NSRC Faculty Works

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Open Access
The Asian NII Experience
(INET, 1997) Lovelock, Peter; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
In this paper I look at what these new polices have meant for the provision of Internet access in the region and, specifically, what the relation is between the NII programs and Internet policies of a number of selected Asian countries: China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. The first section of the paper sets out the NII policy focus and the distinctive nature of the Asian development agenda. The second section looks briefly at the role of the Internet as a part of the overall NII program. The third section of the paper contrasts the NII and Internet programs of selected Asian countries.
Open Access
Sustainable Collaborative Efforts in Internet Development in Asia: A13 Phase II
(INET, 1997) Yamaguchi, Suguru; Izumiyama, Hidetaka; Murai, Jun; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The AI3 (Asian Internet Interconnection Initiatives) Project started in 1995 as an R&D project for the Internet research community in Asia. The project installed its testbed network in Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Thailand in 1996. On this network, several research activities and experiments, such as the WWW cache mechanism using a new management scheme, the distant learning system called "Virtual University" over the Internet, and video multicasting over this infrastructure using IP multicasting, were undertaken with AI3 research partners. In 1997, we are going to expand this effort to four or five more countries using a new datalink technology: TDM multichannel access with C band satellite links. In this system, we assign a single transponder (30 megabytes per second [Mbps] total) for traffic between a hub station in Japan and AI3 regional stations in partner's countries. We are developing a new interface hardware to manage this "fat pipe" in a TDM manner. Using this mechanism, we can handle unbalanced traffic over international Internet links more effectively. In this paper, we report several results from the ongoing research project on the AI3 testbed and introduce a new approach, called "AI3 phase II," to expand its efforts to more countries.
Open Access
Regional Integration of Central American Countries and Opportunities for Internetworking
(INET, 1997) Calvo-Drago, Jorge D.; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize) have recently decided to go into a process of political, economic, social, cultural, and ecological integration through a Central American Integration System. Some of the challenges that the integration faces include the strengthening of the decision making process, and this paper particularly discusses decision follow-up and coordination, national implementation of regional agreements, social communication and participation of civil society, and external and cooperation relations and their respective opportunities for Internetworking.
Open Access
Networking Latin America and the Caribbean: Creating Alternatives
(INET, 1993) Rodriguez, Luis German; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
There is an ongoing process of integration of academic networks in Latin American and Caribbean countries. This papers analyzes how different factors have shaped this process and explains the main conclusions of a recent meeting in Guadalajara, Mexico (November 1992). This process has gone through several stages of maturity for over four years and it can be said that it has not followed patterns of development observed in other regions of the world. The evolution of the effort for connecting and organizing the networks of the region is seen through the results of the different meetings where their actors and promoters have confronted their goals against the facts that condition them. There have been five regional meetings devoted to this goal (from San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1989 to Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1992). The stages can be associated with several factors, one of them is the development of the national initiatives; some countries have more than one network pretending to cover the academic community and in many cases these initiatives have conflicts among them. Another factor is the support of that these initiatives have from their national councils for science and technology; some are officially backed by their governments while others are still fighting to be recognized or at least to be considered as a helpful tool for the academic sector. The participation of organizations external to the region and interested on promoting the integration process (Organization of American States, FUNDESCO, National Science Foundation, UNESCO, UNDP, etc.) has also played a decisive role in it. The initiatives of the region led to the decision, at the last meeting of academic networks for Latin America and the Caribbean, to create an open forum devoted to monitoring the process. The evaluation will be done during the annual gathering. The achievement of the defined goals will be checked against the development of specific tasks associated with the established strategies.
Open Access
ITU Telecommunication Indicators Update: International Internet Bandwith in Asia-Pacific
(International Telecommunication Union, 2002) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing an explosion of international Internet bandwidth. Capacity on Internet links connecting Asia-Pacific to the world have skyrocketed more than eightfold over the last two years from 8 to 65 gigabits (Gbit/s) by the end of 2001.1 International Internet capacity in the region now far exceeds conventional telephone capacity (see Figure 1).
