�sta:ph of A�t.o�· 2'1'• re• 
la ting: to the e�t�prtation pf pn-va,e· pt-Qpe:t'tst 
appeQi-8 to eon.few oit th.:� e.:aeQu,t1ve, the powe� to 
d.�.te,nntne wi th9ut any· l�g,.iala ti ve aut·horii--t3 and 
i 
S2tr9�&Sn Relations pf .9/� Unit¢.d  .. State,f:?. 1916. 
P• '752. · . • . " ,, . . . . ' . 1 
33
. . �tb1· d 
, 7i:.m 
•i' P-• qJVrjj . 
3!fs,3:eiw+ Re
la�ioii�; of; the United Sta.teat 1917, 
Po 946
29 
withQat .an; judioJ:a..t . recoux-ae being aff'ol'<'.led too 
p:rol)()rt;, 01.�et'a to pi'Qteot their r:Lghta" the n�-- · 
-Qesaity or- ut1.11 ty of p�c,perty tb�. · condeitlllatiQn 
of wbi<.1h to him maiy. aeett) advisable• It t:1<>ul� 
ae�tn- dEla·t�ble t@t t1t leaet the qa.estlon -.as to 
v,h�thet -proper.tr :f.,s -tauen ib-r � pu.1>1·10 purpoee­
Should eiwa;a ba SQ.bjeot. to Jl,dicia.:t review� 
_ •• �· ii fhe. Se'7'etlth. p�tti1g�pb · of · the �m_e 
$ftiole p��ides that eivtl and ®mt®toia.l �ompan� 
iea -�- not own and o:g>etate fo):' the�elves proper• 
ttaa of an a:rea g;-e·o.ter than that ab·sollltel,V ne­
oessar, :fo tr the E�e-ootn1:>l.:�ebro:e�t of the, pu.rpos.os _ of. 
t.1»1.l!' ol:'oat1on.,; @d t� t the ¢�eaut.i/V� ui e.ve�y 
�a,ae datenninee the spp�opr.i&te areub The •ob·j<;,c .... 
t1on to a prQV1s1on ao capable .of eapt-lctouo ap­
pl:to·ation appears -evident,.: While 1.t is hardly to 
'be enppoeed t�t it i� intended to gt.ye thts p:ro .. 
vtaion r�troaat.i1Ve eff(}�t, ehot1ld- tJda- be done 
auoh acrtioil woul.d. a;ppat19nt:t.v f,1sult in 13:Qilftsca-­
tio� of p;-01xl:2!'ty t-ig'.hta vested UJ'l.d.er· ozciating laws 
1,1n� treaty sttpn��ttons,, since ?Io· pJ:'i>:Viat-on 1a 
tn2de for oompensa't'ion f<>r pfope�y -t9.lle;n an.cl since 
p.r:o,�-rty would evidently not �der. Slich qon,dittona; 
be: taken in tha prope.r axe,:-oioo 0£ t�e ':right o:f · 
o��t):Pll"ia t ion• .. 
,. • :-,·�You w111 imrned ta tel31 bring the fot-e ... 
going to tbo attention of General Catta,ri.� and aay 
th�, the above.•menttonea. provisions 1;,tG�m to indi• 
catq a propo.se� p·o11 oy towa:ra foreigner.a wht<,lh. 1s 
_f:t-anght tiith possible gnive oo�seq_u.ences affecting 
the Qot,i:lmer<:sial end pol$t.1ea l �latio:tia, of Mex1®. 
wltb ·oth�t nations, You., Will point out that the 
govemm�nt of the Uni tecl State>e qa.nnd.t t q f eotu·se, 
aoqtti�se in ant di;:reQt er 1nd'i::reot ce>nsfiaCa.tt. on 
of._ fQ�eign""O�ed properties in M:elt!.QO•. _ You will 
fn,rtlle+" say that the g�ternment of· the· 'United 
Stntea t, with a view of avoiding the p.�:$S1'bil1tf ot _ 
the- <U·sturbance .of hit:tierto .Pl.a n1,Jallt :relat iorui 
f:>Xis :t,1'�g .-between the' two governmente.;: an4,. with a 
view·. t't:f avoiding ftttu.�·o ae;o!oijs. dUr:ffqttltiea with 
$DY government organi.zed unsie.r the• propol;led; Conati"' 
tut-iorr • ea.)!'?).e.atly desires General C$�za to.· give
tbaae r.iatto-r.s hie ca:re:t\tl.. wJ,\"sonal QOn.a.tde1:ation.� 5·  
' 
I • 
i 
I 
30 
. . 
The United State$·· gov.�mxnent wa.e.,  � n. c;. ():;;�ed es t� 
.- . 
' 
wl1<.f�h¢r the mai.n p•'V11aions. of Artlole·.:27 w�:r;e t'a: be :ca• 
. troaotiv-Eh Attiol� 14 9:t tb� Me•�ic.4J'l concE�t::1.tution 
atat�a: '�No lavJ snell b.e given retrqsative; e.ff.e.Qt to -
• 
the ;p;ejncUQe o:f any :peteon ·w�tsoeVel' �n 36 : lleva:t.tna1e.sa; 
the.. stnte Departmarit w·�a eonc.er.n0a over th.e:, p1')t.e.ot.ion 
of the prope.tty of Aim;riea:r,i. nations.le in Me:.a:.iC?t>. i'he 
., ' 
M�xioan gov. 8:rnment.�, thl"()Ugh t:t;e �ntotf;t� ot.  F·o.�ign Af.,. . . 
,f$ira,• . atated that t-�� woul4 be no -�on:f1quatton of 
ptope�tv �4 the J;.aws w®ld not 'bo nad� ;t"et,z�.oa.qtive .,57 · 
'l:lteta '1a$' oonQOi'll Q'Ve;r · �rag�aph oua: .;o:i t}�.e: Cori:. 
· atit·11t1c>,i•, wlU.()h statea t�t .onl.y �exican� ·have:· ·the �1gllt 
to· aQqui;-e pr9pe;ty a.na. £ow:tg;ne%'a who aoqu_i�a- p1,"operty 
mat «inaidef thx)nl$el""ea M��S-;Qalle.  �hel xm.st �at�e 11ot 
to inVOk.$ the, proteotion c.,t tll.a1t ·governrntu:Jts. · · The Uaxi-
ean a�p�ttrnent ot For-eign Af:faira etatod to. t1.i'.n'baesad<;,i 
Fletcha� that foreigners wer' e tequired only to r. ononneo . . ' . . -, 
their nationality as fu.� aa the p:Qpe:rty tms a>n9e;rnad 
and not i.n a.n abaolate mallner,.38 
. 36Ibi.d•. .P• 952 .• 
' ··-· 
) 
Am:et�enn8 ware. mo:z,,e <.1pncs:med with prqteot1011 of 
pet.roleu.m intei-e·sta, ae ib;G <>il llld..ust_f1 fla.� by fa.; the 
largest 1n<b1stl7! axid ·altnost exc1us1ve.ly• CQnt:2»lled by· 
. ' 
foteigners. H()wever, the ·state Departm@t et wae1'.iinston, 
'tms �lso ootio.amed wt th 0th.er Amartcan mining tn-te·resta •. 
Lansing w�ot-e to FletGh�r in F�bru.ai'y askii.1$ hi.m ·to make 
re1>resentattons to the Me�iean sovenune·nt 1r1 re�td to 
Atnerloan mU1e;..ot�nets in Me�f.'O•� He poit1tedly, irtsi�ted 
that the arastl·�'. deo:re:0 of September .14 t 1�11e, be wi1;h• 
drawn �- asked Fletche·� to impl"3ss upon O�:rtanz.a the 
advisab1U:ty of complying wi� tlle Amattoa.itgovatnmont'a 
eugs�ationa in these ana. preVioa.a :r-apre'9entattona�39 
· TM· decree referred to had 0,een 1sa11ed. by oarranz.a. and 
stated tbnt mit1$•01.mets mat we.rk thetr tni.�$ tw,d.er p.3n• 
a1�1 of fotfaitttre 1 f work was .auapendad fo:r tnoro than 
· ·two tnont))a in su:'coession or th:tee tn◊_ntha 1ntettuptedl1 
during the ra.a�,. . own� rs wtio h,ad: just oauee>i .fo:r stlspe.nd:,• 
. ing ope:rrrtio,n.s could: obtain :peJ'nlisaton fro1,n :the· D�partinen. t 
of Fomento �.nd -t.hua avo1& c>ont�aea.�10,n of t)lei� ptope:r-­
tiea.40 An extena·1on �f t1rne was granted t,he 11\i:p.e-own-
. 
. •, 
�1'1'9-  Ibid., P• 1046.,.. 
· 401ro�igri _ Re:lattoR,s of �pa United� �¥t,ea., 19,16,p. 7 22 
·,\. 
··,.,,,. •., . 
fi;-a.t. de.eta� we;r.-e· g:i.v.en a la$t exi;ension o.f time by a 
dec1:-ee pasaed on tba 17th of Febru.ai,i, 19lt, 41 . 
Fletoher 1'eplied to. �e.ing' e ccHiae�ti · notes that 
he h�tl the· e.esu;r.ance. of Ca,;r9.n,_za ��-t !tmex-.ioan m,in� ... ownere 
<lt.'>tlld·app:ly ft!>r an elttenston.of tima and tltat Hit w�s 
not the intent;f.01) of. the �e facto governmetit to� �9in.p·ro·-­
�se the:se properti.ea atld that hi-� gov-ern�:i;it wou1<1 pro­
eeed Wi 1n th$ l'U,lee <>-f ju,e.t;1().e· ·and equi t,y, rt42 
The. Mtnistey ot Fote:lJ�ll Affaits and �ai'r&fl�$ hf.id. 
aa®.r$d the Amett oan : govemment thtougu th$ ArJie; ri oan am• 
Ar.. t-· i. c.l e 14-  
t):f tha Qoneti tut ion e�t�d the:t no law ro t?JA � -n:a-de 
r$ttoao.ti'.ve. • Ine-vitably Fletq_b�r·'s qu.er1e� w�re met witb 
the ea.�- teeponae--thet� was to be no oon:el�oation d,.· 
pi·operty am the Mencan governmen� would p:rooead wJth 
tuJ.ee of j-itstiee: and equity. It is intereetins tq note 
in · this c.onnect;tqn that c�rta.n�a ·had ._nede euoh a.e.$U.;anoes 
to the Unit(:)d States: govemmsnt ln 1916 su:ba.equent to !2.... 
;r�etp 1e.oogni ti.�on of Me�ico_.,_ Ho b.ad statect tl1St 11v.e.s 
and. ��petty 9£ foreis�r$ in r:1e.x100 wo1,1ldL b.e "reepeoted 
1-11 aooordeinoe wi �, the ptaoti..e.as ee,taoli��d l).7 Q.1vilized 
42.;-_ -b. -.t.i. u:ii_ e..,-  P• 'l·wf'IA. I'll, • 
335052 
!lationa ail¢ the t.;eaties· ·1t1 fet"C$ between M�.ld.Q.o and 
oth� oom).tries,o4i$ ' 
By· a doc:ree· of·. Apioi1 :i.sl 191.'7, whtoh :-was to go .into 
effa<tt !!a.J l, .Qru.6.& petroleum of ¢omest:to 1?ro<ittet1on, ae 
. 
. . 
_ well a$ fuel not ,.ntended i'ct tl;otnac$tiq ttS:e ,; -waa .$tfb,- eted 
to a epeeial stamp tu of 10% �d: vclorem p�� net tort• 
Thie ·ta� did· not apply to p&tt()len.m used; with$n th-9. eou,n• 
try , and all tax mone.r was t O be. JB ;. ct 1n $Old • ti The. d$ ... 
e�o stated tba·t "ell 11.ewe; regt1la.tiona a.na.. diS;Poe1tiona 
· ,  
,, ·, .. . wl¢cib contravene. the present dec:ree are deqla.N.d null and 
- voi�. n� tt wa·s aimed, of OotU"ee, at for.e1ene.ts and 
a.motmted to a:n expo:r;t talC. 
' . 
The- deoree was reeei'7'ec1 with apprehe:hsi.on ·by the 
United $tate$ �overnment. It was feared that t.he ?Je:xiean­
govarnmant tnight ta'lt the Anletiean pet,:-ol:eu!11 �-tm:panieS in 
, 
I, • 
a way tll$t wou,ld amount to Vl,.-tu.al oonfisc�tion." 'l'o Jana� 
- •, 
tn.g•-s tel(}g:rams upon. the a�hJoct Fletohalf ):'epl-i$cl tlltlt, 
the M$n e� gMre-r:nment. wns in g;re·at need o.:f money and 
that l)etroleum and Illining tax;atipn U:POll fo�ig:ne:rs WClS 
popular; due in pal't to Mo:ld.oQ' 8 :tnabt11t·y to negot�ate 
f_ o-.; e i g:t1 . l- o.� - .• ;;;,... . 46 
43F.¢:ta�a,r; .Belatioil.S o.f the. Unit.Eld States, l9lff� p.'1G4, 
,OJ2 -��;i_t · · · ,' ' · ' . C ' .- ••• • • • • p • · ·331=5:gg .- · 
· ' ' <WForeiAA Relat. ions·_ . of th
·_ _a _un_1i·ea _ ·_ s._:t_a_ t _ -a___ s_f _ l_: 91__ 7 _ ·, 
PP• 1066,•l{jgth -· - " 
·4�lbij •• P• 1068. 
· .· . The· M�:itioan. gove:r.r.unent wa.s · forced . to baCit clown 
bafota $µoh a great P.Qwer ee the. Uni �d Sta;t�$ 1n :regsl;"d. 
.to .eon.ti�ac,.atto·n o·t tor·eisn, �ontrol.led p�pe.�iea. by ma••. 
. . .k tng. Oonsti tutiona l p:roVie!.on.a f�t �t1onaliza1'. on of 
. 
. 
snbs·o1� and lan11 r�t�o:aett vs. . in. effect, t:towerv-e� .• tlte. 
MexioanEJ wero detenminea in the future to r.�gctlt:lt6 for• 
e;tgn QMtt'ol and keep th,e natu,rai 111o�ltb. 0$· the>. �ountry. 
f� their Owtl ().iti��ns.., . Di:ffiQttlty VJQU;Ld ()l'.1$UQ in at-
. . 
·teroptinf5 to dr1V{3 out the for.eigr').e:r:a who a��eady owned 
• propert1- there• bu.t tutu.re fol:eign Oi11lletsh!p won1a be . 
. · :resula. tea., ?he United States. gova1,went me&.e U'iqtU,lt'it3a 
\, 
ooncerntng t·be :&et t.Jat tl;?.e M¢xtaan governm.e�t declined 
. . . 
. . . 
to iratl.t perr.ntsEJ'i()rt to oqrnpanie$ to eiru.t well� a¢g;t1l.l"ad· 
�er lease� entered l.nto fl"crn Febrnn!ey 5 1 1�17.• to tl£8yl, 
l;ll7 4!· It was undarat:opd tht1t. While the Coneti tu:t1on. ·had 
· be� pronmlgated on :t,;ne fo.;t,nel' date l t. was n,Qt to oo. 
ef.fe·e>t11te ®t!l w�y l. 19lfr� A �;J. ?ani,. the. !Un.1.at�r. of 
. '. . . 
Jndus't� and Oommsroa $ explitined tn a. letter to Arobaesa� 
dot F�tcme� tbAt · t.he government waa right in th:1� pro-. 
0,e&1rre ., Aeao��tng to·A�1<>le Z7 of tlte. C.on$ti:tnti()n the, 
'· 
eubaoti ·� lPii.gE?d to the na tic,n,.. rtJ9'3SeEJ t o 1:· ◊ontrat1te 
. . . . 
ot �ht.ft�ter nat\1:,:-e :;re:iiltin�i to t�� e�loi t.ation of the ea 
· m.i���l p:roduota 0 ente.w.ect into on dat�s pr,1or to _t;t!e 
1¢otm1;lgat_ion, pf t,ha Clons1}i·tntlon are we-su.meA tc bA\18. 
baell made 1nJ�OOd ,�1th; but, not thOS$ W�Oll- w.ere mad,tl 
subsequent to tJ:lat date, b;ettJa�e.e the. au.bsoiJ. £;om wbi<;,h 
. . - ' . 
tnEl prQ(}.UQte a.re ·to be _se-(Hln>d, a.rid wlt�ch. �a the baats 
of au.ob contraots 1 do�$ n.o'(; belt.ms,. aQQortl.�g to ea.id 
law,  to the OW?lera of th.e �ttrfaee lande. t bY, virtue of 
the na�iot1a Ute. ti.on imp:f)$Erd by the text te·(et-red to ;t,;�6, 
J\n a:ttaffll't Was nnde not t� -�ive fo!relgt1e.ra any 
enate� pri"ir;tlege than nationalat as had e�en the policy 
(>f the M�lxioan, g·over.r11nent 1� the past.. As J?aator Ro'ilaia 1 
Ministef o £ Ifomento ., _ea.id, n If on� tundamontal laws con-
; . ' ' . 
.o e(l� t-o forel�$�e the· e� :ri8hts as t-o nflti.omia., :tn 
j10 way stiou1d t t be pos,e,jJ>le for foreigner$· by e:s:�roiee 
· of su:(tb t"ighta to_ o.11tain graate·r advatttag$� than nat�on� 
als .... . ,,,17 A de·owea of August l5, 191'7.� stated that 
foi'ei.gnars seeking tt.> a�quii'e lands-� minfn$ p:r,opel"t:1'3s ! 
01'' pe�i ts for the axploltat·v,n of petrol�ttm · m11:at make-
" £oti'!.al; e:qrEH;1e and def,;nite cJ.flelaratton that in their 
c�paeities a.a owners o� eone8�aiona:tiea and tn ao fijr 
ass o.t,ncerne. tha properti ea Wbi.eh they a re ,elndeav·or1ng· 
to aeg_ulx-e; they will be �eiderad a-a Maiiean.s,: �nouno-
1113 tll.etr tighte as fote1gn�a�a ant,t · tb;e rt}¢t to ooe• 
plf.dtt o� ae.�t the .Pl''oteetion of t-:t1e1:r resp,eo_tive go11e:wn­
men ta •0 4/8 
4.6:Cbid,, P•- 1071 • 
. �- ' 
47lb1d. • P1t· 106,0t 48 Ib· id . :· · o 11 . P• 1061 .. -
'·. . . ' . .· 
t!J,a t;nited Sta,tea a?ld ��ieo �hc,rtly before . and afiier 
the promu1gation. of the· Oonsti tutton of 191'1 JleVeals 
' . 
, t�t. Melr!OO was·. w:t.te(l in it� attempt ·to en;i'�toe t:t,.e. P'tO• 
via tons of A1,'t:icle· 2'1. by.  the S·te.rn. attitud�il of the Uni tad ' 
. ' . ' -. 
neighbor. When the State De�rtment protea.tad against . 
laws. be tng .Siven retr@,tt:lW: effeo·t' or, against Oofifi_e• 
· ··;;.; . . . 
: ' 
' '  
i . 
. 
cat ion cf prope.�y tl,le !!e1e1ean government was <Jond 11a .... 
to� tn its e:ttitnd·o:_"' one. f:il'lda';a ra:patition of nae:a.�• 
0
�. QOS bo. th frorn·oa,�ran,i�. and the t.Unisti'Y• At the· ·sane ]" 
time M�x±eo we�.;���:;�$·· ev�rtth:tng tha1; could: be �onil· with 
. . . � . . 
i ,!mPun�-ty to eu,i'b totettgn do-tnirtntion-. · fhe g.�ver.nm.ent wee 
(ltte rtJ1)t.irig to reeeNe "!!.t:t. . l9<> fo f the Me'.K'.ioans:", in: th� . 
. � . . . . 
·.. ' . �t�\: ��. -, Th:i. �f: is: . reveal, E,Hl,,  -.>�b,,....J . · . Pi...
. 
:· i �'.  a, etat. ein.e �:· t tbat the 
. C.0,uat1tu.t1;0ll \l�tlt int� aire:ct:· 1rntti�ldiatt'lly \1.?JOU 1�$' P:t'Cllllll� 
, 
.'"!.·' . I ' 
soil�. 
, : u
�.:• 
Tlla !';l_e'.1tiOan l;:;,K.'l ◊V��ment reali. �ed tlh9. itiQ�f·,�a:t: a�-
. ,· . ' ' 
lai-se· 1»ro·ent of the oountry i ,s wealth ,,ttnieri :fo�e.$gn �-��'-. 
. . . 
t�ol �ad oomptQ' mt.ae. d'  ha.r e. ov. ere. t.. gnty.,. ·Tnt.s was.  :ee. s. pon� a1. ;.. 
ble to:r tne olattae in Awt1.Ql$ 217 that, fo_�i�:r.s mtg�t·' 
ac.qlli� lands e.Ul w.ater and Obtain conce::�lstons to develop 
3'1 
. . ' . . ' 
mines and mtneral 1hele provided they agree� not to 
.. 
invoke th¢) protection -of t�ir goveJ:"llnlents, · but. w�:rG oon-
s1d�r,.H:i on ·tha same basis \dth IJexic..an citizenai, 
It is ·not praottcal to a ttampt, ··;t9;.:t�lte ttP all tha 
• • 
. '1 __ ;, • , · ' 
legal iea�e$• involved: in t�> disputes' t'l-�·t·":-(�'1-"Qee bett"Jeen 
•. 
,l 
t� ttntte-0. States ·and Meldoo ovar Artiele 27 • the inte�•· 
' , 
I ' 
pretat.iQn of whtoh; s-tates Roacae, n� Gai- t• he.t wa..:3 p.; 01:t:-• 
I 
e.bl9 the mo$t illlpor,tan t of fot�1gn a.ffai ts' .¢£ Me:ki eo an,l 
th�• most im.Port.an.t of �ll fo1Q1gn affai:rs for ·the. TJIU.t.ed 
Stat.es in Ameti·oa.49 Mention ha.a been rnA4e· .of the var-­
ions laws which fo�ed $, b.aal.s £or tb'i, 1110.u gan' e con ... 
:tention that .land o.:nd mine:r.al ownetshi;p was inv�ated in 
. . . . . 
the nation� Thi a dii'fe.l'."$ ·ftom tbl Anglo ...S�on oo noeptiao. 
·· of cnvnerabip which always implies that the properties 
of tho ��bao1:i belonged to the mv.ne� of th�·· .lt:itid• Ge.1-
t:1$� stataa 1:bat. the MexiQans based the ft'lll<Ul?ll$Ota1 
;p;ri.noiple of Artiole 27 u,pon I5paniah mining': lawe w.htoh 
ware not. as e matter of �aet• the laws <,f Spaln; bu.t 
rather the laws of her coloniot,1. Spain ae a nation had 
. . 
the aame 1awe 1.'egatding propertr anc,i mine.re.le �s did tho 
otb.et Europaan f#onptriea; the.y were based o-.p. llom!ltt law. 50 
49aosQoe B. Gaither, 11 The> Interpretation of tl'.13 
Confiscatory :Phases o.f thE3 Mexj.qan eo.n$tltP.�ion of l.917° ·• 
American Law Ueview, January • 1922., 
. . 
60n.,B. Gaither, "·The Constitlation of l�l.7 ,, . QonflS• oatolQ! l?ha$F>s/1 tro'Ortean Law Beview 0 Se:pteitil.)er. 192·1. 
'- : .. 
,. 
-- - • - - · " • " • '  -�-- --�---•�---�------ �---- -·-· --- - --- - -
38 
·Tbe ,resting �:t t.ha · ¢>WneXfah1p of iands'. snd n1ine:rale 
in tthe:.nation differs ·f:roni the Anel:o-Am�r:i,-08.J.l ·c�no�pt .Qf. 
ownetahip ,11h1Q.h iEl veetod in the States rath,et t·�t;l tlle 
nat��ih E!ede:ra,l c>�er�hiP o :t pnblto lands in tl'J!l Unit•ed 
Stata•a game about ei the;z: by g�ta fro� the'· thirteen orig!'II 
i:on.l ate.,t�H3 qr. m, auccaae,�i9p to the. United at.�te$ tr 
rights: of the sovere 1,gn· in territo�y aoqaifed since. the 
Revglution. 5·· 1 
Fo�e1gnel!'s and naU omila in Me:lt:100· we.-;ra ;ptoteQ.tee. 
agt1inst eonfisoat:i.on of :p�opero 'by A1itic1a, l4 which . 
foibi4o· retron�ti.v-e leg!slation and b.y Art1oic 2'1 wn.1.ch 
p:ohi bi ta e.�propriation., e�cept £01: publie u:ti..llty. and 
11pon inclemn��ioa.tion. Art_i.cl$ 27 of the M�:xft. can c.onsti-. 
tu.tion 0£ 1867 oontained t}4s 10.�t provis;t�n., with ,one 
adde.d tequtiement; ;pa.s,ment lllJ.lat PfEIQ.edQ t�� tt�J�i:ng of 
· px-9party-. 52 The l�tte:r: pioocesa is oommon !n the Uni, tad 
.· Ststea; the govf)mment ha.s. th� l"igbt of em:tne.nt lt>matn, 
. 'but J.aµ4�mie):s .must �e retmbu.�e·d oe:e¢:re tbG> land 1a 
·tatsn. 
'.fhe Mexican Oon�titutic;,n contflin$ no· pI'oy:t.aj.on 
s1mila� to the ,f4ftll. ·anc1 £011rteentb.. ama:µ�nta in tll�­
Constt·t;ll�i on of the -United States, ,.,�hic.h r.q;ovldE). tha.t 
pl!op�rty :oannot be take.n eJ:ta·(lpt by due pi-o.�eas �f :law •. 
----- --
. . 6l.J-�P�- e�mberlain, 11 Prope1t1 Righ.ts: unaar tl:$ l1ew 
Mexl.eat) O-onetitut1.on'• ·• :&!}lili�l seience gu:�r;vewlg. -Sep• 
tentbet:; l9l7• 
52Ibid� 
� 
39 
Aco��dins to the Melti� Constitution peraqti� :whose -
Pl'-ope:rtiee are s�:.tzed- h$Ve raeou.rse to the _,eoul"ts. 
� . . ,, 
Oonati tu.t.1or:tal proteottQl1 -of property 1:ntE;,.�ats agtiinat 
leaislatio1+ by th� r�qu,i.,��tnan t that. tmy �hall not be. 
taken �,,cQept fot pttblie tttillty and on ;ps;ment of in<1emn00 
1t1 ia weakened by the broad ;poliee power ve.sted in· Cong.;.. 
r�as1 and by paragraph a of Artio1 e 27 rJn:to:i;t fi:tas thee 
oomp�ati<>tt :Paid at the value o! the �topert!1 given in 
_ ,t� val tr.a of the official ta.x lists plu.s. t�n percent. 
It ·1a not made o'1eaxr .in th,a Con.�t1tuti,on ns to whether 
this lsat named seo.tion refa:rs t.o the J.ss·t" or :f!i·:rst as• 
. ' - ' . ' . ' . ' . . . . . ' ' � . . . . . 
�eaeman.t 111a.de on, pr.ope:i:-ttea., The:r:e was no op:port11.1.11ty 
to maJJ:e a veey oo,;eilll �llStlS1.3-Inent dnring tJ,lft ravolu-.; 
ti OM1i'Y o � • 63 
Ill �11 pm babif!'ti, controve�y would: have az-iaeri·· . . ..,  . 
. betw·e� fienoo am .i�refgn g6varnmenta ove:r tha pr-o�l­
sion.s of A�tiole 27, even th·ough the Mexioi,1n aove:rnroont 
had. 'been abla'- to· eom:penaata fu�ly f'ol' lif�P�i'tiee taken. 
F<>a-eign interests had too rm.,.eh :at ata..ke tct stand 1b;v and 
ae�:'t"'!i:ei't pi-opert:tes eo,nfiscated even 1-i1i th: fair i11dattlllity. 
' . . 
· · Hcr111eie;r, · one �nds tha root of the diffieu� � tn the·· · 
· fact "thift the MeJQ. Gan gove�n.t. was in a pool' ooonomie · 
oon(iltion� It could ,not meet its a:omesti� and. foo/eign 
...- �....... ...... -.. --------- -�-----------•. .,.  .. -- -• ·"-· ·· ---·- - ------�--- -
debt.; let· alone pay fQr, exproptiation,. Anglo-�Amerlcari 
p1'a¢ti�e nas alt!m9s 0:, n<ledod the l'i.Sb.t o:t eminent· 
d9ma1tH- tbe government tiny t�e propol'ty fQ�r pahlie 
'li8EH3 a_t a f�1l! V�l.uet.1¢th Thi$ was ®nieth1ng tbil- MQ.lti� 
c,i:m gov�;rrmie.nt b.ad ove:t:'lo.oloo.<l. t54 
Arna irt $ans based. thei � oJAiI1la to- p l"OP-ert¥ o.n tho 
Jnin.ing lev1s pa.seed. du::ri�g thE} .Diuz exa, which tia(3. be�n 
in di:reot contt-a<t:totion tQ the Spa�ish mining l�t.ie. 
?asto:r Rou.six i who was eh:te.:Q.y :('EH3p()nsib-l� for· the 
·. • 
atiopt.ion ()f, Afti<Jla 27, ata tqd th.at the do�ti tut ion 
;�atore<l r1'b�ol11t(;) ovm.etelrl.p of :petroleum and ot.ho� min ... 
e·ra.l� tq tl'JS Maxi cm natton- cm..4 :re_pealea all former. laws 
to the ¢onttaru • AQQOX-ding to him, Al'tiole, 27 COlll� . 
not �Q obje◊,t(-HJ. to �a retl:'O�etive aa it mere!J l"estox-ed 
the fundamental pfOIH:>:t'try ttght$ of �he tm.tiO?h whiQh had . 
been illega:t:t.y $<:3i zed by one of its govei--npwnts- $<> a.t .. 
tem.pte.� tQ ce,de iti to the individual. 111.a. w.o:riie a�: 
0 'l'h�- Oonsti tution being the- -su,prema and :funds.mental law• 
ita atrn_ple pUbl$eatton flntlll.lS ei.11 laws o;ppo�ed. to it• ••• n65 
T� m'ltter waa no1;l a.� simple as that. .•. AmeriQ@ 
p,opett:, ...o wZV3rs hD.cl 1n1:rehae�d land end obt,a:tned eon.., 
54.Ame.ric·an �w Re�i,i�w, .£R•:Oit,., Janu�:t.v. 1922-� 
5'°Fo�eizn Relations· t,f. t·11e Uni'te,� StAtes., 1918, 
p, '110. . ,, . . - .... 
ooof.li;CD3 in gooa f.a11lil+ :cm,11Qn011 the Unitua Stntes 
govomm-(!n,t �ttltl ei)e ttm·t ' 1 ts ns. tionnlo · we:��: pwot�e,ted 
. 1n ttau of ,;j;rtr 0,1�$ of pro�e�t.r in itoltlco, 
,Cortnlnl;;; tM !:t�J:l®no l�d El G:t�at d�u.l. &Jl thoir . 
<J1d,, 1n thio iaouo. re� cb1a:t oujocta ,of t� fe'\ft>l�� 
tt!)tl i':,��o tho cr�atiO� of o. Ql,t,l:GtiS of ;!.J;);j;l�.()1l)i(l1ZlS �.:';;linOt'G 
attl the ourraation of a ayatom \:ttido� lli'biol1 • lo!ltl s.ai.\ 
no.t�trcul maott�o·oe hAtl fallen. iuto ·tho hand$ of c f�1 
favoroo inatvid.t1,DilO" in �tiey qa.�e$ absenteo ft)t'e�g.tio:rs.56 
.r.\ g:r:a�t �� Qot'.J,Vle� 1:u<ftoro ont,:;,�d, l.tito tho riholo 
p:eQblero, �,h1Qh 0€:io�mo the fAt DS,tH.rfJ .foi· itiplJ)�r:1t10 _oonti·o• 
'ttel.'tl$ for .VO�'� to C◊�{h lmntedir;1 te .lJ ilftor tX:.G 1if4'tmi:h-­
gati on o:f ·?;lte 1:re�.iiOtm. .C otl�ttt�itlQ'!l th.J t:Jro.tt�e! Ott.to� 
ente,l;"'(.!Q. t]lQ FO�ld w�r tiltd th� itlOlt� W$G net b:tt)ttgat a:p 
'·· 
tore giowJ..ng ·oltt of tM ,na�t z;:t\1s tbl1 e�o·ited o.t.ate of 
t:i.ittnd. t>;ro�b.t o.n. by tv.o �a� (}nit thx1 att:ttn<to 11e1t1Qo waa 
showtna t-o�rll fo�e!r�e:'t.() •tl� G2Jlt'dafJad b9 tte Oonet1• 
tut1-on, .... •�1.l tl,oae tuine,r.;1 we1N1 to '.MVo S:i 1i'�cy definite 
boo:ring on -rJ,e�Josn ....t,,. tJ)Oti.oim i·o-1:::.tionn f.l.ftq:c tliO wowld 
ml�. It 10 fi}Gll t hO\WV�i:, at thita 't:imo t() ts:llte u,¥ �.  
di$�Saio.n of ?.1e1tiOan.iJlmert��n rtl�ttons r.¼El of:feotea 
direotlJ by th� \J(i)':t."lil we: . 
UililH fl ' .. f ..t t ·r•'Mf t I 'PIMl!ll . 
fhe wi thdra.wal 0£ the Fershins foroes from Mexico 
on Jrebl'tlall:T 6, 1911 t �rked tho ,close of one episode of 
extreme-J.y strained. �lationa be·twean t,ha Uni;ted States, 
and the de facto gove:rnmsnt .of MeJtioo • 
. PJeatdent Wilson wa·s forced to turn �vJay ft'om 
.· r!exiosn af�ai:sra to· the wajow i,set1e. of the Enropean war. 
Evan tbe ext:eme 1nt-etvent1onists �alizett that .in view 
of the fa�rt t!Jat. the war tvouid probably involve the 
Uni tad -States 1 t was necessary to hllve com:par�tive rs ace 
' . • > I 
with Mexioo fo:r the ti.mo being and moraQeVelr' to kaep a 
frienal� · attitude on the part of the southatn no1$hbor • 
. • 
It came as a. sttrpr.1ee, nowev-er; .when the country 
whi.eh, au.oh a short ti.me before, had aroused intorvantion 
threats and led to statements. and plans for ·cubaniai,n� 
her �dvanoetl a plan to ruii te the Ama:rican oountrries. in 
o.n effort to end tho .En::ropoan ooniliat � 
on ,Obmary 12, but a week afte!" tho tJ itbdravml 
of t_he 11.mertd:m forooo from nexioo i S0orata.ty of State 
Lansing :recaivod a lotter m.m Eamon l?. de Negri, tbe 
Do.xi can Qona.111 Geno1"S). at San Fl•a:noisoo, in olltargo of 
Uixioan affal�s, enolosing the Oarranza•e plan to ond 
the tmropoan oon�iot. 
43 
It is now more ·than two years ainee the- most gigant­
ic �rmea. oonfliot reeorded in hietol'.V ox-otte 011t on the 
old o ont 1nent. • e •. The tragic contest bas deep�::wounded 
the sentiments of humanity of all the peoples that, are 
not engaged in the. struggle, and their atandi11g tm• 
move(l. befor� so. great a d.iaaater would be eontrary to 
both justice and httnaness ., A deep seated ''se:ntimeut of · 
hwtan. solidarity then constrains tho f.ff�x1¢f;ln government 
to t�nde:r its mode�t ooope:ratior.i to bring the strife 
to an end, On tho other band, the oonflagreition· in 
Europe has _reached sueh propo'rtions that the sl t;uation 
,of the countries whiQh re91ained nentl'al hs,s grown more 
end· n:iore trying\ bringing th$m, as it haS'�to the ve:rge 
of being involved in that war; ancl severa� nationa 
wnieb. at the outset. took no 'part in the CHm�liot. 
have found thems�lves irre$istably d�wn into it. 
Those oottntri'es which �t. present are etfll pres�w­
ing · th'1li:r neutrality in the .world and �mly dee1re to 
keep out of tbe oo.nfl iot must ·oombino tml:r effo"ts 
toward bringing about th�- ea:rliost possible tern'.lination 
of the European w�:r; o:r at least so e1�eunisox-ibiti3 it 
aa to remove the possibility of :furtber oo'tnplications 
an4 thus b.nng into sight· an ea.:rly endillB �! 
Tlie preaen�, European c.onflict affects the whole 
· wo rl«i, l�ke a . , • • oPlag�e wb.ioh ought. to have bQen· • o o • 
iSQlated some time ago .. • .. i.-to shorten its l:ife and pre­
vent !,ta spreading. Fa� :f�m doing thie,.- too trade ot 
all thal n�utral ,e.olllitrieet in i'1e world, am that of 
.. America in partiou.lar bG@s a haa-vy reaJH'.m�ibllity 
bafo�e h1stol'y, because all th.a neutral nations"" ...s ('me 
more� s,onw 1$:::Js--nave lent- their quota tjt mone9., :pro• 
visions, - a.mm.uni ti.on, or fllel, .. �m in thie tiiJa_y nave 
kop.t up am prolonged the, gre�t conflagration. 
R�asons of high hnuan morality' am of nat1orui-l 
.solf ...c o:nsilrvation plaee tha ne11tra1 peoples ttnder the 
oblig�tion of desisting ��m t�t course a:o,d of r�:fus.,., 
ing to lend any longer that qu.ota vJhieb made it poesi ... 
ble to GSrry on ,the war for two years eind �ore. 
To that end the Govemttent of !Jexioo, within tba 
bounds o;' the st�iotest respect due to the sovereignty 
o:f:' the 1ivsrr1na cpunt1iea, inaptred by the highest 
llumanitartan sentiments, and also aotuated. b� tila 
hig�st humanitari� sentiruenta •. and al.So &otu.e.ted by 
the eentimant of self oonse"stion and dei\snse ., takes 
the libertl' of proposing to .:you exeellenci<;>* s govern­
ment, as it is proposing to all the othfJl'" �utral 
governme·nts, tm t tbe• groups of eonte,iding · powers. be 
invited, in eommon aooox-d and on basis of abso11.tt0J.y 
perfeet equality on either aide, to bring this \rJar to 
� ' ' ' ' 
: '! .....:  L..  •• : .  
45 '" 
an end e�ther by g thei
r, or:1n efforts o� by availing them• 
eelvea of the ood o ffioee jof friendl
y 
y mediation of all the eOtU1tries which w.ould ointl extenllo . If within 
a reasontl.ble tsx-m peaoe ooJ:ld not be z-eato:r:ed by this 
means; the neutral cowittl.�a would the:n tQ::ke the n0ces­
sary :roeaau,roys  t·o re.duce nath e confla
gration ·to its narrow­
eat limit. b refua:1.ng & kind of 1mple�nts to the 
belligerants and su.Sl)ending OQtnnw :ro1�l · � gll,lt1.ons w itb the iulrring nations u.ntil the 13a1,a oentJ.a ration shall 
· Mva been smothered. 
1.l;he Me.xpaiean 
government is not t1n@nac1ot1s of its 
somew:tmqt de rti
ng from t� principles of :.inteniationsl 
law whi h have he-retoforge re
�J.atod the relations be­
ptwE:len ·netttral; a and belli ez-ants when t t o
f
tfers its r,Qpositions bu.t it J1.1USt be admttted tha  thEl present 
wa� ia a oon.:fliQt wtthQ11t a preeedent in the hiato:,zy 
of lll8nkind that det1}9illde a�preme efforts and. novel 
remedies tbat a1re not to be found aroong the nu:row 
· and SOllleWhat eelf1Sh mies of international 1a.w as 
ao.Qepted until now.... _ _ . · · 
The Go'ile�nt of Mwd◊o urig dye ,;-atands tblglt no nea­tfal na·tion, p no In!:ltter how mt ht eould s�
y t�ike a 
ste ofg tb1EJ oharaoter
. i:md that the rtieab'Ures oan only 
be brou ht to a ettcoeaatul i,ssua tbroagh the eoop
of tba neutral gwernmente wielding the g�
aration 
8'tea't in .. 
to11:uat1onal influence with tm balligerant nations. 
g It is ea
peoiall.Y inoumbent on the United States, 
Ar entina.·,· Brazi.l and Chile in Aroortca: Spain,, Sweden, 
and. NortnJay in Europe• �8 be1.ng more infltH�nt1al and 
free� to $rrive a·t c;). deoiaion tot1ard tb.e b.elligaranta, 
to fatl't9r an initiative wbioh is none the �esa wort}W 
of thoi-ough ettw.y g W:l« eElmeat· oonsideratio
'.n fllir its · 
�eomtn from a nation wbi 
c;,h 1 s su.pp
p oaed to 
'po _ wea�ened 
t resent· and therefore itl,oapab4e .of any �ffecti·ve . 
iiltemational effort. 
�iw Go•vemment of Mekieo cherishes the·. hope that 
if this• idea ie aooepted end put into prac;tice it m:1y 
ee:tve as a precedent and baSis for a new $-apii'.Jg of 
1ntex-national law tbat wQuld give neutrals the'. oppo;t-. 
t1mitf to a$·aist ln preventing and mending: ·future 
inter:nattonal . wa:rs whi.le moat strictly te®eoting the 
eovera1gllty of t� bellis:erants.l · 
' . 
-J ,-..J/ . 
;.'//<: \,  : (.  ;. , ; . � 1iagt1. roq/llO�:'ttad tf:rat C-OpiG$ of OO·UJ),:�Sl Car• 
·. j ?an�' 0 ·,riote 00 !florw.a;tdG(i ty te.J.oglr{;},,Ph to the �1mor�can 
) ! . J • ' • • • 
: . �lplom1 ;tio rap1..-0aonta.tive$ an m,J,lantL. f:o:ti:'Jaxt. St1edon,. 
,, !I"/ 
,;.r, �nm..:..1l'� ., an _& s�11 tiorl.tln.d1 foll dQliw;ey to ttlO. $'0�eign 
'.!, ., · Offiaas of tnaee eou:ntrten. 
R@'lle:rt :teneing �tili�ly aokno�l(Hlgo tliie. receipt 
of t:tw ttote in a lettei1 to de Il!o� 1n Wh1eh ,,� atste:c 
that lt WO!!ld ia:cei ve '�Qttontive trllnaid$ra.t1��,t• by the 
unt tmlt statea govo�irent. ue 01.so ata-t�t.l tha, � aoyioa. 
' : 
. ·f, i• 
�1t;il been' telog�avn�· to t.ho ?.ll�@:Pesn ne• u1r• ral ' /ii nations 
. , 
, -�- ;,, 
as_ ret1uested, but· ©1th' t�a �Gl?Otm1eing t�t tbe atti • 
tuae of tba Unito.d Ststea gova:mroont fk'3$ not ito be pj;"o• 
jttdicea: 'by t111uJ acomnc,de�1ng tho �-�•-:-�.e..�.t! goVott&Wnt 
• • 
• •I 
,..'  
U'1»n p.n'blldatlon of the note 111 tb.e newspirpa:,,,i�, 
·. �OWOV'ei. lite'�1�:\y a 0torm o:f. Pl"OteGt &!ld · Ofr��oment 
, ' 
Ptibl io optni.on d�£1n1 tel9'  took the . 
otti tuu{l that M'eltlto v.1aa pro•Ganri.nn if not tefin1tolJ,1 
I, 
sllisd tJitb !:ks:rltti. The reaaon l�,t,· in tt.� �n oliJ�tft · 
of the ptO:t,'OSlll t nf.;ttnGly t� JJ)t'O;PO$Sd ◊milergo ::of Mlli• 
gare.nto bV tt1;& mutt!i(ll porut};J?s,. Who taot W�f;l ::t�de ovi• 
den.t that �·n10l!, a Pll'O'COt'iUr& iJO,Uld Onl.'1 hi:ndGlr ;,tho All1eo 
r. ··,··•:·,.a·•;•. ., •11'. ra•• 
47 
end aid -the ·Central Powers upon whom tbe En�nta powe_J,"S 
., 
had maintained an ·0ffiQient blt>OltadG �om allllOSt the 
beginning of the wsr,. 
. Ail edi torlal in tbe New tork Timas el)e.ats of the 
note as "futile .and impe:t�nent, with its fine phraae-
010&7 ab�lu.t high human mora.la end htamanite.rlan sentiments 
ehataoter1et1Q of Bethlllann..Jlollweg. aspeo iallt stepping 
'aside a little £ram the prinoiple of 1nterrmt1onal law,,'" 
The a�tiole etated that t� oblef _ danger -lay :1.n a Me�i­
oan attempt to 012t ott abJ.pmants of 011 f2fom :England 
' . 
•: 
and SU ggested that the United St;a tee should stiffen the 
$tnbar�o against a-hipments of ari:na lnto MexioQc; · It end• 
ed with the statement;. ncarran� has plafed wtth tne 
Amartoan government l.ong enougb1-'"3· · 
The QB;tlook went oven fu.J"ther in denoun,cing the 
' 
. 
Fii-at Ch�of 3.n an editorit1l entit1od ''Cat�part Carranza" · 
wbiob spoke of the ptopoSfll as reflecting "h�� moator•s 
voice" and the nostr1eh-:U.ke gu.1le" oharactefiatie ,of 
German diplomacy"·. It atrossed England 1 s ne&ll for 
Meno.an oil "t'lithout whioh the British neat �otild be 
hamstmng" � Cart:anea. might �,.-a Germaey, but .tho United 
States ivonld ;ntenene • resulting in "not an _.. � again•. 
· out again' Vera Cruz invasion or Pershing expedition., 
48 
bllt Wbolesa.� i, tbor®gh $.OUlS; Oleaning U:P · .t.ntertent1on. 114. 
0 fhe �:dean govetnttant hae aeen with ..a ur;i,r1sa 
the. pervette.d ;interpretation v!li.Qh t�. Ame.rt� press has 
given to t.he note wlli.Qh the Citizen Fi�st• Chief et the 
Oons,titntional Arrrw 1n olla,;ge of the Exf'Jont.i�e .Powe� ad• 
' ,, . 
,-� -...d"t. . ·_,:. . �,_)�1111· aed to tbe ll.e. u.; tr, al . gove�nt. s � end , f.eele,  as. sured 
that too people and the go-?ernmant of that Republic• in . 
vie�v. of tbft J'loble sentiments which prompted it t, will. 
'3tu(l.y the note with the oa� and attention it deserves."5 
. . . . . :• 
Befoi=e 'washington took time to answer the First 
Chieft s. no.ts forma113 � an eve:nt ooo�rrad whioh eo1ored 
public· opi.n1on. if nQt .. d.tPl()l);atio attitude toward b.9th 
. . . . ' 
� " � � ' ;:•' . . 
' ., 
Oa:i�anza • a peaoe overJure· and. the Mexie(m gove:rmnent • 
namelY, the interception of· th$ Zimmex-nan note, and 1t$ 
subseqi1ont pu bliOSl-tion. 
• 
J 
• • 
lhia famo.us lotter wsa fi rat oon\l"eyed to S�ore 4'1> 
·tai-y :t.anetng in a t$leg3:'.am �m ,c,\�ri.aait amba�sado:r: 
' ' 
:Paga ® Fe'brua� e�. ?age .bad received the tla:1tt from 
Baltonr of o oipll.lfr telegra!S ;from Germn :fo:rei� mini• 
ater. Dr. ;Artu,r 'Zimme+marm. whi1.1h· had ba_en sent· via . 
Washington and relayed by cT•oha.nn H. v9n Berm�.tottff. • 
4Qlltlook, Fobruary 2l; 1917, 
6tiew York �imas, :February 16, 1917. 
49 
. . . 
. 
( for. tn8:t Ge:ma,n amba..ssadot to · the United, StatE)s) . on the 
,.. 
t: 
19th of Jan®:ry. The English governrmnt he.d CO!D;) into 
poeeession of the German Qipher code and had obtained a 
copy of Darns to rtf1 a otphe r telegram to t�exi¢o ., wbie.h 
ha.ti been relayed to London and deciphered. Thia a. ooeunt• 
·. j . 
ed fo:r: the delay in sending the information ·to the, United 
Statao. l'age atated that the :B:r1t1sh governniellt· Jeal-
" 
QllSly gi.1.a:rdad knowlodga t>f th� German eipher :code and it 
was only oocauee thio note bad <Ureot beart�· on the 
United StatE>a t.hat the SS()J'&t was dl wlg�d ••. The .Brl tish 
goveX'lllllent tl'ere for0 requ.ested the U:rtitecl States �o 
w. ithhol. cl tho source of 1nformation but the note itself 
.: .. . . ' . 
. 
could be ttltlde publiO. ih<:l tranelat1o:n of the not� �ead 
as :follows: 
\7e intend to bagtn· on the 1st of Fob�u.ary 
�atfiotQd su.b:mar.1:n.e .warfare�, We ahall �ndeav• 
or in. spi tf> of this to kes:p the Ul'li ted Sta,ea of 
of Amarioa neutral. :tn the �vent· of �his ,ot 
at1ceeed1ng, we !!lS�o Me.xieo a ptopo.sal > of �li• 
anoe on the following baa ts 1 make war to&ether, 
ge.na:rous finanel.al suppol.'t and tmdetatandlns on 
our part that Meld.co is to reconquer the l"s:t 
territory .in Texaa, Now Meiieo, and At1zQna •. 
Whe settlement in detail is left to QQ.th You. will 
50 
. . 
as aoon as the outbt'E)ak of wai- w1tb the unit�d. 
Sta.tea -of AmertQa is oettt1in and add tlle Stlggest-
- ton that· he' abou.ld QY.i llia · own -in,. . t1att ve. ,. inv.1 te. 
. J�pan. to itnrnediate adhereilce ·and a.t the sa® 
• • • 
I 
tima madiata between japan· and ou:rs-ei-vea 9. Plesae 
:· oall ... :the l'reaid.ent•e attention to tha fact trot 
. . � - ' . . ' . 
t.he ru.thless employtt¥3n:t of our au.brnal'tn.es :nc,w 
off()rs tna piosl)E) et. t;rl o om'Pelling Ens;land in a 
. . 
• 
. . ' 
. 
·-1 
-- �eoei,ted WPfd from A�·rioa.n arnbasaador -Fi�:_,:®()t in Mexi• 
·co Oi ty that the Fo�1.gh M.1ntat.�:r denied Sl'JJl kn�wladga 
. . 
of such �- �ote 1 . b1;1t tnat Cana.Ji� was out o:fr tlle oapital . - . . - ' 
at· pres.ant and it was posstble tJ\..at suoh an 9vertit:re bad 
. " 
b�en ?ll'lde dir�e>tl.V -to hi-nh Lanatng had at1�easa to 
. 
" 
F-l.etohet- tb$. pttbli¢ opinion thlt WQ'1ld be a�911sGd in the 
United States upon. pu 'blieatioll ot the .nt>t� e� th'3 need 
for the Me1t1 can gova�nt to aitmtl taneou�l»-;. pnbltsh 
ata:te�nts:. showing dieintare.a:t in the a.ffail:� 7 
&rol"E'tj;gn ReJ.C;t•ions .of the tTnitaa Stetea, 0,,1:.,01� •• 
p .. 147. 
7-lbid.· pp,�:?34-.236, 
51 
on Ma�ob: 10th Fletobea- ·i1r-ote Lansing that he had 
spent sevewai daya: w1.th Oar�nza. d'tll'ing whiob pet:lod the . 
First Chief stated that WP to th!lt time Mex1�o had re­
oeived no ptoposition .of en alJ.:ianoe with Ge�any. He 
spoke at length upon hie plan for peace arid 4opa<l the 
United States would 'not enter the \Wllf• To· qtie0t:t.ona. as 
to hie atti tnde ahoald Germany propose an alliance he 
did not repJ.y directly, ()the1: than to state 1tibat Mexteo 
desi�d to avoid be()(Hning involved in the wat• Flether• s 
. own opinion we$, 11:ee.1>sona.lly I do rtot think i,hat Mexico 
under present eireumatanees would aeo-ept tl:le .el.11anoe 
l?Ofe;fre.d .rt on the other hand, howevet • ha atatad thnt 
wlU.le Oa:rran�a and the !!linietet- for. Foreign Affo.ire 
1
t 1ivere ve� oar-efUl and gu.ai"dad in thait utters.noes, :t 
gatha;te.d that thoir sentiments inclined somei;hat towards 
. :, ' 
Ge�y."8 
Latl,eing had trade the note pttblie on· t�e l�t of 
March :;· wl'len it headlined pn.ettoa.J.lU. ever-s n�wepa_pe:r in 
tm Q.<>unt.rr and aroused 3u.at that lllUeh more exoi tement in 
a nation al.ready awesping al.orig on a. ourtent ;1 of war 
iwsteri.a� 
Apa.rt tr�m deepening the antagonism tfWard Gertnany 
publiQ opinion on the whole bec,,amo ve'q suapio.tous of ?�exteo. 
8 ' . . · Ibide1, PP• 238•259 • 
62 
O�eo.tion _beiw�en 'tb$: Zirnme� note and a�ve:ral af""' 
fairs- t�at lia.4 re<'l!ently -oG-�i-racJ. in t-te�oo was. ev14enoed� 
each as b:e.quentl1 �po�ted but 1:nde:fins·ble mov�menta 
. .. .. . . 'i . ,. ' ,: ' 
of the -r,ie:,tiCa.,n suvernm.ent to qQU.ple its a$tlle.t1Qn with 
£r.iot_ion between the United States and_ 'Japen; pel!aiatent 
� ,. . . 
repoitra -of Gt?t'ntm ettbmarine 'ba$eS on the GU� -of Mo�ico; 
tm fact t�t Berne,io�r:fff-went
. . . . '. . . . ; .  - from t. he United States,·  to. . . · ' . . . . 
Cnba 1�thez- than bS:Ok· to Gel'tlla.n v,ban Gf>rmsn.-��nterios:n, 
rUp;t.onati¢._ rel�ti,qne 1l!le.:re aet1ered; and arres� oi!s tnen on 
\ ·•: .. •. \ . 
...." ': �e -,�_6tdor charged wit� betJl$ 0$1"l'Jla;X]J inteUieenee offi ... 
� "' 
•; \ • • ' 'I • •. • 
cer,a. But above a :U j g£inetal opt#,ion saw a �nn�·otton 
between Car.ranfi:a' s embatgQ proposal and tiie:,r:iJn:ttnermann -
• , L 
;, � 
- -
- flue:ne$ was .looming -larg,e- ir,t-_ MQxioo ... 9 
Whe z�.mtlle·rtnann note s.ro.o,e.ad _ an invest1gat1on from 
t� Comtriitte.� of Fore,i gn !telat1orw . tn t.bi):- Se�te.,. intro ... 
d-uood by Sane.tor Lodge ... to d�aiije whether � not i 't was. 
aathentio·� A.fter mllQh ��t.tt � �e'.ao�ution was ag:reed 
upon to sak the. :P:a.-e.sid��t _ to :i\t:rnish the. Se�te wl1st- ,. __ 
ever infonnati◊n he_ had on t}l.e Zitm®rina.nn not.a. whiah 
wa.$_, in hie opinion. ••not t..n¢otn1)atib1:e with �e p�bl!.O 
int�r�at ... r110 Lansing_. • �-ith Wil$0n' a approwi .• •· ·$-'b -
9New ,Yoi'"k fitoo� 1 Ma;:oh -l• 1917-. 
--
10 - - - - -
r.· CoMr�.s��.,!!ll �eeo�d, Mth Oong:reas. 2nd session, 
t>4 • �art 5, l'. 45'9 • \ 
\. 
"\,. .,._ ' ·'  
�,. .. -- ' ., , ,. . . -�·--· . . -· ........ -- �--�---,, - ·  
53 
IJ)!tted a repor� to the. h,-esiO.ent 0$ the Sen!ite in which 
he stated that the note wa� withentle and wa.e: iii tha 
:i 
posseaaion of the Uni tad States government., but that it 
. � :: . ' . 
,nae d1noorrq:,ati ble with publio interest tQ send to .. t·he 
Senate o ,.,any furth$l' infcnna.tiono,. pcr8latiye �:<> the note 
mentioned in the resolu.tio;n of ·the senste,,,11{ 
It is interesting to n1.1te in tbe -di_settSf;3i.On. p·rior 
to this reso1Q.t1on that the Senators opposed''. to the 
Uni tali States . becoming invol�<:'!d VJi th Ger�ny .': weTe the ones 
• 
• j : 
who• if tha1 di4 not openly dou.bt the authenticity of the 
Zi�·�n note .. t&ndad to minimize it as 4 faoto;, im• 
port�nt enough to warrf.).D. t. $. dGola:ration of w�r u,pon · 
Germany• ..s enatoX'· Stone waa cutou$. tQ l�rn'.'. whether the 
infornmti on o�e from Great Bri�u1n. RE;l sta:ted . tha.t the 
Briti�h fllte·i�d news, makins it partisan a� unreliable. 
Although pablie t)pini(.)n on the whole :waa high).,y · 
inoe.ti eed the te was a. tendenc,:y , at least on. t.h'3 pa.rt of 
tome Qt the nl<:>te enlightened and less easily_ inflilen0.e4, 
to ('..lon&id:er the z1mme.i-mn11 note far-fetched .�s n pleee 
-of c;.1plomaoy affeotlng the Uni tad State$,i; 
, i' 
.RGJ?J:lblio o.an-1ed sn adi toj'ial upon t� ptopoeal o nTo 
offer io the al.most ba�pt Oartanaa gover11ment who$$ 
-- - �--·----�--.. .........---____,:•- ,--,,,.,�-�-.-- -- ·.- · . ,· ,_,.·...;:. .::.. :::. . _____ _ 
·. \ ··,··' 
54 
. . 
t�ab1ed peons :as ;payment for Mexican assist�oe aga.inst 
. " •' . 
the United Statea 0 three, sover¢ign states wh�se �ble · 
botij.(;)d m�.n. if prope�ly arrrod. oould -eaaily have IJYtJ"r.-i­
run the whole of tie:2tioo .....d lplolliaQ1 of ·this ki� �vas 
0011ed'· f�m b�;i.ng monstrous <,biotls, by oai� �bsu:r,d. i•12 
The -Nation of Ma:reh '8 i-a'.fl.eets the saroe atti t.u;de 2 "to 
seleot po¢r oar:ranza. and to =rely Ui:POn him artd his 41p­
loma.ts tq buy otf Japan is lltetallY so absutd as to 
· mnke, one's intelligence e}tand still. "13 · 
On the auteentb <)f �i,ch Lansing flen t Mexico 
thtough de Negri form! notification that tlt� gove;rnment 
of the United State$ Qoul<i not pe..:fti oi,pat,o ii¾ a ?a:p · 
Americ:u,1.n eonoei-t to out off rnun.lti.ons and food shipments 
' f1 
. to E,u,"Qpean •.b ;�lige:ra�ta w1 th a view of .f orcing peace. · �.: . . I. 
Ha stressed that the gove1·n.rnent of the United 3-tates 
!}ad g:\ ven eateiul and sympathetic eonaiderati:'.on to tha 
proposal and brought out, that the President of the United 
State� ,J: jua�i&�,short:'While before, hijd attem�ted to b1•ing 
abot1t peace, QnlY to ha.ire �$ efforts 7-"Spula�d by Gar­
triatiy,Ts Qo;atil2:t1M0.e 1f ·destr\lot1on o-f Amertoan ship.a. and 
. ' 
l.ives· whioh led to a severance of diplonatie :irelatlo.ns. 
n!ro rreader tl1�. eitua.tion E3tlll u,ol'e aente th� G�al'l'll.D8nt 
of the United States h$s unearthed a plott iuto etQbroil 
lSNaJr1on ;. ?!taroh 8, 191 'lo 
55 
·, 
the Go�n:unant and people of Mexioo ••• 1n wa-r with the 
United States."· 
The -fact was brought out that the suggested em ... · 
ba;go was· -against prinotples of intemationa:i law e.nd 
1ihe ,A.meriQen government had rrade 1 t clear. to. the Austrian..­
Hungarian Empire in a notEl of Atlgt4st 12, l.9ll5 t that -its 
inilbili ty to. ship t?lil.ni tiona to t)la Central Powers· was 
• p 
not of it(3 own ma.kin.g t but ·due to the Entent� naval 
power. stloQessfu.l in maintaining a blookade. 
The note spoke of -the "lofty- pu�:pos·esr of the 
Pres1demt-elect and went on tp say that P�es:ident Wilson 
-:.i:. 
would not ba underetood to imp:ldE)" E!IlY suc.h peao$- -move­
man t as the Mexican government· might bait$ wt�h the other 
neutral nations to bl"i�..g abo1.1t an end to the European 
oonfliot. 14 
Upon reoe:tpt of the ·Lansing note Oarranza stated 
to Fl,etcher that ha believtld aotion on the :part -of t�I? 
ne11tr�.s was useless. without ooopetation of .:t�a · Uili't,E::l4 , 
States• bu, t pl�oed th� good offioes of his grovarnmant 
at the s�rvioe of· the United St�tes if the:y o ould be 
utili.zed i_n �estoration of diplomatic relati.ons w-ith 
.(I 
l4Roreign Relations of the United states; p11-01t� 
p.241. 
-----• •- -·• --•• • -
-. C • - • • '< 
• • 
•• •• -
-
66 
Ge:rniany, or in aey other we.1 which would. tE):nd to prevent 
hoatilitiea between Germany and the United s1�tes. Ho 
. etieosed that Mexico waa deeply :l.:ntereated in the me.tn­
tenanoe of peace betiveen the Urilted btate� al)i Gennn:ny. 
!ehe p(lace overture had not been oocle to help: GettUany·. 
- -b- ilt with the higllest motives and in int�rest .. of Ame:riQan 
peaoei,16 
Sht;,1"tly after Amet:Lo.a. • $ entry into th� Vlorld.i War 
l?t-eatdent Carran� arra.ounoed. in a epeech before Qongress 
t.b.,t MexicJo 1-Ja<l p;roserved f;ri.(,lnd]Jr �lationa :with au. 
oou.ntrtes up to that tttna and wottld endeavot :·to do so 
in tlla :th tute at all eostQ.. 1-tlU� waa be lie:�ed. to -�- a. 
declaration of Mexioan neut;ra:t,.ty .. 16 �e M'.ex:iea� 
go"ttel'?Uilent bad al:teady !t on Ma_:roh 17 ,. i sa�ed fi:tµ:'o�gh the 
. Foreign Offioo a note of at_ctolute neuttality ·: in. a.n.awe,.r 
to t� ·un:ttad Sta.tea- co-mxnunic�tion on. tho Er!lbargQ pi.-o-
·�··-··· 
posai�. 
In a oommnn:t cation to Fletcher ttWVa:rd th� e�d of 
April Lanstng stated t� t th� u1u te<I. S,t;a.tes $<>vernmant · 
exp�oted Ca,n:anza to keep hi$ govemmant froµ1 becoming 
a base ot hostilG aots toward tna Unitod States. in 
viet?J of tne n$tttrality de·ola1�tion. 1rletohe.t replied 
16Netv Yark Timas; Aprtl 16 • 1917 • 
57 
tbat be had .conteJ-recl with oananza w-ru., br�ht up a 
plan whai-eb.v .·an, otttlino of the peace tehl8 · be communt� 
Qated through tliplcnati� rapresenta.tive,l t.;, !letJttal 
