Johnson, Mark
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Item Open Access How Moral Psychology Changes Moral Theory(MIT Press, 1996) Johnson, Mark, 1949-Item Open Access Law Incarnate(Brooklyn [Brooklyn Law School], 2002) Johnson, Mark, 1949-Item Open Access Cause and Effect Theories of Attention: The Role of Conceptual Metaphors(American Psychological Association, 2002-06) Johnson, Mark, 1949-; Fernandez-Duque, Diego, 1967-In everyday discourse, as well as in science, concepts of attention are defined by metaphors. In scientific theories these metaphors determine what attention is and what count as adequate explanations of the phenomena. We analyze these metaphors in the context of three types of attention theories: (1)'Cause' theories, in which attention is presumed to modulate information-processing (e .g., Attention as a Spotlight ; Attention as a Limited Resource), (2 )`effect' theories, in which attention is considered to be the by-product of information-processing (e.g., the Competition metaphor), and (3) hybrid theories that combine `cause' and `effect' aspects (e .g., Biased-Competition models). Our analysis reveals the crucial role of metaphors in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and the efforts of scientists to find a resolution to the classic problem of `cause' versus `effect' interpretations.Item Open Access Embodied meaning and cognitive science(Northwestern University Press, 1997) Johnson, Mark, 1949-Item Open Access "Something in the way she moves" -- metaphors of musical motion(Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2003) Johnson, Mark, 1949-Our most fundamental concepts of musical motion and space, used by laypeople and music theorists alike, are defined by conceptual metaphors that are based on our experience of physical motion. We analyze the 3 most important metaphors of musical motion: the "MOVING MUSIC" metaphor, the "MUSICAL LANDSCAPE" metaphor, and the "MOVING FORCE" metaphor. We show how each metaphor is grounded in a particular basic experience of physical motion and physical forces and how the logic of physical motion shapes the logic of musical motion. We suggest that our conceptualization of, discourse about, and even our experience of musical motion depend on the logic of these 3 metaphors.Item Open Access Image-Schematic Basis of Meaning(Canadian Semiotic Association, 1989) Johnson, Mark, 1949-According to a new program known as “Cognative Semantics,” there exists an intimate relation between perception and meaning. The allegedly “higher” cognitive functions that construct meaning and make reasoning possible are continuous with and inseparable from our sensorimotor activities. I explore the nature of an “image schema” as the basic imaginative structure that connects our embodied experience with our understanding of abstract domains and acts of inference. This account indicates the ways in which standard objectivist theories of meaning, knowledge, and rationality fail to capture crucial dimensions of our cognitive experience.Item Open Access Cowboy Bill Rides Herd on the Range of Consciousness(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002) Johnson, Mark, 1949-Item Open Access Attention Metaphors: How Metaphors Guide the Cognitive Psychology of Attention(Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1999-01) Johnson, Mark, 1949-; Fernandez-Duque, Diego, 1967-The concept of attention is defined by multiple inconsistent metaphors that scientists use to identify relevant phenomena, frame hypotheses, construct experiments, and interpret data. (1) The Filter metaphor shapes debates about partial vs. complete filtering, early vs. late selection, and information filtering vs. enhancement. (2) The Spotlight metaphor raises the issue of space- vs. object-based selection, and it guides research on the size, shape, and movement of the attentional focus. (3) The Spotlight-in-the-Brain metaphor is frequently used to interpret imaging studies of attention. (4) The debate between supramodal and pre-motor theories of attention replays the dichotomy between the Spotlight and the Vision metaphors of attention. Our analysis reveals the central role of metaphor in scientific theory and research on attention, exposes hidden assumptions behind various research strategies, and shows the need for flexibility in the use of current metaphors.