Basic Information- Introduction
Data File Name: namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_oregon.xlsx (Excel version of same data)

Dataset name: NAmericanPaleosolChemTogo

Other Files Related to These Data:
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_montana.xlsx (Excel version of same data)
namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska.csv, namericanpaleosolchemtogo_nebraska.xlsx (Excel version of same data)

Author(s) Names (or person responsible for collecting the data): Gregory J. Retallack, Ph.D. 
Author(s) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4356-9240 

Contact Information: University of Oregon Geological Sciences 1272 University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403; gregr@uoregon.edu 
Date(s) of Data Collection: 19861018 – 20020920

Basic Information- Data Use
Citations of Publications Using these Data: Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194.
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of Publications Using these Data: 10.1086/512753

Basic Information- Data Description
Geographic Information: Data were collected in regions of Oregon and Washington. 

Methodological Information
Methods:See Retallack, G.J., 2007a, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-294.
 
Any specific information needed to understand or interpret the data: 

The following column headings contain values that were derived from specific calculations: 
Age Ma is the geological age in millions of years ago computed from an age model specific for that local section; Cover km is the amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers, calculated from the amount of rock overburden at that locality adjusted to the local level at that locality; Decompacted Bk depth is the depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction due to the weight of overlying rock using a standard algorithm for Aridisols of Sheldon and Retallack (2001) to obtain original thickness of soil (Bs in cm) from thickness of paleosol (Bp in cm) for a known burial depth (K in km) of 4.6-6.6 km, as follows. Bs = Bp/[-0.62/(-1)]; MAP is mean annual precipitation in (R in mm) calculated from the decompacted depth within the paleosol to carbonate nodules (Do in cm) increases with mean annual precipitation following equation 3 with R2 = 0.52, and standard error ± 147 mm from Retallack (2005a). R  =  137.24 + 6.45Do - 0.013Do2; error+ is the high end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by adding 147 mm; error- is the low end of the error envelope for calculation of mean annual precipitation in millimeters, by subtracting 147 mm; MAP 5moving average is a 5-point moving average of the mean annual precipitation estimates sequentially in the column; Internal surface is an estimate of the internal surface area (I in mm2/mm2) calculated from the average size of the units of soil structure in the A horizon (Ao in cm) and B horizon (Bo in cm) given thickness of the A horizon (At in cm) and thickness of the B horizon (Bt in cm) according to the equation I=(?A_0?^3/?A_t?^3 ×6?A_o?^2)+(?B_0?^3/?B_t?^3 ×6?B_o?^2); MAP-CIA-K is mean annual precipitation in mm calculated from the chemical index of alteration minus potash (C = 100·mAl2O3/(mAl2O3 + mCaO + mNa2O), in moles), which increases with mean annual precipitation (P in mm) in modern soils   P  =  221e0.0197C ; MAT-alk/Al is mean annual temperature in degrees centigrade calculated from the molar ratios of alkali elements over alumina (N= (K20+Na2O)/Al2O3 as a molar ratio), which is related to mean annual temperature (T in oC) in modern soils by equation T  =  -18.5N + 17.3; CIA-K is the chemical index of alteration minus potassium; alk/Al is a molar ratio of alkalies over alumina; MAP+ is the upper error envelope to precipitation adding 182 mm; MAP- is the lower error envelope to precipitation subtracting 182 mm; MAT+ is the upper error envelope to temperature adding 4.4oC; MAT- is the lower error envelope to temperature subtracting 4.4oC. 

Data-specific Information

Full names and definitions of column headings for tabular data: 