Latl�·Am$tioan tiat1.f.>ne wb.leh wotild act as madtatc,Jte in 
p•fe,�entat1on to th;) Oeti�n goveJ>��t, Jl(;J '.intimated 
' 
' 
that if tei,na we;e tou:n4 Jo.st, a?li· equitab,le,, 0 · in »�-
$.entlll@ them to Geftlana the»- m1ght state tl$t unl�se 
aCJ{)$ptst1. ne11tra1 Qat1c>n$ wot1ld e1d.e with the All1e1:l♦ 
Oarranaa .o_cmple:.dned of the metatements and <11sth.stfu.l 
atti ttlci& of the Amrioall pioeas amt aeited Fle.tchai- to 
. . 
p11t th1iigs tn thett t�e light before the s1ate d$part• 
ment t He stated that b$ woclti be �a«· of �to:tmation 
of -G�rman aotl vi ties tG'.ndi� to oompr:owse l\4eR!c:nln 
11eat�lit1 and would take 1mma<Uate steps to trust,at(:) 
tb.emo· E11.etohat stated• · "Hi(:) attitude waa fra�,: eoi-dtal 
end rat!ter encou.,:ag1ng.nl7 
Ameiolean p11bl1o ops.nton had been h1gbl.3 eueplo• 
,, 
1ous of Mextot>• s attitude betofo tbe t1n1te4 Sta tee• 
enti-.v into the war and after the war £Qr a time it be� 
oarne inereaeiJlSl,1 Si1$pieto128, Beports of Be� a.oti:vt• 
ties .me.-e�aed, as well as reports that the milt �r; 
@i'OUP ln Me·J:d.oe wa$ Pto--Ge.rman. oan-an" ha4 made no 
a!lewei' t<> the Uaitea. States ooncerntng the z� rmann 
. . 17F,,,g �ign lttalationS of the United Sta tee, o».ci t. • 
P• 266. 
58 
note1> othe:t than to .say that he· had not ra�ei1Ted 11;. 
• The Ma$1o·an stand of neu.t;-alltJ offended Americans .in 
view of tl'te fact that t,he othet- tatln Amen:� ®llnt:rtes 
., 
we� ·,defl,n1te1'/:l PWO•All.v. 
Wna Melli ear.is admitted German pJeeaui-e. A Mexican 
,01 tiz:en ,. Ve1:sa110 Ga�oia, in a lette� to the.- New Yol'k 
. ' 
.f!i!!e� of Ap.-i1 ,o. 191'1, state.ti among othe·a- thi�s that 
st,oag }lJlesaua-e was beitlg. broQght t., b$af �S' Gsrm.n 
agen;ta in M.elttoo Ott, and cexrtaiii pr0,-Gel1n!U1. el�ante 
,� Qomposed: p�inet_pallQ ot .tb$• . mili.t&w, grou.p� He werit 
on to aa, that Me.x1<$o wa.a divided tn r:leUtlme.nt, the 
mtJ.1ti:)O- group waa pai'o-Ge.fm$tt 0 wblle ,he be·tter ed�oated-0 
broad -mil'lded pa0,ple tavol'ed the Allied cause'.� 18 
• I' 
• 
i 
While- Ameneane in general co�ciaumed Me$ie o Iii 1 f 
not tor Pl't·�•tl aetttiroent then tor het ft:l�:un·e to ea.; 
ponee-, \he Allie<\ ®tlee,· tbe .S·tate -Dapar-tineat:· la· ital.$• 
iti7.- iaen1e>d a statem@t tbat e cleeleratt,on of war 
against Ge�y by �be Mexican govemment w()�d not be 
. ,. 
bas�d oil adv"ic;,a • by tlia. Amert.can governm$11t,.. Ambaesadot 
FletO:b$� st�ted to :£aneing tha.t it Maxioo- bto'ke with 
Ge�ny l t w 0t1ld place the trntted statGs Qndtli' eenaln 
obligations to Mexico♦. illter it would make lt dttttcQlt 
for nation$ with a srteve:ic,e, a�in.:st M8�ioo to aeelilll$ · 
.59 
a ete� $tti fAde after th() vra,r.19 · 
M�:gie♦ a�Q.u.�d t� 1 w.te¢.1 St�t�.s govorntt1tn1t .of 
a�ndtU$ M�eat1 (#i,t.:t.eene w� tw.d <,�tn.() to the Utl1.ted 
.Qt�.t�e to, WOJk, into the .t��@ee. M��1:Qarl:�- WhQ �d 
fil,e4 "'d:eola�ti:on <>t· intenttoi,.'l'1. b�t ·w� weie no.t as. 
.v�t, o1tlte®• vi,a�· U$fted:• A �onfU4t ol J,,aw.$ betweeil 
the two c®nt1rte.e ��ete<l tn �ga..-a. w Me�o:ane. t>o� 
1n t_bE; Ptdted · Sta�$ o.t Me�i@·an pa.ren.t$xr AOC;iQl"(U il3 t.o 
A,rttole 30 of the M��d:ootJ. Ocnstttll1t1on they· we� bit.i-zena 
Qf Me�Qe>; aeooi'«ing t<> AttiQie· 14, see.ttol): I* o:f t.het 
Oonstitu,tion of t1$ t1J11ted S.t$tes tll&J we.-e :Amelt®n 
�itiza:na.20 Ae these Mq:x1.ca:ns were 11V1U$: ill the t1ti1tetl. 
s.�t:es and w�r-e �itit�na aeoo:rditlg to the Atnai.'ioan 
Oonstt tta tion the united .St$t:a$ so vernment- l'aal lil won 
the poitlt h�fe. · l'lmtt:UlS Qt Qther M01t1oa.ne fJSS .. a ditt$r• 
ent mattai-, how:ev�r. 
, 
, 
, 
.In an attempt to a�s-lve st a su.nmaae-;v· 1qf We.;ii;;loeii•· 
'• 
: . 
'. 
' / 
AtW:l'toa.n relatlotit1 a-e atfeot�d by the W@rld Via� 1t ta 
• 
' ' 
I 
na,e·ssaty t. �$ne so� of t.hE) faete befoi, ,eacbing a 
eono ,lQ SlO.Xh 
19�ew Yo.tg .mtmas._ -Jul� 11, 191'1. 
20 . · · 
J��-f1 • , J>. 635-o 
60 
Me��o traJ.ntaine4 a etrio·t iieutm�itf during the 
was-. �a se.ei:rsd ·a wtee, pXQctauttre even though she in• 
CJliff&d t� sttspieJon of t� Uni te4 states. · Melttoan of• 
fi el�l s ilPh(:'ld ·'the' neutrsli to P�l1er b$ Pe>illtl:rtS ()u1i 
. t�at l�'. the''. fl�at: pla.()8' Meld.qo bai 110 q�anil with Qe�­
m21\V an4. �'c:umdl3o 'shEtt was ,§taat oom$ng 9ut.::o:e s .;-etro-• 
lutten' axd naettQ(l to oomrnand au lier t(fSO,Qf,"88 to build 
ln thts eonneot1en 'wa.s the f.att 
. . . \ . . · - , 
that Mex1eo was �till ai1v1ct.or1.. fh& mtt&n had tl,ot ;et 
·aobJ.eved 'un1tl7; enti-3 itlto. tllq wat might. lla,re pt,#Jvetf 
disaptive to the extet1ns regime. 
Me�ean pUblio opinion reflected tbeee alms,, In 
i 
a letter to the Ne� York !Vlm6·a� .Joef Ilonege.::];j�Js, 
"Me.ltiQQ 1 S Qwn pfoblem-s Olaitn $11 he:r enerS,�'·lnit· above 
. . . . 
all she hae not re-oei i1ed. th$·: sli�EH3t Offe l'$� ftom Ger,� 
tnanN•" HE\l went on to say tliat if MeltiQ0 wao fotQea; bite 
war 'with Gema.JW ·bo the fJnitf)d States �tti tt1cle tbEt 
triend$blp that would sprlns up wo�lcl not b� ie.ett��4 )t •• 
t f$!f)'.l tht\t if i4$�<to we� tompe.ll�d t.o entet. the' war 
wt thoit  ,tb� ftil suppo;t of her people e'lha· w�14 enter• 
tain anJjhins btlt love 'for' tbs Ams�eane. · After the 
war ts over and the pae$1ons Qo<>led down ttextoo' a 
61 
tl1grufrlecl attttnd.e· vdll 'bo clttly appre,uated. by the 
Amert.can people�0 2l 
tn 8Q othet- letter :to tbe Time i; Emeteit.o de - la 
Gaiaa etet<Jd tl).at Meltltlo �eot4.e4 to remain neut�l 'bs""' 
oauaJ.l; Oatta.Jl�·• s an:ty_  to .his -e-o'Qn' trJr w. as to e.' , ·  atab11�a 
p_a$oe-� ,bil�. the. duty of. tll$ UnitEJ<l Stat�·s t.o mankind 
and ·the) world wa$ to win the war. · At the �:me of. the 
::.• entry of tmited S'tatoa into t.he wa;r Me�too @a .jaet 
�egirmt.n.g to 11ve under a po1ttt(;a1 Oonstitatt�n and a 
new governttent ♦. "BiW. @;ul# not go·, into. a fo�lgn W.!il 
��ng- a war ·at ho�e, .. _�,:,erJ �n .a�. eVaJ.'1 dollar wae 
X,1eeded within the eount.1.1. Prea1aent· Cat2:1tU1!cl& t a. ne11t�l� 
. .  •' 
ity 1s not du.e to German ifl.tlU;(tnce or propag�nda but 
ia.  tl:ta re. S!l. l. t . ot.  the·. · .e,.n. di. tl.. on of.  Me�. io. o and. ·: ot'  b. ts.. : own 
fit.rm C<>nrtetion that. in tht:S W?:3· �..e can beat: se�o the 
' . 
interests of his 00W1t'IY .. ��.2 
,. 
r-���!i.�· Bontll.��, '. the Me�i;n •�baeaad9 r t.o tbe 
Uni.tad St.ates., in an-a,Uoie·entttlad "Me�ico i e Qbtef 
Aim" publie:h$<1: 1.n FoNmt.,$·tat·ed1 "There: ia.nCl>tbing 
m.vstarJ.ous about Mexican fcfff.1$.gn poliOY•••o 1:0t11> eht.ef 
aim. ie.. to remain ne�tii-al�" He went <>n to sa.1 that the . 
21New York: T��:s,♦ �- 18' . 191'19 .. 
22N<ilW York.'fipitWJ, S·eptember l., 1918'0 
E'Iealoan. poa1 tion wsa n� t 11:te othe� CoWl u-.tes mblQh 
had pre1'S.ot1sl1- e.ta3oqe4 peace ii, Mexi ® -was 3ust c,o�ng 
o-1t of an 111t.e�l sttuggl� -and beginning to develop 
h�r coantt9,9 - "t_f the quE>ertion ·ei Meltico' s Qatie>nal 
honor o� e·®e;retgn rtghte we� involv�:d,, a ��ib.�fat-4;) 
poliey ot �elf saori tt oe mith'ti be necesaaq1�- Bq.t. we 
ha:ve no. Qatl ea fol' resent nan t sgatnet the ®�tending 
:Parties• as . <>tar bitereets hav-e not been 1n3�red o:r 
• t 
• 
$reatl.y Jeoparttaed •••• ou� polio, 1s, therefore, one 
of peaoe and ;-eootisttu¢tion ae aaatnet war and, its �av.-. 
age a � 0 2$ 
' '  
Opinion saene,t. to be divided, as in �� Qase of 
anq n�tral eountru J ln fegarci. to support of. the eon• 
tt»i4lt)g p<$eJ"s. Gennan 1nna�noe had been �trong••the 
Mt¥10.at1s admJ;ttQ>tl tt, l't wa.e �tUfal that �rtaln fat• 
tlone s!J.Qttld f&vor Genna113 and e-ven lteten t-o Gf)� 
' 
' . .  
1ntr1gu.es •. due to an Q11ti_pathJ towards the Unite,d states. 
on. ths �thG� han.4 cattain �ettpns favor.�d t_he­
All.t.E1s, Gene·tal Gonaa.les., a to,met- <»l'nlllWlder Qf, the 
Cal'l'tll'lza t>ore·es and e:. wall 'k;nown Conrat1 tnt1Qtl2-list, 
:favoi-e4 Mexloo' s following t)ie e�pJ.� of the otbe;r 
La.tiff Attl$1ltean Q.o,tU'it:tiee 8.1i4 eeverJJlg J"$lati-ons with 
GeX'ffiSDJ• Re 'br.ottght out ·th.at naitber man no�· nat1.ona 
co·a:14. egist isolated a.tJ.4 the Oonsti tntiot.ial ie.Vol11tion 
63 
wo�lil be Woi"tb·llttle i#? 1is fl;$3wei-e not 1ll$.Qi"iba(l 
with the. b,i;gb.Qst �mstle ideal$•· "A8 a Me�oan and a 
Q$tlzan of et. COit1?1t�1 .wll:iqb ®.gessart la wUl te.e.l the 
001UJG(}U.<i31lC88 Of the :�i,tope.an eonnt ot, &$ �t 1S $la�"'" 
. 
' 
).:'o�ed by AlliEid oount.rt�s Wh1Qh SJ;'� held bf bonds of 
�oe, .oultut,$ a.nt vast inte.r�ate, t Q.oneidaf tt most 
e.saent•ial tbBit Mex!® s-]»1114 aa.reQ·t a ftank: (;Ul<l d�o-ded 
' 
' 
cou.rse 1n faVQf.. of th$ Al:Ue:::34' It· is latnent,abl� tha·t 
some Uex:teane have deol.a :red thetnse.l. ve,a p�oii!,$em.an aitnl)� 
beoa.u�e of the·U em;ttpatbY tQ t.he United States •. ,-�i · 
. . 
. . ,  --� 
Qo.nsJd.$11.� that the -United Stetee. le OnlY qne -factor. 
in. the wa� anq that �n the 0th.er ha114; th& U�ttea States 
¢ould. be.()ome the bEJst friend of Me�oo. 11 24 
� Amari oan p�eij ca� u:na.�: Me.atcan crt.�.101.sm 
fot· ·u.n.«1.uly st:,:essing pro..O&rm&n i!ifl�enge ill Me�ol;) · an4 
• 
I 
the reb$ f a<.>ocrding to Meld can off! o ials } de.tea ting i te 
purpose, as 1 t onla saned to ex-ouaa the mae!ees ot the ·. 
people against the United. Statijs., A Qurve,&- ·ot �ftiel�s 
1n the .Na:w Y�tk min»a•� (»b$ide:r�d a :reliable1 newepa$)er,. 
reveal a tend$lle»' t<, pJ.a, \lP Ge.l'mtan influence ant latex­
to mtntmi ze it whan Me.ltieim oplnioll 'was leanµig nio:r:e 
, toward the A;J.llea. In ail, a:rt_tc,le eoncei-nill8: a_ movement 
-· · .. 
64 
. . 
if&�s- at.a,t()d tbat 'GeJman inilq.enoe �e been, overe.�ts.mated. 
"With a ltft. f�em the U'rdted Sta.tee meuqo in a few yaa:rrs· 
,, 
will J>eoo� a riOh• $(3lf•Sllata1ning natiO.llo," 26 Yet• 
s-ho:'tl1 l.'>etor.e thJ.s P&P�� bad ea�ried vtncU.o:ti'\r& eclltor• 
. 
' 
-
iala. agatnat Oatfan0n' s· polioa anA st.reesed· the p�o-German 
' • 
• 
I 
tntiuenqe. !J!hiet tenden11W $b«>we4 1teelf t�i!oJJghout th$ 
whole dutation of tbQ wa;,. 
_It wcmld t>e tnt&lteet1riS am enlightetllM to tmow _· 
ao�thl?JS of nestdent W!l�on' s flttttude toward Menoan 
affatr,e a.tl:'ii1g tn.1a petted: .•. bii't ble apeeobss and wrt tktge 
reveal s.ca:roelJ, El'IJ.9 mentlon of th.tr QQ�t!'y �.bose prob• 
letn$ had stt� a abott· ttin� �fo� t�en tap eo lllU;Ob of 
h1. s t lme an4 energy, -:J:-t',,(.wo12;1,f be ia•eaung to knot> 
soinethint of �s oPliilon t'Hm�Jrnitag oa�za• e pea.()e 
plath a&· dM ment.t on the· Zl��:tm · note . 1n, liis waJ' 
apeech befoJ!!G ·o.ongreas �n Ap�il 2, 191.'i. but,, �na.u· #;,le 11; 
cQJ1C.$?JtJ.Sd te�n•Ame.rt�n telatt one. In thoa.e ti-ot1bl.e� 
. 
' 
so� &:we a11· Wilson' a t1� $ld sffo:rt wae d�teoted to• 
wat.'4 the·· European s_oane.:a fot the tune being $11 othel­
attniY't:J were ·clropped • 
65 
-on� lt'loldent, �vh1011 Qleai;]Jr r.�veale·d Wilson'� att1 .. 
tude towa.r.a �e�10�. in faot !.\is- whol� foreisn pQl-1-<,y ,, 
ooou.tt(;)d in. Ap:r:J.1 * . l.918·; w�n. t:rqq.b.l� a:roee o'Ve%' the 
'.Pe.mpi.eo o1J. e.�qti<>l:h· fi?he �atllp1oo ates. waa -�, that titl18 
. -... untie.r o ®tt'Ol. i;f a: b�1t leadei. P-�iae� to �orn th.El) 
'1311 ti.-Sb . and. A!I!Qt.1 oan oll . QWliG rs pa�·d t� bu:ta fo:r . the 
p�ivtl.ege of ex:Plo:tting t� W$lls,, The Qa�rt:ia :egime 
wa.s i®l$ltent UPQl'l u�tvtna- Pelee Z OU. t1 tb.e�by J.noun:ing 
th�- U.ath of the foreigners who tearEHl gc>ve,nment «> n• 
f1$�t,"io�·more tha,n the b�ndit, TJ;.e:e·was also talk ot 
Ge�ijn iptt,aseure • 
tn a; stat�t to Wtlaet.n tans(n.g t"a\\'$8iled the ai·tu,.:' 
atiOih :�T�¢bnieally the3 Will M-V� the right on their 
.:., . ·, -· 
s1de; b1r� fro.m a pra(ftieai pol,nt of -view w�r:oan 1·t respect 
,1!•- Ua�1ean. �entraU tf aa- fi:\·t a$ ?Jam_plo-o ts, con�n:itHi.. Out 
i-eib.sai. to withd:aw oui, p'°tection ftein the oll wells. 
which ! ae.,_£nitn$ w;l.ll .be rou,r 'f1�'Hv, tn09' l»sult- in _an open 
. . 
deola�ti·on of wail' � tn an t1ltimatu,m wbioh w.lll :reault 
in war n 26· • · ·  . 
w11�on.' s- replJ, wa.s Qha,:aote:i.atiQ t . "-The United· 
. ' ,, . 
States o. .annot aftoJ>d tC> be· t.oo, ptaotical9 Sha ia tb$ . \ '  
1eadi11g o��pion of the.� ght of self g¢:ve�nt and 
polttioa.l �c\�pen¢enoe evetuwlle�,e � Only the; moEJt 
26!a.u Stannard �elf.: Vio?drow. Wileon,,,, Ltfo and_ �t-­
ters. V, VII, {Lon(lon: Wtlliam 11$$nem$nn, Ltd,l9�8},Po2b. 
66 
eatfa:.O;r<Una:t1 C#lr®msta.no.es of a:rbi traf3 i�Juatice 
on the part ot t�e �e�!Qan govemment wottl.4 make me 
- ' 
feel t.hat. we had the l'ight to take cu,ntrol a/t Tarnptqo�·�•"2'1 
, Mexico :remaUaed neutr�l du.%1,ng tlle ·Wofld war a1 .. 
tbougb ah$, ehanged h�r etrlot pol10·Y of neuiia11tu to· 
. • . . 
': 1
one t;,f be,nevolent neu.tt�l,1 t.v toward the Alliea be tore 
the tern.4nat1on of the oonfll¢t� !i'he Allie� wer-e depend• 
·en� tt.pt>n her to� oil, a� othet matenals we.w shipped 
1n:to 1}:b.e Unite-t States. 
While 41plomat1o t:�lations be·tuue�ra tbe tt,o · count••  . 
r1es ware poli tel3 eotr�ot-. publlo opinion in both the 
t7nited $tat·es and Mex1@ was ai'oueed. Atila�toans w$;,e 
all t·oo qntolt t� beli.e,re Mexieo. pto-Ge�n; ),e.�a:tn 
factors like. Cat:ranza' a embargo ptoposal anci:'. the Zii:n.tner• 
ma.nn n-ot'Et he1ghtsned their Sm:i!·p1�1Qn. AlthOQ.gh muth 
pi-opa�and1dmg 1:�a· .clone ill th1$ mspeqt there le actual 
�,ridenoe to pl"ove Germa.n  inflaenee. Mexico �$ a- OOlUltty ' 
,; .. �-
tl&t would natumlla in�tte Ge_rman 1nt:1gue ., /ta s� .ba:4 
a wealth of natal'ai resoutoes larg$lY foreign oont�o11ec1 ,, 
' . 
was etill oonaidai-ed in ire:,010.tion, a,nd mQl'eQVoi-. was 
67 
the �uti»rn neighbo;- of the United States1' :: GeJ:'ftn'l s 
pl.a.Ned on the Y�«lphoblA :t.n, Me:itiqo and were able tc 
in:flne.n,ce aorns. groups� 
�11 n�u.tral nations ,aroused au.�pi<rton· daring the 
,, 
World War at1d AmortQan.$ felt they md J>eSSO!ll;l to be GUS• 
pie1ons of Mexico, dtw in par� to pr e�1012s a� eaiattng 
tUffic,u.lties and in part. t<> tna �ot that tM United 
, States fe.l.'t tl'at she Shottld set the pac:,e tor:iher &mailer� 
weaker ta.tin American flelghbom. on the oth�r band 
Mexico felt ahe bad .the Ji $ht �o ft!>ll<>W her �9il diO• 
tatea as bet)atttE:J a sovereign am ina.ependent nation. 
As l'ias 'b�en p.ointe4 oq.t before ,. MexieQ had n� 
qua:rr,el with Gerll!mY; there existed· no break'.' between 
the nations to lead to a d�o.latatfon of war Qn the IBrt. 
" 
' 
O•f Mel(.100. earta.nza can be justtf:ted 1n w.s ·strict 
. 
' 
nentlJ'alits statltl wl'41.o'l1 \tMJ fort th� good of the Me:Jtioon 
. . 
people who were jnst emerging ffQJn a Revolut�Q.nary 
pertod •. Thst they $honld follow the lead, fox- prinot.p1e•s · 
sake, of a natiot.1 who had juet pl'eviously invaded them 
twiee am was oonstantl.Y talltj.ng intenrention was 
soal."OGly logi: ool, 
rlrexioo at that tins wae still divided; a break 
with the Cat-ranza tegima was already impend�� Feeling 
68 
in e.na n�)lt,l'al QOUJltlY :®:rin,g a. 1Ilfl$Ol" CJ:1818 is d#.­
l7$ded f.ln::1 Ue�lQ.o waa · $ub Jeo:t 'to much pxese11;e . l)otb 
' .. , 
O.n the.  w.hole the 
. 1: 
l)ollc, $.t f:Q wth l>.V Oarrsn� du;tng the Wor:t4 wa:r was 
expe6t,1&�t and d1gn:i.fleih'. 
., . 
., 
, I 
The th:raatened· invasion of Mexio:o b� tho· United 
_ Sta.tea preo:f.1ding the Wo:rld �'lar v1aa not �, isolated· 
faotor in the history o:f ii.nglo--Amertoa di�lomatiQ 
relationshiJ;s. Since ;tcr independence � �nturY 
before MeXioo bad beon continuoua19 in th�. turmoil 
of revolu.tion t· except fo:r the oompare:ti va qui�t of 
the Diaz era�· A nch coun•t:s;-3 n,s. ti;.;ra113 attracted Ainerioan 
ente;rp�:l,aa. and th� �stable governments t:pat al' ose and. 
fell with astotancling rapil.U.ty led to mnl."de:rs o:f .Ainex-icane 
and d�Strnotion of property• �hese ci tizons natu:rall.3, 
· appealed to thetr homeland for protection lit).d the 
,, 
. state oorr..espondenoe· between the two 001.urt�.ies rev<3als 
• an almost oonsta.Jll$ :rapeti tion en the pa.r't d:f the 
·united States sove:rrunent -of o:la1ma against Mexico for 
damages against li.merioan oi ti 0ens. This fa'.9tor led to 
a desire by certain American :faotie.ns and i.f::l'tereats to 
advooate in•tervention int.o Me.xioan affai:es ti'Jhioh ranged 
from tlhe eomparativeJ.y mild p:rooedare o:f simply helping 
Mexieo st.raighten o'llt b£lr own af.fa.i.ra to the assuming of 
a prot�otox·ate ove� the ()QQntr-a� Mexi oo in; :revolution 
' ' 
· w�s al�"¥aya Vi.nua.J.ly ba�:rrt and u.su.all3 :1� debt - to 
to the Unite·d Stetee.�- · Moreover• ahe oou.ld :tiot psy the 
olaime o:f fo.reignera aga.U1et her. The t:ro�b:).oaome 
, .. · . ... ,. . . . . ·_· . .- . 
.. 
'10 ' :), ' 
·bord�r quation r�mained.a $ouroe of·oonfliot •. Mexican 
. . 
bandits . invaded the.  Uni. te·. d.  Ststea an. ' d.  1:·;;�•-. ;i:�:. 
. . 
ed.  Ame. rican 
t11.I-(' 
,, 
citizens on Amerioanso:U,, 11· therby inc,re.aslng the wrath 
.of the :peol)le of the United Statea� 
.� his seventh annu,al Jro ssage to C�ngress, Pre�ident 
" 
· Ja�kson, .�oember. 7; 1835, stated th,e:t r�oent events in 
-·•·�� had awakene<l the livelfeat solioi tude in the 
� States. Ha said! 
·, �'\I"'!=:_� 
. . •• o .aware ot tho strong temptations existi.ng 
· and powro:f.i.W.t indu.eemente held· out to ci ti zeris of 
the Unit.ad States to mingle in the cUasensiona of 
our immediate nei ghbo:rs • instructions have been 
given to the district attorneys of,thaUnited 
States where indications warranted. :tt to prose­
cute without respect to persons au ,VJho Jnight , 
a.ttempt to violate the obligations of our 
neutrality, while at the same time. i't has bean 
thought neoeassry to apprise tho Government of 
Mexico that we should J.'"equire the i.ritogrit;y of 
our tarritory1to be ac:t"Upu.ously resp�Qted by b.oth parties, 
''•:!,' 
�Certainly this hi;nted o:f. presso.re o:fPtho Ah:crioan 
. citizens on the-ir government i,n re.speot to-: Mexican 
affairs. In this same speech Jackson,. himself, 
stated: 
If this unha:ppr condition of things eon• 
· tintt·es much longe�; ii• •• �ations will be under 
the pain�ul necessity of deciding ·whether 
justi ee to their Bllffering · citizens does .not 
require a prompt redress· of injur1e� b,y thei;r 
· owr+ power. withon,t wBi ting for the est.abliahnlent 
of a.. government oompetent arid enduring enough
to d· isouss a..--id to imke satisfaction 2 fo,r themj · 
·· 3:�ames- ]?. Bi�he.rd�on+, Messages and Papers. of·�he, 
:Presidents·, IV•· f Bureau of Natioool. Literat.�re and Art. 
Washingt9n, .l),. O,o, 1910), p.1370 
2Ibid♦ 
_.· ,, 
·--·...:.,. · 
' 71 
i>:reaide,nt Buehanan f .1n: a message: �o congx-aa.e; . 
,, , 
1: 11 , . . . 
spoke of t:rexieo as a ''wreak upon the 0ce1un, d:t7if.ting 
· about a� she 1·a impell�lQ: by d.iffercm,t factions," and 
. . . . ' 
ask�«· autho.r1ty ·to nae· 11)1li�ar1 powers t'b :force 
Men oo into paymont of cla1 ms• S . ·' 
�7:pile .Pre$1cle;nt T�:ft raaj.nta.:ined a p6lioy of non• 
· · intezven•tion du:t'i� the first. two years of the Menoan 
revolution, .bis attitude was tbr�btening� a·tter 
placi1ig an embargo u.pon th() Sh:i.prnent 0£ �rms into 
Mexic9' ho informed the Me�oa� gcrvernroe1·it that the 
United States would 00. £0:rc@d to 'intervo�e if.American 
lives end p�ope;rty continued to be destto_vod� :ae sent 
troops to the border and war veeaela to Varn. Orn�. 4 
. . :· 
?resident .Wile on' o Meld. oan poli oy m1,!:l regardeii 
aa an abllZU'])t . depart!lra. from th.at of 14a p;-edeceaso:t-s. 
Re apolte at le:Qgth .of the. V..exl�ans' :rigllt: to abed aa 
moh blood as they liked i.n settling :the'il' affair�·,, 
tbati "The country is ths1..rs. The gove;rp.ment is 
thei:ra •••• • VJe Will aid. and boftion,d lle,xiQO, but 
w� Wi 11 n◊t ooa:roe het; and out oout."se wi t,b t$gara. 
to bar ougl'.lt to b.e s12fficient p;r9of to all Amerl.ca 
· · ••·..ij•w. · ·- , ·.· 1: 
. 4 l:bl.d., V; P• � • 
, --Rtppy, sm.,�. cit.,; pp� 332'33�h 
72 
that· we seek nQ political qu:�eraint.v. or 'sol:fi�h · 
co:otrol� H.6 . Nevelithl,eas t be ordored. the ooonaption 
of Ver.a Cruz it.nd �ent troops into l!Ienqo:: in saa:toh 
. Of· VilJ,.a., 
tru s Ce.l)rewa, MtniatE?r of - �:nan:ee in the, Os:rranza 
gove:rncmnt, atated that Mald.oo baa; ·:f'ea,i•e� aggzrossion 
., 
6 
�inQe the Meid.q-an war in 184811 
6A ddress of Mr� Lula 
A Cs as bo ro ei ara.at ; lo Ln a, t iN ne  Aw mY eo rr ik c aC ni  t Ny ew, s 1916,-Pamphleta on Mexico • 
. - --··- -----· . ---�-�·.,,,_..·· -· 
73 
As bee.n poi.ntecl ot.½t p:re:-n.ons1y. th� wi thd1�awal of 
the p,uni·'i;;;tve Sjq)fldition quelled ·t'.he !ieJclQan fea�S· of 
intervention for tbe tiink) being., The uni tad Sta.toe 
waa t.nrning its attention to the World •�arr \Vhieh 
eoli11sed all other to�a:tgu a!'faira in impo:rtanee .• 
< • ' • • • • 
I 
The appliontion of Artt.(.ile 27 was al."oUsipg S()mo con--
• . . . 
I 
·tre'l101·sy II large� in l:elation to })1:)t:toleU.mo 
Cal"l'�za • a 1>etroloa.ro 4ecraa of E"ebtuary 19, 
1918 ,. aroused the oonqe::im of the United 9ts tee 
goventr.aent. Essentioilly u taxation 111enm1re; 1t 
provided fox a p:i:-ogtosai.v�· ta:? upon oil 1,&ncia 
developed by lessees p:-io:r to Ma.vi. 1917 � of ta� . 
pert;,ent annual rentC:11 ttp to fivo pesos p�r he·otsre\ 
tweut.v :peroent of annual �ntal from f1-v¢ !)$Sos to 
ten pesos per h�oture; and fifti pez-oant :o.f 
annt,al · l."0ntal atove ten pesos par he<:start),; and five 
' 
' 
percent of all royalt't,fs paid by lessee t.◊ leaaor. 
. ·--· .. ..... ' 
;, 
A tax ot five peao·e per heota:ce n2mualJ.y �lus five 
pei-oent of the products was plaoed upon oil la.nda 
b.�tng d.eveloped by ownera of lands·. and oil lut1.ds 
tor· WhiOh no rental waa paid we� ta2:ed five pesos 
per heotate., �he t�es .wota to be paid in oasb Q� 
kind as p:J;t>VJ.ded by law and we:r:-e subjec,t to el fine 
!· 
,• . 74 
· .of; t�n pe;reent :fo:r eac4 rno. nth o� d,6laye,4 1)$,y-mant� 
. 
·.· 1 . 
Aiotiole 14 of the•rieere�p�ov:tded_that landoW??-�i's 
' ' . . ,· - . 
o.f .-petroleum deposits must �ke a statem
, 
,: ' . ent .within 
· tlu:e:� months of promulgat:ion of t�e laws,t. ti'Jhioll 
:1 
· sta-temcmt was to inclnde · eertitied oopias of pur• 
· .oha�e 01� lease of tho lund. _i\11 oil la,,nds- not 
. r�giatar�d 1n au.oh mann�t were to be con.¢1.i,dezied 
va«mt and. tlle�f<>-:re: su.bjeot to d$nounoernent. The 
statemente 1w1st be firat examined bJ' the Department 
· o:t; lndllstry, Commeroe. an<l Labor t a11d t-11<:!G(;I <rnnta1n1ng 
' · 6 I 
tll'isupported fa.Qt. we�- to be tl'll'oe;zm ou.:t;., 
. · ' !rhe obJeoti9n of the Un!te� Stutl:>a, go'v'o:rnmen..t to 
tbe decree wae baoed chiefly on the fact .that tl:le . 
�s :provided for wote of a c.on:fiac.atort nature.· 
· Fletoher ;pointod ou.t that when Bollill�a eh.a Ni�to 
· negotiated for modi fica tl o:na of export re?tri et:tons . 
�Y the U�ited States, a list of Menoa.n e��orts to. 
tb:3 United State� was listed and it wos statod that 
the:ro would .be no 1ncz-E;1a�H) in ex1wrt duties., Th� 
Amt�ioan attit11da toward th.3 deoroo, as vJo,ll aa 
towari ex-propriatiQ� bJ the fi.iexi oan gove�_trle11t, 
wa� revealed by Lansing' e QonllllU.1l1cat1on to: Flattohel' 
on Mt.U-oh 19 tn _rJhioh he stated.; 
,---=------'-'--"--------'-""""-----------___;_-_;;-::;- ----=-:.;: - -:::---:::-=- -=- -=-- - -=-=- =- =-- - =- =-=-=-=·•-===- - ·::::.-- - ::.::-::.::-::.:·-::::· -:.::::·--::::."· :.:::: ·::...:·.=- :.;;::=• ===·-:.;.:· �- -=.;:_;·,·.:::::,__, 
rthile- th� ,Un,it-f;}d Stat,es •i$· not .d'isJ>osed to 
· r.equ-e:at. f,or i w -_.c,i:t i�eris exempt ion· 11 from. the P43-
ment of their' o;rdinaty and jiiat· sha3,.'ll of_ -the I 
· gen()ral buril-ena. of t�tion -so_ long a.s the t's,� 
'ia o.nifo rln a:t1<l hot di aoriminat-oi"y �:n: 1 ts: ope.?"-
.. ati0,n,.. and :e,mi . $. i� .13 , be <lonsi dered a tax and not 
· a e:on£iaoot·1oh · or' ut1fai1• im.1) osi t.ion.• ani  - whil:e •-, . .· . . ·• . . ,_ . . 
. the, Unit� S�t�e is no·t ir1Q.:U.nQd -e:-o tnw-rpoae 
'. J.n tehal:.f!' of 1 ts ci ti�ens in cas:e of the ox·•· 
·propriat·ion o:f p.rivat$ pr.opext:y :fol,': sound maru,ns 
. of· puhllc, welf!3.re and tq>on just- oo;m:pensation .and ·by 1-egal 'pl'().e,edings be.fo.re tr:tbu;nals allowing 
· £ai . .r and aquai : opportttility to ba l'l.$a1"d and being 
_ -given due- o.ons,f4,e:r�tion. to A;neri<1an' rights; 
noverthe-leisa. the, United States oanndt aoouie-se 
·.' , ',in aey: proe.-adura oat.e-n�Hd.y o)t"· nomi}he:11.y � in . the 
.· ,.' \ form ·of taxat-ion o.-x  the e-xerciSe of: eminent ': d.ctmi;n;, but :re.ally reau:l'ting 1n -oonfi-aea. tlon of 
p.ro;pe.rty and arbit1�acy' dep:rivation of ve·$ted 
rign:ta-. , Tlu.a· is not� as you rJ.ill unu,0rstand un ,,, 
asso-�tion o:f ·ans ne111 prtneip.;1.e o l"., international 
, lq.w_.,.- but :me-::tol.y· a ·re,it.-e:i:.atton of· th◊oe .ra:eognized 
principlaa '.:fuioh I am convinced fortn the basis-
-. of iactei"'.llational i:o.spe,ct and good: 1tc•ighbor.ho:oo♦. 
Tho s .e. izum or apo1lation of prope:rty nt the 
mo.re wi.11 of a s.ov:t3i'�j�gtt Ulld with-out due: proc,.eea 
:fo,�;1:l� and. ·equably ad.ministe:re-i., ha$ alr,ays-, 'be:en 
rega�¢e.d a-e u denial of ju-zttoa and\ o.s to�g 
· . a ·ua-ot a, i.nte i-na ti onalJ.y of in t-erpoei ti:on .... , Ce.r­
.. tuin foatures. of-  t.h.Q pot.ro:lcum doo::rQ$- will he, 
, con�idered in t.he light of tllo·se vi,¢ws_. 
· •• �.it- ia ·d�e�d importa.nt that the Go'.rern-
. ment of' th� Um. tad: Stat as- ahould st�:te ths :r0-a1 
,_ ap1,)rehansion wh,iah 1t. entertains a� tq t.he ;po-s ibleJ 
,· :e.ff�o.t of :t?i:e decree upon the ve.s.te:Gf, · tights of 
· .t'�meJ*ican (}it:t zen.ff in t!an.oo. 1:ha. amount of taxes 
,t-0 4.e .levied um.1:er t.hia d.e:-cra�• .ar0a,�. ...: �1 ver.ry 
· g�ea t burden c,n, the oil indu.str.1., an,d i.f 't}1t1y �l:'& 
. , no� aoufi �atotY-�•:,., •'+1th()y · ii-icli ¢J1te; a t:re:nd in that 
· dir-eati:Jn. · . :i 
,. 
Ltmsing stated :ftirt.ber that investme-r�ta in rieiueo 
' ·.- . '"t 
.,, 
=----
r= '-----------------'-----'--------------======:;;.__------__;===·�t::,... 
had been• IJJ$.de wi t,h · re 11:anee and good. 1n i t.h in the Mextoan 
go'1er.n.tn$'nt, and l.EHVS•;- H� snit!.-; 
.' ,·· 
I:t be.ooroa:s: tn,ei ftu1ot1.on .of t�a Government ·of 
'the United· States ITIDS't. eatilefJtly and' respee·t�lly 
to aal1 t·he 0;ttentlon o:f the Monoan go·ve:mrnent 
to the. neae�e-ity \'1hieh mau arise to it1pol 1t to 
prQte:ct t� prope··1'tZ7 -0:f its e.i tt.senSi. tn liexiao 
di ve.eta·d o.r :tn,oxiontrlY affe eted und�r the 
:p�t:ro.leum jd::ec:re�.io .· . . ,: 
. E'letchex· was inst:rn.ct:ed to n11-'l3 u_sa; of th� �ommunje.a.tion 
in 'th-0 protection pi! Ame:rioan ci t.i zans an!;L their 
• , I . . 
. · ' : 
p.roper.ties •. even to laying it before' Carrianza a,s a 
' ... 
formal p r'Ot\3st ef the United. States gove�.nt. •. 
. Fletche·r acted on J..ameing·''a instm.ct'1oi1s on t.h� 
second of April.,,; when tho oornmunication w�:a gl.�eu to 
the SileAioan �9:i:etary of $t_;<;Jte tor Fore :i.:�1 A.fi'a.trs 
:, 
T.lus p.otest was not Wl,:.tmut effe,ot.�;' · on the 
foar;t.eenth of May,, Flo.t,ahei ll'.lfo :rmed Lan�ng that 
i?residant Carrunza had refa.1:red certain f'.eat�ros 
of the petr:ol.ei.un la.w. to a o.onmssion.. Fletehor 
EJt�-��d: n1:t is ev14ent that our protest ·l:laa ba1i 
a deterrent . ef:ffe)ct,." 12 -on the ,0ighteent1�, ot 
May,. Ganai:iza issued a decJ•e.e ex·to.nding the time; 
limit fox the stats.qienta required by :tho pat�leWll 
dee.res of Febmary 19 ruit11 July. Zl�• at v✓ll1Q:h time 
3· 
anot0hl:)r decree· was to be iasu.ed.1 
·•,-\ 
. ' 
. '"' F rtmt · 1oibid4/
- 13�., ·p. 721 
lllb;i:d .. , P:P• 713-714 
' ol>: 
12.lli.5!. • pp.719-120 
$hortlY afte:rwatd th& 011· oompa;ni.es b$g-a,n to negoti­
ate with· the Mexican• govetnment in raga-r<L t,o the legis­
lation s;'.i't:H'tting their 11ropertie.a tbroughi tht3i� ·uttorn.ays.� 
James E. Garfi�ld and. nelson o. Rhodes. Jn eon;farenee:s 
., 
with $o;Qretar!EH3 Patti and: Nieto ths repre:¥3entatives for 
the Gil eom.r,anieS at-st.ed that the decree ·of Februe�y 
. l.9 imposed te:rces too greSi:t for the oil oo.mpsnies t·o 
boar. 'tax.es whiQh nmqunted t,o viwtual confiso.a.tion •. 
.A c.oprd.ing. t,o the attorneys, tba decree was �.etroaettve 
in ·th�t ii :reo.d into the contniete thln.g� tha,t were 
-not in the minds of tba contracting rarties at the, 
t.ime mid were nQt provided :for .under_ the :1av1a inf o·roe 
· .. ,<2J�.:: 
at tho 't l,rc.-0 these contm.cts t:J6re IDr.'lde'°:J:�' '}L 
Fani def.ended the 1o:oi;ict1n gove�en:t in its 
at'teJ:l:lpt to et;op monopoly by the oil oomp�niea in their 
holq.;tng of unused ,l�nd· tlitilply to avoid OQ'rnpetition .• 
.A¢:o..ol'd:i?Jg 'to the Seore:tsry ;t the ammndmont of 1S64 which 
g,rante� su.p_sqil de:vosi ts to the owners of the surlfa.ce 
w�s illegal aa it w9uld J:l..ave required a· prio1'." oon� 
stitutional umendrufJnt abrogating the pn.noipJ�e th•!it the 
., 
dj.rec:t ownership of the natH>n m.it3ht not be alienated 
ox- laid asicle15 
14Ib:ld� ., P• 724 
15tb1d .,. ., p. .,.  725 
'18 
Oatfield. a,nd. Rhodes aumtned up the ·Amortcan attitncla. in 
the foll�Wlng rJ,)rd.$:· 
, The necefisi ty of dee.ling in utmost 
good faith· appl:te,s to nation}l a� weJ.l, £t$ 
, irtdiViduulEJ if sooicty: is to mako s·t0ady 
progress.. With.out ddijlit: economic· atid 
i.ndu.sti•isl o'.b.n-21..gys. 1·u:quire ensnges :tn 
o,onsti tu:tio!1$ und laws,, but whon au.ph 
oli.z,.ngea are- made t.n.ey $h.onl.d. apply only 
.,. 
to ·the futu'Z'e,. �ecogn.izing t11at it t:a' not :wisel 
to attempt. to 11nuo that i.vhioh has b$on honestly 
�nd 1eS1t>ly done. ev.en thottgh &..ra· que?tfon its 
�1isd.om. 
They went on to say t.hat nations� ii.k& indivi-
. . 
do.als.,. we.re- jndged by thei..r aets r.athe r t ban� thei.r 
intentions� and that cons.idar.ation of otha-..r nation$ 
:; 
was V8� ""7:.,,,..47  im•'O ortant :in mainta,inin.si_,,  -oeacefuli•  in'ter-
llfjtio.nal relationship-a. They agreed with the Mexican 
govel"llr!l9nt that manopoli.e.s should be eu:rbed, and toot 
t:he Mexican gove.rnment was- par.factly justified in 
re.se.TVing mine.rala in futnre- saie of su:.i{faee 1,anda# 
On the· other han-d, it wa,s advant-age:ous' i!i:o Me-xi. .e:o 
to maintain omiab:le rel.attons wi tb fore.i/gn :O{)U.lltriea. 
as the· foreign field was the. MG'Xican �.rket :f.o ..,:  oil;: 
the -count:ry ttsed but. a small aroo.tmt for ;internal 
1'7 
purposes •. 
Ir.l' '.g:onolusion., 'the �merican negottators. asked the 
. . 
M.e�ioan government i:f �iwent of taxes, not made in 
ao-oodaI!-Q;e with the• provtalona of the d�ore.a would 
iGibi��-� p� 731 
17lbid� ,. p� 731 
'-----------=============::::....::::. ::::.:::::::.�.:-:-:::- -_:-:_:-:::.. , .- =- •-::-".".:::-.. . .:-:. .•::::  . :::-.-:::::- =.. - ==- .:-:.-, '.:::: •..=  ===i====:::::i� 
r�sult in fo:rf�itu�e of 01Jntmets and da�oun.�i:rig of 
l.a,P.da."' They we;re a.1-ao coneetned over se�.tion l:-4 and 
atk�d if it :�aa the purpose of the lfl\1 td. establiS:b 
a method of determining the legality of titles to 
!' 
T.he owno:r:s of Ame:riean petroleum lends in 
gl;)�ico made u forma:1 p:rotest to President· Carranta 
uonc,e;t'ning th.e d·ecreo of Ftibm;3.ry 19. 1rl:ieir arguments 
,, 
. ' 
-a-ere -vlrtu.�lly the same as th:s ome advanced .by :oa�-
fi eld c:.nd 1�l'iodesn Carranza v:.a.s directly ':!(ske-d to 
. .repe.al the . dect0e--�. Fn:rthernrore ., he we.s �aked :'· ,.,, 
to abstain :fx•om establ1.s1:drgt ' 'tefslllEt�fons· 
to govern the application of Artfc,,l:e 27 t-her:eof. 
a.n"til �iioll time - nri the -f!ongres-s 01: the, Union ......  
shall dacide as to the manner in \7hiOh Article 
2? sl1.all be m:1endsd in· all the r,nrta t-here·o•f 
which may be in confiiot with Iir:ti<llo 14 o·f the, 
Con�ti tution since that s1.1nrern.a'. nreee1Jt is 
:fundamental to co:r:i,eti tutionsl order,. and i.t.t✓JJ, t 
is found ths rr:i.ncticn 6/f non-retroaoti vit:y-..W, :?'· 
on the sovent:h ot Ju.Ji·e� while th.a 11-�rtroleum question 
wai3 # t the height of a di:ffi gult o--ont·rovo·tgy. l'resi.dent 
wi.lson add.res-sad. a e;:to-:xp- of distinguished:: :;re�lcan editox-s •. 
-whc> t'iere vis-i t:Lng washington on ·a1 sood wi,11 tour to 
· establish bottei" rel�tione between the t-��ro nations ... 
I 
In this sp,�ech he brou.gllt out titat the• 1!o;hroe Doo. trine 
wa� adopted wi thou.t tb,a consent of the .f:.£tin-Amerioan 
· C'OUll;'l,".ries in an ewieo.v0:r to prot-eot them _,from Enro�an 
80 
- ••.• ..,le;t ue :make a·� a;rran:gemant by. whi�h we, 
will stve bond,.; �t tui have -a c:o� gna�nte'E>� 
. that all · o:f us v4 U si �t_,, ·of poli ti oa;l ind�p;>?l·• 
@nee _ and 'te.r.:rttora-11 1nt<3gri :ty:. ta-t tlS: ag:t'e� _ · 
'that i.f _any one· e>f .us., .the Unitt:ld ·sta:t;es included• . 
-···:··- ::·.  v19latas the polit:toa.l 1-ttdependenee or tba. -· ... . . 
... -··· te.tt;itoria1 integt'i1rY,. ·_ail the otller5: ·r3ill. jump 
.pZli ha:r�. 
. . . 
?resident went on to aa,-. and ll� waa anxious to have 
;-·, . . � <: . - .-"-:. . -�·1 
ioaofJ of the· world,.. He attacked tntan-ent1pn wllen 
--� 
· ·J'ie'. said: - ;, ' . 
" 
When you, reft:ect how wonderful � ·atoi-ehouse-
. of t-�sure Mexico 1.S;.,, you .oan �e b.o�, 1'10.r flitu·re­
_'i:on.st depend on paa�e and hon.or,., ao ttiat nobody 
Shall e·x:ploit her.. It tir.i:st _ depend on ove_ry­
nation that has any lVi>-lat-ions vdth hti10c. and. the 
.e:i tizei1s of a113 �tion that has any .;rola't.ion1!• 
· with hew. keeping m. tb1I:i..Tu1ge �ounds �f hono�� 
£,air dealing and just-iece. • · +  : . . 
It was Wlfo.rtu.nate t:hst P.:te$idecnt Wilsonla s-pe�·�h 
was n9t reee-ived mor�- :tavo:rably 'in Uexieo:� Tbls was 
dtie to the tact 'that two days aft.er the spe;ae:b� 
Agu:1.rre l3e·rianga., the Uln.iste:r of the ln'ti�riQf.1. 
ft\�_ab,ed all th';J newspapers Q-f :Mexteo City- lvlth a 
t.�sla tion o:f• Fle't�he;r''.8 pet�Q.le.um not-0 ,of _Apltil 
�d. A$ a :!'9:<i9:it,. �:di't9"f1als :r:. -0veal·ecl a :t.ender+€:tJ . ' . .. . 
', . 
·to- rega- rd President- Wilson;''.s �p.. ee<th a.a -rri0:x-a w-oEdS 
;:�;o 
whieh tl{l-t1011EJ ()f t:he Unit- .e.d State.a would bely�. 
81 
The !!: .Puebla oont�sted the tv,o !n an edi �orlal ��� 
' · ti t:led ·11Pres.:tdent _Wilson Tht&atens Me:x.ioo" and e�l.led -
- . 
the Preaitenl t•· s speeeh "theatrical" and sono-rott$" * 
the :not& 1 1i · har�n tr.nd: t?rrcatenmg��i The ��aiden� w�a 
aeonse.d- _of attem1>ting to reatos:-e the confidence of 
the M.eidoan· ;people in th.e United States after onl3 
too "teeent aff?onta of Vera Oru·z· �d the punitive 
expodi �ion enl:7 to pave the way for a -fre:sh infl'inge­
? 
ment, o:f MeXican sovereignti.;;z·1f 
The Manoan nation had. felt t;ne th1-eat of AmeriQan 
intervention be:hind tb:e poli'te di:plomu·uo:>pn:rasing of 
tr.a· pa tro.1e11:m ;;i,qt_a in the words:· 
it beoome.p·, the: fun9tion of the Govern.rnsnt- o:f the 
United Sta.;es most �r,1meat1y and respeotf'o.ll,y 
to call the attention 9£ the Me.xi qan: gove.mment 
to the necf)aetty wJii-e•h nay p.riae to porn;pel it 
to protec't the property {>·f 1 ta eiti t�ns in 
M��ieo di ves,ted o·1' inj1.1:tlonel.1 affec,ted by tlle 
dec-re-o abe>ve oi t,ed.� · 
The U'niversal!s editorial on tha �-tro1ewn question 
$U�d up Uexioan opinion ·_j.n :revealing the tone of 
·the -Unite- d State- s as.;. - -�· 
:pol,_itical code conform to the ambi tioQs oap;i."i oe of 
Ame�1oan investments or .yon \Vill have to ;i:eokon with. 
n23 
me� 
:F�eaident Wilson's speech arou.ae� crJticism o� the 
·' '1 
'• 
22I :-b.i d' .-;· 
�. 
82. 
ant M.exi!Y"an pride VJas. rioundod by Wils,on' a r�ferel]:c-e to.· 
t.ne Unlt:etl S'tates af. ann-e,lder brothe1;"11 to L�t-in .Amerioa{l) 
After tbe ·rrn_ited .States ha<1 obtained all she. YJ!l.?lted: in 
the western hemiaph.e.re ., she said nh..�nds of�' to tr-,,e raat 
,of th. e . ,rror.l d� 24 
Mo:;uoo �elisved thµt tho '.Monroo Doeltri;n-o had been 
supplantod by the carrnn za Dootrine.. Tho. latter impltad 
abaoln:te sovere5.gnty :for Uexico eepeoiJt1.ly 'in. deal.tng 
· W1 th foreign countries" Mexico did nDt wr,,n't t:ho United 
States to roprasent European. nations in daf.\:ling with. 
. i 
her. Connected with tlus wi-.s wbat Ambo.se�:a;or, Fletcher 
·called the "cardt:rwl prinetple" of the C�rr-anza Doctrin�, 
nsr.wly � Merloo did not vJarit trm United States or any 
foreign rw.tion to· olalm privtlegect treatment fo:r �ta 
ne.tionais.2b 
Sinc.e the subsequent pttblication of th,e, :pet:rolenm 
noto had destl."qyed the affeot President Wil-son t s apeooh 
was hoped. t-0 p:i:·oduce •· 'l�he A!n:erican St::it-e .Departmen:t de­
cided on anot.h�� cou_roe of aati.on.  Friend),.V x-ele.tions 
with M,')xico were vey;.y neoE>ss.ary at this ti�ne a,fl tl'.t(;) 
United �tates was in tha mldst of the Bu.ro1)$utl con:nict. 
Aa llas ��en pointed out be.f'ot;e, the Unite<l, Staiea naede.d 
M.exioan oi.l reserves.. The United· StatQs �leo �Janted 
-.·2· sr,'.t,·  ,: ·. , �,:::-::;tJ:.: ·.   . ,-•- . .. -. 
·I-•-b..---id,•  . 
MoltiOO: frt&Dlly 'to �-�- A,llied 0ause�, 
As ,a Je,Slllt t-he. United: States liftei. ::w,a. $.mbargo-
- ' 
wblch had ·bee11·p1� upon exports into Meld.�o.: du.e ,in 
part to ;ttte- �ct tba·t the Unite.d state,e noo·c1e4 its 
gQods, ·an&. in P1l.'t· tbat resMpm,ant trom Mext:o• to• thfl 
. ' . 
. . 
Centi'al. ltowets. wa-s tea�4*- fhe Ueld:� go:it.ernment 
�·"' 'ha4 pf.'ote,st'ed -a�ain&t thie embargo .•,  as th& ,;OCfUlt:i-y 
importei ,lil1lll9 -ne.oee�a� thing$� sue.h as foodstu:£fe., 
lletala., taatl ma4·biJief1 ho.m, the Unlt'e4 S�ttf$., 
. .  
· ·: :  
Nesotlations m• been going 011 bet.ween the · two• iut�ions 
Slnee the begilllling ot 19)8· £or. t,]ie �em.oval. .Qf t� 
�m�1go 0, bQ.t ba4 w�11-et1 �µ:o:oe.�f3�L.� Bow,.; · 1n the 
woris :Q f Lansing� th� ttnlt-ed $tates "ga.w ·QQ]'l()ret& 
-esp�ssioil -tq til& .fnetiilly. l;lenitimnts Ef.xpre.�d bf 
qeel-4-ent- w11son �n ,. b,y anangtng the gJtant <lf ��o-rt: . ' , 
,: 
li®•n:s�s for ,shipment into- Ma:a:teo o·f C&�n e-nmnerat�d 
1.u:t1oleQ,�, It was wtde;:rstood--,tb!at Me:deo would �ntinne 
.. 
to e:x?ort .oe-rtain oommoilit.ies i.nt.e the Uni.ted States 
�--that:� _goods. eblp.pad -lnto Mexieo bg -tli� Unite& 
. . . . ', 
States- wo�ld :be &·xpo�ed. to othell" · countTi&$.·.,_-2:6 The 
Me:ltl� govenunent was exti'8�1Y pleased wJ th thia 
demonstra:tion of �1ende�p a� better Jel$tion& we� 
esta.b}.ishei fo� the· t.1 me. "1ng9' 
!he ,oti q?..est.ton continued to be a �e-. rt '<.l:<>ntro""" 
- . . ·- . - ·- - - .. ------ -�-. ,-·�,. ·,:..... . . �. ....- .. , -.. . . ----
84 
vars1a1 pl'Oblsm. Oan-t.mza refused to o.-nswet the petroleum 
note o·f A.pri:l 2nd�- Hls d&ei-ee of .'fl.aN 18th .bad extended 
th tim :for J;)l'es�n-tation of manifestations to Jul.J7 31. 
By a d-eoree of. Ju]S 8 eoneern1ng denonn�e�ents of oil 
? 
lands� the Mex.i(.)an president announced that an,v land 
wonld be con�1dered free gJ>O:Q;nd ai,.d toore·fore subject 
to danounoement if the o,a,net failed to meet. the ti:me 
requ.iromen't for presentation of ttanifeatation as, .stated 
in the de.c ree of .!!ay 18.  An additional tax was pl.a.eed 
o.pon petroleum. 27 
The oil eempanies wa:re. aroused to action and through 
a :repres.entativa add�sse:tl 'the State Dapar$tnent- in strong 
terms. Tbs y spoke of the deo1!'ee as 1 s-oo:ed: "tn deifianea 
of tha Ameriean government's note of April: 2nd· and in 
vlolation of a promise to Garfield and Rhodes.,0 Protection 
of propertiJ by the United :States govemmanl was astted. 
·· · 
But the only legal remet1y <H>nsisted. of fillng an am22aro 2a 
in the Fed'�ral Oonrts against the lllleonstitntiona11ty of 
I ' 
th:e ·acts. Tho�efore the· p�troleum oompani'.es planned not 
to sablliit manifestat'ions as require.ii by �he ,deczEies,. ae 
the eomplianot:) -�"lith alleged uneonst1tntiona.l l.ewa would 
?mive right of appeal. The oll eempanies stress� to 
the State .Department the impo:rtanee · Qf W!exi.ea,n oil fo:r 
. · .  n , 
the Ameriean and British navies• . · · 
•I 
·- -��\1:rt� ':, .• · ,.'.· i) •· · . •inju�:c;ti:Qn 
:.:i9Ibid,. • P• 755 
85 
iletoher 0onfei-ret1 with Carran� e.onoe.�ins the oll 
�0:ntrcve·� on the 2?nd o� AU,ga$t,. the Me•#i�n pre:sident 
. . 
e,q>resse.d extrema a-egret- and di.apl<�asll�e �'Vel' the, 
ete.tement t.n the n'tlte ·,o.f April 2ni that n<l<"ies.sitt might. 
a,tae 111 whi:Q,b. t};le t1l'l1 te4 States would be f:o�d to pro• 
te.Q.� th;& pro.pert:, of: its �t.tlzeil& la Meld.�� Re ,�on• 
.ai<l�-rea· ·tbs pet�l-ewn tlecr�s a :Ptt�l1 fiscal and domeatio 
tna·tte�--• aad the a'ttito.-de of thll tfn11ted s:ta.�es an ms:ult 
w th.e sove:relgnt:1 of l:1e�ico. flet-oher wa& adv1a�a that 
.. tl,le .:oll �n had acoetfs of appeal to t-be: ·<;iourt� and if 
t�, i'B-iled · i., ,S?1fa:sa,a•td thair property rigbts the �tt-er 
illigbt be:. negoti$1l,Q:i »e&�tull.y -betwe-E)n_. th& two ·gove�•· 
. 
� . 
roont:,L�- Rowe'f!l3r.; on th.ls Balll$· day.,. a.ft�tt the interview 
W1 tl(Fl�t.,ll♦t. -Carranza iS$1:8Cl the: deo� of t\U.gttG� 12th !!' 
whie}l a$a. �d that -otl lllni-s not cnve.r:ed: bJ· niani�$tat$.onfl 
ae· pr·ov1d$:'-'·· tn au•b$G,41.le.n't •d&o�ea we,re not .$.ubj.ect. t� · 
den.ou�ee���ii1· 0- fllis. "ele1t�th ho.\l�u qe,orae a� Fle,�oh�r 
. ,. 
. ' 
�lJ,tid '11�-:r,. :�J,lded :th� 't,�neio� between \ht) oi.1 Ce:1ilpa1:tlee -
• • - • ••= . P • •  • 
· � t?l�·-Me.$� gove�rt\. fo:� the-time ba:t11g,.. 
t.le.go�latlo�. �-tween the J!Qxl®n go:vernmer1:t �d the oil 
. . 
. . .  . ', 
o-ompu:ntae t.bt�ngh tb,e�:,: r&p:m.�enta,t"1�:� Rht>Aoa and Ga�� 
fiE3l. 4 .. we�. prQ4e<Ullg satia-factorilg � · I_!l;, �- tlJ;sp�t()h '.to-- .. 
- ' ·  
l t 
c,:ta� � tbie petroleum niatte:i- :has• been ,a�td$4 and 
present tndieatlons �re ;that this,_ di f_fi(}lllti., w.hiob 
$$J>1atts1Y tb_�teneA'. the g-o�<l re'.latJons ootwe-en Menoo 
and the: Un:l-t.e4 St$'te:S,. will be: adJusted by pea�ful and 
legal n»tho·ds,it, �51 
P. n11mbe� of qonolttfi one o�n. be d&dneetl. from -this 
p&t.r.0,1ewn o®tl."o,.er,sy,Q< TM iie,n� go-ve�l:\1'$nt eonslderad 
· t.ha �e,gala t10:n o·f petrt,;l�m an. intam.nal raattcer�, Inte�-­
f�ence in beha1f of its o!tizens 'by the uritt�a St&te,e 
was nrsente.d. 1.fbie Vfae- an affront to ma�l..cian sove�eignty 
am iJ.nPlled the: 1,avor� of: fb reigne�, t:hing Melde:o 
w1'.le attempt:1.ng t:o a�:tu .in the £ittu.re�, the a�n.ts 
advau��d by t-h& _Mexican g()�JrnJiiellt., were eas:entiall.V the 
. 
. 
same..-tl1�- de.crr,ee!ng :of taxee; and ft.lee g:evetnl,ng organ!.- . 
zatt<>ll -o:f p:r:f)pe·rty were attributes of lnt:e1:J1al. sovereignty 
and -no� aabjeot.s ,fo::r ttiplomatio eontl':OWJ'BY,* As the 
M$:x108Jl Under Seere�y of Foreign Affair.&.�- Pere;�� d!t�ie<l 
tn a l:et.ter: t,o thG Ameriean- ambaseador: 
The l!e�ioan gova.�nt ims not :r�.oogm zced and 
\�fill 'not .reQognt ze that anir e.ount.ru �a· t:he right 
to blte:fe:re in-� fom 1.n its int.ernal a:ffu;1rs 
nc>J:" even of prote-st1ng againf:lt ae,t.s exe111e1ve13, 
wt.thin the" exaroise of so-vereign:ty. 
The Mext cap govermoo:nt cannot. oonsen:'t, to eny 
mea:t}ure w·hatso$:f:�-r wbiob tbs ltnierioari government 
- 'lflSY pntpose $0 pQt U'.ito p,rac�i�e to pla-oe. · tt.e 
- e:t,tzetlS 1n a m�re tavo� at tuats!fi than thai 
of Meld�ns in th4i� Qttm oount:J°Yf -' · - · . 
L. ·• . . 
___..,., . ... �.�- ¥�. ----- ___
_ ,.,.,.__ _ _ 
_
8f 
· · The United 61',atea gQve-�ant oon$iclel$d it a dn
ty 
;u 
to p1»teot its nat:,:i. ozm l.:$ in re:gs,crd, to· the if pJ-op
ert
$h1o;h bad. been aeqttii-ed 1n· · g-0od fait.b in a�ot}:rd.a:no
e• 
with the law. s o.f.  Ma1t. t-0. .:o�. " Thi- .S.  was one. of.  the dtit
:ies 
. . . -· d 
of a coU,ritr:1-�· in reply to P�:re'z" note A�t:�ng S
eeretary 
o'f s�te Frank Polk -��. a1·· e. .<i · :·t:he United.  &ta
 