Open Access
Information Technology in Africa: A Proactive Approach and the Prospects of Leapfrogging Decades in the Development Process
(INET, 1997) Kwankam, S. Yunkap; Ningo, N. Ntomambang; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This paper examines perspectives for the growth of information technology (IT) in Africa. The central thesis is that, as in other development sectors, technological solutions are more readily available than the political will to implement them. Policy aspects of IT therefore need to be addressed, in terms of formulation, dissemination, and implementation. In the absence of clear and enforceable policy, the African information industry is likely to evolve in a haphazard manner in reaction to uncoordinated external motives, thus allowing improper practices that would impair the growth of enthusiasm for IT. One strategy proposed is to concentrate IT development in priority sectors identified by governments themselves, such as education, health, and the environment, thereby opening new vistas of application. Examples are given of how this can be done. Another strategy is to pursue IT at the regional level with strong interagency collaboration, given the interdisciplinary nature of the technology. This would have two positive outcomes. It would contribute to bringing down the barriers that currently circumscribe countries into fairly closed information entities. Second, it would exploit the bandwagon effect, which has worked successfully in the health sector, to commit African governments to IT development programs. Such development should take a long-term view and reach for the cutting edge of technology, for which some institutional capacity already exists. The continent could thus leapfrog decades in the development of IT and provide an empowering environment for development in other sectors.
Open Access
Comparative Study: School Networks in Latin America
(INET, 1999) Dunayevich, Julian; Mayer, Jorge; D'Eramo, Romina; Vidal, Arnoldo; Guerra, Victor; Pisanty, Alejandro; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Several Latin American and Caribbean countries have made progress in designing and implementing school network projects at a national level. These projects have been undertaken as part of an educational system modernization process. These ongoing projects are related to new trends in communications and information technology in the field of education. This paper will analyze the various national experiences. Its main points are the following: - Different types and approaches of the several national projects; definition and scope of universe and of basic strategies; goals; adaptation modes between the project and the type of educational system; network extension programs; and interpreting these policies in terms of making up for inequality. - Network engineering models; existence or lack of a central backbone; types of telecommunication technologies; supplying equipment; scope of service; and accessibility to rural zones and those difficult to access. - Program administration policies; financing; participation of private sector; agencies for project management; management, technical, professional, and educational teams; budget makeup and administration; and studies on the regulatory framework of each country. - Pedagogic models; teacher training; developing educational programs; educational TV experiences and multimedia resources; and adapting such resources to classroom and school. - Development of national experiences; degree of implementation; evaluation systems used in carrying out and achieving goals; and indicators of the impact of the policies on the educational process and on the region. Project reports as well as statistical and technical reports will be used for this paper.
Open Access
Case Studies on Development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean
(Organization of American States, 2000) Hahn, Saul; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Through the Hemisphere Wide Inter-University Scientific and Technological Information Network (RedHUCyT) project, the Organization of American States (OAS) helped local initiatives in the member states in either the creation or expansion of networks in their countries. Through the years, RedHUCyT (http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/) became a major contributing force for the development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It collaborated and coordinated with academic institutions, governments, phone companies (PTT) and the private sector to create many of the first Internet points of presence (POPs) in this region. Essential to these developments were the local network managers and officers at participant institutions, and their dedicated teams of experts, who made these projects possible.
Open Access
Brief History of the Internet
(Internet Society, 1997) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon; Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G.; Wolff, Stephen
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities.