Column Headings: 
Locality 1 = Name of city or location of sample collection. See: Time Scale Tie Points
Locality 2 = State in which sample collection occurred (abbreviated) 
County = County of sample collection
Coordinates = Legal description of sample collection location
Formation = Name of formation sampled
Pedotype = See: Pedotype Diagnosis  
Date examined = Date of collection (YYYY-MM-DD)
A horizon = Mollic properties of A horizon of paleosols
A thickness cm = A horizon thickness
A ped size mm = A horizon pedotype size 
Bt/w thickness cm = argillic horizon thickness
Bt/w ped size mm = argillic horizon pedotype size
Bk nodule size cm = calcic horizon nodule size
Bk thickness cm = calcic horizon thickness
Depth Bk cm = calcic horizon depth
Age Ma = Age in millions of years ago
Cover km = The amount of rock thickness overlying the paleosol in kilometers
Decompacted Bk depth cm = The depth to carbonate nodules corrected for compaction
MAP = Mean annual precipitation 
Error+ = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by adding 147mm 
Error- = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation, by subtracting 147 mm
MAP 5moving average = mean annual precipitation (mm) 5 point moving average of sequential data
Internal surface area mm˛ = An estimate of the internal surface area of sample
specimen analyzed = Values represent field numbers or catalogued specimens in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument of the Condon Collection of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History of the University of Oregon. 
Total = total of chemical analytical values
MAP-CIA-K = mean annual precipitation (mm) from chemical index of alteration without potash
MAT-alk/Al = mean annual temperature (oC) from alkali index
CIA-K = chemical index of alteration without potash
alk/Al = alkali index
MAP + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAP - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual precipitation
MAT + = upper side of error envelope for mean annual temperature
MAT - = lower side of error envelope for mean annual temperature

Time Scale Tie Points:
Helix, OR: 0.0636 Ma silt at 4 m, 0.158 Ma silt at 6 m (Tate, 1998)
Washtucna, WA: 0.788 Ma chron at 12 m, 0.055 Ma ash at 3 m (Busacca, 1989, 1991, 1998)
Taunton, WA: Pliocene reversed 3.040-3.110 Ma for 0-9.9 m (Morgan and Morgan, 1995; Smith et al., 2000).