1: .- te:. s- "· at-ti-tu<le. 
. . . 
. 
' . . . 
lj 
' "  
- I' '• 
While, -the M&xi• government.. may .sa�. :fit to CJ>n­
fiaoate vestted propen,y tights of i'te own 
ei tlzena 9 .au:Qh aetton 1.·a. in equity IJ:O .iuattft®ti
on 
·fo•t'. the- emif1"s-0atJ0Jl of Slleb rights :
10-f Ama.ri�n 
ei ti tens and doe� not e•s�p th� G:M.t.�-nunerit ot 
the untt,;a·d.. St·ates b'Qm prote,ating on oonnlf :of�a 
c1ti tens aga_tnat il;o.nt,.•scattori o� pr().p.erty� ·. its 
• 
� I 
-�. ���_q_yexnrnm:it batl a·:t-toempte4 ::i:.o · earr1· out
, .. 
r 
i'. 
..t i.:.�~-_:.. J�,_..�J,�:.0i.;:C,:S�--•�-.:,;·. _,,;�,- -
the pi'.�vis1 one o-� 1:\�'tt·eie. 2"1.. ev:e-n iJl the ; fac;:e of 
£cn:etgn d1.ijt¼:�asure. catran:�a had e:cmti�';ld �o �It
e 
pet�oleum:J�erees in the :f�0'8 of veiled tjlterventio
n 
I' 
, 
hreats cfEoni he Ullitail s�tes government-�. An attemp
t 
t :t
- I· 
·: 
to d i-se�ti1�;. the trlJ.lt:ed $tat-es \flas reveal� t.;11. t
he simost 
e.1�1taneoue publ.ioa.-tioJt 'of Vlileon'a ®e·e,p;h and' the 
. 
' 
roleum ·nots of Ap�1l 2nd>r>? Me�ieo, ba,d insisted upon
 
