Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1 (March 1996)
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Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 000 : Cover, table of contents(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03)Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 001 : Editorial(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Kluft, Richard P., 1943-Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 002-017 : The nature of traumatic memories of childhood abuse(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Chu, James A.; Matthews, Julia A.; Frey, Lisa M.; Ganzel, BarbaraIn recent years, the explosion of reports of childhood abuse has raised questions about the nature of memory for traumatic events. In particular, there has been heated debate concerning amnesia for childhood abuse and the validity and accuracy of recovered memories. This discussion reviews the psychobiology, cognitive research, clinical research, and clinical practice concerning traumatic memory. From experimental investigations and clinical observations, there is ample evidence to support the existence of a variety of memory processes for traumatic events, both conscious and nonconscious. Experimental studies have also shown that memory content is dynamic and subject to suggestion and distortion. There is considerable evidence that traumatic memory may be associated with psychobiologic features and cognitive characteristics that are quite different from ordinary memory. The characteristics of traumatic memory are quite varied and are dependent on the nature of the traumatic events and the age when they were experienced. Clinical evidence and some studies suggest that brief or limited traumatization results in increased clarity or recall (hypermnesia), and a high level of accuracy concerning the central details of the experience. On the other hand, severe and chronic early traumatization may be correlated with denial, dissociation, and amnesia. Clinical studies have supported the existence of amnesia and recovered memories especially for severe and chronic childhood abuse. However, such memories also may be most vulnerable to distortion and errors in recall. Mental health professionals who treat survivors of childhood abuse should be well informed about the complexity of traumatic memory in order to provide a sound and balanced approach to their clinical work.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 018-027 : The binge-purge cycle as a means of dissociation: somatic trauma and somatic defense in sexual abuse and bulimia(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Swirsky, Diane; Mitchell, ValoryThe relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation, and bulimia in a sample of 65 bulimic women was investigated. It was hypothesized that the binge-purge cycle is used dissociatively in response to painful affects. The sample was divided into two groups, based on history of sexual abuse, and compared on demographics, and on level of dissociation as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The phenomenological experience, purpose, and meaning of each phase of the binge-purge cycle was also explored. The entire sample was found to use the binge- purge cycle defensively, and marked alterations in affects characterize the phases of this cycle. Though DES scores between groups were not significantly different, phenomenological data revealed that the abused group was significantly more anxious and dissociative immediately after the binge. The binge-purge cycle appears to be a way that survivors of sexual abuse facilitate dissociation, numb feelings associated with the abuse, and keep dissociated memories and/or affects from consciousness.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 028-036 : Dissociative symptoms among patients with eating disorders: associated feature or artifact of a comorbid dissociative disorder?(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Katz, Becky Ellen; Gleaves, David H.We examined the relationship between eating disorders and dissociative symptoms. Seventy-six subjects were 52 females diagnosed as having either an eating disorder without a comorbid dissociative disorder (n = 14), an eating disorder with a comorbid dissociative disorder (n = 14), a dissociative disorder without a comorbid eating disorder (n = 14), or were normal controls (n = 14). All subjects were administered a variety of objective assessment instruments measuring dissociative and eating disorder symptomatology. Pathological dissociative experiences as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale were generally found only among the patients with dissociative disorders (with or without an eating disorder). However, both eating disorder groups endorsed a variety of eating-related dissociative experiences. None of the observed effects appeared to be moderated by depressive symptomatology. The data do support the hypothesis that dissociative phenomena, independent of a comorbid dissociative disorder, may be related to the psychopathology of eating disorders. These data also add to the body of evidence demonstrating the ability of objective assessment instruments to accurately identify patients with dissociative disorders.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 037-045, Autohypnosis, hypnotic anaesthesias, hypnoid states, hidden ego states, depersonalization and other dissociative phenomena underlying anorexia and bulimia case studies: methods of treatment(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Katz, Becky EllenThis paper reflects years of clinical experience with a group of patients with diagnosed eating disorders. Three cases are described in which a connection is made between their eating behaviors and dissociation. The primary emphasis is on the phenomena of dissociation, including autohypnosis (self-hypnosis), hypnotic anaesthesias, hypnoidal states, ego states, and depersonalization as an operational component of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and purging symptomatology. The primary focus of this anecdotal study is on the unconscious misuse of autohypnosis, hypnotic anaesthesias, and dissociation, which seems to be the predominant constituent behind the onset of these eating anomalies. The usefulness of this observation can be an essential precursor in the determination of an appropriate treatment strategy which incorporates autohypnosis into the overall therapeutic process. By virtue of years of unrecognized applications of dissociation, autohypnosis, and hypnotic anaesthesias, these three cases illustrate the likelihood that individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa could reverse their aberrant eating behaviors by using positive autohypnotic suggestions. In the case of anorexic patients who believe that the only thing they are able to control is their eating, the decision to use autohypnosis over classical hypnosis makes more sense. This does not force the patients to suffer the subjective experience of relinquishing control to other persons.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 046-047 : A discussion of autohypnosis... by Katz(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Goodwin, Jean, 1946-Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 048-059 : Switching: Part I an investigation using experimental phenomenology(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Beere, DonSeven descriptions of externally precipitated switching from one personality to another were analyzed using experimental phenomenology. The results, cross-checked with nine other descriptions, indicate that switching occurs when reality events are proceeding toward a possible outcome of significance to a non-executive alter. As the outcome becomes more realizable, the non-executive alter becomes more energized and might influence the executive alter covertly to increase the likelihood of the outcome. When the outcome might really occur, intensity exceeds a threshold for the current executive alter and the non-executive alter takes control of the body. The process appears to be a loss of control for the prior alter and an assumption of control by the second. The results suggest that identity is a more significant factor in switching than state or emotion. Switching seems not solely a defense nor a mechanism to cope with intolerably negative states.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 060-067 : Switching: Part II theoretical implications of an investigation using experimental phenomenology(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Beere, DonIn a previous paper (Beere, 1996), experimental phenomenology was used to research the experience of switching from one personality to another. That paper focused exclusively on the results of that research. This paper will discuss the theoretical implications of the results reported in that previous paper.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 068-073 : Inner child work: what is really happening?(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Price, Donald A.The popular concept of "the inner child " and "inner child work " will be evaluated and compared to various theories of personal development, including object relations, self psychology, Jungian and dissociation theories. It will be suggested that much of what is being accessed in such work is compatible with these theories and may be at least ego-state based rather than just a pleasing visualization or metaphor. Terminology clarifications and cautions as well as directions for effective hypnotic approaches will be outlined.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 074-075 : Response to "Inner child work: what is really happening?"(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Olson, Jean A.Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 076-077 : Discussion of : "Inner child work: what is really happening?"(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) O'Neill, RosalindaItem Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 078-079 : Commentary on: "Inner child work: what is really happening?"(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Kluft, Richard P., 1943-Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 080-084 : Ian Hacking on Pierre Janet: a critique with further observations(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Hart, Onno van der, 1941-Item Open Access Dissociation : Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 085-086 : Book Review(Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1996-03) Cardena, Etzel; Spiegel, David, 1945-