Richland, WA: 5.23 chron at 2.81 m, 4.98 chron at 32 m, 4.89 Ma chron at 40 m, 4.8 Ma chron at 44 m, 4.62 Ma chron at 63.1 m, 4.48 Ma chron at 61.1 m, 4.29 Ma chron at 142 m (Gustavfson, 1985)
McKay Reservoir, OR: late Hemphillian fauna, 5.2 Ma caprock at 3.3 m, 1x41 ka beat at 1.7 m (Shotwell 1956, 1958; Janis et al. 1998)
Rattlesnake Creek, OR: 7.135 Ma chron at 25 m, 7.05 Ma tuff at 77 m, 7.0 Ma chron at 101 m (Hoffmann & Prothero 2002; Retallack et al., 2002)
Juntura, OR: 12.4 Ma basalt at 0 m, 11.5 Ma tuff at 230 m, 9.7 Ma ash-flow tuff at 259 m (Bowen et al. 1963; Evernden & James 1964; Feibelkorn et al 1982; Johnson et al. 1996; Retallack 2003b)
Unity, OR: 11.82 Ma ash at 49.5 m, 11.78 Ma ash at 60.0 m, 11.72 Ma ash at 73.6 m, 11.66 Ma ash at 83.3 m, 11.59 Ma ash at 100.5 m, 11.57 Ma ash at 110 m, 11.51 Ma ash at 115.5 m, 11.31 Ma ash at 173 m (Perkins et al. 1998, Retallack, 2003b)  
Mascall Ranch, OR: 16.2 Ma ash at 35 m, 15.8 Ma ash at 119m, 15.2 Ma chron at 120 m, 15.0 Ma chron at 129 m, 14.9 Ma chron at 165 m, 14.8 Ma chron at 190 m (Bestland 1998; Draus & Prothero, 2000; Bestland & Forbes 2003)
Picture Gorge, OR:  16 Ma tuf at 0 m, 16.014 Ma reversal at 50 m, 15.8 Ma Mascall tuff at 280 m (Watkins and Baksi, 1974; Bailey, 1989; Sheldon, 2003)
Bone Creek, OR: John Day Valley composite section with 28.7 Ma ash at 0m,  27.5 Ma ash at 67 m, 27.2 Ma ash at 106 m, 25.3 Ma ash at 177.5 m, 19.6 Ma ash at 497 m (Fremd et al. 1994, Retallack, 2003a)
Kimberly, OR: John Day Valley composite section with 28.7 Ma ash at 0m,  27.5 Ma ash at 67 m, 27.2 Ma ash at 106 m, 25.3 Ma ash at 177.5 m, 19.6 Ma ash at 497 m (Fremd et al. 1994, Retallack, 2003a)
Spray, OR: John Day Valley composite section with 28.7 Ma ash at 0m,  27.5 Ma ash at 67 m, 27.2 Ma ash at 106 m, 25.3 Ma ash at 177.5 m, 19.6 Ma ash at 497 m (Fremd et al 1994, Retallack, 2003a)
Roundup Flat, OR: John Day Valley composite section with 28.7 Ma ash at 0m,  27.5 Ma ash at 67 m, 27.2 Ma ash at 106 m, 25.3 Ma ash at 177.5 m, 19.6 Ma ash at 497 m (Retallack, 2003a)
Longview Ranch airport, OR: John Day Valley composite section with 28.7 Ma ash at 0m,  27.5 Ma ash at 67 m, 27.2 Ma ash at 106 m, 25.3 Ma ash at 177.5 m, 19.6 Ma ash at 497 m (Fremd et al. 1994. Retallack, 2003a)
Painted Hills, OR: 32.99 Ma tuff at 98 m, 32.66 Ma tuff a 137 m, 29.75 Ma tuff at 329 m, 29.70 Ma tuff at 381 m, 28.65 Ma ash-flow tuff at 427 m (Retallack et al. 2000)
Clarno, OR: 43.8 Ma basalt at 38 m, 42.98 Ma tuff at 52 m, 42.7 Ma tuff at 90 m, 39.22 tuff at 128 m (Bestland et al., 1999; Retallack et al., 2000)