··P�l ! 
het: :r-1ghta a.s a soverei� nation to e.nact,: atlY. legis
lation 
she chose as long as it wa,�f -uni. form _for �ld; can& and :..·· 
. ,•, 
to�tgnera altlta•� That ·sQol'l&r o:r later �be wo.uld
 be 
. I 
:fer:oa.d to ttes:i..at-. waa' onvi.ou� ftro_m ,tlle, · lieg1I:ifl1ns
�- ca�nza 
. � . i; 
 
met wtt� A.meri4a!l p�e:s·sµ��- bP.�b tr� the ��te� � pa
rtm$t
and "the oil -,�_omp:a�i(:ta o
orje of 
it · when t;ci.t published t-(la, ·
d .
.&;�gtls.t l2tl,l. 
_H(jwev-er justifiie-i . th.i.i United states J.,l bave bee
n 
rnt.eeting tb.a p1;:opert1 ·.pf ±tfJ natto-nal.s in Me.xio
c, .• 
·in p
II 
tna:t would · not h�ve. been a.sstlm!ttl toward a · �tronget 
,' 
nation� The po-troioatn note .of Ap�i:1 12 ,-., be dett
nitel» 
�:ga$d..:i�· ..a  1ihreat. �-gauis't iha· sov.etel�tN o•f an 
1n..<l'$pep.d�t ®ti-on .tori ·t:)la �.o'te•atl®· o•f · �e- p2rQp�
y 
ob a. stt.uatto.n -wd11ld bav� 
,ot Ati:!er1� eiti'�.o,, s� . . 
� ' � 
;: 
. 
·•notma�· b&$Xl· \ba0Q dipJ;()l!lat:te negetia.t
ion11-t. 
' bje<Jt- ·Q1 r · : .  I 
�ther t-han atct,anrpte-d 4f.ie;ro-1oaq, 
. C$n;eitie:ration -�-- be gt,ren t() the ��t-·-that the " 
U:.pi.ta4 Stil'te·s illU.ls tit, war-and <tu�tng a wa:r:d1ploma
ti� 
 a diffe.�t aspee:t� Me�1.@a?l oil v;as · r�lati,o.ns a'f�eame
·v1t:al to th� Al.lie& eatt®'• A tendency to:: ·tatt& it 
for 
. 
' 
·[,' 
; 
,: 
f:oward the. end <>f l"9-l8-. the oontrovets1 �ve.,: 
pe.1;;roleU$ ·se.eni.ed· t:Q: b& i¾3tt.1ed for th� tlme- being
,� 
general ione betwe,an tJie tWQ .count.rt.a.a 'Iiowe�e.t:1t the te��
we:ie: .in .r-e�lity 111 a. ba;d e:on«itton� !nt) :stgn1ng
 of· · 
t•. .h e'  Am.. . 1. a.t1. o. a. ,• .. w. h.i ch.  mrked the, cl. o. se ot :th.a. 
 'i. l<.>r&lt 
if 
---- --��- -----·
-·· .. 
-
� -
, 
8
oe-tVileen: .the ilrn1te4 St&t.ea and Mexico:• · .On� __ qan 
.say 
:th,a$· �1At1PU$ :bt\t.:ame _ etl.fl.iiled _ "to the · brea�lng p-oint.
 