Open Access
Report identifying issues related to the geographic coverage of European research and education networking
(Information Society Technologies, 2003-11-28) Bonac, Marko; Martin, John; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The topic of this report is the current state of research and education networking in wider Europe. It focuses on geographic variations and in particular on the digital divide between the most developed and least developed National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). A major part of this report is based on a comprehensive survey of NRENs in "Neighboring Countries" carried out in spring 2003. The geographic coverage of this report is the "Neighboring Countries" of the European Economic Area, which for the purposes of this report are defined as the ten countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) that plan to join the European Union on 1 May 2004 and eight other European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Turkey). The concepts of equal opportunities for researchers and of the digital divide are central to this study. Equal opportunity is the goal, but we have found that in Europe today there is a significant digital divide and that there is a real risk of "research exclusion". Research network provision - The survey reviewed the current standard of research network provision in the Neighboring Countries. There is a great variation between countries. Several accession states have research networks of a high standard. Elsewhere there are some countries with no effective research network at all. Most lie somewhere in between. It should be emphasized that no country is entirely free of problems and, equally, there are none without some positive aspects. Overall, fourteen of the eighteen countries reported major problems either at the international, national or LAN level. From the detailed responses it is clear that the lack of low-cost high-speed lines is seen as the major obstacle to improving research network provision. This is due to a lack of competition and the continuing dominance of the (ex-)monopoly telecommunications operators. The situation is similar to that in EU countries ten years ago. However, some of the fourteen countries have succeeded in taking the opportunity to acquire dark fibre and this has enabled them to leapfrog and rapidly develop quite an advanced network. Those who have not succeeded yet in doing this lag behind, especially in the development of their backbone capacity. Some conclusions derived from this study - Firstly, the digital divide exists in research networking in Europe and to such a level that, if uncorrected, will prevent the goal of equal opportunities for researchers being attained. Secondly, in the countries most affected by the digital divide the case for effective government support for research networking still needs to be made. This is an area where the European Commission, national governments, TERENA and the NREN community all need to play their part. Thirdly, looking to the future, we conclude that research exclusion is a real risk in most of the Neighboring Countries and that this will obstruct attempts to build the European Research Area. Many national governments are aware of the risks of information exclusion and recognize the need to follow the lead of eEurope in building an Information Society. Far fewer perceive the dangers posed by the digital divide in research networking and the need to close this gap. Proposed steps to achieve equal opportunities for research and education - First, we do see an opportunity to make major strides towards diminishing the digital divide. If an NREN can get access to dark fibre, then it can, within the same budget, immediately upgrade the network capacity by as much as a factor of 100. In a monopoly situation it is not easy to get access to dark fibre; however, we have found examples where this has been done successfully. Secondly, there is wealth of testimony to the fact that participation in joint projects has been helpful to the NRENs in Neighboring Countries. These are joint projects with other NRENs from all parts of Europe that often, but not always, have been supported by EU funding. This should be continued and extended to cover the new countries. For these countries, a small amount of funding could make a large difference. Finally, the survey shows that the European Union has already proved to be very influential in persuading governments in Neighboring Countries that are accession states or aspire to EU membership to commit to the Information Society. Therefore the EU could be equally persuasive in showing the importance of research networking. Specifically, the EU should help drive the further liberalization of telecommunications and in particular help to persuade national governments that NRENs should get access to dark fibre. The EU could also support the investments in research and education infrastructure inside accession countries through other measures (e.g. Structural Funds).
Open Access
Review of Developments in Latin America: CAESAR
(Information Society Technologies, 2002-06-30) Stover, Cathrin; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This document reviews the situation of the national research networks or related organizations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Open Access
ICFA Digital Divide Update on US-Latin American Networking: CHEPREO, WHREN and LILA
(Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), 2004-08-04) Alvarez, Heidi; Ibarra, Julio; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Since our last update, we would like to bring the committee up to date on activities between the US and Brazil under the auspices of the Center for High Energy Physics Research and Educational Outreach (CHEPREO1), including the link between Miami and Sao Paulo, the Sao Paulo cluster, the outlook map for the Brazilian GIGA project. Additionally, we will report on (1) developing synergies between CHEPREO and the UltraLight program; (2) a network monitoring research grant from CISCO; (3) a proposal for a Western Hemisphere Research and Education Networking (WHREN) governance structure and Links Interconnecting Latin America (LILA), in response to the National Science Foundation International Research Network Connections (IRNC) program; and (4) a grant from the National Science Foundation to conduct a 1-week Pan-American Advanced Studies Institute (PASI) on Grid Computing and Advanced Networking Technologies for e-Science High-Energy Physics and Astronomy.
Open Access
Guide to Administrative Procedures of the Internet Infrastructure
(1998) Wenzel, Zita; Klensin, John; Bush, Randy; Huter, Steven; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This document describes the administrative procedures for countries (or networks) seeking to connect to the global Internet. This includes the steps and operations necessary for address space allocation and registration, routing database registration, and domain name registration. Where to find the required forms and instructions on how to complete them are included.