Pedotype Diagnosis:
Nix (Sahaptin "good") - Crumb textured (mollic) brown silt (A) over deep (>50 cm) calcareous loess (best exposed near Kahlotus, WA)
Tlal (Sahaptin "cicada") - Near-white (5Y-7.5YR) silt with shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk) and abundant cicada burrows (best exposed near Kahlotus, WA)
Tnan (Sahaptin "cliff") - Granular-structured (near mollic), reddish brown (10YR-7.5YR), siltstone (A), over shallow (<50cm) calcareous rhizoconcretions (type section mear Dayville, OR: Retallack et al., 2002)
Cil (Sahaptin "round) - Crumb textured (mollic), gray silty claystone (A), over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (best exposed at Ringold, WA)
Tatas (Sahaptin "basket") - Crumb-structured, brown (7.5YR-10YR), silty claystone (A) surface over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules and calcareous rhizoconcretions (type section near Dayville, OR: Retallack et al., 2002).
Skwiskwi (Sahaptin "brown") - Drab-brown mottled granular structured siltstone surface (A) over clay-enriched granular structured subsurface (Bt): type section in central ridge, Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Plas (Sahaptin "white") - Near-white (5Y-2.5Y), friable siltstone (A) with deep (>45 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section near Kimberly, OR: Retallack, 2003a).
Cilpa (Sahaptin "in round") - Crumb-textured (mollic), gray, silty claystone (A), over shallow (<50 cm) calcareous nodules (best exposed at Ringold, WA)
Luca (Sahaptin "red") - Drab-red mottled surface claystone (A) over red silty clay-enriched subsurface (Bw)(type section at Whitecap Knoll, near Clarno, OR: Retallack et al., 2000)
Tutanik (Sahaptin "hair") - Granular-structured (near-mollic) brown (7.5YR-10YR) clayey siltstone (A) over clayey enriched (Bt) and deep (.50 cm) calcareous and siliceous rhizoconcretions (type section near Unity, OR: Retallack 2003b)
Maqas (Sahaptin "orange") - Granular-structured (near mollic) siltstone (A) over silty subsurface (Bw) (type section in Carrol Rim, Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000)
Ilukas (Sahaptin "firewood) - Red claystone surface (A) over clay-enriched non-calcareous subsruface (Bt)on basalt (best exposed in Picture Gorge, OR)
Monana (Sahaptin "underneath") - Black peat (O) over gray clay (A) on basalt(best exposed in Pictrure Gorge OR)
Skaw (Sahaptin "scare) - Gray siltstone surface (A) over bedded tuff (C)(best exposed in Picture Gorge, OR)
Patu (Sahaptin "mountain") - Crumb-structured (mollic), brown (2.5Y) surface (A) over shallow (<50 cm) micrite-chalcedony rhizoconcretions (Bk)(type section near Kimberly, OR: Retallack 2003a)
Xaxus (Sahaptin "green") - Granular-structured (near mollic), lime green, clayey siltstone (A, Bw), over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section at Foree, OR; Retallack et al., 2000)
Yapas (Sahaptin "grease") - Granular-structured (near mollic) clayey siltstone (A, Bw), over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section in Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000)
Plaspa (Sahaptin "in white") - Near-white (5Y-2.5Y), friable siltstone (A) with shallow (<45 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section near Kimberly, OR: Retallack, 2003a).
Xaxuspa (Sahaptin "in green") - Granular-structured (near mollic), lime green, clayey siltstone (A, Bw), over deep (>50 cm) calcareous nodules (Bk)(type section at Foree, OR; Retallack, 2003a)
Ticam (Sahaptin "earth") - Drab-red mottled siltstone surface (A) over silty red subsurface (Bw)(type section in central ridge at Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Acas (Sahaptin "eye") - Gray surface clyastone (A) over clay-enriched purple subsruface (Bt) (type section 2 km northwest of Hancock Field Station, Clarno OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Tuksay (Sahaptin "pot") - Drab-red mottled surface claystone (A) over clay-enriched kaolinitic subsruface (Bt)(type section in southern Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Apax (Sahaptin "skin) - Brown conglomerate surface (A) with weathered brown conglomeratic subsurface (Bt)(type section in southern Painted Hills: Retallack et al., 2000)
Sak (Sahaptin "onion") - Drab-red surface (A) over clay-enriched red claystone subsruface (Bt) on andesite (type section in southern Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Tiliwal (Sahaptin "blood") - Drab-red claystone breccia surface (A) over clay-enriched red claystone breccia (Bt)(type section in Brown Grotto, Painted Hills, OR: Retallack, et al., 2000).
Nukut (Sahaptin "flesh") - pink claystone surface (A) over pink clay-enriched subsurface (Bt)(type section in Brown Grotto, Painted Hills, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Pasct (Sahaptin "cloud") - Gray claystone surface (A) over clay-enriched subsruface (Bt) (type section in Mammal Quarry, 3 km north of Camp hancock, Clarno, OR: Retallack et al., 2000).
Pswa (Sahaptin "stone") - Drab-red dacite conglomeratic surface (A) over red clay-enriched dacite boulder subsurface (Bt) on dacite colluvium (type section 1 km north of Camp Hancock, near Clarno, Oregon: Retallack et al., 2000).