. 
i: 
. 
. 
an4 Mexico, •s pi
aeed in as p-.eoario11s po$-ft�on :as 
:• 
' 
, �--�. -•-• ..,  = --·- --··-·�����- .·
---'--· ------··-..,.�-.--·_,___,.____,_. . . ,. .  - --··· .
--. .· -· 
tter tl':l& iiorl.d Wat the £e:ld.c:m is�� �ai
.n �camo 
· ·,a ·< 
itrf.Po�ta:i\t tbp. trn:1tea ,S�taa· ant\ a etl?'onB-
i•�t>-W.mPnt 
:ill : r  .  
. 
for· intatv.antion ensu.aa. . �b
.i s InOV8mattt· cen�: i,be t'tt.:rl • '• ', �. 
•  
. . . 
\  
I : • ,  
bu.ted lat"gO;lY t.o J?"l':Op.ASD.fl-� epdl\aored by 
tb9sa ft1bO 
had. 
n� ve:st�a tnt·,ereets 
ton 
ta Me�:i®ct . ?ablic opi�i
b:a::en t.ea· ovei t}t1;) alle�a: pto--G-e1-man
 ac.�ntt,a$ 
m
and unfr:1$nal.» attS. turte :of !!e:lt14:0 a.ap.1ng
 th� u,.u:. 
·•; 
g� 
1!!w- aavcaat!!la of 101lo:rtaltsm made Q.�e -o
f tlm'.38 faot
t.,,- prop.agan.di ze inter.va·nt•itit.i•-
. tt �a$ d�it(rn-t that t.he mexi�an que:stto
n ?l�tiid bo 
" 
n of 1920, 
n -campaign it:lsne in the pr·esia.ent1al electi,. 
o
 it hat baen in 1916 RtppJ aaac- 'in his:: Cha
p"tew,, 
as ♦. 
it14�_S1ao on th� ·verge-�: 
ffwiue daring 'thG re.cant 1?.e-1101uttpn;.1�; ptu•1�
d 
- .( l9ll•l920h: namel:I  1n 191:& .and in 191:9
•192'0_.,. 
.,
?Jexieo \f�.ta S"0,rio:1asl1 tn:raston.ed ti :f.o:r·etH:)
 of 
• 
aggte�st.en in th-a Unite« Sta�-a. 'J·n p.otb 1n
stances the ?lalt!-can n!lt.ton was· tt"tllJ :!loo th&
· 
­
vorge·;"and it ia a GU�iotta faet that on bO
:tb
o'oeasl◊D$ also �;14ca,n n�nts- :ana ��-j:«ri
e1i 
l  
to: the United states and 1 ts titl �ens ctd
.noided
m t.h tl'.o o�-ening of a Vi gol'OiG nati,t>nal oata,.. 
pat� i.n the lat:t� OD1lntl7• 
tn 1916 Repu bJ.l·cun leaders b!�d d�te:e �
a 
,' 
1nteno·nt1on in t?elt!Cth,. aoma_,: �i"oasad b�
 'it.he Snrtta 
Yobel uni ·col.unibi& massscrea aa.voeatea it,
:'.to pzote.ot 
I  
11
�-can oi t lzene. Otbe-ra eJ;Oka of help
1ns t!elt1e.o 
·OS �� bad belped Oaoo.�i' san� tol' Alban lt
"i!¼ll. fltom 
., 
all 
� 
-�ltt.�a., who waB. to. plq an·lm
i)o!!itan� pa 1n the ll� ' ,I·. . • , , ..  
on �emazrt, o.e· 1¼·i1;.1-1ao 
�
nO'.ntt •. dene A Pr
ae!dant: 
tnt� . . l]. 
\111.&.oa 1t-1
� anii 4e..  
1·e �can p.oli.O.J' -ot· n•tebtul t1a
p bJi 
msnded the· COl!f l&\9 DCGO.._:Pa'ti.on ·ot !:8140'0· 
an lUlitltficall 
$00 2 
U:!114V .000 eUOQg..  I 
pari,J tn :l.916 tQak  st:�� ;aga-!.h-'$ De�o•t fl inst 
�a 
wltb Meal��: fM.e ae. ado.pted afJ a· 
plank !p.  •· �. rt-1 
' 
p ;3 �tf�.  I�t'.e:tV8'%1'°ti(Jll -�as· �l® o
pponai �¥. tha• r:I?roto&-
tant o:�nea• savi.lral ps�:t�Ucal
J> ml-d Joutnal:a� all �ta 
gnn:en.l.: • 4 . 
la.l>Ql" nl1$St1eti8 a.nd &em& o-tbe'r-8 tn , 
.
OJ:@J.
f 
If tho c11.:eif) of ��-�t:ltion �seat k,iftex- tho
 
!: 
o-t tthO ttn·lt:e-a Sta'te.a lftto the· Worl-4 r� q_J;?.O'  1194
 �bee ' 
. ., 
w.Hd\t� �v-amo11t:. the VQlqas of tho l-�P@l'
ie.tl1�8 
ln ;· 
ft'te ·mt ®tnpleitGlJ a-unea:. Albert s-� ��·1,
1.se-
aawcated tet� n.t.t� �·th i;$!\tements· of ;�1);) 
mos� �• 
l, 
$Joiten tmpilrt.all� s"itas ti1,t1t tt•&.ny. ·fo:�t
gri O:O-Ultt• 
·t.e �-ri"�ly justi·fte.0.- .la �-s.ta'bltabi�S tlq.ee.s� po'8$1. tfl
0 
z�l:�.rtt�P t1i"t� _J�o;o l:t' l't can .encoael l� do$llg
 s_o ., for 
11e1:i foJ"Ol.P: notion :s.a lw�n� out for iia �n
 tntero-e=te.�t 
e " 
Be,ie:11.4:«& want on �o �i, t� tJniteil -$tat.a$ 
shcn.ld � 
.Si:.\11 . . 
 trcm. 
into mo!duo :tmtned:1a�·11 t& ,�-vent . fo�tgil: c9an
t'zies
' ·--· 
" 
. 
. 
. .. � . · _:, 
· 
.. 
:. . ---�"'. ""_«Iii·;  .. .. . .li,  ._\.,,- · v:_·-.. ·..  .
 
l.:Ul.·. .  e .. _
:�-··.,;-·.·
 os ·l'lt\. C''ta·•a  in t· he·  e211! ·:. . e.s.t_0:-�1 f!· '!<1"�"1'......aK· · 'lf·,11' ·   
. � 9 . "".,. � -�· ",;; 
- r 
  •··· - · ' · ,. �tll ·c:ll�-�. 1:st s-e.ae♦. • v� ·fi3,., pt_• . {�. ii-• ?·.: · a
· �tb4� .· .». ... a..,� o · · · , .ii. ...•"•·�◄  
csi:;.izt, 
·'�llJ.!!d,Ol. . ct: . �-. �-i:;-� . . _.4  v" ur.,'6-
91 
of th� ac�uisitj.011 o;! �e�can -na.tu.m:t ·_�1eal.t�:,i;. A& tJ:ui ,-
- _ !, ' 
M$td�ns- eoud J1ot set up a government. lbr 
-
tne-�ive-s t.h-ey 
w-oqaii- , w- e-lc: 'o me-  th.:" e u- -ni- 'tetl-  s-t-a-t-es ta- -king o-v-a.r!",  th\e i_-r O.- l>llll-- - tJ'N.5o:  
A �rsnkE:l.r state11&nt o t ;$;mperi:alimn · t.e d i£fi,'Ut t<>- oso-,etva♦. 
·file mo�ema�, to,: Melt� 1-nterventl'bn' l>$gan:c.- 1n: the 
. . � . ,. - . � :· . ;! . . . . 
_ f.i;:rst pa�- of lfl9.. P�std')nt. \Tfileon was. U:f P�la �fitendlng 
the F'3l$® Co-n,;fe�n• and hi� abseuJ1e'.� g�-uei lits trnpetlali.s'tio 
oppone11t� an oppo:J.'t\lnltU t� oppcrSl;l· bis -rla-xi�- pol-1.eN1it: In 
' • 
1 
• • 
the �-ut pa,� of Jatma�:.; '1;bf3: _ Na�lon·., wh�:b -�rougbtmt 
.� . . ' . ii 
th.$ :ent�e perto-4· etrenu�{l.ly 'flttaatte:d tJ:ie tnov-ement fer --
.· . . . · . . 
.. . . . . . : . . ,-1 . • . 
oomme:1l't wa& in t:he tQtlf;) •f "Melsl� Beat-�-"i _ . iUPPl' opealttl-
of 8i e:,'hatn -♦f neaa-at. JBp. en,. \Vbio'h expre�d t.'.tl.e,ir- ·v-1ews . '. -.� ·- . . ' . 
' ' 
tn s""c.h: headl:lnes •aa -tiwe me.an Btttitne&s -tht� ftme:�. _ Itet;t--_a Be 
Bl'-1-f!I -�;tJi - �b1 -Note:t,l�'°V __ ft,� Na.t�oa attack�d new:�pape� · 
· 
- aa,;- o�ci-y· of 1nten-anti.0.�:- "Al- l �e,-hlite4-a1nso1-sm o.f & - ' - - ' - - - - - • - - - - !: _· - : - '. - -
�- 'IUl.. t.rN . . .-  t.ntt Q. 'Ef ft. ottt war· tn t:li.e - tf4ds� of the fi.-s;sto feve:r � . 
_ - - i111bert ,� Beve,J.<tg- e.; ,u\Vila't to Do ·a1:>:of!t.-MQxitr0:"
,,_ 
Col··:-lr l.. -.•e-. re.;e:-�· .,-��  �7 1�1'\- -191'1' --
::_, 
· ;$. 'rhe Na·t!Oti: ._ 
" ·.- -·:· . . :,i-� �.- ; 
· 'l-- ·,;nru;l �:p�"_  - ·_ O.E-• 01:1t�--�'. po,-
-si_i!11e_'ii.atl•� April 12t• li)l9 
.. _. _,, .... - ' - ·: \·�.�\�_.:;"":?: ··.:·· ,- .• . �--
. I' 
,_ 
____, ,,.- -- .... ,~ ., . �- '. " 
, II 
I! '9-2 
. . ::  
., .
o-f a-rr�t emo.tionallam�  8 u 
The C.oa�ssmean wttl'O not. idl,& il'l .re-g�d t.o Maxi;� 
tn,�.-von-t1'0.n. �p�aentatt• m.o�n Gottl.4 (jt N� Yo$ 
' . . . . '  
�feJ:T&<l to the. Ca:r$n.z& �gime as nhal,f�andi.t� half-. 
Bo·lahfVlet .�a��t Whieh WC¼ bai18 s-11�fered tt> ,d�g 
��® to Wl'11 and -0.0·Uapse e.1nea 1910•" . i� at:taokad 
ii 
ap�en, of the Mem.:Qan$ as n4 nc:e: <>f dlp�tJ-.. .a slf-. 
c·ontr�i and. gr.eat ac�evec:ment•�t• ,1m repre:,seri\$tlve · wa.nt 
on t.o Jfltt 
�bi.a �•· o:f "se.l'i....eon"trolti tmAet. thft, �:i;.u.ou.s. 
ao<)ialistio. in4�enee of ·o\lr gove�nt ·81n9.8 
1912�. baa not be:$11 · too. i-estiatn� to. ep.o(it down 
de!fteno�leas str.ang�l'S in_ tha:Ut tnidat •.� �•ll nor too . 
di,gt).ifted. t-0 receive vdtl1 the left, p�d o�·- -offa-1,-ngs 
of Chs'l"i ti f.Ul'.d. goocl Will:.; and with 1;�: ,rlgh:t band 
.eh.oot :do� u.nwarne<l tllQ• beanl:r of tbe,E:J& · o'ffer-tn:ge;, 
no.:r· l,n . 1 ta gre,at a0h1evement:S has lt t>.e� tO:O 
o :!:!&:;:;;'-:a !o=i �n: �t ;� ?:O.:!;;!'J
e· �l�s of. 
A lttt-1� 1ate,Jl' Senat0r;  J ... Ene•non of e�o 8ta.tadi 
If I �<t �.  wa.'3�- - I would sanii tl).e. ann,v int- o. iNteldea and , l' 
lat 1t stay the,r� untt.1. eoiqe stabie form ocf:gov.e.rnment 
� l, 
�e ,a-st&bliS�d J.n M93).Qo�Jf-10 � 
,, 
tte_preeantativa La Gaard�.ia �om New 'York· Qalle:d. the· 
Oal"ran� government nno gove�nt at al.1° tn a v.e�y 
J.ingo1stiO: sp.aeeh in· whJ�b._·� e-tate:d among «>thei" t�:: 
\ 
.· 9-ooui£ess.tona1_ R$cors,. ·65t:b Oon.g.•• 3d �SS:e: 0, V-(,0· flt� 
ap1U?n«1x,. p.5V5 
lOOoneseional Record
,, 65th Cong. I" 21'1� Sess�:o V,o 69. 
1 
»•�x. ,� : · 112
\ ,t 
I, 
!! 
.,, 93 
:1 
. Yea .• I YJOUld go down·wtth;:b:eans tn)one han
d en4 · · 
ofte:r t<> hQiP the
.  M.a$1.Qan l)eopl):),0: wt I ·,,.wouJ;d be 
e11rG· tQ �ve tam g,:e,nadea in the o·t·:na
r ::wna. and. God 
P them in; �,,_ee tMY 4.t �ot ae�P.t oti�
· well-inte
h&l ·: · 
nded 
. .$11(}· e,irle&l'e fltiendablp., ".  . . 
,, 
ated tnt.e�sts wh�: ba4 the most. a� stak� 
1n· 
The ·V') / \ 
. 
Ete:Xieo and the most, t4 gain. :f�om Amer10:an
 d.010· 1nat.i,on .o f 
· ... . ,. 
4 au. orgamza.tton. ·Ul Jamta:rJ of �9�-i 1ttto
wtt 
Melti�, to�
 the, ·Ne.ti.011!11 ·.A,_;s· sooi.atlon t�o the l'rotec
tlon o.£ Ame�ioan 
as •· . . . . . . · -·. . . . 
. . 
$ . . A�' . . s -� 'Mexi.qll� �o.ti ®l� eve� teai-.,.,  ind
T1$tQ' in 
' Ri glit : .. -. -:"'� - . 
Me,;i.e,.o: was �p�-s�nto.<t. from oli int.el:eets-' 
t�· :oattle 'micaing·• . 
'i,pqae :of this o�n.iz'ati.011 wa�t-
. 
� pa . 
. t:o. a�sist 1n bring)ng abottt the: �l
.l �ognition 
. d· liv.e� 
and adequate prot�ti,on q1 Atne·rie&n nght·�
 an
fal'o 
in· �co.; f.Jl4 1,o. proroote peace, , p:rog
:rasa., •4 \'tal
,, wifl thS' 
�;f -��he . O.Olll?-tlir �- 81'.,ld to tb,at. �cl eooper,
ie-
-co..,: · ··· 
g9V.e1'1ln&n\'a .:Pf th& Uni:ted States- a:nd 
�n
' 
nt�d 
A1fbon'g11-·\ne s�ft�:mettt of pol.to-:, ot the
 a:,�•'tl� ae
·;; . . ... 
. . . 
ta to tnte:rf:e,ro in f!�,ean poll ti�. E;tf:fatrs-
.
b& dea:i · 0 
. 
t
0
neve�:tess tha. o�ganization a-«edlJ 'i.rt
etn_�eten.� 
Ii � 
. 
nt fo� the ·rtght� ot Ame�<\lAA. S bf t·� Untte·t s�te.e go,r.�. . . . 
. 
�
-
" 
. 
In a latte� to !\it� aa,.Qnei" the Board. of 
l)lreo:tota s·tated: 
f  
• • • 
•
that tba OTganf��ton at:01>4 rea-dy ·to
 coope,te;t.e wttli the . 
I . 
. : . ·. .· . .. _; / ·. . . .. te Dt)pa�·�1t .· afld to gt,ro · th& ad:mi. 1u:E;1t.mt
.i-otl' ail. ot th(i) 
. ·, Sta !: . " . . . : . . ,- . '. 
h 
. . 
---u_ -- ..0 -Q. -�•g-..- · . s-.s-l... 0 -&1· .. -:i-:- •.· E.e�o,ri�" 66th C,ong .. ,., i·�t Se.a� '•"' V�,58.�. re · ·· • 
i>t,,, IIt• . p_�24aj._ :.-: ·• . · . . C �.:"· • . '. :: 
'
· 12 .U ·c��tee.,; Re1>9r,. .c,:  vf t. p\44�-405 · .·
· ·· 
Fa
. . . 
l3�v.. , .\.. . 1"-.:i. ·�A.-.,,..  p,• 4. · .08. . 
..  _. __ __ •------ ..... � �------'"'·•--"--� ·-- ��-·-----�- ------ -_,._ ---•- _ , 
, . .  
!' 
·  .by· maml>e�s 
:ufottn3t:1on · ()tt Me�qo whi�h ha<t �&.el'! c,o.l.l�
,Q-�4
' . . ·" . 
. . 
o, $�llt 
wb;o ·had .1'�are of i-eslde.nqe th�r:e,.·,. Presnm:pt�
� t
14 
� plat:l ��- _aoti@. \0'. th�. state Departme
n� Jae· ¢enied-�
f' -
. . . . :, 
fb& A:$sO">�tt.�on p_r:eee:ede4 to isaa.e· :pampb
le.tt:J and -t-� 
t 
. 
l:1$.Ve, a%tiole• p11'bltert.te4 in ne:w.apapers c
ones#n1�= Am.e1;1ioan 
11".et&X'f 
p�'t$ctiOl1, in �jd::i.fO� The. �teioon't 0� 
neli-000
' 
. ,. 
M$.Jo� Jobn (l�, le.Donnell  te: J;nte1!8sti�g
 ln. -vi:e-w o:f t� 
., 11 
�0.'t tl$t the� AB$oolatlon · bad etattea: tha
t tll,eJ w�te- not 
�;atu tha·� 
wo�;.ng fQ,r a� 1:ni�Tt@ti®. - · The·- ma,J
:-
. o •] 
. . 
� . . 
!i$x_j.iJ,9 ·was- a .ha\ten ·of .�ftlge f,o'° tho- :ti(;W♦,
 \v"' ,and ·� seat 
"111!ll!>:• �o �ll!);aU�,ton of l;;; -� oaUoil of Bol�:1¥1
Dieoµ.e,-a.lng tlul· 
,, 
u;�te,-.Ji Qha9t.lc: stat& -of t�e l!e�(tall. gov�'-1111'
.en.t,;7 wbieh 
',• ·, 
.. \, \; 
�a& tneapb_ble of· preee�ttg aw se�latJ,e:$.
 ·tj_,t· o.:rtte:r., 
' 
t1-- ftel:d ee'.(lret-ary aai:fl :• "flllle pla.eUl 1n<Ul"
: ffe�en,e$ i,t th 
. 
whiq'.b th�; ldlling o1 mo� -t·hall 500 Ame-rJc
aiie. ..i n Mexic9 
. . . ' 
ns ·o·f � B.tte.m.p$e4 eonft:1/l®ti*n am ·daa
tftle-
t.o Ga$ nt>tbi.:
. r 
tiQ� of Ame:rlt•� propa�lf ifJOJtth rn�ri · than
 � m:tlll@ 
iol.lar$" wott.l:d appear �, in.4\J:s.ta.
· the: �ed ,; for �omab9'dy 
ss� the _ }e8d(ff,�h:1p in,. Ql"OllSitlS tbs ·t;�l
d. publle' 
tp a
.  
O:OllS¢;.enoo.,"
1, ;5
.A reaqlutl.on w� etibmitte4 t.o the Sel$-te trl. 
J1,11J1 •. 
•• �--� --·- - -< ••
• - --� 
. " .  I 
: :' 
ba.. t. .
 . . . . . . . 
_1l  the eomni1tt
. ee on Foral�I - RalatJ,e:�,. :or e:JIY 
· sul}-,committea $hel'f;tof,• . ·i e autru.p:;t ze.u;c: �4 d:1 �
cr\ied 
°t:() tnveetigat� tbe-. m.attei- �f damages ati:<l: . QDt
tages 
'Em ff�;,ed by'. .t.'?s e-1t&,�nf;l o� ·,the•: united :stat-$:t.l ill
 the 
ReptibllO· �;�· R,&JU·Co &. 1� ltl dip-g · the. -nwn�l o,f. 
¢it$. '.�ens 
-of: thEt ®ftt;1-<l ,S-ta.tea w.liO: ·ba'\te· be(ln 
k11I�&. o.r · have 
•autfe.�4 .P�raonAl. -out��ge-s lin Me,xl,c:o and. t·he- 81UO
IUlt 
.! 
of proper:i"ij1dainnit.S'.e:a to� �uoh �rders i��-_-b:at
�age:a
·t·he,. 4t1St1t ity · "' d�ges · eu:tte-r,e.d: on �aeeout\1';
 · of th-e 
d:estn�tlo�� �<>nfica:eatie>n �d lar,eent, qt pet�·<>nal 
.· prc.1pe1>t1. . ,·,aPc4 the'. ·oo-nfia•oatri'on and dept�v�1:r1
0� o� 
.s 
'tlle: 12.se latfd& and ·the ae,sti'u,.,tion of. ·i:mpro.veme
nt
o:r·, 
t�.eon; ther nn�,e-J> of o.itJiz�llS i-e·�1d:iI1-8· 1n---l!�oo
 
-at· 1]1,e t'llll8 a:esid.f;>-n't DleJ !retired tton,r 'the• pre
n11oon-01 
of ¥�xt0:o, and .the num.be-r �f 'Citizen-er'-��- ,pl".'e�ent • 
fEH3.fding in Men-� ·and ·t-?J,& nia,tu� an� i�o�t o
f· 
tllelr present hol4ln8� and i propatties iri �flid 
.· 
o�tflf, srd in gG·J;Gl"a,l a.l;l1 E,\·nd· all �ot:� of. :the
 
Goy.�:�e11t . of_ M�lti'O:-O. a�d it,�, <>i-ti zene,. ·j;ti @rogat 
s·on 
·o-:r--t·Jie""'right·· of. the--Un1�ii state.s·_,o-ir- -it� :qit.1z�ne._,. 
and to.r_ this ·pul'pose to.·.�t� a �port, 91 the fin
dings 
.
111· t·he p;-emise:s to the ��t,e, and tne::eaid · c�on)mi
esion 
·shall furtnex- investigatJt and te,port t◊ the. s-enat
e., 
:event · · 
wha'.t.• :,. tf � .. _xne.a�ea _ ahou.;d- l& ta1tani. to pJa
e �01 �e11co of s11oh oat�g�a� · . ,; . . . 
: I 
'-�eaoiution was, anr_pl_ified by one ihti"Qdnqe.a by run i, 
'J!hst ihe Sub...O:Ot®li ttea o:a Foreign· Ra-le,.°ittons appoi
nte:,l 
unde� autholits. of Se.nat,e Retl'<>,lu/�ion · 1/0&-. to_,_ · · 
investigate :Mem•n affa.ir,a.O< b.e. a ..n d ne,rebs 1$-.•
, 
authof:t.ze.d to ae.nd fo.r persons. bock.Si 1,\-nd pape�,,, 
to e�D:1pel the att·endant;e and te·$tirnony of m tnes-ses
 •. 
to a�nist:er· eatb.s. • to condaet 11ear1� •. to ·,1>:rave1
 
to· and· £:r:om anN .polrits :where-  a. sitting ot the 
CormJll,e&.ion '(ffj'3 l» ne(}&$e.ary... to smplot. lnteiprete�.9. 
etenographers_.. Qlerks.,, and an:s .oth,�.r lie®ssaru • 
a.SSi$ta.J1ee and t� provtde �or the · c;a-re,. and: vre.aer
vat1o.n 0:£· t<;lStimony, p:ape�.a and do�tllll$nte ..
1 · · 
. . 11.  . - !: 
1rhe .S.ub-CQitl!ni· · ftee:�_ · h'eade& b,, Senato-:r �11.. 
got \lllde� 
· . · tl 
-  the work of 1nv�.s
.t :-¢· -gat:ton, in SeptJ,mb;;rr.., 1919-.� � with · I • 
• 
- • ,  
• ' . · 
--· ·
_ id
··· �: •_· - · 
· Oo· ng�sional _Reoo.•-.� 66t·h.·  Co�°'-• l'�t se· ·s$:�-�- v-.56!•  
senate f\es<>luti•on 
· 
iot>·.,. P·� 9688 
11tbid.,9 :Pt.� l:V,.,fsenate Ra
solution 16:3).:P• 3886 · 
96 
. Tl$ findi?J88 were p11bli.ehadr and isaued to_ ,�hi;\ American 
p&Qple., When completed thG ao--ealled ":Pre111llinaey 
Report and Hear.in.gs" filled two httge V'Ol�a,� totaling 
! 
i
more tban 3:600 pages-.1 8 
Carw:snza. in }it,s. spetlah before- the N'.tl·ti()nal Congress .• 
Septembe·x-1 •. spoke -of tha. agJ. ta.tion- tor Mexl·can int.e:r-­
ventior.i: in, the U.tltted st:a.t:e·s• 
On t?a·i.r part •.  the ottizens of the untt·ed statee 
who $re inter,e�ted in petrol.e:um p:r:operti es. in 
Me-xico. bt:tve opened and supported with pel."feot. 
o�gani zation., e�+a-c>rdinary 1(1:gor a,nd marked 
pe:rs1steno;v,. a press Qampai,gn in the United 
�tat-es· for t-11& purpose ot so irnp:te�sing b,y all 
the B.Bans at ·theu- 4isposal ·the pu.blie opinion 
9f that. oountre-.. the g�n,e ral mass of their 
fellow e:tti·zens., �- the �mbers ot :both hottees·., 
as to fo� th$i-Gov�rn�nt to intervene in Mexioo. 
in order. tbat qlU' la.we rrfl,9 be lrJ, aecord w-ith their 
pers:onal .int.ar.a,s:ts'° 
· The .Government o:t Mexico hopes that tha Republic 
Of the North. Will l"8Spe-ot 'the SOVG!'aignty and 
independenqe o:f Meltico.; beU"'1a& to v:i-0lat� them 
on plea o:f laclt. of gu;arantees for ite oiti zens · 
or of leg1.,s1.at1on lmpe4vlous to thei;- 1nte•:rests 
W.o'iild eonsti tu.to �n Mpa.rdonable- t�:agreaeion 
of the principle .of internationa1 1aw ·and 
n).Ol"Slity O and would give p.,roo·f th,at the. greatest. 
mte:fo�tuns, t>f n people is bai;ng wea,it�l9 
A .�ho�t time ·.later cartanza ;i in a statement to the 
New York Timas co:tresponde.nt ., :revealed tba� the onl.9 . · 
thing Me-xi c� wanted was .friendla rela tfona' an,<l Jte�peot 
f'o� he.r righta from the United State,&., Wat was toolia-h -
. 
· 1·8 R ·_·i. .p.p ;- .· .!?. Ji!·_·• · -.,,. o1t.� p_. 5'56 
i:!:��ffl �la�io� of the United ,Statesit. . 1919.�­
PP�- � 
9'1 
fltQln the . �andpoint ·. that- a few Amerioan�. :4sd . been. k1llatl 
duxti,g tl:e revQ1Utlon4� period.. Rad theg better riot 
• � ' • • , •• • • ; • I 
' ' 
wcnald lose the re-spe9t and friendship of the: Lattn Amari oan 
:, 
eout1trie:a 1 f they foo.�ht a war m. tl  M.eno.o .fen; q-0mmerc1a1 
r-eas�ns-. The �X,iosn presJ.dent stated: nwe.�,<t-'•o�. .W i.ll do 
�ve:rything tlat is honotal>le to avoid war· eonse.rving ottr 
·Jl. at.  ional d·  ignity.. · 20 .·· .. n · ' .· 
. ' ' 
In the UTJ.itQd State:s _the oatttpaign fot s:nned ill:ter� 
vention ·waa gall+ing 111.t)mentu� Th.a Fall OomIIiittae began 
. . .  . . . . . ·. 
. 
,: 
leugtl)s �po�t�. Newspape� and magazines ·'$vaaletl 
interventionist:: $et1ttnent.. Foriro.r Ambaa�do.%' Henrey 
Len& wi1son 'wi "'. ei'e: iti--::. 111onm� : . 
, The ·only inst:twnen.tality which o:an at tb;la· : 
time be tt�d 1 bY thi-e goverrunont whiQh wiU Pl"i>01ll'e 
tb.e estatrit�hlllent of order in Metj::<t.o ·and th-e 
nl:timate: .t.�lgn. o.f etable and :free infl,1 tutt0ll$ 
J s arme=d •.,.;11,tervontiQn. 
. States-: .wht�h <:a:nnot d i$¢llarge �lleil:' inter• 
natl<>nal obllgation$ o�. be·st00w �e bl�s�inga o�­
pea�. an,(i proaperit;v OX\ thelr·.popttlation shotild 
�ithel".. be oom»letely olim1:nated or ref�rmed 
f:f. om w1 th.- o' - nt.�l . . . . ·- . . . . -- . � 
21:nenry- Lane Wtlson:,, "'Wh.at Mnst·· Be Done with Mexioo.n 
Foro.m. S9,ptembe:t:, 1919 
9:8 
.. Arguments qal'll$ from ths o"tha� Side i;n an �'t-tampt 
tQ stsm the tid$, ct t� move.mont fo-r arme4 .luter'vention. 
An :editorial; in' ,th-a-':Nati:on .sta.t·e<!': rtRavirig fon-ght and 
. wo·n the· war to �nd wai'-0, the country is $j.:Clk. o:f wa�. 
if·.  · 
. 
not·. · al·a. s., o·f.  httm.b ag.n,  22 · A little· later.  an.  -e-di:tor!al i; 
entitlod 11· 'rhe Threat te Mexico ,.11 spoke· Qf :th� proposed 
. It would doubtless be an.other war to iextend 
.d·emoomoy� tbat is,., t� rer-orm a 4emoc-racy which 
· ··wpJtld exp:rQpria'te property of fofirign;ers�, and 
· r:e:nde'l' · lltlsafe foreigb.. inve,etmenta. •, arid :re :fuse 
·:.  te_�tect AmeriC4n. lives any b�ttor .!than o.&a own • 
. of Labo�;"' repJi'e:sent!ng too- stand oi-gani zad;: 1a])or had 
< 
' ;1 
taken ·a.gat.net armed int.e?"vent:ion,,, nade '� speeethes 
U:pon· the _sttbje.ct. · In one he stated! 
To .my mind it WOU!l·d ·be the �vest wrpng Wh1-0· h. ,. 
· co.uld ·'oo. 1nf'l1flted on t,Jie. ;pe.ople, of tb.a · .tJnJ.·ted.,
St'a;tert. �s, w�ll as the pec,pls of ?!�Xi ea if ·thf . ➔. .' 
: 3-��go· splrtt which ie now ·tn ·cou;ne ;of .mami.faotura­
i11:0-uld dr�vo us into anything lilt» a� cont140:� 
1n,, ME;� Q-o., , · 
·The Pteie-1den:t and_ his �U1tSOQ1°S'W$ .:have 
ne.g:O..tta:tad a -Wmaty of F·esce, ·an-d in i� e•�'tabllshed 
th�. o�1E¼nant o:f th�, League of Nations,. ona of 
· wb9se bigh.e$t purposes 1� the sattl�ni c,f 
intal,'llat i:e�l dispat:as by pea(te,1u1 · mean:1:1. !Ula. b� 
th� pr-av£Jnt1:on .of war_, we ea.:nnot eonS1.stentl7 
s.t.\. y�eate �® h···lgb-.  pri:noiples. t-n our 4":� lin, . gft ' 
-� 
. �2The :�l!ltion,.; .  January 12, 1919. 
-� ,. . . ,, '' 
·"· 
zs-· I.b· . i.
.
d·
 , ._,.·,. ·AU @l. St.  2S;o; l.919' 
' 
1:
'.: ,.  
,, 
I 
i 
·' 
1·1 
99 
Wit-h �,:opean .. t;ions as Pl"OVlded fn the 
c.ovanat1t an!12&l'len :r.us.b into, armed QJ>nfli�t -With Mexi.®:�-.•  --: . . - I,I 
I, . 
........ ".' ' 
Di>� Sa.PJl18. :l-.·  Gtt.f.  ,,.l. �; :'._:$sere-tar., ·o:f f �b&'- Comini ttee . I. 
• 
on Coopemt-0:i -o_ •n -._  • �. • : • i� j.atin Amel'ioa and al� a mt:aatonary
- . - , - I:: -
OI- 
said in hi.s st- s. t" e- nient before t. h. e Fall Commi.t.t.ee. ·: -· . 1: · The Of. ti-· 9em of:.  the..  •,.Fe de�ai C.ou. �t1l ·oi Cb�hes. 
the Miaslonaty l}oal"de$ the mt.s-ai.onµ�as themt:rel�es 
in Maltioo," and eo far as I know._,.,· t�e Obrist!a,n ;.:· .
· lealiertJ �ll over· th& U,iited St!5es� are entt�aly 
. .oppose-« �' -a-iine4 tntvvent ion• - ! . 
- I . , 
Hem.-y L,-.. nete�r♦: tn.- his teat1m0.�I  before ihe, 
: . 
Bale-$, C.onmd. tte.e at t. .he Sota ea in J:tUy •· -i:l�t�d tlla:t - - · 1
. 'the.
. 
11
- ,
  ·e. . . ate. ranza Go. v. e
, . 
. rnm. .. e. nt c. ont. rol
- s all o,flI, I�' . o.o.  
- 1;; 
B!'li 1 s ftl'.lfttltng its mission .to.ward tba i .people- -<lf. 
�i.co. •/ 126 f)le Ambass.a«o� di� n9t re��- i:to t!��:00 
1" 
.. . . ii.
• 
and, t}l.s - 'gene%8l eontan.tton •as th$t the �tate -Depa� ... 
I'  
�nt was riia:otatlt to 3¼11:d lUm baQk Witt�' tel:atlona 
betwe,en the tw-o a&tfoaa had ·tmprove,d��V . :: 
-·ta Q(};to.��. ·when agitati.on te:,r arme1\ tnte�ventton 
wa-s prog:re·- saillg awl feeling ta the Un!:tat�) Stat;�$_  was 
. - I' . 
i!'::;  
:
2 , 
· , . 
8.Ftl'll eomrn,it�:� ·t3poH.�- v'Q r. p.vj/ 'lj� 
. . 
26-�"'-•d-·- . ,.,,, . nao1 
' .l.1lt,& .•..• "�- 4:,A,:., p;o; t;,,{i,J'. . 
100 
c�nst1lar agent. at--_?ueb1a• wa� tddnappe:d �»:-'bandits· 
who took bia money tum . held him fox- ra m♦.' lb& 
. ' 
SQ-<lr�,ta:ra of State itmllf>d1$-t<tly.  info�d t-he Mexi�m I; . 
' . I 
Fo:tal gn Olttii'oe that t'he t.1111 te:>(l States goye$:1neat 
held the mut1oani g. .  onr.J#m8nt responeibl� b�- Jon!dns1' I. 
:rat.um ecv:en if payment of r-ansQm.bJ ·Meld�- was. 
e
neQes�a,� 28 ., The· Me-Xi� .goveinm:ent md· tt clea,r {
t>hat_• . Whiler ov�rytbi� was being cl.one- tol\1:00.ate 
, . 
J"<,lnkl� end arres.t his al)ducto�EJ.j tha -�-98B govern-
"' 
tm>�· ()(){!.. lti not: pay- .the_ i 1an . :so_ m _  as th1� _wo.[;ld ,eatabl1sh 
a P�-0&d�11t_ -an4 ten« to exeit& cri.me�29 _: 
. ' . ,: 
I· 
" I: 
.J:onkJD$' release wae ef:fe�. ted a few -��-a late%'·.: . . I: . , 
but t hi 1:1 Wt.as only the \leginning of the a·f�al r� Shortll' 
I·• 
a,ftenait'd \h$ .oonetl1a� age�: was arreate4: b3 the 1-ilebla 
anthllrttlee on_ etiavgee ocf g111Ul$ tie& afen® ill J>e@ard 
to hi$ abdl)ction�, fle. uvas detained a� hl�!: homQ'., but later 
taken to. tl'le penttent:J.ar:9:-,, · Lansing ,�qu�et,ed, hie 
immad:t:ate rE)'lea�& .- .eall:lng hif:! ltnprl_fio�nt "unJu.st1£ied 
arbitn�. _.. end ff Re st. . . . . . . at,e,d fll-$
. er �: ht: �1'. 0 1· orrt.lnued 1,. 
�-oution of tuihel" �Ol�statton of Jrns ·� but 
., 
' . .  
qI, ; 
Ralat1011s of the u it�d. Stla.tes ...1 919 
., . . • "" �- - •.. • 
. 
'1 
,, -··•·�-··· ...• . . ,:.,.,�-. - - ... - �--�-�· .. -·--.. -� ... --... ·- - ---- -•---·---·•-.~•-<,.•-
-,
s 
H)J
........J.:  
d 
the two governments. for wht�ll. the Me� ,f;:U'.l. LJ)v.e,l'nmant 
1
will :ba solely �spons.t b1e:.-�30 , . ( 
\ ' ' 
The r�xiean. �OVel'?llient ' :repite:d t�t inipri sonmant 
. . - I, .. 
was n' e-i•ther "unjustified· or arb.i. tra' ..r.y.,�."  !!a s'  'J e111t' in' s'  1::1aa 
simply <ie'.tai:neij to try to determine the !tra:th. He had 
, I 
be·en . granted ·,>ail but 18 fused 11.'.� atatiJg that !J_g. 
w0111d :m�n'�  Prison �tU t:ba ma•tte:r bas etmightened 
. . ' : ·(,,' . ' 
· -�ut"" �he BxEH'lttt.ive could no·t ftee hin1 w'1f  l,e the ease · 
. was pending -a:rJJJ mo:re than the President pf-' the 'Uni.tad 
:., 
St&tes ooQ;ld free anyone in stu)h a oase. • i.and "it woa.ld 
. . I; 
be strange that in t!en ¢0 an amen O'Sllz cl �1 zea- should have 
g:reater rights than those be baa tn his' 9-Wn e.olltltry o:r 
g_zeater than those rJb.ioh· a: Mexioan elt1,;t>L  baa b lla:ilioo.• 
_
The note further stated: · . 
,, 
' ' 
Tl'le MeXi:oan go'Venuoo-nt does·n(>t see what .foundat.ion 
tm:ire may be for _su.oh a dema_ nd• it i belte.ves it m!iY 
not be solely t .he _. st.rength of the �·o.ttntey- wbi oh 
makes 1i t .• inasmuch a$ the Uni�d States hss 
C3bal'Sotori Zi:td itself bN its desire I expressed on 
various oeos·ssions ·that right end J:ttatiee should 
be th;?. uiotto of its diplomae1 a;nd feSp<9ot for 
tr'vaakar· oount:ries the basis for 'ita 1internationa1 
ielationa on the· continent ..• and pr�;fe:rs to att:ribttte 
tha tenns of the. :nte. to an i mperfee,t knowlEldge 
o·f our penal law., . . · 
. �m/z E1···a'• · ;, . p- . .,·.· ;;·i;:;·a··-,w -
' 
,3ltbid�•- .Pf-•;. 584-686 
�- ,. ... _ ,. . . . .. . , - -_- ._ 
102 
Lf;m:al ng1 a J"OP!a to· t ha �i.0$n not& o.h .Novembe� 29 
�as et-wt an. d tl:00,tde!Uu :fitrlle: Sttrttng tl:nl-� thEl ooo�e o>g 
�� . I, 
' . 
. 
�il and inveot.i8f,ltion ef Jemtins atno.r& 01tensoo.�' 
rtt, !.& £0.� !!e::doo to 0h'e:e e&1sa for kt.s 4otnntien •.. 
not £oz the �n1tatl States t.o ���1eerd f@ bis :11be1•-.. 
,e:t.iollo S'telpp&d of 1t@ Ol(t�ne�.U.$ �tte�. aith t»h:!Cb 
tbe ��,e:an no4ta attompta to O.l&the;t lt· . tl:9 natratl 
�-ae: ot JenJ.t!ns otanda 2ofth: Je.nr-.lae,. ,.a tfllited 
StQtos Corumla:r o�nt • · aee;red1 ted to t::lti) Sova�nt 
of 1i.-'el!Z!,c.os, le 1ttip,rieono4 for "r-endt¥t1ng feloo 
Jn.d1o1al t:est!rao?ly• in Ct'rmwction � th the a.Ma.ct1on 
o:f �hich he was t1 vi ettm•  
. �111..g aeooaad :tho �� can :gova�nt af •  nttesu� to 
• 
_r • 
., 
�ell pr'o toe:taa.. Ill th� e . a.eeOJ:d Pl•rum ho acvt11.3ad Ueuco . . . 
of $SDuming o wilfnU .tntit ffaronee to the ft10llfl$S ot 
lil:J ,.'\!nQJ>icatl people !Wlro hati bae?i a�ons�ia. our t;ha p�al_• 
I, • • 
esl s11ffartng Ja?l}J;ins had entlttNG ttart-na \� ::obrr.luet.ion 
and his anbseqtH.1nt, tn�:tment ·f11 ti'..e ��.t�· aut:t'.ort ties. 
· • 
Be· ·.again ·:one·w�d tlle %eqoo•s1' for J0l'Utins.' �$leasei, S2 
A ·fa,;g d&:;o 1'.a�r Jen!tbm �s NlGS$&d �on pa3ffl'S.nt 
of bs'.11 ·.bf· 3., SeltGltt !tans-on,. �·n tJ?Wrtesn ·et'.t1'1!8ns� tJho
. i;. . · . . . 
,,. . . 
aeeo$dtng to his 6� testimoey ttlSde: these &ff-��men'ta 
wl ti) :t·M. s!e:tl e:m go�:mm:ent to e � t.b<! trou�le tbm 
inciaont was c.-1ao1:ng t,�.tme:en the � t<:ta f¼'trltea and 
. . . . . 
!t1e� 60-o.,33  
. j r' · .  l :r a . ; 
103 
.qi. 'the raplJl t.o Lana.1:og•s nota 0£ NO�fambe!f 2!l,i,, 
tna Uextean Fol'&ign ·Of:ftce d�fetlded · .tJ1e. -�ldlng of 
Je�na �- p;r'Otas:tea against the Am&ri nan :f!e>'.Verntnent *e 
. . '. . 
tntarfe:�nee:o; lt was poi11t.ea out that the·· �r;toan 
State l>epanttt:eni was no1; acqaainte·d With Bll: tm' 
facts ·pe:rtaintr,a· tQ' "'e e-aae,�. 
Th:e Men'.o z can govei mmennt· cannot admin t ·tha�t ljAi:n$ erioan !t1 e�Jl8· be tr ed ·a d ab$olvea o the: 1 of· · 
mere. irinfoz,,ngt,ion$: oonf  the .De
partme1 nt. .
Q:f'. Stattre no,%" 
�u
pQ:n eaol?lm&ndaqt o or �11
gge.e:t ona of' the nite4. 
- tste�.·  instea f by ,tt:s 
tt"ibtltlals 01, ®<l�r:. tte 1..aws;...  
A 't&w days late� the Amen�n Charge •f' Affatres 
z-e . 
,reosi� a le"ttel' �m the b,alldJ.t. who had- ltldnapped; 
Jenktna,. 1n wh-iob he sta�ed that the , kiiulapping hat 
b&eli. qa,rteti out fo.r Pt>.it.tiea1 reas:oM in �- attempt 
to -dt·aietedit the Can-anza gove:�nt and a�1tse t'he-  
. United �tatea against .it •.8 & 
Jel'lkina•· �e.leaae on bl.ill broke :t·ha te�:�-:t. on \Ile · 
atfai::r h.ad· oanas4 in t-· he unit. .a. d,  States� tne· -case was , . ·,.: .. - - . 
· not attJ;.ad �ntil FebJii_a_;-9-,., 19,20,. when t�: �1-1� 
gov.e�nt� ��r making Q C!U»�l 1:nveatts�tton- o-if 
t� case10. x-etJeal::84 th_at the a()cllaa ti-on aga.1 nat Jenk$na 
was wtthoat foiuldat.lon,  .. flS ·1t was· .foun�i that the wttriessEUt· 
. \ . . ' . 
$5N. ew Y<>rk·T. -�·�- _ .. -s-·  Deeem. . . Ii: _· -b· 'er 2'.• . :.l ilt • • 
I ,, �...  ;. . ,•�"!;. .•�.  ' •,. : �:� ' -_,.' .. ,. ..,  - ......' '"'· 
100 
. . 
i&ho teat:1fia4 n.g3tnat him Md been t·o�c:eii to do so • ...,-�5  
UP'Qn r�ooivt.ng thie 1n:to.rm�tl�n,, the Jma·rtican 'stntt'!J 
·. �partate:nt. 1nto�a t:ba tta2:iCwl gove�'t, that. tho 
. .· . . . · . zv . . . 
t.ne.tdeat was oonside,rea .olosoa� . The JQ:ftklns· case. 
ttaG not anded until Daoombar. s• 19.ZO.  ho�'<l'."'r.11 f.tael!: tl'a 
. . ' 
c�aa was d.tsms�d ·to:r l!itclt '@ f evidenee- M·d •Jenki:na" 
. . 
bond. �.8 c.anGOlle4 • .P:1&4!.ng him tn complo.te l:ib'ert}J,,.s · e·  
J'ast what �ora tm 1Tul:1ti<r1�n • govt).lll$0?tt:!o l"eaeona 
.fb·tr trlilk.�g ·an issue o'f the o�ir ia hal'4 �- d�dne&'4· 
flie k.td,napping .bad SJrO.tl.SEhi, .£1.t.1$rl,C8tl publle .o:,pjn:1.on 
and lE>tl to 'tha �xe,�11l!P. ot d�plomtlti,c note;; 
the an bS:Uqu; o:nt or·rt)S\ ODl11. $)fftrd to hoigtlrGU the, 
.a:rijageniam.� Ce>.nalfi�rat.ton nmat, be made of: thttl: .fact 
. ' 
that Jenkins' ane-� was matta ·oy looa1 outhori'tie1,e 
' 
encl tho' rilex1eatt· · g�nwant $it ftr:ot ,oontendeit 1 t 
. :1 . .  . . 
· .  . :- -· i • 
-a-�-�'.f.ii:i�l:t}i!a�¢' 3tt�.$dlction o'.Ve·� tho �. �. Wb,e liJn3�1ow. '. ·:•,-. --:."�- / : : ,{' - � i;. ·. ·:· . ' :· . Skte, DB:partmen,, polftte.a.. ,eat tha. t soeoltding�:  t.o the 
�em tmn Const! t,t19.p t.he �ae�al. Cotn·-t ilad ,J'Q.rlsd1,otlon 
over caoo:e invo��in_g dlplomU,o. ·offtee•m 3♦. � Ap�ntly., 
the Eil�iesil gova�ent 11$$ o:ronaed ove� th' dEnllnni foi- the 
immaiU.ate release .of 3�..mtins be fora tJ1e -inv..e. ·a.tlgntion · of . �": . . 
Jemdn0 had be�n com.,i�t$d. antt i'elt t?iA7. tiltl· attitu:do. 
')f the �tted -states i'!as an lt18.nlt to . �;ttean. .. ao:ve:ee1gnt;'D 
.. . •.- ' . ,  
·r.; 
:t 
3: 6�.,,. .. �7 ,, . . . F· .o ,, r.... e,.·,i gn. ·  · -R . e 1a  t1.. ons o·f the United �tates, .19_20; . 
pp. 256-257' : , . 
'.:� 'a:'' . •.. : _,_. 
er· !'Zl·b •..,· 1.-:- a• -::.-i.... · 
. �-
106 
?Jeit1y a.ape.eta <:t"f tl\:3: q�sa a� sru,ou.<:ieq:. 1n n,ystel"J• 
. . : 
Jeniun:ei ad!Uttea. th$t he ,e,fused ob.11. ·11eoaa$a ha·:- pr.e•-. 
fe�red, t<> remain in 3811 9?1tt1t tll,� Qharge� egatna� him 
He d.i. a not-  w. ant ·.t ;o be :re. lea! s8d on th. . . .  e- - 
bond put up by· rran.s�n, but, the Men can autho:riti�s we� 
, .. insistent• 40 Recognition Jnttst be gi'O't'jn to the faot 
that this bappene � bttt a few days after the tan.si:o:g 
note of November 29 • 'l1he ebarg:es sg�i�t �$n1¢1tts 
�eemed t1.11re�sonab1e · in tht1t he was ao�sec/ of oonnivtng 
at his own kid:napping/:\l JE;intin.fJ stated: t�t the peons 
· . ·. · ·.. . 42on b1.� ;-anoh we-ra for.��cl to testify aginst: him ... · 
 