Open Access
Security Workshop Topic Mindmap April, 2015
(University of Oregon, 2015-04) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
A Mind Map for possible workshop topics to cover security from both technical and policy standpoints
Open Access
Global Research & Education Network Development Activities
(University of Oregon, 2021-03) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon; Merson, Joanna; Meacham, Jim
This large poster gives an indication of NSRC activities on a global basis since our founding in 1992 up to 2021. In addition training numbers since 2010 are included with details on men and women trained by year through 2020.
Open Access
Global Internet Development Activities
(University of Oregon, 2010-05-02) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon; Meacham, Jim; Merson, Joanna
The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), which is based at the University of Oregon, was established in 1992 to provide technical assistance to organizations setting up computer networks for connecting scientists in new areas around the world. The NSRC helps develop Internet infrastructure and network operations communities by working directly with the indigenous network engineers and operators throughout Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America- Caribbean, and the Middle East, in partnership with network operator groups, universities, industry, and government agencies. NSRC is funded primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Google, with additional contributions from dozens of public and private organizations.
Open Access
Expanding International Email Connectivity-- Another Look
(1996-06-30) Klensin, John C.; Bush, Randy; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Unlike the situation of thirty years ago, when almost all important scientific work occurred in Western countries, the scientific community is becoming increasingly international. Important work and areas of study occur all over the world. Collaborations and ability to access sources of data and other resources are increasingly important to scientific progress. In many fields, we see more and more inter-institutional collaborations on research and papers that draw on the strengths of each of these institutions. Exchanges of ideas and collaboration and review of proposals should not be limited to one country, or even to developed areas. Especially in such areas as the health and social sciences and in all of the various fields that study "global and environmental future" issues, participation of scientists in developing areas has become crucial. This is true whether the scientists themselves are indigenous to, or visiting in, those areas; indeed, as the community becomes more international, the distinction between the two is gradually becoming less clear.
Open Access
The Value Proposition for Identity Federations
(2017-05) Phillips, Chris; Lynch, Lucy; Harris, Nicole; Marks, Heath; Brennan, Joni; Flanagan, Heather; Harding, Ann; Wierenga, Klaas; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Education and research institutions around the world are facing significant resource challenges that impact their ability to offer a modern collaborative environment. Campus infrastructure, from the network (both wired and wireless) up through identity management, needs to support inter-institutional collaboration on the part of their students, faculty. In order to understand the layers of costs and benefits involved in local, regional, and global collaboration, campus CIOs and IT staff must understand the value proposition for a stronger network, richer services, and a solid identity management infrastructure. In particular, establishing an identity federation to help support the global engagement needs to have clear value at the local level as well as the regional or global level in order to win the necessary funding in the light of all the competing needs of the institution. This paper attempts to bring clarity to the questions that surround the heart of the value proposition for identity federation. Why should identity management and federation be prioritized? What arguments can campus CIOs use to sway the local and regional funding agencies that already have so many demands? What needs to be done to establish an identity federation, and have it interoperate with other identity federations around the world?
Open Access
Country-Code Top-Level Domain Best Current Practices Info
(2006-11-01) Wenzel, Zita; Bush, Randy; Hunter, Steven; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This document describes the issues and best current practices for the technical organization, operation, and management of country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs).
Open Access
TV White Spaces: A Pragmatic Approach
( e Abdus Salam International Centre for eoretical Physics, 2013-12) Zennaro, Marco; Pietrosemoli, Ermanno; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The editors and publisher have taken due care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein. Links to websites imply neither responsibility for, nor approval of, the information contained in those other web sites on the part of ICTP. No intellectual property rights are transferred to ICTP via this book, and the authors/readers will be free to use the given material for educational purposes. e ICTP will not transfer rights to other organizations, nor will it be used for any commercial purposes. ICTP is not to endorse or sponsor any particular commercial product, service or activity mentioned in this book. This book is released under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives ¦.þ International license. For more details regarding your rights to use and redistribute this work, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.