References:
Bailey. M.M., 1989, Revisions to stratigraphic nomenclature of the Picture Gorge Basalt Subgroup, Columbia River Basalt. In Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province. Geological Society of America Special paper 239, 67-84.
Bestland, E.A., 1998, Stratigraphy of the mid-Miocene Mascall Formation (lower part) in its type area. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Unpublished Report, 34 p.
Bestland, E.A., Hammond, P.E., Blackwell, D.L.S., Kays, M.A., Retallack, G.J., and Stmiac, J., 1999, Geologic framework of the Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, central Oregon. Oregon geology 61, 3-19.
Bestland, E.A., and Forbes, M.S., 2003, Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the mid-Miocene Mascall Formation (upper part) in its type area. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Unpublished Report, 49 p.
Bowen, R.G., Gray, W.L., & Gregory, D.C., 1963, General geology of the northern Juntura Basin. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, v. 53, p. 22-34.
Busacca, A.J., 1989, Long Quaternary record in eastern Washington, USA, interpreted from mulptiple paleosols in loess. Geoderma, v. 45, p. 105-122.
Busacca, A.J., 1991, Loess deposits and soils of the Palouse and vicinity. In Morrison, R.B., ed., Quaternary geology of the United States. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 216-228.
Busacca, A.J., 1998, Dust aerosols, loess soils and global change: field tour. Washington State University, Pullman, 179 pp.
Draus, E. and Prothero, D.R., 2002, Magnetic stratigraphy of the middle Miocene (early Barstovian) Mascall Formation, central Oregon. Abstracts of the Geological Society of America, v. 34(6), p. 135-136.
Evernden, J.F. & James, G.T., 1964, Potassium-argon dates and Tertiary floras of North America: American Journal of Science, v. 262, p. 945-974.
Fiebelkorn, R.B., Walker, G.W., MacLeod, N.S., McKee, E.H., & Smith, J.G., 1982, Index to K-Ar determinations for the state of Oregon. Isochron West, v. 37, 60 p.
Fremd, T., Bestland, E.A., and Retallack, G.J., 1994, John Day Basin paleontology; field trip guide and road log. Northwest Interpretive Association, Seattle, 80 p. 
Gustafson, E.P., 1985, Soricids (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the Blufftop local fauna, Blancan, Ringold Formation of central Washington, and the correlation of the Ringold Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 5, p. 88-92.
Hoffman, J. and Prothero, D.R., 2002, Magnetic stratigraphy of the upper Miocene (early Hemphillian) Rattlesnake Formation, central Oregon. Abstracts of the Geological Society of America, v. 34(6), p. 135.
Janis, C.M., Scott, K.M., & Jacobs, J.J. (eds), 1998, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 691 p.
Johnson, J.A., Binger, G.B., Hooper, P.R., & Hawkesworth, C.J., 1996, Implications of structure and stratigraphy in the Juntura area, east-central Oregon. Abstracts Geological Society of America, v. 28(5), p. 78.
Morgan, J.K., and Morgan, N.H., 1995, A new species of Capromeryx (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Taunton local fauna of Washington and the correlation with other Blancan faunas of Washington and Idaho. Journal of Vertebrate paleontology, v. 15, p. 160-170
Perkins, M.E., Brown, F.H., Nash, W.F., McIntosh, W., and Williams, S.K., 1998, Sequence, age and source of silicic fallout tuffs in middle to late Miocene basins of northern Basin and Range Province. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 344-360.
Retallack, G.J., Bestland, E.A., and Fremd, T.J., 2000, Eocene and Oligocene paleosols in central Oregon. Geological Society of America Special Paper 344, 192 p.
Retallack, G.J., Tanaka, S., and Tate, T., 2002, Late Miocene advent of tall grassland paleosols in Oregon. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, v. 183, p. 329-354.
Retallack, G.J., 2003b, Late Miocene (Clarendonian) climate and life on land. Palaeogeorgaphy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology (submitted)
Retallack, G.J., 2003a, Late Oligocene bunch grassland and early Miocene sod grassland paleosols from central Oregon, U.S.A.. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology (in press).
Sheldon, N.D., 2003, Pedogenesis and geochemical alteration of the Picture Gorge subgroup, Columbia River Basalt, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, 1377-1387.
Shotwell, J.A., 1956, Hemphillian assemblage from northeastern Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.67, p. 717-738.
Shotwell, J.A., 1958, Inter-community relationships in Hemphillian (Mio-Pliocene) mammals. Ecology, v. 29, p. 271-282.
Smith, G.R., Morgan, N., and Gustafson, E., 2000, Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Ringold Formation, Washington: Pliocene capture of the Snake River by the Columbia River. University of Michigan Publications in Paleontology. V/ 32. 47 pp.
Tate, T.A., 1998, Micromorphology of loessial soils and paleosols on aggrading landscapes of the Columbia Plateau. Unpublished MSc thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, 192 p.
Watkins, N.D., and Baksi, A.K., 1974, Magnetostratigraphy and oroclinal folding of the Columbia River, Steens and Owyhee Basalts, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. American Journal of Science 274, 148-189.

Units of measurement: Length/width are measured in SI units. Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius. 

Definitions for codes or symbols used to record missing data: Missing or not analyzed data are indicated with blank cells. 

Sharing/Access information
 Licensing or Restrictions: There are no licenses or restrictions placed on the use of these data
 Links to publications that cite or use the data: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/512753
 Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: http://blogs.uoregon.edu/gregr/detailed-webpage/downloadable-data/
 Recommended citation for these data: Retallack, G.J., 2007, Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America. Journal of Geology 115, 271-194. Supplementary data 
 Funding: This research was funded by U.S. National Park Service contract P9325010503 and U.S. National Science Foundation grant EAR-0000953.