. . . ': . !J.lh1s . .. 
was iat:er sdrai tted by the. Men� gov$��t �fter tb.e 
�&.$. tad gone betoi-a �e. l'l$gh tribµnal� 
T1h� 110,n o.an. Stt.itn.�e s��me� to bo that Jenkins was 
onl.f 'being. held· fot. ·qu,eationtng,. �. bad. be�:r:i. �ari_ted bsi.l 
and i-e£uaocl itt. thereidre ,th,o. Unit.eel State� had no :right 
� 
t,o . inte::r:11etj in: a matt�lt that was prtmar1it jttdl(:ial 1.n 
na.tqre.,.· Ao Ltd.a Cabrera s1;1.idi (t:rt is tne�liaable, that 
the Ame;rioan go-vernme�t" ahoUld have· raqu.es�e,d t ha immediate .. 
·t�.i�.�� ··Diiest.�. Fab�ary 21, ·.1920*: 
,. . ... . . ·-····'.·"Ii, ' . 
41F- o. r.. a1 .gn .  ReP• 582� .. . ... 
�. . tionSi· ..r  · ··�! .t iw. :. .Un..i· ..t.  e' �..  S·. ta.t·: · ;e: �h 1919 �·· 1 . . 
--·4 21!;:r,:t_��rar: Digest , . .21! � cit. · ' 
106 
�JL•:� J>.f Je.nklns. be_�().e eve.n -the -Coart. de�i-ei 01>; w.as 
_ - �e�xratt�, - ...ft e, .. Ainert:o. .aQ :go. - J. 'r. : Q. .nm. ent: -��'- _se.e.. � -- t,Q ha®,. . ' -
Je�ns d.e.Qia.ze=d txmo'Q:en.'t. e,Vtin bafor& tba in'V'eetigation 
• • ' I 
was .e:omplet.e:a:.�45 · 
'· ne. Je-n�)l_$ ineid�nt was_ .iiii�or�iu.t�te t.�i 'Meltt�o.; 
aa.: tt· �e the amenttan p rotagonist·s o.f 1ntenentJon 
fm oppor.tUflity ·to mag?;lJfl. tiw affair b�yond:·lts 
real lmportano:e.�.- .. P:r�-:eident Wilson �. $.  _ill $'t tne' time . , 
: . .: . : . ·- .. . . 
&nd Saoie-ta:� of State- .Lansing handl=e4. the �ffair\,\ ; ;; -·. 
i 
W.i unc;ompr-Qtntsirig att:itucle �ewa1s .,.pert1a;ps;,_ -th�t be . . 
� . 
wea �inning :b ;.tbilllr a - ate• �-� pol!� Jie�saiu• . 
Selja. to�.. Fall )lattie ·t:d W.�biilJl'tOD on t:he 1st bt JJe·O.et;ibe�;-; . 
19);9,;., t� tallt with the. secNta17 of state_ ·ep�·nrlrit!;i� : 
Meld� -�ttai-1"�; In �111;-s own W()rds�i 0mat�a.rs. 9f: �Qi.Spt1te . 
• • I • 
v4'th·1Se�-C't> were d�SOOd6, ·il.n.4 ! am Wr}/ he.PP}]' .t(),aa-f· 
With f10: difte��n® ·--�f op:�tdOD•\"-
!WQ ·d�e afta:J: J.ilall �t@'V!e.w® Lan�tng ·the Senate- 'hacl 
a , resolujlon dx-afte:ti bf _ Fall whiol'i was 'e.dopiri witJ} the: 
Ho�e-; Qf R�pr.esentati.Va'e ..Q. ;o.noutrlngill; It. � · $8''. fol/tows::. 
• • � .c 
i:' . 
• 1--.. r 
\• .. . 
\Pb.at .. the a�t1o-n: blr thei 1l&parttnant ·. ot ·stat:�. Jn . 
· ·ief�i'et.uJe: to tbt'.f ·p$ndlilg: ·Qt)-llWOVf..1�8 b:eftween· tb· 1$ · . g·avarmnent an:d ttie.- , gov-e�nt of rite.xte;o sho.uJ.a. oo 
a.pp�d-.! ..EUid : filt'the.1'C►. · tm:t �e F�es14.:ent- of th� 
um:tea state:s· be* an.--:·he�l:>y·  i�j'  ,raque:·� ted t9 �:��--�· :•·-�+.1 -- :lt: -?.- �=- · ��:1 �� c_..��-·tr�.�,;:� 1}r: --��-:1 1- ·· : · �:::· · 
withdraw from Ve�lano- Ca�anza t-he· reqo.gni.$ion 
a():Co�«e4 :hi� ,bg -�e--Unitsd S:tate,s;.,, as· Preei�t. o�-­
th�, Bel)b,JJ;c ot ll�i<J:o- aml too-_ aeva� all d1PlOtnat,:t� 
.e�_ation$ nc>w �:g;1,t� - betlv.ee.n th$,e _ �_ye�tit _ �na · 
the p_rstended go�e.rnaent ct ea,r:r.anza-., ,n - · 
.' . • • • • i 
; I • 
. . 
-c�ttaa appo���d S'ertat,o" Fall .and Hit��o�':�f> 
e®SU'lt ·.wi. th P��t:dmtt · w11s:on on MexL ;can attat�s..  . · .. . . - - ·- __,  . _.. :: \ . , . . . . . - '.. .. - . . .-· - -� !i - . - . - � .· 
.�naing appt�ve� · t,Jte part of t-he Senate �o�int:l:Olli . 
. . ' 
endol!Stng tile ·s,ata l)a.JJart100nt•·a �n.d£li?I� o-f th�­
Meuoan · attuation�, bnt h;e tt:rged. tbat. the ,il'.'tb4ra�_ 
. . . ' . 
,of_ 1,l0:qgnition and ·.sev-erance o,f dlpl-Qli1a., ttq,: •,: r.e.l. ations 
be abon&- :onad-  for t� �esent. ;�4, 6 
On. ,. .  t. he:-  ·!5th o.· f De,ee. -m• b&-. .. . � the tt�J:o s�n•a.t- o., �! • - :ea.l l<H• l . - • -·.- • • -· · -. •. • --· • 
_·at t� White Rou�se . and wete ,rattej;ve.d bq t�: P�sldent­
in his bedro·on1,.,. as he. had. not. r.sc:ove.�d- �rom tunes$♦,_ 
Fall :t'ef:e�"l'ed t() .the ".Cla.riill:J'S e.VJtdenea, the -s,u_t,,...e;onimit-tea 
had:. �pon- l!�xieari affa_i:rs., . iU,:J.s� requ:e�te4. tha:t a _ 
meme$nc1Wli of thls $Vl(lan1t$• �pon Mexlo..<u1 affai.rs ·be 
�epa.�:d and. . sent· �. -o .h llil:ct;4··· ? 
h-88.idmtt- W:tle:{)ll tn � iet:te� to Fall'. -a. few 4�srs 
- late::,.- gatfe: _ M;.,a opint&n -on- the pending &)11 ,re130,l.tit.1on� 
· · t sb;o�ld be- �ve:lzt e=oncem.'a:d to sae any :sn¢� 
�aae--it1tio.n pae§l· 'tfle- -c;0ng1•fJ8s,. It w.oul:d oo-n-etitttte­
-a l'eve-i-sat of. ,o�: Qons,·itut"iOl'J.al..  pra-e,t,;:o.a w:biqh 
?.tl1c9PR!es.a1o�l ·. Be�<>:rd.. 65th, 0-orlg� O> -� Se.es�. v,.: 59. 
P;t� l-$> p-�S2 _ - . . - -
,, 4.6Ne.w:··towk_ filoos•_··D$��nwe,: &i -i�'.1.9 · 
$fgb,t lea.cl 'to ve.�3-- gm� oonfl?ston itn · :feg&N, \o tlle 
glli&)noe- of -� foreign offairs9' _ I run. m;,nfiden� that 
.. I am supJK>·rt.a-d •by ·ev-e17 oompetent a;on$'1ltut:1onal. · 
authorlt3 in, tlte sta�men:t· that-the lni'tlattve !n-:.·, 
dlreoting � :-els t;fJ)?lS _ of our. government 1a asst
bJ7 the constitut1.on- to tbe �aeuttve;.,. :and to- 1rhe ·�
m�
7 J., 
�a:cnti-v'8 -only* _ Only . one: ef the tw,o hpuses o-f· congress f!e $.SSQCisWd _with the P1'8S1de.nt by the eo:nettttU:t.to.n, 
. > · in an advlsory c.apaci tJ* and. the advld:(t o:f: the- senate: 
10, provide¢ for only whensougbt by_th'e Executive 
tn regs.rd 't:O &Jq>lie-it ag�eementa Wi:th :1£0:re!Sfi 
· gov-enumm,s, and the �ppointmen� of <U,pI.om,atto, 
:;-epres.enta;tjve:s wb-o a·re· to spaaJt fo.r tl:d,&: govel.'m!'.Iet:$ 
at· -foreign· �plti:lJ.,s. _ �ha· -only :$flfe ·00::t1rs�. l am· 
:oenfi«ent., J§} •- to ·ag.he:r-e to the ptese·11;:bea: m&llhod-
-�-� ,·the_ Coriat�tQtltff.• We might· go_ far afit:Jl<l lf. 
- wa 
df.lparte:-¢- :froni .it�• . _ , 
. The ?r.esidettt:"'s ·&-ttitute .epel.led tb:e · .e�d of th� Fall 
. 
. . . 
tea'jiutton♦:.  Ano.t··h.-e· r e• rfa-- i- s- •  f• n ·l\!e·- ,o .xi• -c.- an• • • - -�• •ri- :c.an • : • •  • ' : • ••  Sffairs - ::
had pal3,sea-•. 
S!ln9e the �giflAlng of. t� World ws,1,t P:re�t-te.�t Wilson 
had be$n o·ccupi�d mt-,:t oth�r: !1¥.ltters- to th� �xcl�slon- of 
t!sxt.oan at-fairs�· So·on. aft$r tm 13:loae of tll'e -wa:r he­
-a,ttantled tlla })eaq-e, ·Con��enpe. @ti �p-on hlS. ;-etam to- the 
trnl ted sta:ta,s �e, -a wast�-r# ,totirc� Re C8mf?t' ba-ek to wasM·ng�.:�> 
- ton an :tll aAd btoken Ulru}p• RoweveJ>. his at�-t tlld-e- on the, 
lt8.ll r,esolutl;cm gave t1Vlde11ti8 t·bat -the President still 
stood· ready to i�� Mt:nac$n aove :r&ignty -and oppose the 
;1,ol·tos, of -th� lI.Il�-�ialial&•· 
109 
$.f.l�:ret4� Lansing· ha.d handle-4 �=-can,:a�i� vtr-­
tu.al_ly al.4'� s�t,le the· United ata.tJast· �1:.1t13 ihtQ -t-h�r 
� • -
;, • • ' ) • ' • 
• ' • 
• t ' ' • '. • .• . 
Wo,�14:, Vtar.- Evidfl.nee pn.ints t;o the .faet- - t'llfit_, WilSQ# -waa: 
-tUsplea�d with Ls.n:Sing•a aggt!ess.iva Ma-m:ean· p.�11¢,-., 
$Spe:0'1all3' t�: the .1:lanff·l'ing ot the Jenkins 121-;tfai• x-• • � $'bis  • 
• • I', - • • • • · 
. . 
was one of t.he. �as- .o- ne !to. r tli-e·- d.1-amis. aa- l fr.om 'the fiebih&t . . . . � _:.---� . - . . , . . 
of too Seq�e'tary of State t� Fe.b:�17- 1920�49 $1 
-111h-e Se'ttllng of tlle- Jeil.k:t11$ affair and: Wilst>nt�$ 
stand '°n t.t� Fall roaolttti¢n.• f'.oll.P:"Wed: by t:he subat)quen-t 
� ' , ' ' 
remo�l of s-e:<tte�r, Lan.s:1ng$f .called -a l:!Etlt! t-o the 
· . . aggrea:siv� t:nte�ti.O!':ll$'t movemen't for. t:�i t1mfJ �:elng.,. 
fhe �exi,oan i SS!l& �s i:lt1.ll gQ;r:,:d eampai � .Jl)9:t(,rtal and. 
8$ R.1PP3' $8.$'.s;, 
Tl.ta aggress1vae� beat.en a $80'�ond time .. _/ now rea:arte-4 to tte stage plw, of l,916:oo Tb13:; •� 4etemnine:d 
to defeat Wils-()1.f at the. app,oaehtng natlottal eleet-iDlf .and ·to pl.edge 1}}l6) , Re"pnblican pa�·v to a 
Yigoroue da£ense of AID.$:r'1ctan trnte$ttnel}ts and; an· 
en&_i-getto ptose:cut1on o<f A111efi:� o.!At�.g; _ Although 
the_ non-1ntervention1ats put· up a �ttong fig� ht .•. tl$' lnp.eea the-g had be:en do'klg ·si�n� t- e.�tl,f 4a_vs. of· 
1$'�9,., the1.r�owe� show�d atgna -o:f ·,oovtng dJrr4n1sh$d 
. 
•n•HI� " 
The Fall Oommttt.� qontinn�ci ite, iJ�vas�i�t'lon ot 
Mau.can stfair$� the �por,t:a of whi'c:h WE:t�- ,pl bl�sned · 
in the newapapel"e a,t 9eat length{;'t-.. A g�a.t nUlll\)e1 of' · 
• • • r, • • . -
49·· · .. ·•· · _-·· .. · ... _ · · .. New. .YoY!t , Times♦, F�b:rttaty 14 __• ia'o U:zq 
ll.O 
'that the ma�::t'.>r1t�. oi \J.t.�m �.V-ol;'ed a ra-cUoal. onange Jn 
t:m Uelti�� pol:J.:eg:• The; r :•01-a tnte:rv.�nt&QJU;sta:,.. suqh as . ; � .:-' 
, foi'Jne:r: Atnbao.sador Re� �e ·®"11-aon.¥ testif1e4 a't g�&t· 
�ngth�- Qt1lte- a perlod of tbie was giV-en, t,�: the head· 
' ' 
,of t-he· Nation.al A'$ffl>Otat1on, f.:or the :P�teettoti <>t Amertean 
nights 111 •Jd.�:o� Oha-rlea it., Bo1Jit:Q'n� sev�ral eoluxnbla.;. 
Net1 Me:xi ·co-,.,. residents · who haa witnes8$;d th� V1l?ists 
' ' 
;"ai« of 1916 we�- l>rougat te> tJl;e St&-®i:t- All'i�t1;�1.l'tl owners. 
of p�o,pert3 anti mln�s in Me-Xle<>,,. Whoaer 1nte,'.restt1 bad 
' . ' 
wltne:e11es· i>eveal:ed that oonditiotts· tn Mext.oo· were; 
qbaotJ.;�*- that t·ha Oauan®, government l wai �ble ·t.o kaap 
{>"�4er�r in .faet: that th.a Cartano.te.taa -w:ete; little better 
·tlmn. - · bandits themaal-¥es• . . . - ' ' . . ,  :· 
' 
' 
The� Ufaf:l little- 40ll.�t. t:hai th& lfiall C;�t:te� Beport 
wa&. btas�d.,. lUpp;v aiys t�11 the nist.o.rlan :oottld l:lBrdly 
a$ $ better· s.ou:toa :to, t:he atudy :o:f the mo;i.1v.a·s �d 
· me· · ·th. O u.:1�.a  Qi""  �,... ....;,,ii- -'-llnie n_ •'P  .,;. mpe .:.,.� .-4•·  ·1�4:CR'A.-u  lt- · •h · 1'1'w,.'f ♦-a-A· ·s·t t�s 51 . a ,a;n " e 9U,;6;,'1-'i'•'4 , 8 q . � 
Fe.11·11 s own atsnd ·011 the Ue.�¢.m q:�est1:�� was cle·azr 
w1 tho:nt dqu.bt,�- For Jeats. be had 4-ri tietsed' the A4mj;l'liet�• 
tioa'a ®ndling 9f<Me�ean atfa��s and had _a-t'lVMatett 
' . . ) 
., 
' -✓: 
',,r . 
111 
st&t:ed:;; "Sena·tor Ml,_. on the: otl a.i· band-• left,_ ·;ti;ttle 
<iottb�- tnai ho� ·the:� not to.  fi'n:4 t,he· t1'itn abo.� 
Mexi(:o but t.Q_ .drag fr.om tb:3- wltneasa� factri 1� Jl'upport ot 
hie: .. . P. �. O·..}I S.  0. .0.: n-.
.
v •l ,
.
- 0:t, _;.1 on_ Q\im se<its., • .6 2 
. _ A few: anti•lntEt:r:tten:i-lonlets tes.tif1e4 'ba:to:re tlw.' 
., 
Fall, C.0:mtnltt�:•• .sc-h as D.r;.a;. S$lD.11$l. Gu.¥-· Inman,!" L.,, · J:•-
tie ,�ltke:t;:o _folE,"met; .Neg Yo�  ,Times· e�nn�JlOnd'ent: who,� a:.t 
r· ' 
th�:. t:lme· c:t_ th�, <lnvestlga.tion_,, was handling· pttbl:i'..o:ity. 
fr,; t�: �eag¢� 0£ �e, Na:ti,c>na .A$SQ�a.t1on�.;: an&· 1>z-. 
,;-. 
-�o.r;ge . -B� Wi:nt:on.. al.e;Q aaa.oei'£\t�d: w.tth the, Lea:g17.-e of · • � - -� 
- • • • •. • j •• 
was 1P$rked. t.hJ'.oughou:t by. d$ll.berate disco:art�s» wluoh 
•.. . .. .• • . - ~-
·OQntra$t.e:t\ �t�ongq ·.�tth ti.le -�mpathetie .at�.ttu<\t;f. ha 
-- ..;:  � 
-�lf:ea.'t�d toward.,.,,..  �W1_t,neJi3Bg� repro.e·enti.ngi the oU 
. . . - - . . . 
.
1-.-n. �.......�.. e•\1: $. #,a 53 
·Cre•tii.'.t mttat- :, 1?�· g1.�n to ·tn·e work .do. n'e'  b,y .th�, an:ti�• 'i' . 
tnt:e,;ven. tionista,. • who!1e· w�it;tngs and. -speeqtJ.?,e: did •oh . ' . 
. -·. _, •, . 
., t�o coJ1nte;-a-01t· the:, pr.opaganl{ a .of
. · the 9:vi:d · 1#.te�enti.on,.. 
. . . .  . . , . . . .  
. ' iata,k �� SJ;UQµ.e:L $\t'Y Xn.rmm'·-a boo:Jt,..,, Inte,rv� ent1toa iy: : . . . . - - - . -· .. . -, ,. - -· ' . . . .. . . 
MeJtiq;o _ _· :W$� ba$f.ti�  on tiw· a,11thox'(s: p�sonal �:mre:f:l�n® •- . - " . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . . . . ' 
. ' 
. 
. . . 
. . . . . , . •· . . . - - .l · .. . . 
: . . . . .;· . �- ·: . :: .. • . . . : . ' ·,' . ' .
..· .• . . :B��� 0 . '.,l:0. � -�!tk$.t�,- T-be P,l·o.t _As,!irtat. ,��t�ixfeo (New ·YorlH 
·.-1!,if:red:_· 11,,�: .:Kn()p_ _f ,., l9l�J� :'.Pll�- 2.?4•2'150,,.·· q�$)ctin$ '. Nevi<York ': 
Globa, Septembq:r 9'-th ., . l,919,� : 
· · · .
.,'/ ·· · . · 
,. 
-� 
Ibid. ,., p� 2'16�27'1 . 
-� 
.  
-, - .,.-. .. :-.-- .·· :·:.:--:'"· ----�··- -·-·- ., 
.. 11:2 
in Me�oo and �ttempted · t:0: -ottltlvnt:e a lt�g tor t?m. 
Ma·xt.C.81l aX1,d. an Wldi;j_nttandJng !;)f·. bjJ:l problem: t-o the 
raaae�., · L,- G,. iQleEenet'' s ·The. :!>lot. . As;,itM� · Me:f1•c;o,., . a mote 
. - . 3  . - . .• .. . . . . .. . . 
. . . . 
Joutnal:istf-� -pi,ece. e� ,wor� 'indicted the Ame�tean ·otl .·. 
men and otbBr·  vested-• int.ei:a·st·$, f.o;t pl:ot ttna; ·t·:o take 
. i. . 
· ow.r. M.e�®+ P�h:tet:s i� J.ohn It� 'l'u.rnew,'s -_Htmds. 
o:tt· 1t1e.n e:B nl8€1,b� -�a-l:ted biased�, but -at, tnt);; 88� tlm 
t! 
s11ehnp;e,opaganda" $�--l!'Ve_di·.to $-how the· ot.he:r a.$,,de. cf ·tb.e . 
p:tctttre and entmt·�r.act:ed the inte:rventionisf; p.n;>paganda.*; 
•· �bge$ within tcl.ia. M�ld;,pan nation. ita�µf,t:. Q'o1Jstitt1ted 
'tlw.- :re&l -reas,on why, the· movement· t"� AJne,J±c:� 1nteff$nt1on 
\Va$ si:q&t.ra.qke:d."' A gi:eat- nll:ln.'1· in Mex:tco wei-o. dl$$atisfted 
_wi;t:b t,he. Ca:��z.a ,:e·1&,-illltl*,.(}.n.e -·t.o �lie; g, _ratt ihat- :�s. said 
• 
•
�o bEl·, p_:,eae�t - in th�· i.nne·r gove�t . airQl�ce, end to 
the fagt t:�at Ca�zs- hatl-�t as yet be·en. a(b:f.& t.o -b:, ing 
·ori,a.r t·o. all pa�tra:-- Qt tbEt l Q®t�'- .wt 
·.: --'?lie- �tlaUing tevoluti�n .vme broaght a.bo�t by t1- o-omlng 
. . . , 
presi<ient1A:l ala,ctlott;.: ·. I't. w�a ap1>aren:t that tJie ,pa·oplao* 
. . , . . 
oh<.U:c:$_ t-vould pr:oJ;>�bly.. be: Alvero dbre-�6n. �:� -��-� 
. eons.ti. �t,i;oml1$t genoral Vvh-O ·ha.d l.�t-. a_:t.i atm ;fighting . 
. . the 
. Vi. lli �aa. ,, �r n0,m.e reason he , had . . l. '..o ,at : . tavo:� •W-1 th ' ·_., .. .  
_Ca�1�a aft:ai the - latter b, �4 .as:snmed pow&l"; and had . 
,
:
�ti·.te-d t·o hls native S:onora; . until ha began:: hie p;iesi'!" 
.·· . .,  , " .. ' 
. . · . .  ' . . . .. · . . . -
. . ·. 
. . 
dentlal �a-mpa:tgn:- e�uanza -.had 'mad&• • :' the. e·-ta,tement: that, 
I 
,•,�
• •
• • 
• • ,• -'•r ' • • - • > 
••
 
·• J
. 
.• •
• 
• 
• 
• 
_ be·· w·otUd\ not: .fitte.mpt · to. ·h&l.a. the.: .pr&$ide-r1� -is se<)ond tlme 
:-
•
-
• •
. @d that Q:·(i· ¢,amt� q�-�:C.ti◊ntlf flOUl.li- 'Q_e: honest ani peae:e��l• 
neverthe,1eas,1, A,ntb�s�ado:
r �on.-1lla.i:l ,.-et,o.rn�d. ::ft;():� W!i:ehtngton 
tt:>' tl11,te � the :taee fet presl,d.en():8 and j,� W8.$. -un!}e�tood 
bad the . ?r.m. . . tbs't !le 4$nt:t,s. .h·· aQ..k ing!li>54,  It -�a beli.avad 
that: ca�an� �PPQ'rt&d Bo-nUlas fn. o2'der �o avoid the · · 
e:oil:Uitrt tha:t Wt;),nld feSUl t ,from the ,:ace, f�,� p:7:'esJ.d�nc-y' 
bN the two 1,aad..ting C':B.�tdi�tee�- Oh:r�s�n � ·Fahl.o Gonzale.z,. 
, S.R<>tllar l!e:&!Chlll, g&��ta)i�;;t}S Th$ . foll-OW;rs· q.f Ob:t.'G$)il 
- malnt'flined tbs� tha Manean pr-est<tent was: �pdnsl!'o:t:!rt(l. 
. 
l3o-ni.lllls -�<> that e �
. . 
v n ·Tatire� h� ,could' :run ·th�. 
· Q.�Ql)'tt"N1� 
· · Wbe'n 'ean�n� ot-d�red _tro�pa into sonota to etvttle 
a $tt·1ke' �- the <5bt�g6nfatas. rallle.d to· dt:1,1:°ell<l. th�.i re ata t£i 
sn��ignty� -��� 'ba:d £ot®'4 the: Liberal" Q-�-ru3tftat:t\,naltst 
-Ai.nt.v· wit'ii the· y,oQ.ng ·gove�or of Sono.m . ,: Ado,;lie), -� la. 
Hu.:-e�a�, as �u:pteili:e, .i��der�: Tb.a plan -0 I ; Ague� P.�t3ta 
·arawn .u.p bg tbira :g� �n:notUlt:e4 tnat ��r�  �a never 
bet;l
. 
.n the- 1&�· '��G:: of tJ1e govel'tlmont • . SO()il: otne'r ·: �exiOQJ'i 
sta�s ;J-0t. nad tn ,the revo
lt agi:t.in.st CaI":ratt� · Ohr.egen 
. 
n: ,t 4 . ma. � the apl whe .. &� ...f ;;- � ..f. ': epa: e to h on o tol. n- ealf an le.d: the 
palao�i with. his enti� bod1 of loyal. of.ff·ee:·JZ:S' 8Jld offi'eta1:a· 
•txi �n attempt ·'qq 1�ns.fe:r · the government- t.()- · tUY1$.- CrQ:z�• 
. � pj:rt1, we.s �"t�P:k�.u . -�veral :ltima& tui�t,I: .·flnall:J �]i::tr.�iiz:a  .. . . . ·: . 
" :, � �-:.-. :·... 
. ; . . 
� 'i¼i . - . 
. 
.• . :; . :' 
- . . 
· -hieetlEt.i .•, . t)J1<!' _'C::it.,., �(., 4:44-
. · '6:l>Fcur,a:1@·Relattop . te.  . . . . : . s. o. f t. he, . .unt ·. te. d S..ta. :,�,:·:a- 1920 -. . :#t· . 9 ·. . .. .. . . 
•··· I :
P 1:2 . --
.:;� 
·i 
: -:c�:i 
_·,: 
114 
S13-'t 01.tt ·w1th a maall - gToii-P t·oward the Pu-ebla mott11taine:� 
_ :On :th,e' .tt:ight· :·Of'-� 18th he. Wa.8" traa,oherouaJy. murde�d­
by · a sappos-�Jily lo1a1 $Olc'Ue r."' 
-__ Obtogql),;, who- ha.d attiveit in MexiJ10 Ci t7 ·" denied e:t19 
eompl.lcity in Can-anza:t·s murder and E:)��e:a.s�d. J0xtrema 
.;-e�t 0.-ver the affair,,.. !Je· la Rn.erta Wf,tS• c-hosen anbsti­
ttt't.e Preff1<14tn:t by t.b;e, re_o-:rsanized co�:ress �-o -se:rve tha 
'I 
ttt1a�p1:red ·te;m of ca.�nza.,r -Ob:re.g6nY ·a &.leo"t;ion to the: 
,, 
p�eideney was. pra:.qti:rl� · l)n:s.¢re.d., 
r .... , Altholtgh A-me:riqana had .erit1:c-iee-d M�x$.¢r;i*·s attempt.s­
·to esta'bll,sh a :a:table. gove.i.'l'nnent-;. indeed t�t- bad been 
' . •., 
gi·ven · arJ one of th:e · rea:e-ona f:0,r intertenttop: into !!ex-ioan 
.affai.rs •. ·tb6 tJnite·d State:e· tegar�e:d' the• ne\1.: g0:ve.'.�1tt 
as- a chall,ga· , fGl' the b�rttozt-. .aar.ran:za· ha.cl. irai1'.ftsined an 
llllfriendly attitude· tQtm.rd flie Unltte·d States and ?W-tllY 
. •I 
:cont:ro,r•t¼.r.sl�,$.- had aria:a-n <tu.ring hls �,l'm 0:£:; 'Qffiq.e,.,. 'Tha.,:e 
. was· a tendenQ",y ii:i th.a Un:i�d States 1!0' regard Obr<3son _ ii$. 
·�he f-utu're n,sir.on:g man" o--f M�xic-o .. -: �- -had given- aasumn-q�-$ 
Qf a• f'r!�ritll1 poliqy toward the Un1t-eii S.t,:at..e·$- ill: hie 
oanr,patgn speeQhe$. �h�:se. w.e,l"e again v.o.t-ce;ci:· by the 
pm1tisi.omil praeitla:nt.11! a.e .la Huerta�. Tb,� Amorl;Q� ·thl"eat. 
of tntarlV)entl_on ce:asad. A new problem aroae wbtch �:¢ame -- -- I __ 
tb.e all .il_llP'QJtal'it d"iPlomatl-� ts-stte tretwaoo �he Um;�d-
.. 
Sta�e:s an_d M��o tor the n.e·xt three- yeats .. :namal;;'.(11 
I 
Amed.o-an �ecmgni�ion o::f the new governmant1.,· 
ilr, 
( 
GBAJ?TER V ! 
FROM INTERVEN'lION !PllBEAfS fO REOOGNITIOlJ�· ;1919•1920 
i: 
l>lpilomatio te1at1·ons between tha newlJ •-ors@!te.li 
Ma:�d:tan govefflmen.t an4 t.�e u� ted Statae retol'11ed malf>.lJ 
eill:out one thlng�-the· t$Co@t,11t.!on ot the :f!ofn1a� by the 
. . . ... ' ' 
. r 
lt\tte•�· While the United St.ates gov�nunent: :atJA A®�iOEU'lS 
. . 
1n $E)n�tal maru:fested a tr1e.ncU.y att1 tu:de, towar& the new 
govEr�i.t that was Sn ma.rte& oontf-Sst to t�e attltniio 
acoQtde« Oar-tenraa.  l'1 the later· months of bia pte·sldeno, •· -
· 1 
it was ge.nere-11? un.tieretoou \ha� �e-:tt�� fao,to3'$ ,anstnii 
d1$barmol'J9 between the tw� ·tta tlons �st be $ettle& before· 
formal teeegnitlon •was ($ten(1�.tiii 
t, bas baen po1nt$4 ou, �hat the ovartbre>w oi 
· Oanianea had fo�atall.eci the plans of lilt$ ltitef:'Ventl·onista 
. . 
.. . ·. ,. 
. 
' 
in the Un1te4 Statee,f · tRhe il�w Mexi.ean �ovEJt,mxient b'Otn the 
fitet revealea..; t,Tiend:&.N.attituiie towaltd t�e United States 
and mda statements to the eifeot that Amattoan proJ8rty 
. 
' ' 
and lives �oul.d, ·bo ptoteo,tsfi;·:•' · A great deal Of the �nter• 
ventlomet · propag�nda ha.ti ooen- e.imed at Oai'fa,i3$•. pa�eonall.Y: 
and at the> Wil�on e;dt.d.llist�t1on· lff.G)r·hi�- r.ec,,·t)·gnttlon •.. 
' . ' . 
fho$f;l d.esi:ro�e. o;� a more "<tj.�OitOtlS �Xi;Qa� poll�Y S$�tned to 
have gt,ren up th(;). .plaQ of aetu.al arlll8'1 inte"'entlon. o:r 
ta)ti.ng o�er· of the.·gov�mmen't tJf Mextoo,· but nevertheleae3.i. . . 
) : ·, �· ,, 
• I 
116 
·b length»' i.n-vest!gation of the FaU :Qom.m$tttle. endea. 
ln 1&11:,. lt2_0:t but a: short t11!1$. �fte1t the: O�ftWJia deb�cle. 
Wb.e .f!inai statement bg the comm! tt,ea l"t'tvealad that tha 
�eoognttlon paated to oan-an�a ll�d been but Tltond1ttona1" 
reoo{Pli,tlor,1�- Thereic>re tbs fontlflS of a new go,vern:ment 
Sn Me:.dc:,o gave the tJ�ted_ Stat�e an '>PPt>"�itJ to settle 
,, 
ce:rtatn ·mstters bettr� recoptzing this gov� nt� The 
g�nea-a.l 0.u.tltae ot the c>ottrae of action· e11ggasted bJ th$ 
�Qmmi ttee may be swnrna.i-1 eed as follows: 
l� Whe aewlu ofea� �4 gov$�nt tfflde:r de la ]Iu.e:rta 
mtt�t show l tself. poss�esee.: of stabil1 ty to �ndue and 
cliaposit.lon to oonwi, with the �les of !nte' i,nat. t.on.al : 
. ; . 
l•-
a, Aa tbe first cintg df a sovaJnme.nt was t, protec>t 
l$;�e.$ and propes-ty♦ the new sov.e1111nent met :l�tire 
thiQ pfo.wett.�tl to Amer1oan ott·tzene wtthin::t.te b.oi-aers. 
. 
.. . ' . ,.., 
a,. Nqn4f> of the provlat()t\$ of A:rtiole 2'1 w1t11 ;r(!)f�renoe · 
· -ti, tQ l1mitat1o-ns ttpon ptcpe�ty must. appl.v to Ainerloau 
• 
,I •. ' • 
. . . .· 
4.,. · That As-tto.l.$ 53 Gf the ooni:,tittit.S.on of i9l/l,  ,rovlding 
tha·1i "the becQtS.te Sball, !lave the exc111s1� right 'to 
·I e��l ftom the Republic forthwith and w'1 thoQ'.t - judl�ial. .. 
, ·, 
pro.case any foreigner. Whose prasenee ha_ may ::aeem expaciient." 
must not apply to Aineito.a�.� 
5, that Jtnm$4lat� .p ,;-ovtsltn. fo.'lf the appotri' tQJ;lnt of a . . ' . 
. ,, . 
. . . - . . : ·.- .\,, 
' . . . . . . 
olaJ.tnS 0Qtmn1ee1on to �$$. on �ll �la.1® to� a.amagas 
' . . ' ' ., ' . 
. \ . � . . . 
to Amerloans. 1:n. M<.lm.Qo -$1st b� oonclndedli 
•• 
• • , • • • • : • • • ·• '. , • - .:I1;· wae eta• t•• (3cl �the-rt  ";W� have .t  he .;t,Ies.a} .-tgh� 
. . . . . . . ' 
. . ' : : 
,. �: 
an4 it J,s 9S ,ist)l to :te'ftl� t,o r• eoognlze -� govemment 
' . :·. . • . • . . . • ' . • . _i, . . � 
' \' 
� Meii_t_QO Wh� ob' WJl:L _· not a#ee by w�, Q f fl. tJQatr to the 
(Qre£tgitlff eond !t ·:ton. ;e -.Q1 £eqogait �O!h-., The 0.<>ttlnli\tee, want .. . .,, . •. . . . .. (. -· -· . . . . -, ..  
so· fa:t as to stat� tl!at 4: f ot4er and peaee. '!l!1as: not 21�stoJ>ed 
to the Bepublto of· M�xieo .an(} effeo-t1velj e�-n.dei t.o • 
' : . ' : 
protect Amei,'S.o� _o1'.fli�na Jrf M$xleo, the -muted. sta,as wolild .. ' ' . 
seft4 �d for·qes ,l�t� the c».untr1 to reattJe ·otder .@a. 
prote.ot its c:tt.i �n$', � 
· · Pwesident�ieot · 0l>ra$9n had tno:luled tn, blB platfom 
' . . 
'. � , 
dt. nins bl� pre.t:iif- ;<t. e. nt.14 �paign the f.o1l$�ing in- regard: . 
l . . • • 
I 
� • ' • ' 
to internattoi'ial. ee1atlo�Si :. 
- .- ,, . · lj · Ab�oiu;te ieapeot for· the eoveie.1�·t1 an_a. 
' 
forei�et$:,, OJl t��: p�<)lple t�t the iaw� ::shall n(>t.  b'e; 
·i-ette�@tl ,a• 
Z. - ,;3l'. . · Imp;tov.e�nt .9f �:latJon.s Witb:, t1!1e"·�at.lcnt=l of 
. . 
'{ ' ' . 
. . . ' . 
th.e �silo�· �o�. .tJrient1,_.endeavorlt1S to rem()ve· ·e'f/er1- -$tllft 
o.� dlftic;11it3. with ·th�· Un.1ted Statea.� off{tlt�: p�nq1pl(t.,�: .. 
c>f a •ttaal '1m4ff>l-�tantit.;.t;g·--ei eent·iment· : $!¥iJ· :.14�af1p•:� . • . . . • . 
. , ; : ; ; · . ·. . ' . '{ ' ·.. .. . l , .: , : ·, _ � . . :. . 
. :,,·, .. . \ · . 
1··. . . .
-u 1 . - -··:. ·.".¥.--�. ,. . -'-._�-.u_;i_ - .',..:�;-�_ict , . . 1 . . 
. · 1Fal1 Oommit·taS:·· � Rgort,: · V:♦ .xt. ';pp·, :3S;?.l�33'73 
2Fore!m ,nal�tlorui· .o·f· ·t· ·h<=\--- - u� ted. s· tat· es., -19- £0·· , 1 P• ,,-· ,:_�--,!-132♦- -- - ·- - :i ·. 
l.18 
F$ l'l!till.dQ lglea1,a (,alderon was �ent ao . tlle �xi ��n 
:rep;-oeentat1v� to the t1�Jt�� States 1n J�,: 1920, l):e 
stated in an 1nten1ew ..wt th t:Tnde1-' S.t<n:etari · e>f StQte 
Novnsn n., Dav!$: 
All responsible pa;-t1EJ.s 1n. the eX.istins govenuil8nt 
are not on-19 des iron.e of 11 ving i.n peace: and · 
·llamo1>3 wi. th all . f<>teign ooUAtrl�e. abd most espactalJ.»' 
W,:th the Vn$tei States bu.t are fi�O e,o�nced. that 
.a� a matte�· Qf e1epe«u. en.,., snob $. poliOI ts ·no4e.aa.ar; 
-�:t the, ttlt1,111$te shlvat,on o:e M�oo �te�.li·: .r1n tc 
,that 1 t iE f and will .be th.e fiaed deair� and policy of ·t'M eJd.etiM g9'\1'0� llt �-t onl3 to f.D2�- aa1 ta.para• 
:tions �-1tb1p ;ta pjwe_r tor d�gee $.lcl tn3'1et14�H� which 
have ·b¢ep· ·o,�nµnitte� ·tn a-e-speot to the pz-ope%'tg and 
11vea: of fo3re,1gners and espeo1.all,y of .Ame�loE.\n · 
e1t�0ens-•. bµ,t aleo,-.to Il\$1n.ta1n a govemmant. adequate 
fo.r t.J:ie i�<>teqtJ.on of 1ife, property �« inaJ.V,.dual 
llbetto, .·.. . ' 
!J.lh$ Me�oan. �b.as�aa,,t- dt.eonse,ed the question <>f 
. ·. . ·' ,. 
reoognit1on wit� Mt•· Davts f wbo ·rovoa��d tb,st tb$ umted 
·stet$a eould not teeo.gtli,,zE) the MelUoan gov�tn�nt o.nttl 
' . . . 
it was ee:rtaln that: li��oo was c;apebl� of: ib.l.fllJ.t,ng. its 
' ' 
itite�t1onal �blige.tlorts ♦ , . :v�eildfJnt de ia: Huerta, he 
maintain�cl, :diff,eted little, f lr:'O.m his prcdeoe.ssot.e in 
teape·gt 1'D AJtio\e 427o : 
In Qcto)H:>r,, R,· v. Pasqneira .• confidentJsl. - a$ent of 
tba �ld.ean gowmment ,e'Vealad. 1� a· letter:' tc> · s�·o.retai-1 
. • . ' .•.· I 
. ' 
o·f State lSainb�t\ge Gol�Y that !i!Qld. co was willing t;Q 
. \ 
' . � ' . . ' . . ",.' . . 
ub1 tiat� aa by ptov:isiQn o'.f Artlole 21 Qf the t:.eatt of 
3 Ibl' l4.,,'· '
,,.,,
' P. -• , -'1., ,7.;,,;,�-_ . 
4Ib1d� ;,, P• ':1!8•1 '19: 
\. 
- -·-�-�-------·-· 
,.119 
Gttadalupe�itla1go,. , uo ,sqggeete4 · a .Joint Afl)ttx-ation 
. . ' � . . . 
Q·ormnt...eaion, to ad3.Qdi.o.ate oia1�� Mexico �$. Cleeplg 
pieve(1 over thE:} oharge t�t s·be inten4e.4 \o dl.EJavow· 
. ,ba;r 01>1isatA:orJt•· Both de la Hllerta �nd PJteei'1$nt--e1eo.t . • ii 
Ob�BQ� ha<l pab·ltol.u deol�re« that Yexioo· wou1a. teeP$et 
$ll rigl)ttul c.lai��., Be went C)n to aai, l 
Wtl a:-�. a. pJrolid peopl�,. on(t. the eo@t'¢ of Q1lf 
Pll'l4.e .1s a$ high a $.O®eptJ;on. ot ®t lo!ffl). bone, 
as W4$ eve,:_ e.-eeted bt an, �tion;t The,eao�-, · 
aii'-., when the Ma�loan govo;-nnient de.f1a�a �bat tt 
ie willing and :read;V to aaeW® fu:11 ·respen�bllity. 
tor· $.J.l ,Clrf lt_a· 2;1lt�rnatt.ona1 obltgatJon�. it l$ .. 
a eol.ernn PlE>Clg(>. that wtl,l be _kept to.: the letta:r.-5 
Sllo� - aftana,a Cct:U>J lasuetL e. stat.�mexrt w 
the pr,ess·f .-
the 118Tll $0V8nim9l.lt ot Me�·oo hQs given · indioa1f1oil . 
of stability •d a oi-editable sens1tivan�e:s to f.t$ 
_. du,ttee and theii 311st P�lrfo�nee-. ,t•·, · !l'�e iette� 
of Mr I'aaqaetx-a o:f:ters a basse upon wh1eh the pre• 
11m1t.uU:'iee to -teoognition .·uan OOnfi\ie,�tly pr��ad,. 
�d I_ sm �ope-1 that Within o ahon :ttme3. the . 
ll,rtlpathetle fr:tendah1p. •,  �. the patient' fQrbearanoe 
Whieh Pteaide�t w11eon ha� ma.1u,teste<1, t.owari-. the­
$4�1tioan Pl ople dl1 ;r1flg ,the lons peno<i 'of their 
inte� disor4e,a �11 be Mli' Vin�lo_a.ted.� T� 
d�$1s-e,- .;re �o�&d • ln Mt,.. Peeqtto.lta' a letter fer the 
o-oilficienoe .ana. am1oabl(;) NSS�d ot t.le\, vn1,ea. Stat. ts is :fµ.1,l.y re01p,(u:,atGa.._ • and I �rn hap:p1 to· bel.i�ve· 
t_�t. th� ia;at. . tloud . npon t�e �01 ent · ��ndsblp 
of tbs two pe9p�e 1·8 soon to d.ieappea�+ ,. 
i 
·.g.·.,.. ..t. - . . · ..  ·. . ·,·. Ibid., P• 188 
6Jpil\t • Plht, 1�2�193 
l.20 
·. O<.>:J.lw• e �ewer to l?�eq11e1�• � letttf�. v�•�·�4 
p�a<ttit1ai13 tk:I :$$De $e�#;nentso � it 'iie: E3tEt.te4: 
. ' 1.' • • ; • ' 
� 
I • 
• · • . • .•,• ,t.�;, :J,, • < 
,• • • 
we have ·n.()·:t �eq�r� tbe assa�'cos�• •., i<♦Qf· MeXi�an 
· �8'ri. f<>r ,th�dl�<Jr�ge of: ·her .oblJ�t4on�� $ d of he7 WegJp;:e'"�t.::fo'i' tbe prtnOiples of l;nte�tional 
. . law� · Y<>,ll1?'"S.'IQ8W,>8llot1. ·ot a joint at,bt til"Stlon Oommi-. 
· esio.n to; .�,d3i1�1Qat:e. · ··the ola tine p �f3entf.tl!t py . .,, ti zens of othe� t1�tiAt1.ti�s .• to� damagae �,taiMd ·�·� a 
teeui•t. Qif• (llt)Qt'{tE)�• in- W9UJ" Q·o�tiw.1t .Ma tht3 pro• 
PQ$$1 1o .enaatge. and f£>trengthet\ �titJ'tlng··:t:eaty . 
· PJ�l s10�1f f�t: the a:r.bttta.t1.Qn of �1-1 �oiJ:tfQversi�lS 
, now pt·m,u�ns:. ot ,�tc,ll. �; a�se betw�en (),u reapeotiire 
. ··national a•·. blin0 conviuo.ing §J�ppo� :\'o you� deo1arat.1 '"· _tlOUEfi, i,:f that w8.fe' n·��4e.4�· . . . '. i - . · . ·· · · · ...  · . . 
Re,. imtit .on t� ®1 that th$ TfAl t.e.a .. ·S.tate.$: :WS·$: V.(!ty; /., " 
'' ' '' ·. : ' ' ,_ ' ' ' ' ' ·, • i ' ' ' ' ' ;,;,) ' 
�1=l\lwti.Q toward Me,u o�' e 4�e.1r$. to: •O.Qtj:$effl·: land ail 
.,e$c�c�e · i:;�. long· a:a 11rt1·<ne · 2'1 wae not t.�tet; te.d as 
. .:•·· . . ,I . - , 
fe•.  
1e·t1qaot1vt:r ·q·t v.iol�ttve. $0, vest�� prop�ty lis�te,, 
· • lt onl; zre.matne t.o sl� the·se �4��$t@�.lns-ll ,1;1. 
fo� wbtoh le �s.ta,$i 1n de8li 1nga betVJ�.Qn fri.endl.$ 
. et.ate$:♦, . a1iA I lla. ve tm hono� to. 8UtJ8$$ti�"j�tha.t QO�$,S.ionera• be PJOt+lPtl; d�eignatef;. by, both 
· •�·eo �cl th�l Unttea; Sta.tea to :fo:rjtrl;tla� a 
t.re�t; • EUXlbody.1:lg the ·es�ement� wbioh �ve 
_been. rea9he.d a·e the l'QatUt o� s
. otir.  :$q��ee4lm1as1on.f · · · . 
ftll · 
•,;. ,. , . • 
,'I 
B<>tli O<>lbr• � Pi'efJe• etat$meQt �tld lett�t to Paaqueira 
1hd·J.·O&t.$d that the Um ted Stat.' ea, was.  read;»':' to reoogtii ze .. . . •' . 
r 
the Meld� govornment $t· t.he oenrliu.a.ton of on 
. a�btt�ti·. ; 
,betwe�ti the two ooun. t�.. Q$J W,e f�endlf t�Q.e . . . wae ·in . .  
-rke:d oonthlat to tb:a t.o n� �f· Se.e. teta.:r. y L�ns1� iri. hie : 
qo�. .tJ� ttons t.o the Mext�an @vei-nrnst.1t .. •- ,· : ' 
' -,. .. 
'··· 
' . - l2l 
.• .,.r�. •••• .. on. the loi -�ne Decetnbe::r· Ge��ral: �bl'e�1 Ol:1 ·took. ovet • • • � ' • ' ; 'I   ' : • ' • • . 
ID. ��O.� go\t� nt . ��§1tUtte4 that �o:ogntl.()Ji bf·,  the 
' ' ·'.,'. .... . . ' .·' 
o.\.�mecl bf .co�EjEJf) in tltne Qf emerge:no.3,,i biit 9b�s6n 
1 ·
Wf.is �,f!SU7 e1e·�te·a. b3 tht Me�Qan IJ;>:op�e � tn ae�tri 
• • ' ' ! -, I' . :/ .• •· ..... ,. 
- • 
. �t1mat1o�s :of m1b��q11ent-le�9a11 ·te�ogn1t1�n �a&· 
beett r�vaal.e� 'bU Oolbf $8· bt1a .b�.en pointEHi �lit�. /H<meve.-. 
·the .lnao.gutati()fl .Qf w�  ··G�-1Iat41ng �8· Pr��ldent f)f 
. . .'  . ' : ·. ... ' 
the Uni tei State�'  and hl .$ . , appointmen. t ot· qbE,;lrle.�, EV$1s .. 
' ! : . . 
-. ' ,· . . - �' --� : .. 
lillghes �e S�():t"EJ�ary 0� �'tote had mi ·1PiP◊l't:$llf �ealia.g 
qp;n the, qµe�ti��:: 91 Atneirican reoognt t1011 ,:�, Aield.C)O·�' ;' 
, 
, , ,: , ·,, , . , , , , ' , : <I , ''. : , ,. , , 
lit Aprt;&; ��s14ent Ol>�gott made, a .st,l!it.erµen�• ,q th$ 
-
' :,· • ' It 
Melti<laa Fore&�:-9fftQ� vJfaoll wee t:ra�u� tt•4 .,to.· .t.h� 
·· foteip. itepre:sent�ttveJl:• He revaai�d ·th��: ',the ootµit�; 
•·· ' 
, . .. . 
.·..-
,;; . .
 - . . . . . - .
 , '.' . r .· . , : : / . 
- waa o.<>nu,l�tel; psQ·i#ed,i, alth¢�gh. �o v1�1e�t •fJ.� ba(l 
' . . .. , - . . . ,,. ;( ·. ,. 
. . . . ·; : ;I 
· nation wete in .order•· . · Gua.rante:c, 0,t· th�. pri:teo:tlca of 
.the 11Vee attd· 'fotea.gne:� wa.e -ma;(le -�d au---1��1t.�t1oa 
· to f 02'11!!tt bll(ji�ee�� to o��: to l!e21�; W�Q . ��edq 
Ob'8$01'1 a�aµiijeµ, P�ol&J� · that Artf-111� 2V �o�ld · not 
·. .'·.•· ' .. ' ,",• ' .,, .. ,· ' ' 
be lnterpre�a., .,�·,,t,, · . . r:  . oacttvea to e.fieo.t e�1ng pi!opa ittu ' ,. ' I'' '• -'. · . 
HBbts� F.e.$t1tn.tion. . of .Ptopetties 4eatroa�i13.:�i,. a res�lt 
� ·i ' ,, ,I 
· 122 
of the .. J'�Vq;Ltttlona� pe:rJ.o4. �,at1 $ll8�nte��;· �9ltle:re:· of 
fo�lp <lab� w��e 1tlv.1t.�d. to ente:r· en.-an{ie. �tlt. $. With tl:le 
���q�� sovenunent. .·  for �tt1eirit•t�. 
Altn�t:Jt. two moatbJ ·1& wt t�. Haritng adml-�letw.attQit 
:r,�·a1�4 oA ,�at What ba.s�a.. the ·Meir1oan s,veJ1'illAJ)t· 
tJ>lUd �l,tpeot . A11le.1.1 . J. an.  �·CtJgnitJ:on!l A <lr.a�.  ·ft$$. ta qt . 
t : 
4nii1iJ. �n<l Qomrnetce Wtwe.�·n ··the ttiUtE>f St4t&1e ··tU1d' MeltioQ 
ut&e 4rawn �:P bf �·�t.,:ratw.q ,Jf ·siate: 1:ttaghea •s.n<:r $ppn,w<l 
· by tll� ·. Prfaitent� .·· A ·�r,e, JQte11eat!ng. i!lffl;' 1'-fefUtng . -� . 
· pteot p.t. dl1>lomacy �. . S®Nei, be ·tmast�a .• · ft'e·atlee 
. ' . . . ' ' . . . . . . . ·:: � •. . . 
s:re·; ti"alll' f.4te.t· 4rawn. up 01 aooJeditea fepNse�t.attv�e 
. ''f ,:· ., : . -· 
oi t. wo ���. t1'1e& Md ate c•t.de,:e.i ·ti,. to'® Wl$n tatifi�4 : .• 
bt, the. two �tions,. �.Ms tr$ats wa.& dra� IP b1 one · · 
' ,, ,, • • ' - . -· i •• .,,, 
lhlita.4. StatQ$ · off1�Jal without: the lg'J.owlt,$t> ot e.orisent 
of �ltito tQ l>e eubintt�d. io ihe Blteotitiv4 ·Qt the. l�ttert 
... for. SlgnatatEJ·  WhlOh, �Ollld·. .. nak& the troatj b!\iuUna ., 
. . ·t • , • 
• ' . ·- 't., -' . ·: . . : 
. betwaen the twQ .ria.$1.on.s,, 
· Tb& a�l4lee. of tl& .,pJ'OpOsGd traatg <fontain�&l: 
pr�t·t;Q$U, tlle ea$· prots.aiont,. ne we.ta f311·�gested. bJ :t� 
M. l C(JP!Idtteai . ··The ee:eent.J�'  p�,i,os.e of'}"t.: he t. �aty 
$,.s · (&tµt4 ·� Al1;1()le. l ;, 
P;rQ¢r.t1 n.g�� of , whatever. na tu�e., lle.tet<J.f<>te· 
QJ �l."eij,ftet-- aQqll.l:te)\;1· •• '••�ball lm4$� no ctnum..._. 
Qt!U'loee �· subJeotecl •ttF·iilonf1acat1on, -1�1e:, 
4Qo,at.ttu:tiqb$1 ptov�elo�e,, · J.eg1s1a,1-ve QJ.
. eltEh1uti"te: d.:�ctee.$ or.· Q\b.erwt.se,, ': ihe' itgbt. · of .. 
e�ropnatton tnaf .b· $ f(;)SO�tf.ld to otlU on S,totmde of 'P11lt:1t-i� purpt)ee ;an4 shall. no1rPf bfpef
. 
t/t.: e,. 
t�eN·ie.e'1 withQllt dne pr�ess of lawt iior 
wi.thou,t t!1$ pr¢IQP1 P.a91;I18J'lt Q f 3ta8.t· Qotnpensat.1on 
!% . .. Ti. ,·-: ts .· : .. , :::\! 
lb14 • , pp�, �,a:�02 
-· · •·:·:;·: 
.1;23 
·•*• ♦. the trntte� ·. , ·� · Stntias .4eola,:o �ha\ neitha:ir 
the Me�.tqatl Q(I). · . tuttc>fl�� .• �no, the t\t�re. .a.,Qt . · · JQtlut1· e. li15•·•.,.is re.troa�tlw 1n 
• ilt£1J ,OV$�
tion,. · 
·•••fU;ld the:.: UnitEt4, . .,:3extean• St.a�a :recwgJiiee that the 
o�etahlp ijf. · a11 ·.Fja;'b�li�eee whtcb ate·..·  «ea<,:ribed tn 
•· t!w: Oo4t. of:MUae$ of.' 1e04i;t •••� re•' ve$t�� &Xi· Amo#i()an 
tlttt�®, �o: rpor:at��ns •. ocottJpan1ea • t\e�Qtiationo� 
. an« Pltivat�:f 1nti1'tliduals �o ac,qqi.i-ed·  :tltlee · to itaoh 
lai'J4e fjll' l"ilJ�·S pi-1:oit ?to Mag 1, Ulf &:O"t••�tl 'the 
u:ni tea �:tlqan statGa. n.Tldenuo , · . I •• .. . : : • •· 
. {a) to,��tON· to . .,'lm1;,rt� cttize�•··,�o:.i:PO"tlone 
eompeuatqtfa �sso otn ti<ma O;t Pl'iVate 1nclivi4ttala, 
the p�ye·rt1�b, :tt,tt,e,. �r Jntei'¢�ts ·ot WMt#h 
they r&.;J;iavo beet\ 4ePt1·V�d in .�ileo wit•llout 
jll(rt.L �\l$  flnoe J��3 1 0 191.0o ;: 
. . . . -. \ . 
f· ttl :,o _  lt8 oom�fi$at1ott to· thatD ft!J.r ciE.nnage& of c� tllJ�· ri')-�.t Wllote� on. tb91i'· P�Q�Wti�s •. •· righ\J . or iuteJet;1tJ, '1'.t!olt;d1Xl€J. � .QO&ll3,U, �-­
&BBOo·� tlon in wbtch t•lwt·.��· 1.�tst:�s.t e«,.0  at'  .a sr:eaut ot ��b dtpf.\VA�l�b . . ,') . . ,. 
·. lo) .'t(> tli¼ltr o alt�'1ate· �om»aJXnetion to# an,·J�ob 
i pttopc:nr • .i,;tght:s c,; inter&ete. o'SI'. wMoh. t�1 
m1 Mvo been oo 4e»i-1vetl ana. whioh it 1s 
not potelblo to teatore. ' · 
AtU �e · 14 ttovtded that � · •m � SQV4lr•n.t �«t� ze 
' ' ; . \. . _.. . . ' -
thell' paQruilaq ·reepoxm1'bi'Utg £011 a:u. i4mag� �:,lstns �rn 
• • ' L 
,, 
death Ol' 111311t1 ct Amo;-1�· 41 tl�ne Stl<l �wa� of deei�o"' 
• • 
, . • I ,· • 
' . ·, i . 
tton .�f pr11,ert,1 of· Amerio� :ftt!t¢¾1l$ �, Jl :�su,:it of the 
. . . ' : ', 
11.$xt. � n1'6lutton, l?r®illont were in8.4c:, fot a oo.n11ention 
. . 
. 
; \ 
bet:weon tho · tv,o tuitions· to -settle 01eims. 9 :: · 
. . ,, � . . . . . '. . . . . - . 
f))$S . t�atig 06$' presented to ObtQgt>n � 'ObtUl'ij�cl/11:Aff�,-ftl 
"., . 
Oeor,o a, s�rlin, · wbc> crirai&<t' to t}li) Meate- p:rea1aent · 
• ii 
at, he. place& th!, tre�tJ ;in}$ia -·hat!dtl' that th& s,1ga1a9 of 
. ... .. . .  . ,• 
• 
'f . -
, f · i' . 
• .q '0I1: 111. ,·•a  O'·tf  np· •·-•.   ;;o. e. �. . o.. a ¥ d 
.- ·- '."' '�. - . .,. . - -------............ ___.  ___ �.._. __ ·
. 
the 1n$t�nt wolilldo�net!tute. t�(l()gni tiorl-;bg· the V.JUteei 
. . ' . . '. . ' ·�. • 
gove2:'tltn�, , t. , ,' , I 
� ', •� , 
atat�e -i. Ob�gon et�t�d.-ie>. SU,�' t' :t/t , n•  1ibet he 
40ttbtetl. 'tliat he bad aut?io:rtti, �det th&_ Cc�;tt;tttiot1 to 
sign stieJi · a d.otnment and he. g�e,atly <loubteai; · that . t� 
Se�t� WQU:1,d ;att fy tha t:e.atJ:tiO · ..... . 
tn a publ4o attiit.ement s�e�ta.ey ll'ttgheer l'GVa�ei that 
. � ' ' 
th$ �4mnental · qt1Q�tl on .go�r.,oni:.ltlS t;he Uni �4 3tJit_(;ii • 
·, . • • . • II • 
. 
oonsi-u�nng it.e �latio.ns witl'.\ Uedoo,. was -ihtl $!d;_fegua�dl?J8 
. ' ' . .• 
. . . . ' 
a matter of admirJ;�t;Jt�tlen. t<> ,))e co!lfti.aed w1 t.l:l PG1l'Sfl;l&lits,. 
Ht1@h$$ . sat a, 
W:hen,eve1- �extoo is ta-a<13 t� gLv,e aSS11#$no.e$ t�t -'�ha 
wt�l p�;r�ottn :q�ir .  ftmdainen1'a.l Obltga ti-OQS in . the ·•· . 
pfQteott.on toth<>f pere�ne and .of i-ishte o.f p"pstta 
v�llilY · ElO.t:f lli•r.�a:., t be� w.Jll be .n,o obpt.aolea to. the 
moat. advant&geou.a relatiotis between tli� two p�op:-.e.e. 
AQoot4.in�r ·tl\ill Govettun.i>nt Ms propc;,ee,:d a W:reat.i et 
Aini t9 an£l oo�e�o.e m t;h- Mext o.e,. in wht·<>h Meld. oo · ws,.11 
a-st-e.e. · to_ eafeguai'd tm x-fghts· 'of pr:ope�ta whi.Qli we:-e 
attao'hed before the Oonatttu.tion of l9Jii'l wae;r 
�:;ni:�al�4f 1�!:t1:f!!�!��Ei�;!!!t�! '.i!ie�
e:�18 · · 
agbeereoemme en�-t�"e ,oer;,t sa:y.�r;$ - -anast·${!'.\on  1n1»;e. prt1atolpe ma:t:t toterrn;- _})w�lU,.¢o��hG �e aot  the 
proV'laloria qf !,.ts 4 omeE.tM.9 .P<>li<1-9 •. .tm .Griv� .nt 
�f tJte uni t�4-,-stat·e� Qani-2QDce1 ve of no; _po'fa� ble 
objeotton t!) __: ,\� Tre.�ty, .·, . · 1 
· . , -.,  ,·' ':: ': ·. . ' . ' .� . 
_-,, .·::.-·1a,._· .. _:_ .._.  . J;bi:{ft• t P•; 404�406. 
ll1w.c1. • P:P• .-�EJoi:��{'111 
126 r 
The Maxoian Fotatgn Offico, 1n reply to the American 
��aasy eona,El r.rilng. tllf.l · •PtQP08ed. t�aat1., stat.ad�. 
It ts not poaaible. nor expedient to s :1gn a oon-.. 
V$tl tJ.on o� ·t�aty �t\veen the Gove mme,nte �t> the 
Me.xioo ancl th$ Utd.t�a,at�t.oa of No�t.h A�en.e.a be.• 
fore .th� fi�t .ta ·1b1i, ·�eogniijecl bY,. the eeo.ond� !ho priority ot· t �. OQllV�nt i.Qn or tr�aty w± tll 
reapeot to 1eeogniti0Jh OJ- t� a1mu1t.aA�t1 of 
·. tb.eae two a¢ts or. their fusion. gonatde�!t1� that 
. tho e1gn1lltg c>f thefoffi$J would imply, :o:r s+snif:s ·
at t:be $ame tlma til.$ r$ntlwal of .diplo�tio :re­
lations betwE)en the �wo o(>tUltries, we>,Qld give 
moognitto.n a oonaii.t19nal Q.lla�ete� and· wQµ.ld 
.$1'$velq 1mpaUr tbe. . £lo.Verei$lltg of l\!e.��o� 
The Me;xte$tl. Rep\lil>l!o :W$. tl.  a $0Vere1gn ·s-tat·e.• t�$�e .. . ' .  . . . ' . ., ·  . ' . ; - ; ' ' -. ·: , 
tore the Meltieati Gove�rit· 90iat$nded tile ;��tlon that 
. ' ' .\ ' . . . . . . 
the P1:est.&�nt ah,ou.ld pl'evto,tt$lf O<>n1;taot · ot;
�; l1gat1ons 
of era, ttat�e. in. <>�der t·hat teeognttion· be,, e�ta�etl 
1· 
•, 
• • • • ., ' . 
_ • • : .
. . 
®ttoMl law. ·rt. was A�so �,tuatifiabl� 4Jte tQ .·th� 
. 
. 
taet that Pt-asi.4$nt Qbteg6n. b$4 'niaa,e :repea�ct atat�ttta�ts 
tbat. h.� wottld adj�et �s poli@ to the d"qtates of, 
law and tnofflll t;-. . futtilarnt(>t�;, t'he. MeXicak P;r,e·e.14·�at 
I • • • 
• ' , • • :• •' • 
�ould not slgn the treat.v,, becatis'e sttoh $���t�e would 
'be Qn�onsti.t.u · · t t.t1· , nal. •t;• · A:t.· t--iol. � 16 of the Me�"; .' oan·· Qonsti tutlan 
pJolli bits th�. p. . �. �lde.nt "to ente.r into· 0.on. ,fenttons �r ·. . : . . . . ' 
tt.e�atieEJ which �bri,dge. c>r m0d1fy the @lai"atftae.a · $tld :righte · 
whtoh the Coriat.��jiti.o:t1 gianis to the ind.i.Yidtta-l and to 
•• 
-,·.-.; • • • -,_ , •• J • • ,., :_,. \, . 
t� ·01 tizen •.d  · • G.',he eonett tut ion wonldi of d.:o�se# take 
Pl'8f.efenCe ove;r a t�a�f tt,' oonfliot 'betw�en the two 
. 
•l 
aro.ae:.12 
. .... 
. I 
...... :;,, __ 
Sec,iaetar,y of Fo.-etgn .Atta1ts Pant, in a oenversa­
tf.Qn w 1th �ti• rUn_.- . ata.ted t�t P�esid�� Obtagon was - -· 
' 
' l • ' 
, 
. 
, 
-ttrmi1.1 deterrUned to $.i\1Ciaf9 the · just demntte Qf fo�iGB 
gov� nts,. - Btlt ·he dtd not W'it'tb to lc.,ae ithe apontaneJ.t� 
of bis �ets before Mex1.oo Bild t� wor14 b1 aQeotnpl(Shl.ng: 
. . . 
this p.uiapose- under foreign pweeta�$. ·Suo� a pr·qqedtiJe 
wou.ld Wealt:Q.t.1 tiJ,e g:O'tr$mm8nt. Th$ -Seoreta17 said that in 
1esard to the :ratrQacttv1tr c,fc Attio;,te 27��graement of 
the exeontt� and leg1Sl$tl11e powers tn t�vor :Of the 
·iP-�;�t:.t:� _ of ne>n•�et�osetivtti had e.�:r:eady: been :sta�d in 
Va1"1011a \il�·a and up�ri W1"1o@ ,QQQ!l.$a1.ona♦.  :· fp.e. fltlel, 
. 
an;ho;-1 t.v up' on t,, hla mat' te, �_stad'  with the"ti  S@: ""�� ' niE> 
Couri of the nation and how dould it do oto.eJ'Wiee 
•• • • • • •• • • • • 
,, • j • 
than align �taelt wttb the other powe�s of the gov::$t-nment 
. ' , 
in . SU:()_h an 8(!tl1 table PtOPOS&ltt. J?teai dent Qbf$;gOll was 
. 
·. p :1 
$l,rGstt\v ptepari.llB a law pi-o\rldlng tor a mtlte,d <J.la�ms 
con�e.ntl.Qn to aetti$ tatnases e.asueci by ·the, revolutto��13 
:Ptestdent1 Ob�g6n ata.�4 �10 p,e:feo�l '.opinion upon 
, . 
tl$ p�posed t�at1 in a. 'l,�ttei- to l?�s:i.den,� i.ari1ng. 
on JtUJ;� 1.i.> I!� v91.¢.od the ss� sentiments e:;tpressed 
b;v. t.he Me�oan, Fo;ra1gn .Office· as to tht3 Me,q.ean i'E3•Je¢t!on 
ot th� ir�at3.- He. $poke of the law hG ha<i t>i"epate�. 
eerta'bll·��ng a �xscl olaima eon:nniseion t.o .4f:?t_e�ne and 
settle·· damages oaaaed bf tlle - tovoltttie>n. !i'�e e�o:rt tax 
127 
laid upon petroleum was being used to payr the debt to 
. -;.;; 
.the United States. He stated further his:' reasons for 
not signing the treaty: 
Leaving on one side the right of this oountry 
to obtain for its le gitimate gove rnment a full 
and unoondi tional recognition, a prj,noiple whiQh 
cannot be -abdicated in any -case because it deals 
with a state whose existence and sovereignty 
have not been questioned for one hundred years, 
it is lUilUlO�as·i::rS;,· to demand of Mexi�o the si gna­
ture of a trea.ty upon matte rs already settled 
in a spontaneous manner, and which�- as President 
cannot . e nter into because the law do'.e s not pe rmit 
me any more than it is permitted of the Pre sident 
of the United Stat�s to. conclude. i4a:�ties con­
trary to the laws of hi::, country. . ., 
Harding� in answe r to 0breg6n's lett�r, replied 
that the Uµited Sta$es government had asked Carranza 
for aasuranoes prior to recogntion , Thes_e promises 
we re not. complied with and the re,sult was loss of life .. 
and damage . to prope rty! Therefore, the United States 
felt justified in. demanding a definite unde:rstanding 
as to the intention of the regime which succeeded it 
with regard:to the protection of the interests of 
· Amari can citizens in Mexico. Such an undet,standing 
would have a bene ficial effect on political and­
commercial relations of the two countrie s and would 
obviate the .ne oessit y for diplo:rrati c representatives 
arising from lack of protection and security ! A treat.y 
14Ibid., p ,. 418 
r/ 
was nQtl:d.ng more, ot less tm.p. a fo.i'lnal st$tem�nt o:t te� 
on Whi. ob twe · n.at !()tis ma1nta1n$·4,. the+ w poll tl�al ana. 
comme:teta.l tnterooutsa, · l'n pruposi'ng this ¢oll�$e t� 
ffil1ted St�tea w4s not attemptU!g to it.1t$rfe:a wtt.h _tb;e 
dot'Mst1c:,- tnatitttttone of Me.X!c,e n<>r to d:i�tate- tn matte�s 
. . . .  
o.f pru:ely blternal o oncG,:,n,. · :l'he - t:rni ted Statea �<l no in<!!> 
tention of aekin$ tlle it..e�can P�.e#l�t to ejgn a t.�aty 
oonti-ary to tne laws of M�co:. �-<Ung S:aid: 
. lf the ·.etatamants rapea..tedJ.Jr tttade to· the ef«eet that 
t� Constitution and ·laws of MeXioe a�e not wetio..­
act-.1.V e and ®nit aca tQry f3, s tlil( t- ;I c,�ot . see how the t$.at'3 whi�b has ��en $tl'bm1 tteit .tot: f t,\l,r �Qnst. cl� 
etat101:i' l.$ gpntra.:1 to t.hem:·, any motf.l than a treat, 
ei CQnventiot1 fo�· tile acta��roont �f Olaiµis w�uld be 
so eon�idarea� Itl other wo%'ds ., the- unt_ te.d Stst a.a gove.mtn,,ent feels tl�·t ·th.a.· j>JtOV$.S1Ql18:: <>f the P,:opoeecl 
tteaty eannot b(;) -�otl$1·4.f3l'El& to ·bo ViolattV'� of the 
Oob$.tl tttti Ofl and 1,.a.wij: .Qt Me.xi �o, ,u.nl(;)S� 1 t ts the .. 
intention to interp:::et and apply' tlle.$e la.t,a · 
·•retroaetivei,.1!h.ieh tPli insist- it· 1s nQt t,h€3. in-.. te:ntion to do;· 
Ollt��on' ij reply -to llar4iziS. did not m.e,ntion th� 
treaty. . The Me��a.n President o��asseq. hope that -� : . : 1, 
· ·:d'i:plomatto t'alation}3 'heti1een 'the two ccrttntti6s would 
soon be :reeunied 1 as tbs Aii1&.r1oan Pi-�t"Jid�ni• had stat�d 
h. ..: �·-M-•-·• • ••--- ••--�•• --- -
in his letter that the ·united states did ·not e�e.t him 
to do an,thine that we.a not tn accord with· the Mexiean 
l.aws• tte atatGd that the Govetnmant had · 1 1nrtted the 
ttn4tad States to appoint a mixed ol&tms _qommiSfiion 
and h,a hQpSd tbat aa soon as Art_iole. 2o/ wse �egulate_d· 
bf oongress or tnta:rp-re'ted _b;, the Supreme Cou.tt of 
J11at1oef, the abno�l. state of relations beti1E}sn 
-
' 
Meltl eo and the United Sta tee wotlltl be enclea..16 
Whe administration, at Vfaehing·ton wa.s insistent 
upon ObJ>egon's signing of the treaty. Jn1 Nott��bei­
-Hard1t1$ sat d to, Un.ti.et SfO-tetaty of . State;,·- Hen� L. 
Irle tehet: 
No,thing baa ati.san to ohang� _my mind, about our 
proper attitude ·toward Ma.xioo;11, It wtl;l be better 
tG have a complete nndetetaacUng when we teso.� 
:relations iaathet t hW'l atte'mpt to eeet all. the 
,un(l�retanding afte� t�,'l{ ,.re sumption ·of relsttona 
ts eetabli shed.�• c; .4 Iwi sw'.  we might :reoe>gni ze 
text,�& and. :reestabliab helpful :relat�onshipao It 
is tu-tile to ventue upon en.aoh a oou�se withou.t a 
(!<>m _!)lete _  understanding if we mean t . o perfff"l our 
xlrsi do.ty in protecting Amert� ri�hts. ·· 
A�J;'i � �eoogni tt�n c>f Me�lioo was �:de mo·re eom.-
;plteated by tbe fa(}t tllat aa'tre;al of t� E;tt:rowan 
ooutrias were awaiting U'nJ.ted Sta.tea a.ott�n before · 
extending their tao·ogn;J.t1on. The draft Tr�atu of Amity 
" I  ,, . iiibt« •.�  PP♦ 424◄26 
1,u�14�_, p.,. 426. 
- -- ·- . __ __,_ ___ ,-�- ----.---· ------�. . �-·-. --·�-�---�-- -
·"""•-'-- -·- - --- ___,.,  __ --�-----------�-·- ----··"- ---'·-----
_, 
�d commet-<r� wlUQ� wa:s kn.ovm ◊:r1l.:, to ��ns-; itu�he$,. 
an<li �- few a.epattment of.fieials waa. eent t.� the B�.ltieb 
. ' 
I.. , nf- or. mati. ., �,._n .  wea re- e.. e1vaa.· to. .  the ef� te. ot 
. ' 
thst G;raat ir:1ta1n �pproved. tllt:l, aotton of: tl:\e u�ted _ 
, 
' ..,.  I, 
,, 
. By 19.22 t;h.e qnestiou of ��oogh.1 tto11 wae no n�are� 
eettlement. - In J:&1tia:r3 the Sta ta �par:tme�t a.t v'Va�ingtoft 
was infomea t.hroU$h l?���i;�hat ,Oln.<e·g6n was ;1ll1ng to . 
sign a Qlaima oonvent1on after which bis• gover:�nt would 
ba i:8 !llO gni iied; WM 1'81];>1 <!/,', he,  IV <mld [,\IJ;:lif !l ;a•eond Olai ms . 
·· : . . · . ·· · 1-'il� · . 
9o,ntt�n1t.ien• Att�r re.oogn.1 tiQn he w ot\ld wt'.l11ngl,y at gn 
. . � . . . ' ' ' . . 
a ·t;reety with the .trn.tte(l State.8 provid�d ::tits. aign1.na· 
... ' . ' ' 
I 
• 
• • 
4t(L .not codlic,t \�i th the fll.ndamen� law�; 9f h:i'.s· 
qount'l!:l·•,19 
OJ>��oti wae st1U · :firm tn bis ?e :fhsal to Sign 
tl tiBeaty p.. rior to tecognition and ttba Meld.qan goveminent , .. . . . . . ' . . ··. . ' ' , 
used h&l'eto£01-� i.11Jte ad'V&llQe<l� · ln a lettet to su.�:.rlin. 
; . . 
Panie Pl'ou.ght Q11t ttat S'!i<>h a ti-�aty was u.nn.eeaasar.v 
- . be¢ataae Menoo na.d· shown by be.i- policy t·hat she mea:nt 
. 
' ' 
to. live u:p to h$:r to�.:tgn oblige�Jonrh b'oteign govem-. 
v·11 . : · ,.,. · !t!J ·-· _ ·- · --- ·· ··• · · 
· ':3:��Jro�:r_e:;,ign�Relations of the United States, 1922, · 
p� 6�0. 
.\/ 
.... 1. 
. -· � .·· ..� ;;, ,_ ... . . - . 
°';-it--
:. f . . 't ·.:t-
lll'Qtlts lla4. b$en 1ny1t.ed to a Q_;J.a�me oorive��!o:n� Part)�;,, · 
') 
l, ••,-"�i,,. 
A�#:,Qle I of. tb9 ptopoeed tJ;e$ty, stating that fOltetgrii�s 
. . ··. .  ' . -. . . ,, . 
eb.QiAd.. batte. th�. right to Wc;>n p:rope�_ty on ;>t;h�:.)  •e tet,na: . . . 
aa ctti�ons of the country_ w�s 1.Ul<f()nstitutionaL,-' as 
th� Oo:nati tutt.o:n prpvided; . th8.t onlf tie!fi�tU'lS C<>iil<l eio� 
quJ..l'e ownet"sbip ot prope;ty,. ·1:al"agra.ph � of i\r,ielaI 
. , 
f)tale.�.: 
' �-•.:: . �t� � ·"'- -.•. --. .:.· :'. . 
Pro1>�r.tY,;r;:tghts ot wllatever nature:. ·,haretotore 
or h�:reaftet- a0,quired by e.1 tl�ne of et thet 
ctoMt:rry wi Wiln the tatritot;. :of the J>ther;,. 
sb&l.l unaei 110 e-iret1n1S�c0· be $Ub3E;>Otaa to 
oonasoalio�.,, undor Conetitntionsl J>.rovisi<>n, 
legielative or E'lta<rnitlv� 4eoree.� oi, ·oth.e"-2:,$e..·  
!Pllts etatement �a�· o:oni!U. .c ttp.g., l?aQf po1nt�d · ont. be,. 
' . , 
<,aua f.f a Ot?n�fa()ator;v P�- '0'1.Slon waa plao,�a. 1n tb.$ 
_ MeaiQaA Oonsttt,tion b; a®xid�nt. it. wp-llld. :tl,ilte p;-eQ�dent 
�r\18t the treatQi. !;\f3 th$; Oonstit.11tion -was ·the higbeat law r. 
· t>t tb� :land♦ . �r. tJtertt!.Ql"e.1 tile slg.nature of the P.1ea1ctent 
. ' ' ' . ,. . . 
. 
U:Pon t,ne pa� of tJle. . t�ety -declarlng Arti�l$ 27 non ... - . 
. ' '· : . . . 
�t:roa�ti'1e would'_'.t-tonstit�t�- a� nndu�. lrtva�ton of .. the 
_ 1eg18l.�t.!ve: ·11-cithit, 01 · th� �'90�t1ve•. A tton�titutf.onat -
• 
• 
, 
• ; '� • I • 7 
text eStflbliah�cl. �- pa_ttti(Uilat Pl"illO:�Ple __. Qt': Which the 
· .-· partt cntla.r effe�ts. inight 4nl.8 be dete�net by tha 
. 
i 
Cc,ngteas of the. Uti.lotu . �am.- state. d t.ha, t t�: esa were the 
. . . . . . 
-p:inoi��t �ega:l <i>bJeftt�� to the tr.eatr,.2Q • 
·ln· Apiti. · 19�:2 ,. !tagJtes w1rote- to StiJDma;lin: 
·:· 
• ' i 
err··--· ·
,. 
··ffl)
'·: Ib·· ---l..�· d·:•· .· t·_· .'-p-' ·•_ _ .·· · ·V'O:c_. A1  . -  
__,__ __ _ _• • .,.,,._ ____. .i..,,_.,_._.. ··---- ·- --•,- • .,_  -. --·..- -- --· �·-·--�- ------ ····-- -
• � : ' '>c-"• • 
132 
"lt .1s intV d$81!L"e to lElave nothing M.<lone.·,t-9 J>tomote _ 
��'�ndly �lat1Q�El with Me�oo �4 to ..b n,pg abot>.t an oarly 
:•:� ·. . . . 
. 
and a&t1sfacto;ey solt1tion of e� sting questiona•f' Il� 
asked Sumlll9:rlin· to il)fo;rm the Max1Qan govemme:nt that it 
' . 
wa.f3 qui� ®t.t.aftu:rtory t.o lla-ve the_ olaime conventions 
between the. two governments signed first p:ro1Jided that 
'the a1 $ni!'18 of the ires.tr of Amity· and Comm.e:eo wo.�ld 
to,.. :t1ew 21 . witnoqt del�' . '.•. 
Pam :rep�iad to Rtaghea that tne Unitai States 
$QWJ;'l'lllle�t had eV1dent11 m1a_t.aken the Meld_<:ian go,rem• 
ment' s poaitioll upon the signing of the c1alms conventions 
;pfic>r to �·cogrut1on. He made it clear that t� dxican 
government meant that ieoo�tion bf the united States 
. . 
I, 
r.m1st precede the e igning ct the elaims oonventtona • aftei-
whic>h the M$:x1Can Prem. dent VIS$ W11li.ng to o�nSideJ" the 
ei gtll!l$ of a treaty between the two nation�, ·He gave 
the :reason$ advandad· preVio.u.$l;v br· the Mexican govemment 
wh.V tbe W:exioan Pre�i�ent c.lou�tl nQt st.gn the. p:i-opoeed 
treaty� Settlement of tba> matter was deadlot,ked for the 
timo being,,22 
Amer ioan pt1bl! o opinion was tavorabl.e towa:r{l 
reoogni tipn of Meaioo. i'lle aeneral contention was that 
the ObregQn -admln1'3trat1o� was pea�eful and orderly and 
,, . . ' . 
1 
. �itbid ••, "/)♦ 646 
22tbUh ♦ PP• 6!?.3•655 
. I 
baSEHi. o:n legal . fQn:oda•t1.otta., the.:refbra,. aoco+dit;tg to 
diplo.matio p;reO$dono$:,, the United· states · hed no 
. . . ·.· 1 
i.es1 t11llElte �e.aon to.• wlthhqld :-a.�Qgpi tion♦. · In, an 
. . . . 
e::rtiqle in the Ame�1oan Fede,rat:.ton1at ·fox, �ol'h l.922, · 
. . - . . . ' . . . . . . . 
' l ' "' � 
the paauno11nt iaanl;) at th.f>· p:reseAt is t•be. 
ls �ae .Q:t! re ,QO$flit1oti of the · . l eg�ll.Y ef}tabl_tshed 
· an.d wqll oo. ntlu.q�ed go. va:>:mne. n.t. ct£ t}?.a MeXi gan'. t�p�bliO), BJ e..11 ot the . sta.naartls of government· 
111 the, &iplomatitJ re Qogni t1on o-1� en:e ®11,io:n by 
•Wl_o$hef, Meld.,Qo is e.ntitle<i to t�.eogx:t:t�ion as 
an aot. of Just.19:a., · · · · . 
. ' ' 
!Vhf> pal:'aDlou.pt ��ewn. however. 1 why l'�Qogn1tio� 
aheul<J be �ted ta,· t .hat tije ·1 •xi� gove.lr4Jn$nt 
oos o�mp�rted 1 ttlelf in a na,ajlel.1 wllt¢1,:i 311otifiea 
�oognit:ion· and the lte .�oan $QV�:rn:nnent . ia . · 
:. .a gov-$;'limeni} wlll<th lJQlds. Jta ·por:1er. th;iti:>agh 
the. r$s111t of tlw de� ttoEUJ.Jr e�t{aeaed · 
tnanc:l.Elte ot tl10 peo1:1l�;. !§8· . . · 
edi to�iai in Wh� yatif?Q ata ted. that whl;\t was Wl.'Ob$ 
With the· Aqw:ri�an position was; "It a,s�u.niee Gen.eta� 
.i,''\ Gov' er' ' ' ' ' . Oibr-egp�t s nmalit 1$ not fit to b' � reo' Q�,1;3ed,1 
.,., bu� is ·yet e�¢allent eno�� a. aove�ent -,��to· be 
. qliite Q.P tq neaott�tillg· a t:r.eati•ff24 . :A�g�.�$ alons 
these patn$' lines the. Ame;:io§9!li J?eo.eratio�a'ti ,:Qr9ught 
.- .- . - ·-· - .. . . . _, ·-,-:· -
� ·.r ! 11,,xr;i@ (' .;· ' ,. . . ..AJ,:  --(:: 
-AtQerioan B'�d.eratiollist, Maroh.:1$22� · 
.. - . . . -�-----·,,.·-�-.. •·-·- -"·-� - .... __ --------
. - . .'_il,, .  
. ... 
- staeh a - tiioaty (;1V$n i :f entered into would - bo 
a ti aioulottf3 p:roced:t.ng O tnaSl!ill.Ob as e. treat) 
with an tanfetogn10ed govemroont-�d that. is 
\1that tha-Amoriean State Depsl'txnent ie seeking•• 
vu:>ul4 b�lo afte;r all ., a worthless_ instmtni)nt wueas ratified b3 the z.:toen govelt'limOnt · 
foll.owing teoogni tiOll♦ �- _ · _ 
!,\(t l';!atlgn &l'©Jei f w ,-,eoognt. tt.oa oona1 et�ntl; 
ami conti�la,. The_ eel! to:- �1nt.s1ned that tbs !Se'-4 oan 
polio, of 0vi�tt,bftt1 'wa1t1n0tt ot tb.e ·,ua.son a•niatration 
batl changed to 0bnmpt1oua btlll3lntt'· of the 1.tardang 
admtn:tstntton,26 In an adS.tol'ial entitl_ed nBacogm�e 
Obregontt in Jtme • 1921, ttw following stat efl8nt woe 
m4&1 •we Bl/9 almost df.'1Vt1n [te the oonolttoio�-•whioh to . 
us uneopb1sti oatad Amorloe.n.a  l\a a painful one�th�t the - - --I - � 
3ove �nt lietens mom atten�i vaa..v to tho voiee of 
I 
I 
buetneea tliln it dooe to tho votOQ of tha peopl.$, 
... 01• 
porhaps tw voice of business ia louder· n27 _.
A 3etlr later tho &lltol' followed in the satn9 vo1n! 
1h�i trnlted ·States has no m<U'8 �ight to dtotnte 
to - h:.�m.oo in what manner aha eblJ.l revise. he� 
propsrty laws so lOJl8 as ttio3 ao not disoa,iminate 
against 01 ti se0 ns of the un1 tad States than folY:lign 
eubAeots WOfll<i mva to diotate to 11e tho manna.r 
1� whlch. we free our ala.voe, Qt abolish on� ltqno� 
bus1neap, or l0gislato asairi.st alieM in �rions 
states-. · If Ueleioo �JG);",e tno:t<:l powo:rtt..tl we wt>tlld not 
do ito - This so ...e a:lled p:roteot:1.on o.f iunor.ican 
Pfoperta }.s eheaa-; b ;ing awi a a�fu.l Ol-laptei' 
in Ame r.t csn hi story-�• - -
26,TJ\a Nat:'Aon+ June 22, 1921, 
2?�o, Jnne l, 192l 
oO 
""' Ibid,• 'Moy 24, 1,22 
·--- , . .  
-·: ___,  �I'-- · --� •. ,,a,"'"·•··�. . ,,- _ 
. . 
Wbf Npt Be,�ogni tlon t.":· .e;�ked, 
. . 
. . . 'j . . . . . .  
. s:s· -the u�ite.d· States 3,u�tif:te4 in tte: polJoy of 
_rJqn-re�o.�1 ti.ot1,?. . : 'l\h� aa ;_�t9 o-�w�otfJ� · of 
the Obreg6� -�oit�'J."ilplent7a llll(.lt'lGStl,OMbl�·.j lt . 
aht>we. (;f"Ver'!J. ev.tde�c� �f atablity and of· gapae.1t;v · 
. �o ·Carry ou:t its international obligationa ....t he 
·twQ �ondi-ttona deaJgnated_ by tnteniat1onat law 
as p;ttera-qu.1 st te to x-eo9gni tion. ::erto� to"the 
Wilson admint.s.trati<>n it was tl1e almost Wlifo:rm ,  
;prac.�ic� hit .th.a un:iteci ata'the to g�ant tin<londtl�1tr1,,6tia1 
te·oogni.1;1.�n to de .. faoto gover.mnent$i • �ji . ··· ·. 
tf se.o:reta.r.s,: Ru.ghe.� wa;-e, leas the a(thooJ.msf:Jt8t 
and mc,l:'e tba atatesmM • the J"e-rm :1.ning di ffe,ren�e 
be:t�$n the two go,ter.tll'.lJ)nte-�not primar$l,.y. questions 
of fo:nn ...� ou-1.d not maoh longer bo pertntttod to 
po�tpoue_ �23 ·:rae�tab.liabtnent of norma.l dt;plomat io 
. re-lat lone,. •. 
Whe Uni. ted. �ta�' s'  go' Vsmme.nt w�e a.et�trtni�ed that . 
M$,:ico ag%'ee ·to s!tgn .a. tte&t# :a.rs a pra:req-q,1stta te 
< . \ , . 
• ' 
: • t 
.reoo.�·nitton�. the Ue;ii()afi �Verrunant iw.a jJ:U1.t a$ 
' . . 
: µet�rmirted not
! to Si� tile ti$aty, �V(}Il if JtaQ.ognit1Qn 
1
· 11as · Wi t'bheld m&:o. f!nt. t' e.i,-� A. q' Q' ou.nt · ��t ·be- ®<le <>f .· . ' ' . . ',, • '  . 
t'ie�Jn faotot� which t:;\tft>�® bette:,1 · fe:eli.ng. 'batwe�n. 
th$-  t. so oorint:rt. ()a a;nd a'ten. tua. lb i,a�a· th$ w�y .,f�? . . . . . 
$D. · underetanclin.el♦ '. 
!n J'1µ1e.t. 1,22 ,. an. � $tiant was 1ea9hed !n ri;,1ga%'d· 
to r;te�teatt fproisn obligations as a rresuit of a cop ... 
. . . 
f. e:i-en.ee betweeti 'the M1,l,ti¢. an Secr·etary o� th� �aauey.,• . 
136 
. ' 
Blr1taln, This agreement, krlolilTn as the ,liamQnt-dela 
. 
. . . 
Ha.e�Ja ae�emantt fi�e.g the ·to'tal fo�ign debt of 
Ma�teo ·e1noe l.91�11 1®l.u41� iu.t$;reat1 at l.�400 0 000,000 
pesos� A�n.gernent� we;-$ ll'!lciO, wheioeby the Me>ld. oan 
_go,tetruoo..nt ooald pay the debt ann,m,l:t.y for a perio& 
- . . . . 
ot for,t; yea�s. t�ough the Finainotal Agelloy · of tlle ,. 
M$�loan goverrunent 1.n New York City-,'. The· export ·t� 
on :pstl'olaum tvafl to b.e used to Pl'JJ the debt� l?re>Visien 
was a:tao �eta :tor the retu 111 of the, Na.tfonal Railways 
. . 
ot· Mf)gt �9 to p:1;ivate, owner�b:1P•·ao 
·In Au.gust of t� $ame »,:eai the r�par�nt of stat a · 
at. Washington :i:e�eiVed the t�t. of five deo1s1ons of 
the MeJd._can sup;-eme Ooat-t �end$red in ampaf_.o proqeedinga, 
insti�u,ted by _Allleriean-owne, wtroleWll oo�.te�. · Whese 
vJEt� il!J.Potta.nt bereauee five· tU1Sn1�otts «eo1s1.ons eonsti tute. 
Wh�\ 1$ Itnown as a 3tacU.oia.l precedent in 11Ieaioan Ju�s­
prttdenoet· All flve oases tefe'-Ted to tbs etano.unoement 
of land helorigl�g .to llrnat,i can vetrol.$u.m oo�fttl. et?, I-t - . ·.· . , .. 
was proved by the eourts that in al.J. (!vs. eases the 
Amert OW:! owners bad an naoqu.1�ed right0 t.c> th� land 
to ��e -�njni,y of whteh tlt� prov1e1,on of the oonstito.tion 
of i�t'1 t:or the natl:oneliea:tion of pet:rol.ewn coU:ld not 
e,pplY•· ibe· owne:t� Md nade 11 pos1t�·.ve .aota" <>f owner• 
. ' -, . 
:·• . _ .... --··--··------·- - ·- - ---- -----�----�- - --
157 
ship,· that 1$, ..t he3' �d prospeet8� 1'01: andwotk.acl 
pcrtro1a11:U on tba lends, thereto.re this. lU.«1�iai 
. . . . 
p:re.oedent VJQUld OUU l;)pply to: s1.mila� eas�s. , it <U.d . 
. . . 
not dea:i vi1th _tha ri�hta of Amer:to�n q·tti z6na who 
owne<i . J.an(f.� ao:qt,1,i�a: b�fote ttay l.i 1$1'1, e,mtaltiing , . . . ' . . . 
petio letim o:r otb,er anb eta.noes; who had not performed. 
t,p�t1ve aeta."·31 · rrevex-theless, the dE;.;ciaions 1i$te -
lm:pottant in eeta.bl,ishing a 3:udiOial:' pl"eoeAent_ upon 
the nt)n, ... ;ret�oaeti.vity of· Attiole 2'1 of t·he c·onst1tu.itQ1'h. 
Ori- _the oth�r hand-; $attain faototS' ·Elrising f.rom � 
agta:rtan questioil 1n M��O() dtt:ring_ the· 0b�g6n sdmlni• 
st;rotton fu�thel' e.ompli.¢ateti 'the qu�stton of AmaX"ioan · 
reeognittono In· Way, 1921.; Praaia.ent Obi-e-e6n Pl'eae.nted 
an agrarian bill to t� oo�reaa of the vnion wh$.o� was 
paeeed a.nd beQama the law for the sub•d.i viaiQn Qf 
large landQd eataies� Tbe. _pn�po$e ot thi.s lew ia ' 
eont·ainad in the 'fi'r-et attiole i · "i.rhe Nati9n �9ogntzea 
tba nstu.k1; j.nali�nabl�0 a.Ild impreseripti"Jla ri_ght 
�Moh evei'y in�ividusl. ha·a to o�p. and cultivate for 
himself a pal'eel of'. land ••. t ," 
In otd;er· to cat:ey out thle p��iaion the latv pro­
ttided fo�, the exprop�ation of land, the owners to 
llave the fight qf indemn:1 ffoation :fof the '98-lue, of 
. the _land., as it app�ared in tbe t� Qffioo plt:1;8 ten 
. 
'"' .., _..,....,.._ ___ .,_ . ....,_,.. ..... ---�•�•--·-··-= --�- ,.  . ...., _ ·- - �- ·- ----
·. .·.·. /�/',, - . -! t / 
;>r;;: 138 
.., , '")(/;' . pe;td(;jnt.♦ : ;Fa�nt wa.a tQ be, @de in bond$ ot th$.  
. ./'.  . ·. �aii;�i>t A@l'!ll'i&11 D$bt i�. �o;i; i!l$tal��s ()J!VS:tlllS 
.·. .••- {/' . ' 1 ' 
, . .' !_ . t .·•, ' ; .; : . . . . .' . . :· ·. 
. . 
1 . . . 
/ ;,r.,11/' , ..,d/JP;•t� �nd tnte,re$�·•' . WI>.�., �qomG· to t®.. gove�nt . ' ':..; . 
�f , '::ft9fu,��:f�:Pt{ot�d ;la,:l'l.d.a: fl(l'a. . 't:Q·· tie aet asid· e ·.t o::r p. ayment 
f .J . , )!'  .\  ' ·. :1 · :; 1 :. A1h$\ :: : : · ..i  • ' · , o,t i :$Md bonus. :' J?a.tt- Qf Artt<:le 46. o.
. ,1/ , �- ,· ./ ·' ' _· ' �. . . 
 £ thi. e l• a� 1 • . ·,,· . • . • ' ' .. • ' ' 
·:: ) '. )·\ ;��� �\t�ci· . dite<ttlt :}i:, ·· ·£6�4-,&n·  ·tnnti holrle:rij_, ..! t. stat· · ed: ' · .
!, ,/ , <'' ;-,.  · ) !. i�•.  :1) ··0 .
· ·s
. ei.·  . ♦ • ' ; · . . · . . . . 
· · · / 
. · ... ':.,. e.x:el.t--�ie· a · ·<:'4� v1h·po. 1·pQ�r· t· ; .*ti·�·o�·.,·. . · · mf· Ot1l.9· .· 1. 1t· .:agnr.•  y 8.. -  ovo· · ei. · · "r ..  enm·.·Q ·.oe· . n·n Jt,·tni, �
.  :�.,.��.   • .,. ...1;1. . () 
- i ! .· · . i · ·iJ;>.re
.s. utJ.. ;-e
·.· . ., a. gt. ltn
· . ·
·a.t.  t. . b.t.t p.OQp. .l,.a • o-. t: t· h. e . S,qv.e �. . . .nt. .. : ·, . •:.' r. . o:e- we�. 90 · ,sl�. l b�. -�t'3'P-fi 1md o:B..  thoi� . rights. I". ·) . ,, , . 1 · , ·; . i: •. \ of o1 ti �Hm�lup �a ,¢tall pay a f1.,., / / ; · ,,: } t \<>f l(;>:Itt:J P.EiWQ�nt,- .of �heit �oldi�g
n.aj,i;l_.:>h2_ � vaiue 
_ 
.. :/ /:;:/} . :' •, 112ha a��arian 14.w �Jq11aed lhe pxotaat of tha State 
;fJ , ', c: J ll(!���ll . t II t Vl11ah1ngt. l/n1 · a$ie,:,.  >i.ll Q . . f. O'!l.�. gon • i:i asenur• 
/ ! ,,-'. ' .I .·•· , .. ,. ;: J : . . ' . . ' • . . • " . . . . . 
· }/- , ; -;a�9e� 't::t:iat ·AritQle_. a,7 wa·.a net to b$ i:n:te
. :rpre.te.d.  
/ // 4 �· .-, ·:,' \ \,- : ,. '. � • ; ' 
i .,,: /:. .•: · .. _ f�,;���ctivel.v anti no ¢.onU-aoat$on of· p:rope,rt:, was to take 
.--; r- t; t · i ·-: i \ v_ . ,./_;;/. • '..Pl��e:t.- t:t:l:t�.  l�w ee�me. • d
. . tQ . PQi,. nt.  1• n.  that d. i. r�etion� ills 
r ·. I ! ·�tt�; �I/!· lt�tt�, ·<l��lioatad by tile PCIS!)ag� o'f $tat<) 
. i ' 1 ' . .' . , . ,J ,· 'i \ ( • ' . . . " , : ' 
· , · 3:$� .�aw.� Q:f!· a�milar natq�.a-. Pa.�1 anawe;red thf:J. 41:Tl�l'1¢al'l 
1 1 
· 1( ' , [ .. :, ��tfJ t to: .U1Me lswp b.v 1,t&tillg tlu>t tba Exa<112t4ve 
,; ; ; ·. �-QUa.,�-�not ,nt().tvone in tli(
f _'pnssaz¢ of tbtisa l!l�S, as 
l} ; ia�·;"s�tat'e.s v1Te.�e aba0.111tel,1.  �overeign.  in respee.t ·to 
.! ·i. '•, .,' ,:-
;.>·'\ ': i ·.:' ' ,µv
·<-?.;� ·, l,l,-. ol.  at.·· �. E\, its�. 3$. · ;·. 
"t ·  .·' �· 
/ "j --� � ' 
J .' • 
.';:�:;;.:·:· . . , •... ·.,·.�·-··::•• . •. 
.\ r· . '· 32.wo
,a� ""'.".:t8r9e i•m_  •.B. i3l. •a ..t 1...e... n s 0,:g the United $tatie,s,: .1921;; I . . ' . 'C 1 . ... r . • . .. ... • . . J I . ,,-,. 1 o,PP�,.,:.,.� �- . . 
,' I • •-: f\ ,33 
· · : : r · . ·:- Ibid. , p � 49-1. 
1 ·. 
. ....., : 
1'19 
• ·  
. 
fot land by tbe ·nnsses ·of·Mexioo had been the fiu:lda.msntal 
· ·t.aoto r tfult bioll#.ib't on t.be ·;svol.u'tion •of ·1910.i Made to 
. . 
·· · had ·promisetl the-pet,ple tha:t theit" lruida i20111a· b$ reetoa-et1 
t� them; carran�a bad- 1$Sue,d the agrartsn <leo�e ot 1915. 
Durtng. this ttm�.� howevet, l:ittlo land distribution, had 
ao.tually taken place; tt :remained. for ObJ$gon• to reali, 
put the agratian Pl."O gram tnto fore�·� . The Men oan 
Pt:esJ;dent 'had stated 1H> Esa.-nest: Gnening tb:lt the 
r·, . 
. ,;evolution had dEJQi.ded 'tl:lat eve't'9 man who \Vas w11:uag 
to wo�lt at a pieoe of lallt\ was entitled to tJ1t.1'1f right.�5 
·Re wae d.etermineq to oat11y · out thle esSential. part of 
the ·tevolutionar1. prog�. 
!n order to b:ring about a rediatrt btrbion of lan& in 
a .c.n,u,ntey. where the e-reate.ot portion of the. land waa· 
h�ld by a few, e%}?�opr1ation vJould have to take plaot:h 
r.F�raigne:ra owned spp:roximately one, ...f ifth of the private:. 
, .. ,_ .. &··'· ·: - , · s  . Ui · 
. · ·. JrrQ?lk Tannenbaum, �e. . Mexj,o. an Agrar. ian. Bevoln-t.
.ion. 
{Wash1ngton t n. 0 .•. 1 . The �001d.ngs Institute
,.. 
, 'i�3oL··-:-;}�- . ,·�:� 
P• nt20· . . .. . 
.
.oo· • · 
. 35,��rneat G):'llani.ng� 11 The Man ·Wh9 Brought Mexioo Back, 
Oollie:re, S�ptember 29, 1923♦ 
=--�·· - .�••<..,, - - ,• • , •  .. ,,�. - ----·-··•-- •---- ---·- ��--
140 
,landO 'of f,!GXiOtt'6 tm.000!1Blf of this area. �&S,AmG�iCatl 
(!eocl;. Ill i. hel. '&fO- :"e .l.  t \VOS obVlo�. $ that.  Amerie�."  laJ:idS 
..: ;.-� . , . 
·, ,the Uid. .t �O. .. flt-ate� gt)VC�runontjf�ef _p:ot�st .. 
, ��inst thia e�rol)tint1on · of 1anti·zt�- ue:d.o.o owned by· 
Amerioan� aaa. a0,qn1ia:(i t.nd.er s cod �E:d.th in· YeXieatl 
I ·. ' ·. " . � • 
1
, • , iaw was the t�et· that the l.8.-ftd.. ie.ws pro'ill.dJtta for . 
·· '.Sttch a�-rcp11attons did not . provltio tor tht;, p.OlJ' . me:nt . . . . ( 
' ,ot 4-Ssh indemnity upon the .taktna (}f �ha land.so 
·. Obregon tO¢t)�t1ed tM.$' pr;:ohl�nl �M it 1S Qteo.1 tnble 
tbiv� · he <114 not go, 1ntc· lo� t()%9l1u·�t1ono· tlia't thG lsn«s 
bad be.en 1110.sallf :t&ken tQifle:1! 1�"Vn-l1d 1awa ·in· thst 
. ' . 
flt-at place.' . Ra l"Jld. . . etat't>d that A1'-tio.1�· ·zr;, wae nQt · to 
be intat:;91:oted �etJl)a-Ott-ve11 ru14 no e:lt'Prop:d.atiorr wO\lld 
tak$' pl.aoe vt1itho11·t 1na�mn1ito.a.tic:ui and eo· far •at 'poaaible 
he end0a110:ed to 1tcep· tltaso p:r'om1aee. In ,eg�14· to 
the $8l"tl.�i.sn quest�on. ttLe NeXi.oan· p-tea1uetit ·was taoed 
. ; .. ' 
I:ta;_;;,.t-,.,.:,:�·•:.: .... , . .
. :· ,·. . . . . 
· �..,1th � ciil.e�. �·· ...., .· dlie/f�fp').\dmised ti'i-..a. p�ople land in biS . . ·. , , . ' . 
pr�s.iden�a:;l. qa. mj)e.tgn, ·. 11'1:Wt$foie, it � �ns tl$eassatJ . . . - . 
to begln tho z-estQ.fa.t.1on :of 1.&nds as opoodil$ o.a 
pOS$ible♦ Dolnf hed spelied t-b!.l do�tall · :of fotmaf 
?:tte:t.\Qa:t.l p�eaidanta� . fhO. _Mald.aan sove�nt il&:M.tted 
• ·;_j.:.= ,- _· .•.... '•. . -·· . . . � . 
-���enbamnt , .Qi.t. :91.. , •·, p,, ._s_oo 
· �J),i(\o • p� 366 
141, 
·"'-" -. 
t:nat tna 11r ooedtll'e tJh<iJraby grants ot lal'.ltl. . � flnd �eeJo$-
f�. .i :.� ....,  
a'bien · of �'1t«9� �$ t�4o waa on ·occnsiona �llagi:�lf 
mono� wno he.nda.cappofl by not hnving onotigh monezt1 . 
to po:v e�ab truiemni ta foll/" e�i,:ropn�tion. Pan1 .. Gtsiea 
111 a lotto� to. sun,motlin in tm::,, 19�2, 1'Jiat. the Mor:J.oon 
. ' 
3ove�nmont planood'to esQbt;1nge the b. onds.  ya!A fo� 
e�opriatod lnnde fort cash itt· ao -aht>a-t ·� �o�iod. es 
.Pmltlible♦ � piH.ntod ct:at tmt tb.0 1·es+,,,oi't\t.1en of l.nnd 
to the �oooa of peoplo oontrtbttt.sd .l.a:rgol1 t.o- the 
ra.EHlt-a.1n..  :tatJ'nant of vo�100. Th1> r.ooovo:u of lafll1S 
,lllagn.11, tu.ken 1"4l4 been. th6 chief :aiim ·off tl1e 
iovolutiont liatilat t�n ·noi.ng a m1mifeat,rltton of 
acting So1aheV1�, as a-oma ;.\msneano ace�amd, :! t �a.a 
tmt a oorreo·t.ion of four aonturlce of opp1�a.oaioni¼9 
Obrog6a hofl .p.:-oposo.d tho sisntno ct e ola.irtia eon• 
-v�ntio.n with tha W':ldamtonding that �ooognition would 
foll.ow. i�:ttei. . :r0ocoe.n.1tio-n ho would ttllto up ieha matte� 
ot elgning a t.recty b<ft\roon tb;o 'rJn�tt<>d S'tate.s and 
t-w�eo, T.?.to UniteQ sta�a so�oruroont Md not a.greed 
toot �oognitton vte\ll.d follow the· sa.gmng of a. ,01a.tma 
eonv(:'jntton, el:thougb !U.ghss a-tatod thnt ha h11d n<> c>b• 
ja:ot.tt.l:r.t to tho •SX �n!ng of_ t½l. olaima eonvsnt:ton priol!' 
to th.� o1gn.ins ot tlio iraat3�59 
i.1 uia · .· ,-1 ', . a ,-_ ,.,.. •.. -. "''8· 1r�,ir ·"�'"":tanP• 06? � .... "'""°'·�'"
."'itl'- e.•1A • t1o:nl). ol,'.th& Onttag Stete§.it. 102e, J. ,' . 1 ·, . • • IOl. .... ... "· .. , _.,. '• . ·  �· ""..... · -• 
3-S_tl)tt�• �· p� 007 
l42 
In 1923 the. two goimtrtes Qornp:romifie<l on _thei �­
�Qfif;p�otiVt:J atanda�, President 0l>rag6n suggested to 
th!;) Ameriosn government that the problom$ between tm 
United St�it�s an.ct Mex.1.oo be d;taousa�d by a Qomm.tssion 
tn.'1de· up o;f rep�esan,t£,tives of both nat:tona.40 no.�d.ina 
wae $.1vo:rabl.a towo.l.'d tbo plan and Eughes agxeed, a1-
tb.ot1.8b, the Secr<?ttd:·.r o:f St,�te �<ls it clear tf.\..s.t the 
United States was riot ohnngin.g 1 ts poei tion or off.e rtns 
reoogni tion., 41 
�b.e pt;.:,(;dr pose of the :Qotnm;i.P$:i.on was ugxood U.l>On by 
. ·;,>;ar1 
t®, two o.oLUltri�a, up.d ot.a ted ill· the follo11ing form: 
rtith tho Vie.w ot ar�Vi:P..g at a mutually aoqe;pted 
· basis fo� the adju$tment of th� fu:nd4mental 
cra.eutJons et tssuo µetj1een th.E) United St.at es 
and MexiQo. t-:1. ..U. nited States oommissionera and 
two lle:4�ean c.o�is�:i.one:ro will. 'be uppoint.0d to 
meet -�9.� the purpose of exohangiz,g im1;>ressions 
and rei)bI•ting tnoir c�11ol1u:1ions. "to tuei:t• reopootiv-e 
authorities. The hospitality of Meno·o City ba..s 
bao.u -offered to the. J.mori can c6mmiss:J.oncra as 
the c1ty 1 s gq�ste ot honor and the commission 
will b¢ oon�e.d tho;.i:'c, 4ihe names of tho commissioner will be anno·u:n·gect later.· 
d.... () Foraisn Relation$ of the United States, 19"2 3,. 
P• 522a 
41 Ib:1d .• , P• 5Z4, 
42Ibi. �- - • P ♦ 533._ 
143 
f:t-ef;l\,de:3:t H�rdi�• appo1nte·d Qh.arles Beeohe� V!a� 
fQrta�f amba.ssado� to Japa�, and ·�ph:1 8J1rtou_ :Faone. fotrne� 
- ;I,. • .. 
S1;30:v.etar3 .of :the, Inte1tor1 as ·the two Atlle:d.oan commJ.satonel-s.� 
. "•• ·, . · ,  , .  
P.:reei.dent .Q'bre.g6n appointed Ra.DlQn Roset, Direoto:r of 'h.bUo 
Qha�ity., �cl LtoentJ,ate Fehlalo Gonzale� aoa. WhQ had 
• • ,:\:1. 
·,'... j � 
ae�ed the t�Xioan natto:n in va;t,iqu.a (lapaoitie13 •. aa the 
two Mexican oormn.1ea:t.one�. 43 
eeor.e.tacy Hu.gh�a e�ated to COIDlllJ.EJ$10ner V/a�en that the 
du.ties of tne commissioners wett() th-reefol(ii fl) the c,b­
ta,1.nillg · ;�!,:,;aa tie.fa.ct orv ass u$n qes . against · c:onfi $OE> ti.on 
1-';':t 
of 'the 'SU..bf3o1l. in,terests in land$ owne(i by AmertQan 
Qi t� aena prior to Mat J., l�l 7; t·2) . t�1e ·resto�t.ton or 
proper i,eparati on f·or th.e t.aking of lands- own.ea· ·b3 AmerJ.oan 
o1t1�e.ne p:'10r to May l ., 19.17; and (2l) the �k1µg ot 
approp1•ta te o.lalm.e aonventio:na between· the 'two �tiro,nso.44 
!J!he eeoreta�y made 1t ole$.:r that 1t·was.ne¢$asalY 
for, �merio.a.n ownet-s of petro:l�nm. lands 1n Me�i�o to be 
safegua.�deci a.gain�t oo,n.#soa.tcHzy measure$ dep:d.v1n$ than 
of thei�intet-ea�a, The fiv-e deo.i.ei.ona of thel14�ean 
f3Ul)Jeme Qoul't we1e inadequate,. because thi�f J'u.diotal 
preoecie.nt·was not far reachi� enough .t.,n ��tabliehing 
the non;vetl'oaotiv.tty of Al.'tlole 27• HUghea stated :.futther 
that the mlniug. la.we of l884, · ·1892•. and 1909 wet.'e tlie 
4 J'.¢ . ;::.,..i£: bld;�, - »P•:,.��53th 
44zbido 
. ·.. . . -..--- -
144 
Onl.v basic laws relative to the subJ eot. · American owners 
shotild have assu?ances against granting of subsoil interests 
to others and against the dem and to obtain permits for 
drilling in their own lands. ·The eomm1seloners should also 
get the Mexican government's opinion on oil taxation, 
alt hough the government was not a party to what had taken 
place between the Me.xi oan government am the American 
oil ow�ers in this.- question. 45 
In regard to the expropriation. of a gra�ian lands 
belonging to ·Americans, Hughes asked Warren to indicate 
the s.vmpath.v of the American g ovemment. to the efforts 
of the Mexican government to readJust large land holdi-ng 
estates to meet the natural demand_s ot the people. Never­
theless, . the Mexican go.vernment was respons1 ble for th.e .·. 
claims of American e1 ti zens whose property had been 
eei zed without payment� these claims were to be taken 
up b.v the claims conventions. The Mexican govemment 
was to be made to understand that payment in worthless 
state 1:,onds or upon a basis of valuation utterly in-
adequat·e was not to be understoo. d as dLfi'iCharging claims. 4,6  
. 
/ 
It was understood that the claims conventions 0011.ld 
not be signed tmtil the Uni te_d States recognJ.zed Mexico. 
4bzbid. 
-----·• 
�- 547-548. 
146 
Hughes eaicl that 1t should be made 9le� that the UnJ.tecl 
States had al:ways be� :J-ead3 to extend reoognit ion when 
it wa� met. w 1th eulmtant1al. assurance from the Mexioan . 
•·. gove�ent tnat inte�tJ,onal obl16atione wo\lld be dis• 
oharged bf,. :�1v1ng. adequate protection. to valid titles 
of Amer1can::Qit1 aens. W� Uiuted et.atee did not. �gal:'6 
.. the stab111 ty of a government the sole queetion in ex:­
tend1ng �eoogm. tion, but a que$t1 on ot both ab111 ty and 
.. · d1$poeit1on to, disoharge in,termi.t1onaJ.. obllgat1oll$o Hushes 
stated his post tion in hie fiIJE).l a.dn ce tQ wa.neiu · 
•o••I may .sa1 that the aseurano�s that··ie desire4 
is one �hat will voioe not siJnply a pereonal eent1.-
·ment or· intention, bl:4 t· w1ll ehQw tha:t the -soo4 
fa.1th of Mexi.c:o�,. thrQ�h her authorities. is 
pledge-cl to a conree of oonduq\ which w1U �,.-: .­
l.i eve· thi� gQVen:uneni of the unoerte.1nt1ea and 
apprE3hf3ns1one of recent. yea.re, and ·w1l� eua.bl.e 
the people of the United states to give full play 
to their earnest deei·re · to oulti vate the most-
:ftiendly relatt<; w1 th the people of their 
. els te;- repubM,Q• 9 _ . . ·· . 
T)le tfxute4 Sta�ee�Mexioan Oomtlliseion convened in 
Mex1oo 01t1 on the_ 14th' of May, :1.923, at 86. Bitoa·rel1 
. . 
·, 
street, . �ha £1 ;"f3t uieet·itl.8. . wae qonfinet1 ee>lely .to the 
p1'eeentat1on of 0,,.ete�iale by tlle .AllleJti.c:sa.n and Mexl.oan 
48 
represents.ti VE>a� ·· ·\ 
fhe problenis. w�r�. . ·taken u,.p 1>3. the Oomm1ee1on 1n the 
··tp' 
4�Prooeedi�s of._th� United etates•�exi� '"oomm1ssio�1 , U• _c, �,, · PPci _ �a� .• 
,.. ,. 
. -'-' -�-• . ----- --'··•-·-·-"'-':···· � �-- '-�- ·- _--··•- - -· ------·-· . ·- -- .. :.···· 
•, . 
order g1 ven b3 Hughes ln bis advice to. . Wanen prlor to the 
oonfe�enoe: first., tbe quee t1.on of 'Amel'ioan. _aubeoll rights 
. � . .  
in !lexico as affected by Artiole 2V ot the Klexloan 
. . . ..  . 
Co:netitutlon; aeco�,d •. the agrarian question which referred 
to exp�priatlon of AinerJ.oan owned la.ms b3 .the Maxi� 
govemment;. and th1rd9 the establishment.of claims 
' ' . . 
· conventions between the two ·countries. 
. . ' . . . 
mr. Warren spc,ke 1n behalf of subsoil r1ghta of Amer-.-
. c�n land owners 1n' MeXl co. iEheee r1ghta had been acquired 
. . 
� 
1n . g't)0d -1!� th Wlder the Mexi:'()aa laws of 1884� 1892• and· 
, J.909� !·he whole p�bl.em now was- the qaestion of the 
1nterpretat.1on of Art1Cle 27 of -�e M,e&1o�n Oonati tution of 
191·'1 to t�� 1DJ11r3 O·f these Jlghteo. . !� E�ican nation 
had �tted that Article 2; �s not reti,;>active. Al"t1ole 
. . . 
14 of the Qonet1:t�1on s\at'A3d this principle� It had 
. . . . . ' .. 
been reiterated: b-a Pa-esident Ob�egon and Pani and sub-,. 
stant1ated by the\ ftv-e deolelona of the mexioan Supretne 
Co�t. Re sta.-ted the poeition ot ·the American government; 
•·•••Amer1.oan oitu� oan not be depJive4 of thelr 
-0WJ1aehip .pr the! r !nteroote 1n ••• �1anc,s an4 eubeoll 
1§t7t.he government of I!ex1co •• �.wi tliout paame11t of 
caair foj the Ju..st vallle thereof at· th.e time. o1 taking., 9  · - · . 
fhe mex1oari commissioners C:Ont1nec1· their opinions on 
· the ret•ao�1 d tg ·of Artlo le 2'1 · to a dlso uselon ot' the 
flv'e deoleion.a · o:f the lleld can_ Supi'etne Oo�rt ln the petroleum 
I ·';p. 
147 
oases •. The Un.tted stat.e. a go'.vernment had not been co� 
, . .  '"·. . ··. 
vinoed that. this Judicial preoJdent �13- established the 
fa�t. t,b.�t Article 2'1 ooul_ d not be interpreted retroaot1 veli,. 
. . . .  
ae. the ciee.t�ons had referred only t9 "acquired ri..snta" 
" .  
1n .tha� the law mus. t not. have •etroa_ ettve. e;ffect to the 
inJur.v of t:tieui... Nothlr.ig had be$n s.�ld in r:egaiu t_o sub.... . 
soil rlgbttl of Ame?'1cans who had per,oxmect' no npoei ti.Ve 
aote" of·· o.wne.reh1.p •. that le:, who had not piospeoted or: 
worked the lands aoquirecl• . 
The Mex1.oan eomlDi.eslonere gave tbe �eld� v�·ewpoint 
.
on thl.s .affali:.. It was br:ought out 1.n their' dis"ueeion 
that m law col:ll.d have. :t,tetroaot1ve· etfeot tp the 1nJury 
of ex.tstirig ri►.ghts�1c i�s princlp1e had been upheid bg 
leading .autho,�1.ties upon JUJ'ispru&enoe� •t' dist:fuotlon 
must b.e made b.etween "aoquir�d rights" and merEt r.lghts. • 
inter·ests OJ." expe-c:ta.t1ons. The MeJd..can. Oommlseionere 
quoted. Bo.11dm3-Leoant1n1er from hJ.s treatise on Qlvil 
Law: 
U�e� the t1.t1-.e o:f 'x1.,ght_s. the law reoo�zes that. 
we eajo.y oelt'tain. powers and grants. u.s the privilege 
of exe:ro1e1Dg them. or no.tit. a.lJ·. we• m!iJ.1 ch'oose.., �s 
long ae we- have no1- exero1sed one of th.ese. powers. 
it r1a3 be sa.id that we have a 1".lght but. only in 
the sense tl,lat 1t m?.6 be aoqutred , by pursuing a 
e.er.tain line of co::iduot.. Rowever0 . we do not ao• 
qlll� th:1 a r1.ght except wh{m we ha'te pu.re'Q.ed. that 
line of ce>nd11Qt and when this power has been 
aet�:q,.y. man1.f es$ed by �he .act neoeese.ry to · bring · 
l t .into use. The exero1 se of the ·1ega1,\powe:r which 
hae. ., 1.n some m.ann�l".0 . ma.�e�.t.aU �ed tn t)iis ao.t and 
thue manifest�Mh,:.!:f.!=-that wh1Qh · cone:ti. tiitee- an - · . 
aoqu. ,tr�d X'lgh,:t.  .•; :. <· . ·::·:: '�:-lP.�ni:  then on this �ight::  belongs ·  ---·� 1, \ '._· 
. ,::•i ,,� 
148 
. ":\ ·, 
to us to such an estent that a new law ean not de-
prive uai o:f it with.out ,involv.ing ret.roacti vi tya•'•• 50. ·  
t . 
, .In: the opinion of the. M�xi.oan cOJnmiasi_ oDe��. thel."8-
. 
\ . . ., 
fore.. •. _the Supreme Court had decided_ that part 4 .pf Artiol.:e , 
2'7 ·could not be applied retroacti vel3 to _the inJury of 
' . . \ :- . .,,_ . . . 
aoqui red �ights. that is. where some ·p�siti '7e llet had 
been ,.Perto �-�� This ci1 d not apply. boweve:r.•  to cases 
w�are no positive act bad been perf<> :nned. · as auoh cases 
---· did not involve the injui,, of "acquired rigllt'sff c but 
"mere rights or expeatatl�ns" which· could not be con...  
sidere� as 1nJured by the new law 61 -., 
The Mexican oommi ei oners went on to say. however_. ' . . ' 
that th� policy of the ·Mex1c_an govemtnent as to owners 
of the subsoil who were not considered t-cf �ve tta·cquired" 
' ' . ' 
-�-· 
rights" was not tp deprive them of thei
'• 
' •r.  lands._ Legis� ' ' . 
la1;ion in force- gave them preferential right. of �e- '' 
nounoement 'Wl.tbln a c:ertai� period of time; t��- is. th�; �':L: 
were g1 van ��t>,.,_p, portmli ty· . 
· to proepeet . an.d wo l'k their 
52 
·lands •. 
., ·The Mexican commissioners uphe_ld t-he fundamenta� 
•, 
theors of article 2711 namely� that ownership of th� 
• . 
•• ii 
'subsoil was .vested in the natl.on. Thl s prinei ple waa. 
based on MeJti.Q·an ti'ad1 tion-. Just as· private ownersh1p .. 
� ' 
'I ·: 
of rnlnetals in· the United States was, base.d on Anglo­
' ,, 
Saxon trad.1 t$.on• The Mexican �ove,l'IWl8nt could not 
·. : ,..  - ¢.
60 1 � Ib1 
-d.·  ·, P·Po .1'7:-18.-  ' .  
51 
Ibid. 
52Ib1 d. • P• 21 
149 
consent to ·changing this ,basic, principle ·of ownership. 
·nor c,:ould.·foreigne;t"& aoquire: ·pr1vat·e ownership of· subsoil • 
... A:0cordi� tt>.:, 'Artiole 33: of the ConstJ. tutlon 0£ 185'1, 
subseq lien,t :al.1en laws·• a'nd ·.the O·onsttt uti on of 1917 • 
' 
' 
foreigners could n'Q·t allege a privileged cond1 t;J.on wt.tt,}, 
nspect to natf.onals 1.n matt era relating· to, appUea\tcm, ..· . 
. · , ·
of · cl vil laws. S· 3·  
ln _general, the Mexican comm1 e.ei.oneJ.'13 reaffirmed the 
. �oeiti9n of· 'the Mexican goYTenunent upon th.a. who,1-e ques- tlon 
; 0£ nat1o�l1.aat1on of .the·. $�b$0,f.:\. A:�io-;l.e 21  was .not 
.to have. ret_n.aetl,ve effeot to the .inJ.u.rs of pro_per,:t1 
ac,qtnr'3d in gcx)-d faith under -p�ev1oa-tt lawf:3 i_f the .owners 
had "a<lq111;red• rights-. tJ·. However. ownei-s who .h§.d m>t ·worked 
· their_ lande could not be 00.nsidered to have _this ._Ii.ght. 
Nat,Jonal <M"ne:rsbip of subsoil was a ba.slc Mextean 
p�i.noipl� which the_ Uni,ted Sta.t:e.s coul.d ·11-0t ohange· l>y 
ol.a1m1ng pri.vlleged treatment: :tor J.t-a nat10-.1s. 
In J,'ege.rd to th.e ag,rar,tan po.lio-.v;. • the Amerlogn 
oommt����!'S empha$lzed the fact that .foretgriers. had 
bee:r1, granted th� prlvJ,lege o.f �cqu1rfng lend under 
previo�s Hexi;can J.aw:s,. Article 2:f- of the Constit11t,._on 
ot 185'1 h�d- etfited '�bat pr_\vatle property� wotlld not ·be 
taken without 'the consent. of· the owner� except 'for 
reasons ot pq,'bUo ut·J;Ut3. J.nde�tication having been 
made.: This impUed that, the owne:� must -be· paid· fo.r !hetr 
·latlds before., the land.a ,�otud be .exp:rop�at-ed� · Nevei1;he....  
- lea$,. expropria.tiqn of Ameri,9an owned la.n<i.�. �Y the ¥ext can 
gove�nt -bad �alten place. 
o·otnm1es1.oner; wa�n presented. the stand c;,f _ the trzµ ted 
· States ·1n l"Ogam· to thla .question: 
· . .:• • :.the Unlteci States maintains .tha't under the rules 
of- international law there :oan ·be no taki� o.f lands. 
watei'ill83s o.r other propertJ of Ame.ricm citizens�-•�• 
. l.egaU.V aoqulred. prior to MaJll.,. 1917_. un-der laws 
of ·Meld..oo.,.q.w1.t.Mut 1.·nclemnlficatton in oa at the 
ti.me of t$.�Z!g for the JW3t value thereof. • ,�.  
• • . ' • !• 
,In defending the Mexican govemment in· rega,ri.· to land 
expropriatl- on :the Me�oan eommiss,1,onere stated tbat the 
. . 
, • • . . jl ' � . • ' 
• . 
• . • • � •• 
J.n the countr, and the M�xi,oe.n govel'Jmlent wae- attempting 
to so:l\te the pro.bl,.elll:� - They 'advSJ1cef. the same: -�;�ent'e 
. ' 
' ' . '\ 
. 
. . 
.. fo �ed to en.a.dt this - l�glslati�n for the 1mm�d1 ate sat.is-
taot.J,on. of pu:bUo nee,de-•. regardless of the e.coriomi.e con� 
-
- , 
di t�on of the CQun.t:ey.- 6-6··  
The �Omm!J;lsloners .pointed out· that the· bonds _made ln 
payment. £or �xprQprj.ation of land� wouid be accepted at 
par by the -�x.tQan governrnent for the pagmen-t of taxes� 
!he govei-nm.ent was 11egotiating a epeoial loan in order 
si1:i,1 ct.:;, P-� � • 
. . :,66tb1a.." 1>� · s1:�aa. 
. • 
r . 
-; •: ' :4, 
151 
to _PftY .for e:xprQprl.at;i.on c:>f lands in cash.. In event the 
attempt to procul'."e the loan wa.1:1 unsv.c.cess:tul,, the govern-
I ,. 
- • , 
ment, 1nte�ed to .s.hoi-ten the par.lod of 'Jayment. according 
· to the f1nan�a1 position of the Trea�17� tT!lder these: 
o.oruU t.J,ons., the .QQmmissioners stated,, the bon(}s. WQulcl 
hav:e c;aeh value. 'f.he l>aste fo.r estabUshl.ng. the valn.e ot 
exp,:op� � te4 :\an.is was to be based prlnolpa]..ly on the 
d�clarat.tons t,or 'taxes made_. by the property awners,. 
Th� �x1.Q.an go.ve�ent considered this a faf. r.,: proo.edtU"e�, 
.. .  
Tl;u_ � val.a$ of rQJ."al, · p10perties had, lowe·r.e4: greatl-3 due to 
. . . J>
�he. agrJ.ovitural o.ris1s ex.1 sting 1n the 
6 
e-ountra., 
:.mhe Ainerloan commi.f)sioners wai-e w1��ng t,o co� 
promis:e. upon the i.ayment for ex�ropriated lands�- !hey 
s.tatecl tha.t t;he Untt,ed Stat.es gove�.nt reallzed t.he 
compl.exi ty o.f the ag�rian quest.ton 1.n Mex1 eo and the 
;� . "; 
finan<tia:J. position tha� the :count17 was·. in due to the 
r,ecent revolution�ry per1od4i. Therefore ., if_ the .�can 
gove�11t woul.d make a istatanent tha; its olaims to 
�xprop�a t� A.m.erloa.n ChVned lands for ej���,. .  for any 
purpo.se: e�eept �P:9n 1.ri�:emn1ftoat:J;on foJf Just val'Q.e 1n 
. , . :; .. , - . 
cash•--was not -estabti�ed as a w-eoedent. t-he United 
. ' . . . 
States govemment. would co��der the takJ.ng of. bQnde 
� tb.e <>wners to� �xpl'Qp�iat,ton o� their· -pr9pej"ti:eEJ. • 
!ha Unite¢ st_a�es: go.v.:e�nt. did,, -howeVE3�•- oon,si,deI" 1t 
151 
a matter of. utmo et i�portanoe,., that. the �ner .·)>a re·com-
. � . -� 
. ' / 
pene.ed 'fo '!! the full Val., ue. of the land a,.,t  ,t he time Of · .· . :'. ·• . . ,• ,. : ·' ,· . t, alq. ng,�  .6·'1  Appro�l of· thie l'eCOll'!JDendatlo11 depended. of 
' i:  ,' ..... ' ,. - ,
· co�rse, 11pon whether or not the two .govermnente de9td� 
' . . .... � 
t. .o ti'esume d1plQIDatJ.o relations.  and: al�o . upon the signing . . .·  · · . , . · ' . J 58 
· and rati#cat.t.on ot the claims 0Qnvent·1onee:· . · 
Tile Wexican oommJ.ssioner.s agreed to thls $tatement · 
made w · the AmerJ;can ()ornn\1.se1one!78 and a·ekf3d that· in 
event of i.-esumpt1on of d1plomat1q relations .•.,  the:,trnt�ed?t:1!l:f; 
eta.tea go'ye�nt wouJA forwai-d cot1cttrrant1¥ with th� 
exomnge of �tifiQatione Of a general.  ola1tils eonven�ion. 
. ·. • . -! . _.,
. . ,:_ .
,,..  
a. note �nding 1ta citizens.  .who'  we�e ola:lmants io accept . : . . . . / . . ·. �-' . ,.  ;· : ,. . '.. 
bonds ·1n pa,ment .for land expropriated for eJidoa9: \d th 
. . . � . � . ···- � - - . ... . 
the p�1.eion that the Mexican go.ve�ent would µot eon. 
' . ' . .. . ' 
s1 cle.r thl.� &Qeeptanca a p,reoedent in the pa,yment for 
: ' . '59 j 
8X,l)�Pr1a ted lands" 
I 
i 
The :remaining pro.blem o.f the c0Illl1liss1.on was the 
d'ratt1ng of the two olal.m� conventions. whioh were t.o 
be t318Jled b;v dul.3 au,thorJ.zed plen1potent1a.rtes of the . 
' ' ' 
Pres.14ent of the tT:nited states. 1n event tha, _cllplomat.to . 
� . 
rel.at 1.ons were resU1Ded, between the two eoµntrl: es .• 
: · � ln... I_ bi_- -_c4. ·  , . pp,.  38--39:,. 
. 58" . · lbl d•• p._ 40 •. 
. &91. ·),,.w.•d  .,,. P• 4. 4, � 
152 
l)peOtal Olalme Oonventionf<\�e:r-e·rred tb the eetile,11 
t1-ieDt of :tosses and dama8es auf-fered ·63 Ameriqan c.i'ti zens 
- in MeJt:ioo daring ·the rtivoi.utl �, peri.o'd:�- l.910•19·20� 
.:. . . . . -
�J."OV1S10ll was ma·a.e for . settlelllf3nt of S®ll cl.aims 'b3 ·a -
�. . ' . 
�ommi-asion .composed of -th··�e meriiber.s. one member t.o be _ 
- appo�n\.ed by the �resident of the Unit�d states;. one 
by the President of _T!ilexico;. and the third. who was to 
p�vi4e 01rer the groui,,; by mutual agreement between the 
. . 
two •(;>GU?lt1'1:eeo- '.Che deaislon of the ma.joritj 6:f· the con• 
vent10.n V/f.lS to .be final and oonoiusl ve upo�_ the o.J.aims 
presented,- Tlle amottt1t· awarded the c·laimants was tc be 
paid. 1n. gold. or its eqdival_eni �¥ the Mex.ican gove�ent 
. _., 
. . . . . . . _-
to the Uni.ted st.at.es gott�n��:60-  
The General Claims Convention refe-rted to. the cWms 
of· both cltizens of ·the United States and. Mexico since 
the si·gning of the Ql.a.ims <10?1ventJ.on Of' Jv.,ly 4:. 1868 t�x­
ceptlng the Jlaime to )>e se-ttled b3 the SpeQial. Qlaims 
. . . 
i0,onvent.  ion) "' The method of procedu� 0£ this Q-onventiQ�. .- ··., . . . 
was tQ 'b.e eseentl_all,y. the e�e a:s tht3 c,�e pro v1 ded for· 
the jpeo1�l Qla.tms. Q9n.vent1on except· that. the ola:lms were 
,l� ' ·., I � . 
••. •• ' : • ' .•·. ; 
of a mot-·e gen&"r-al nat·ure and referred to the oitl zene 
of both <,lotµit r1 es., ol. 
-60 ·.· .. . 
. , .. -··: 
· 153. 
The commi, ssi on adJon�E;Hl on .the •15th .of .r..�st• 
a short while a.fte.� i're�.dent Rarding•s deaih_. . l?resident 
Coo1.l,dge approved the .statement.a 8nd reooirmi. �n�at�olls', of 
. .  . . . �-. . . • 
the �sric:an cn;roj ss1onere�, sec�taey Hugh�a· sq.ggested 
:\;_.;� 
to Panl that, dlplomatio, relations �- r�eumed on .tb,� 6th 
Qf September and the two .. olat.ms conventions 'be �ned on 
tl,l� _;following da,-, the Gen�ral. Olaiuis_ Qon1:ention. a$· 
w��ngtQll a.na. the .spe�ial .Qla;£.trij3 eonven�ion ai !!exioo 
. ' (iJ.j. t1:� �2 ' 
Pa.ni asked that d1plo1Ila-t1c relation.a be, i-eeumed: on 
FrJ.-da.3,. A'\lBUSt· 31. •, 1n orcler t-bat P�eaident: 0breg6n OO'lllcl 
·ma�e announ,;:enient; 1n his· speech, to (ton�re·ss the fol.lowing 
' ' 
da3 •. ' . Sp. �·· not to g1 '!Te. the 1mpre£3s1on tbat .·reee>gnl/tion 
we. oo·ndltiQnal, UPOD. the signing of the two ·cQnvent1one. 
. , . �:: : . 
. ' 
. 
. . . . : . . 
Pant· asked tmt their eggni;, ' ng . be· po' stponed tenf '
  or',  :fi.f, teen 
days aftet" Amerlean reoognl ti.on of the Me�Clan! BQVel'n� 
63 
me· n·t,., 
· ·Hughes, agreed to the Iitst of August as the date •Of 
. ' 
, ,  ' ' . ' � 
reoogi'.lltion, but asked that the· eonvention s b� signed 
"-:o:n the 7th of s·eptemb-er. He .su?nnt.tted the fcl4,owing 
-etatemen:t to, be given t.o the preQs .. ot both chancellories: 
. -� 62Foreie Relations of .the Uni tad States, 1923• . . . ··
P• 550 .. ... . : --c
.· ...• ·· -.- • . . . . .. . -, _ 
. .
,. 
·. I 
The government of M.e�oo and ·th.�t o# the Uni�ed 
States in view of ,the repo �e BA� r�Qolllillencla·ti.ons 
1tliat: their reepeo:ti'Ve ·oomm.lseion�s: submitted as 
·· e. realllt of the Mexican�Ame:rioan, eonte�en.ces 
· he1d · at the Cltg O,f Mexioo from May. 14:• . 192$ to 
Au:gast l.5:o 1.923 have- -·resolved to: 1renew· diplomatic 
�lationa · be.tween tne_m. and therefo t-e,..· pending 
-the appotntinan.t of ambassado�:♦- they a?>e tak1.Dg 
·the ne.oe�eaq steps_• to _aoQredu fol'lllall3 -the1 r respeqtt ve Oh��ae d affai re�� . 'I •• • 
Thus ended a diplomatic oontrovers.v of thref3 yeai-s 
t· :standingo 
Whe United s�ates govermnent had •oe;.ved a great 
deal of c;�tiot,sm for lts long �eJ;ayea reoogriJ.tion of 
.. -Me�dco. A.ccol"ding to the.  l'llles governil'lg recognition , . 
-of one nation by another the Unl1ted states w�� not 
·J·uati_fi ed in w1 thhol,al,ng recognltlon ·fr�Ip a iegall.3 
. . 
formed and stable regima., Neverthele,se.i.loertatn factors 
,. 
must be oonside�.ed ln attempttng ·io· eval��e the p.o�tion 
of· th&· United states 1n thls mat.ter:0: 
-Cont.;ro versie·s between the 0�1"8nza ·goi�rritnent and 
the Uat t�d States had caused. serious di f�icult.v between 
the two �t1ons. b�lngiDg them on ·the· vet-ge •. ot war. 
l?owerfuJ, preseu:re had been: brought to bear ·upon Wilson's 
'· 
reoogni.\ion of oananza.�, fhe �epublie.an ;admintstl'ation. · 
represented by Rugll.es enc l Harding:, �ontel'i_ded thE3refo�e, 
. ' 
that oontrove1'e1es l>etvieen, th.e United st!i.tes and Mexico 
C!Ould be avoide. d i.n  ·th.. e' . future .:by liav.lng .cert�n �:tters . . ;. - .. 
sett1ed prior t-o reQognition. . I' -·,1 
, 1 1 • ,: oertaµi gua.mnteee frotn tlle MexicJlD governmen� iJi respect 
to the proteotion of American lives and. ::propert�. The 
. .fac>t remains• . however• that the procedure used _-wru:l high• 
"I ·, 
, 
I,
Mexioo:'•a retu,sal to sign the· t�aty _-was a o�edit 
to. he� sov.er�gnty,. Ob:reg6n eventua�y :'_gained the 
respeo� �f the wo:rl.d by building up ·a p�a,<lefu1- aim well 
ol'd�red -�o®.1fry even in the face gf .American non•.reoog• 
· n1ttori_. He was. able to gain the . �eyc>gn.t ti_9n of. the 
u�ted s.iatea wi�holit 90mprom1s1ng the !90:v.er�gn.;ty of 
,; 
- the Mf)Xican govermnent. Peaceful arbitration of tl;le 
. matter was a oredi t to both .nations and; e�ta;blJ.shed _ 
a pre,ctenoe ;for, the- settlement of fututtn �i sputes:e. 
CHAPTER VI 
OONOLUGION 
M�oan-Amerl,oan d1piomat1o rel.a.
t1one were eetab­
time sinoe the 
).1 ehei on 
, 
a. fJ.rm basis for the fin
J>iaz by tl:le reoogni t1on of th
e Obregon gQVel"n• 
fall, of 
al OlaimS Oo�ven::t1on and the ment in 1923. The Gener
SpeQie.l O).a1ms convention were 
inoon,orated into 
,, 
 eigned on tl:le 10th of :Septe
mber. l-9:23• 
atiea and duly •,� "' · '
 
tre •¢.'
quentlY ,.,at1fied by the.  two g�
�emments. 
and subse
he Obreg6n a.dm1111etra t1. on m�r
keq. �he end of the 
�
r  
'ohaotio oond.1 tione of ten ar
s of e1rtte and the be•ye
 
-gi,nn1ng of a well ordeted 
demooratl;q g0ve�nt.a.mi 
otated 1.n the 
The S.dea.ls o.f the revolution ae 
inoo rp
\utS.Qn of 1917 0�3etall1 zed and
 b.e�a.n to material"" 
coneti
' 
reei· dent Obreg6n ··realized that
 the 
ize in e.otual form.  l'
old o,1,'der of pl'lvil.ege.J��.�,  be
· -broken 4,own and �he t
. . ' . ;.._:;t.·itt,;; 
en the things they llad to
ugbt for dt>.r1118 the 
peopl._e g1 v I 
 could be 
revc,aut1onai:y period before pea
ce axul, ordf;ll:'
'! 
·' 
 Mexico, 'rbat he wE3-S abl� �o 
bring these 
restored t.o d 
things about and prove to the wo
rld ·that Mexico coul
edi tatbl(3. 
�oh1eve etabiU ty and unity i
s or
,, 
.� �" . . ' 
.  
b.. reg./O 9
 n we.a the first pr
. ~ .. nt· of Me�co einoe ·-��j ' . ;i 
.. ::
we.e abl� to maintain' h1s posit
ion euooeesflllly 
1910 who ; 
tea, lie pl'Qved 
wl thout the �notion of the Un,1.
ted eti;i.
. ,; 
. ·  '·· 
157' 
what Mexi.oo had alway� mai�tJ?;a��the- o�mplete ao
ve-. 
reignty of' 1ihe nat1011-. ·. · , 
.. 
Aitho�h Mexico M.'d eJ,ways at:n,rmed. her soverel,gn... 
 
ty'. that ·he� goveJ:'llJilE'nt waa influenoed by the Unit:e
a. 
. 
States 1 e obvious·; . Dur.S.ng the chaotio times bef
o11e 
. . . 
' .
 
. 
the .Jg.arez admin1atrat.1,on th� Un11led states had ·;)):•,:. • ;  I ,•, 
th�aten.�d Mexj.,co, ·taken her tflr:r1Wl'Y• -'..'l!he American 
government had a.tc1ed Mexico t..n expellin1i the F·reneh, 
but thl,s; was done more.for th� purpose of upho
ldiJ18 
the ?d.9Xl1'?8 De>otl'lne thl;Ul of protecting. Mexi�an 
•. 
eorere�gnt.v+, Americ.,.an · lnfluenoe 'b:rought £1.bout 
t.he. 
.· 
. . i; 
ae�J.�tion of Jtaclero; a:Pell,ea.. Hu�rta•;e downfall
; 
as� .
e$1i.a.'bU shed Oa.rranza 'b9 reQ9¢..t1..on. 
The I>i(z a.dministntion, eo .favorable:• to· foreign
 
i
inveet.w.e�,�· we.a oont:emporane��-s wth the peri
od of 
Alneri. oan eqono�c �xpane10�• . ThJ;s· ret:1uited in
 a •large·· 
an 
e¥-:_ .re of 
f!exica11 .�a.tumJ.. weal1al oom1ng under Ame�1Q
. 
' / . . 
. 
-
contr<>l.: . The stabili ,, Of the D1 az. regime pre
vented 
. ' 
. . 
1ihe prl1te1 d siates fro� att.emptin,s to.· �:xer
o.ise the 
. ·- . ·:· . .
. 
· "j\ b: i �1fJ�do lle.r. -� pl,o_ me.01" toward Me� oo.+. � lf �W: I• 
; ·,.•.,,_ __ :-J•. 
eter, beg11Ul:l� with. . the revolu.t1on, :vested 1 •· How
1n�e,re,ete attempted t.� ,d1ot11te Anlerioe.Xl: poli
cy in 
gard .$0 M�o.o, Feel*ng.eldeted· ihe.t th.e 
�t ed 
. re
htenl.pg· out 
Sta. ��s sho�l.d. uee '\me se.�,. ta.ot1oe ixt �\J�
g
; . . ,·· / . ' . 
' , 
al.l 
• Mexiofu>. a.ffl:llre a.e, ha.d,·_'t>ee11 used·:,::�warc\
 the other $Ul
(i 
- -�·--'-· · .. '"" .,.,. .. -.-�•···-"�- ·--
-,---��---.........
-
- --.,.,.--------
-.-- ·,,.; ·�-•_._.'"...,-.;•-
168 
LatJ.n Atnerioan oountr1ee. 
Undoubtedl.3, therefore, President Wilson'
s control 
t . 
' • 
or part o t 
of AmerJ.<>an foreign affairs during the oa
�
' . . 
,. ,, 
the Menoan revolution w�a fortunate fQr:, Me
UQ<h He 
,, 
d forces of 1mpeJia.Uem, which, if 
they 
c>ppoee the 
extco 
,, ::'·:  had be.eri ,allowed to -l�keW�•. might ha,r
e brouaht, Lt
. 
: ··r ., 
Qnder  influence, or at least p9
e.tponed the 
Ametioan . . f 
estabUamnent of a demoora.tio govetnmen,.�- · 
,, . 
... ' . 
:, /le ma�ority of the MeJ,tloan people :did
 not appreoiate 
nteneelJ 
Wi leo.n •s MeJt1e$ll polloy, 'llhe Mext.oan
s were i
er 
nat1onaUst1o in regard to fo r(.U gn 1nf1if;)n
oe, hQWeV • l .'. 
erenoe 
di11erse thei� poUt1oa1 -�pinions• outst
;de 1-nteri
w11eon 1 ·s-· reoogni tion ot 
. 1: 
 
Carranza was responsible for ,the FJ.rst '�
hiefle aeaumiX16
1eadere1hip, of the Mesioan nation, 1ieve
i.-thel.ese • Qa:tl'fl�Ba 
; 
United 
maintained an att1 tude of hostility towa
ri. the 
states 1n an attempt to guard age.inst �
erJ.oan enQroa.oh...  
ment:it 
It was d.1ff1oalt for the Mexicans "to �der
etand the 
 
oontre.et between Wileon•a attitude 1fow9t
ri -their nation
and the a�titude ()f Attlerican vested· 1n1, er
ests, \l!hey 
e .the tremeadoue pi-assure bfOught to be
ar 
did not realiz ..... ' ·.�. 
llpOn the '!resident by tlle 1mp·er��l($teiwho a
dvocated 
1, 11ttW·r:,,-::, . 
. ..  ·,·._,,  . . 
.. ,.·· 
1£>9 
stern measures for Meinoo. In the light ::of �vorable 
Mexioan.. Am erioe.n re� ti one 1 t. was. unf.  ()rt�
,. .. ; . . :t e that ., . 
, . 
.. President Wilson •e Me�oan poll of. teaU_ .V _encied in 
1917, when the United states eJ1\et'e(l :the:wo�ld We.r. 
. . .. ,• ,, ' 
�he Oonetitutione.list,e were fait-lY wel.l esta.bll.shed 
. . : ., ,• , .
and seemed he.ve justifJ. ed the Ameri. can .President •s 
-
' 1 ·1 � : ' • • '1 
faith in them •. Ne.verthelees in the llgh_t o.f ·hie 
11 
prevt_ou.s handling of Me:doan affa.i:, � �ur:irig the .. 
. turbulent days of the r evolut�.on, \Vil.son:, could probably 
., 
have handled the 
• I • 
controversial ma'ttere.·of Ameti;.c,@.n 
• ' . , , . ·. . .. •�: • , , . . �-
property righte vers-qe Mexica n leg1s]..at1on 1n. a more 
• · • • 
- 1 ' 
• 
.. 
. i 
d1pl�mat1 o way th� . dJ.d:'.fl;te.n�t-ng. It is problematical . 
. ' • . ' • 
• 
(' i. 
as to.  whethe·r Wilson's hand' at .the helm coul' d have .• :· •• ' : '. . i ·: -···· •' ., 
et03� E! l"; d the 1ntervet1ti. oniet movement; fo. (aner. al.l, ' '. : ' ' . . . ., . . ' 
1 t was largely direotecl a� bis M.ex1o.an :p�licy an,<}. was 
" ' . . J' . 
part of the RepubUo�n oampaj.gxh 
' ' ;· 
Alt.hough Am.er1�� ��o� tion of,  Q�l'r,a.nZ�-. :t:Jad 
eete.bl1ehed h�s power. he; ma1�1iatn,eti .a h9et_i1.,1_�3 
against the Uni t�d sta:�e.s.. A� t�me'3 .h e  was torQed 
to submJ. t, to Ame,tioan pressure. • 'Q�� Qn ��.e whole he 
was defiant of' attempted Amer.lean o'->�tro� •. fe·t 
' . Ll 
Carran• za had.  received all.- ' t. he ben. efits of . tolerant ,'' . : - \ ! '  t.he......  . 
Wilson admlnistration, while O)Jr�g�n, · wl3i.Q .made friendly 
. '. . . : 
... ·-···· . .. ------
160- .·· 
Qont�l of the Mexican gove,minent after 1iha Amerto
a.n 
., .. '. vest ea. 'interests represented by He.raJ.ng !r!-nd
 RQBbes •. 
. . had a.e·eumed: leadetehip� 
· Ob�eg6n wa.e lnteneel; nat ional1,et1o rega,d11J8· 
Amer1 �an: lnf luexaoe. btl t he was tri endlf .towa ;d th
e 
\. 
:t1ntted �·tat ea, e.ven while refusing to ootnpl.y wi
th 
i t·s· cieIJ18.nO.e1t ·• 'l?hia· friendly attitude, plus Ot>
regon'e 
. ab1l1 ty to brlng order and peaoe to Mex1o<>, eva�
tually 
. won an regogni�ion f9r the co�ry. wi t_hou
� 
Amer.lo
\ .  ,· 
Am�?'ican recogni t1on- of O-bJ.?eg6n r�st� red- normal 
pmatJ.;o rela"tlons. between the. two cowitriee. 
· �he, 
.dipl ! ' - : ' : i ' 
-probl_8DU:1-�:�,:t�sl:9"G,-,,.fi-om Mexican'  1nterpi-.e t�t1on 
Qf 
. 
. . 
I 
::•·t-.:f:·' -;. . ,-�--���h\f'r.�•' 
Artiole 27: were ri�t peimanently, settled, by ,,th.e 
Buo.a.rell 
,oonf;eren�e of ,l,923: indeed :tN,E3 · compleJ\'I:. pr;obl�m 
ha.a 
oontinu..ed dQWYi tc, ·t�e pl'esent daY•: Howeve�, t
his 
:! . 
. ' 
. 
. . 
a.rbi twat1Qn of a g,avel.3 oontrovereie.l 'question 
was 
.a.· step fofWB.rd in the settlegient of tu�u;e d1 apu.t
ea • 
. Me�ioo • e att�mpt ·to· ;-esto re to the peopl
e - ·the 
natural wealth that had been· 3ra?lted w, · fQ �e1gne
n 
by an unto reeee1�g dee pot was not a Pr<?bl.eni �
hat 
�ouJ.d be aett·l,ed ote�ghto :He>wever l11st. ifi
ed the 
. 
. 'I 
. 
. . 
untry waa �:il this restorat1op., .the faot remain
ed 
Qo
! .. . . . . ' ·, _, . 
·j ; .\ 
: 
that tlle UnJ.t,e4 States felt. obll!fltion;: to pro,eo
t 
·. . 
( . 
J' • • : 
, .. 
-.: .• ,1•-t' 
-�I 
- - . - ., ' .. , i. . ; , 
· ·'161 
tact that ·the. vo1oe of business wae power,fu
:l 'in the 
American S9vermnent, 
· .Relations on the whole e1nce '1923 b,etween
 the· 
ted states and Mexioo have been favorable·.
· 'fhe 
Uni ' • ' i • • • • • ' ' ' 
appointment of Dwight r.. Mon-ow as American am
�-' 
, 
, 
'bassadoJ to-- Mexioo in 1927 was J.:nsti-umeJ:lta.l 
1n im•· 
' 
proving relat1ona. Mr. Morrow·Wa.s tlle t1 rst
'. American 
,I 
,I 
' 
t ·to attempt to untlere{tand · tbe��:aan people
♦ 
diploma ' - . � ·-: '_;; .,_ . :- -. 
�he MeJi can government, has continued to be a
s-. . 
te.l>J;�shed and -ortiei-13 and: th1s fact()l" h� w
on the 
respect of the United eta.tee who has shc>wn·' le
as 
> 
dispQst,1.Qn tel attempt tc. di ot�te· to Mex1 co\ in
 ·-regard 
to inte:mal ��p; o1es. affeqt1ng AmericaD;, :oiiizena.-I, ' 
.• -�;, 
·, 
_ ,  ! 
, /, 
. . . - �-, 
' .\. 
. -i 
'i; \ , 
Bil3LIOG&Uln 
se:c:on'ciawY .s Q'119:G's 
,, 
. .! ' 
J ' '  , .. ,, 
Boolta 
Ba�e;-:.� Bat: etannar4 .,, Wood.row Wilson, Ltfa
:_ and Le�tte.rs·, 
VJ? . , .LondOZP .. vi.liilam iielnemann,. L't<l!>", 1�
28,. 
v,�i .
CallalUm Js�s u.� . flerlcan Forei
m Pol.i:fo - in, ?1ex1can 
., 
:Relation§ •. Ne.w: 91,1k,: 1.Ehe· Mao· iia,n . ompa?cy:,�, 1�$
?. 
. 
, . ··. '• -··· 
. 
lt: Stie:two()d 1he. DiJ>l.oma tic F;ro-toe;t1 on . of Dl2$:" �-�io _.,i 
erldans. in Mexico,. New. 'f6.rk.:. coit¥,A· "iita,. Uii:lver
sf.tj' 
. Am � · 
· · 
i3re·sa. 19�3 �-
e aoo.- JJ(;lW York., 
Grtlen$·�- -·.?  : Earn__. ··_ es �_�_•)· '11exteG· and l
ts � rt
awl London;: the· Ce.nt11ry Coinp�� i �-· 
Rao�ett.'.., Cba:t-le� w�•- Wh.e M�xietan_ Re,tolutt:
on and. . t.he_ 
Uinte-d sta:te-s:,:-¼"9i6-i§26 ..- world. Fe-ace,. foan
datTon. 
P,. fil· &t· So 'll•; )11 .• BoSitOJ!:.I 
\'lorl.\i Z8�q$i l/bQllldation. 
l9'H2_.� 
:1 
••• - • - - • -•• 
•,• 
• - � - - • • _ _. •. • ••-'v_,.,::,;:: • • •:.  ,.,:_7,•-,:;-.
X�rrif\·n�_ ... saf))1$B.3/_ G�- _ •-j,_--_ .In��·rv8nt1of {� �!e¥ti&•  :, Ne-w Yos-lt; 
�or�: - -•- ...v �_>omp$�1: - --8 - �· - __ ·· : __ • . .  
: '. . . l ;. .' ' . '.; . ' . . ·  '.' . . I ' .. . • : ·, . •
j  
Je-e·_,· ·Y:Jo._-hn
-
_ ·_:t -·�he :u��ec}·•state,S @ta·:eo:U�i't - ��� -Hatren: $.1.a Univa�s : y. Fie,se., 1 2 •  _ ,, - . • 
!� "ffl r9!xearpaOlk,  r u�,0�2:i.,: . ( edi 
-
ta__ - _ ·a.-_ bt .· I,toh_  e;rrt_ - . 
- ·••·· e-, -an Glaea to� All€NUs : Me,d.- c,an_  Y�_ar_ .l)o,o- :· :· ':,:��blie;trl.� ,Cotnpdi}y,: 192�'.. . ·; - .. ,' - . . - _-
� 
. 
N.�ar�:� $Qott.�. ti.nd' F.�eeman,.' J.;, llar � Di,R10lI19,0i, ,. 
· a 
�i:,! tn,(lg·· i!.l: t���Ull'l-Sni'*-· -N�\'il · 7$�.�ih · 1-\ ... r Wf: :fit;tebeO.h 
- 4fid the vit:te.tiiB pretiih· l;��5;j.' 
I'IMA-ohie ts· · on Me1d:.e·o,• . 
• . . 
..... .,  •.., ••• • I •'.-. : •;'' • • . •• ,, \�.¥.' ,• 
• .
l'etteffllto�w�{> . ,, Q��ao��-�-..:1"�l11�8)l!ll<• 
. r . . . , . , 
- � ·
·p -�. �.· �Ntlowe._ UY•. o_ rJekt� t;;
.
·"e,  tn_b,e _· · _ , t,�nJ.g
� ff h
- 'l.oMil-
•l !t@he 'c, Milomp;!Sianyta!l" Ni�a.. on,. a Jilf t;y, · '  .,, - • . , ' • • • I • • • , • ' • • • 
llio.��.a on• . d:alb�� lb' ri�a�i! :2 . l?te ts 
_ 'f!o:, . . ,:t, .. . _ .W�EJ�n.gt�JJ..�.-- •-»•· .· ,
t •l Mj, � gpe x:s< t ,;�na , � idept • �au · of §. _ a.tloJU}'.i -
_ ,,L_ 'i.: ".tt..  :fi-�·• .-.- .re·· ·· ' · (;jU ·:· @:·; ll 1··�r_:t:,; t,'-:1:9.3.:0  :i·· .• ·.·  - ,· · :_ , .. ·• · · .. 
R�:PPY,· J:• Fre:a;,: �QQe'•,va�<,.ono.e:loa •. Quy st��eneti Ame�ioan. 
· , :F·o-liO e.s·-.A1f',it,ad; t Q. tl�. O.�SQt i'� U-n1v$. ·rs:i�. y,.-� . c:>J: ehlcago 
:t'O$S:,;·· ,,: 2 �::--::"' . : . -
RiPPY,,.:,tl: .Fi'E>d_· �: The :Unt �>'ft,:states .and:_ �:x;i;OSh, N·ow, YoJ(ll; 
A. .l fr.. . ed. 
: _ 
,A. ,.-_ : . Kn. .. o f  . . p.  .  ' 
1 i,, · · 0iJ, .. : · · · ·- · -- · - - - - · 
'f. , . ;t, . -��  • ' 
. 8$.��3.. Mat�es.,. .J?°iiij$tie,,,� B�tbe,t 1;+, So�=aen:�a� 
- __ .i>robl,emg .• _('µ���u,tja ..o � �th�:_ l:iatt+_s: lPQ.�a:p.tt�on, 102.6-). 
· 6jfi_¢��9, U�i.V�·J,'8.� �� _ Q� '. 0���$(), Pf�S$. �, l?26t;.,. . . � _. : • , . . (_:r . • 
$�th. , J.f;\lU).a
- n,.i, :A-·· - ·.· .. •- Relat.'on�, wfthJ'.la-:Kl<»-·• 'Okla� . 
homa · Clt.Vl·· . AflQ_vr 1m."b·1i�:rns: · �-rn!'�W;• ,:i ··,�• . 
f �fi•nb:aum> ,,' F,t!W,\, :��a J!f1p A£i-ian ll<lvoa,i¼t!.on , 
- W$t;1h.1_ __ µgt• n.�. -'"'�,f ·.·· S:e··I - � o - .•. se · fiiitlt�:��: 1930• 
·���re!�=t����i·=,•�Q=/ffti :�r.r.o�r· 
�2:'n�;-., JoJ).n. <tr;o;.1 ,,J!�da .. gf_g'.'.i!og.�o:• ·New· Yo:t"�f :�be Rawl Sqp('�l ot so6.lifra:�($riQ�Jt> Uf
. 29:, ,· . .··: ,, . . 
. ·--. -•�-,.�-----·-- _,_ ___ ,,__,. - �------��--..:-. '. . 
· - . . . - . .:.. �. .-.  . .-
. -
. . - ;.,- -
" ··•- . . .
. -�·,-:-::.:::-- .. . ,.. .. . . 
.. 
·Pez-1 odi cals 
. · The, author ba.� read p:t,aQ.tiQallf, a�l 1;hE;t att1o).ea 
lJsted: �n tlle Readers• Guide upon Amer1can1-?'l!enoan 
�latione . in the £.oifowin@: .. 1. .. • ., 1,·,  
-Cutrent lli·stol'Y\ Naw: York Tim�s Magazinea,. '·J.9l.'l�l.923t 
• 
' .- ·•· • ' • )O' • • • • • . . . : ",: . ,: . i' 
The" �atio!l• l.9l7�i923� 
· .1, 51.  e.y 1. . R. a;pttb.l:;. .1 ,o. . ' ' .� . 1 :t917�. l923t·, ·. . ., 
,: 
I>Qrloa1ea1, Articl� s 
• .• ' .. 1 . __ • •.. . . • .  :, 
' . 
;.Si·?.J_·if_:.,� :· ··:·. ·r. -·�:;.�,:�e:�•r-;- �rf �-· l�r· . • Beveridg�) Albert J .,,t<� ¾Vhat tj o Do• • 1  a'b _o•!-:l t'  Me�t�o,« Colliers,  
v. ,.  '6 9 1·  May. .  1. 9.  1, 1. .9 -1.. 7 :· ? . p� 6i: · " · · , . . ' �- . ' . . . ·. ·, . . .J'c 
��µ�s.. .1 , _ Ip _ · .. ·tlo:o ·. nrao)It,Q�•s. Chief AS.mt"· 109pi, v.i. 
· &f.:• 
Ju,. ·J.918• P� 4th · · . . . ·.. . :1 · ·. · . , , . 
· : Oh$1n���tllin. 3� P, • �:e,�artJ · Rtgbts ande1' �e new 
. ·Mex.loan c_. Ot1EJtituti0111-" 1,i1t!g°'¼!ao19.11oe.' A9ar�o1"l£0 
. Vo 02,"i>  Sept. em.b$ � 0. l,.9�.'1 o'  ppo a § .. §b; · · . . . . .... , . . .   . 
cox. 'l'tl�ce .J �- •. ·st�e MQ�ican. :er.o\lJ.etni . $el•f · J!�lp . or 
· · �n,enention,n _. �otltffl� §o\op$e. �uo��irlg• v� 860 
June• 1921·• pp� 2� • .. • · . . . . . 
l < • I, ' � �-
Ga 1\hef • noso·oa. B♦, n'R� c�e�ltutio� of 1917. Oonftaoa­
. . tor _ U·_ ,Phsses,tt j;r\osn ·taw ne;ztew,• . v, 6� •. J�l1t. 
1921. JP♦.  481 . · 2, 
4 
, · ·• ·.· · : . - · ·· · · ;:, . · , ·· 
Galtbs·r• I<onOof:l• Be,,; "!be tnterplQtstJ�� o.t tile 00-14· s,e.• 
torr Fhasaa of the Mo:a:19an Qpn�UtQ.tJ;,OJl •Of 19)/1 •" 
{\meJ!atm tnw Bey!a��- v. se. Janua:ru.,:· l922• PP•· �9.-5� •
. • . • '• • . .•• ,! •• . ,. . . • 
. 
' • . I .• 
. Gtuonlng Earnest · ,. • · �ihe- !it@ Who Brought,!: 11&1' co Ba<lk • n 
Ool;Llel'a •. v .. 'l?� soptembox- 29 • ).9�3,: ,� "I. 
. . .. ' ,. , . ·. 
('Jankins .. o__ ·wn.·.·. · Sto:1:_ ·_ ,1<>_ f, bis Xl.dJlappin. s1"_· r�(!).l'S�tf Dilfflll• 
· v.�·,  64·r•.  l?eb�an, 21 •• 1\)20,r PPo- 62•4$ · �· . , . , ::-· . 
., ·.·· t 
; ! ' '. �\ 
. :-::'\/{�\, 
. . 
.,-.-.,•. . 
··- •-;-'-" .· ··- -�--�-·::- -� 
7 '"" -� ., .. ,---. --,-·-,•�----. ·-
IUl,son, Hon:ry· Lane., What M11et Be Done with ;;trle�:Loo;jtl 
_ . F9rwn; v, 62·, Sejtembe;r,-. 1919 _, Pl)� _ 257:---264. · 
Wt.lgbt,, O♦ Mii � _r,·How tra ?fopagandisto r:o.rk fol? . WaJ 
-·' ·_ .\Vi th· �e��oQ , 1' American -�de%ationiat, 1V:• 211, 
- JiP.\f;l.0 '.1920;, PP•· 660•586• 
• d .., 
' . 
.,-  . 
I